Vol 2 No.2. A Publication of the Center for Psychological Studies in the Nuclear Age Spring, 1988

NEW THINKING IN THE NUCLEAR AGE: DESPERATELY SEEKING IMPLICATIONS FOR PEACEMAKING THE SINGULAR The Corliss Lamont Lecture on International Security Nuclear Weapons Decision­ presented at Harvard's JFK School of Government, March 9, 1988 Making and the by Milton Schwebe4 PhD, Rutgers University Dominant Political Culture Milton Schwebel's Lamont lecture By Kenneth Resnik reflected a long and thoughtful career in a field which has recently come to be known On the face of it, decisions surrounding as "nuclear psychology." He began his nuclear weapons procurement are confus­ lecture by presenting a review of the ing. This is true for several reasons: first, literature in one area of nuclear psychology, secrecy surrounds almost any action which that concerned with children's and ado­ allegedly involves "the national defense." lescents' concerns about nuclear war. He While the necessity of this secrecy is placed the information gleaned from this debatable, it is clear that such secrecy serves area of study into the context of one of the to undermine public knowledge of defense t .... major theoretical advances in 20th century :·,'-.. / decisions and thus lessen military and :,:· ~ psychology: the idea that meaning is not political accountability. Further, the formal inherent in the external world, but is processes for making these decisions are constructed through activity in a social remarkably complex and not open to Milton Schwebel, PhD context The "realities of the nuclear age," casual understanding. Moreover, the he said, are not definable simply in language surrounding such decisions, the deliberate putting out of one's mind "objective" terms, but are defined and replete with acronyms, jargon, and pseudo­ that which cannot be helped at the evolve developmentally, socially, historic­ technical terms, tends to confuse the casual moment, so that one can get on with life's ally, and culturally. In recent years, out of observer. business." The 80% of the American the evolving "nuclear reality" has arisen a This being the case, one would expect people who support the freeze, Schwebel general recognition that nuclear war that a researcher could gain a more reasoned, are not numb, they are frustrated, threatens the survival of the species and complete understanding of these decisions they feel powerless, and they are habituated that nuclear weapons ought not to be used through determined study of the mechan­ to daily life in troubling times. If we need to as a tool of diplomacy. Such are the isms for such decisions. When these assign blame for the inaction of the elements of "new thinking." mechanisms are understood, we should be majority we should look to the system that In presenting his overview of research able to analyze the process which shaped a frustrates the public's desires. Moreover, he findings, Schwebel claimed that children's decision, and thus explain the decision argued, we should look to the peace concerns about nuclear war are rea4 to itself. movement, which has persisted to some suggest that eleven year olds, for example, continued on page 9 are unconcerned "is to demean (them) ... degree or another throughout the nuclear to make them out to be idiots unable to age, for new means to reach and mobilize comprehend meanings and consequences, the public. INSIDE or otherwise, to view them as automatons T award that end, Schwebel offered four who are programmed to know but not to recommendations to peacemakers, parti­ feel" Given this very real concern, on the cularly to those of the "nuclear psychology" Peace Activists and part of children and adults alike, he asked, stripe. First, he urged us to resist self­ Defense Analysts • • . • • • • • • . • p. 2 i why do so few people do anything about it? censorship. We should be bold, creative, and vocal Second, we should avoid ego­ His answer to this question reflected a Corporate Leadership • • • • . • p. 4 departure from some of his colleagues in centric thinking and show sensitivity for nuclear psychology, most notably, Robert the perspectives of our adversaries. Third, Looking into the Future • • • • p. 5 we should avoid faulty attributions of the Jay Lifton. Lifton attributes inaction to Enemy Images • • • • • • • • • . . . • p. 6 "psychic numbing." This, Schwebel said, is sort: My behavior is shaped by my situation; akin to blaming the victim The more likely yours is attributable to a personal disposi- Ongoing Projects • • . • • • . • • p. 10 mechanism, Schwebel said, is "suppression: continued on page 8 An Affiliate of Harvard Medical School at Cambridge Hospital Spring 1988 CENTER REVIEW

BREAKING THE PEACE ACTIVIST-DEFENSE ANALYST IMPASSE ... WITH A UTILE HELP FROM DOWN UNDER A Report from the Project on Assumptions and Perceptions that Fuel the Arms Race

by Richard Chasin, MD. and Margaret Herzig

An adolescent with a habit of lying and the Center. The "real problems" of the terms. The defense analysts' model, one stealing sits between his worried parents. nuclear age, they had argued, were political psychologist said, "leaves out a million He is "problem-saturated"- in deep and strategic, not psychological. They felt things about human knowledge and trouble with a grim future. Australian that when psychological factors were interactions." One defense analyst said that family therapist, Michael White, poses relevant at all, they often played a minor, he has a very difficult time, intellectually, numerous questions to the boy to help him and usually unpredictable role. The with the sort of distortions of fact that he stand back from his problems and consider psychologists had argued that the "techno­ has heard from some activists. The styles of the impact of those problems on his life. He strategic approach" was dangerously nar­ thinking of each group (or at least asks not about how and why the boy row, and, in fact, incapable of framing stereotypes of it) were distasteful to the misbehaves, but about how the boy's crucial questions about human values and other. problems oppress him in daily life and limit capabilities. These perceptions of inade­ Such blaming exchanges, however, did his future. During the session, White is on quacy- not lying, stealing, fears, or not typify the conversation that the five the look-out for exceptions to the boy's depression - served as the initial focal participants had about their previous troubled behavior- occasions when the point of Michael White's most unusual conversations. Almost immediately, an boy might have misbehaved but didn't. By interventive interview. "exception" occurred, an exception to the the end of the session, the boy has begun to "problem-saturated description" of two take responsibility for his conduct. He and groups each believing their own model to his parents see exceptions to the problem­ "You can move from being an insider be adequate and the other's model to be saturated description with which they to being an outsider but you can't lie inadequate. The defense analysts critiqued began, not the least of which is the boy's on the railroad tracks, then expect to their own approach as narrow and "likely honesty with the therapist. become Secretary of State." to miss something." They portrayed it A young housewife feels inadequate and as inappropriately emulating the hard depressed. She cannot perform her drudg­ sciences, as if human interactions could be ery with a smile. Michael White helps her described with the theoretical simplicity of to see her strengths - exceptions to her When White entered the consulting physics. They did not say what the self-description- and to understand that room, no one, not even White, knew what psychologists may have wanted to hear she has been "subjugated to cultural would happen. But White clearly had a about the contributions that psychologists specifications for personhood," specifica­ plan. As in the cases described above, he could make to correct this tendency. In tions that include oppressive expectations would externalize the problem, help the fact, they questioned the "practical applic­ and roles for women. She no longer feels participants become aware of how it oppressed ability" of psychology to issues of national inadequate, but joins the battle against this them, search out exceptions to the "problem­ security. Perhaps because of this, one of the subjugation and begins to experience saturated" description, use these excep­ psychologists failed to hear the self­ victory. tions to launch and nurture a new criticism, and said that the defense analysts What do these cases have to do with description, then help the participants begin needed someone from the "outside" to dialogue between peace activists and to develop new ideas about themselves and point out the limitations of their approach. defense analysts in Cambridge, Massachu­ their future. She, in effect, re-entered the problematic setts? Dr. Richard Chasin, director of the White showed little concern for the behavior by presuming that the defense Center's Project on Assumptions and content of the debate between the two analysts were seeking the "correct" view of Perceptions that Fuel the Arms Race, groups. Their unproductive and ritualized the psychologists. Another psychologist invited Michael White to interview five debate was the problem that needed to be heard the defense analysts' self-criticism as adults concerned with avoiding nuclear externalized. They needed to explore the an "exception" and became self- critical war: two representatives of the Center for impact of this frustrating dialogue on their himself. Science and International Affairs at Harvard lives. White did not presume that they had One psychologist raised the question of University's Kennedy School of Govern­ any solid motivation to solve this problem. power." You may feel at times insecure and ment, both defense analysts trained in He began the interview with the question, limited," she said, "but in fact you have the physics, and three representatives of our "What are the advantages of your having power. The Pentagon turns to you for Center, often dubbed "nuclear psycholo­ (effective) conversations with each other?" consultants, not to our Center." This idea gists." The two Centers had a history of Representatives from both groups explain­ of being "in power" was a surprise to the frustrating and unproductive dialogue. The ed that they were interested in "bmadening defense analysts, who felt powerlessness, defense analysts had shown little interest in their horizons." Yet they often could not on the one hand, in contrast to the the psychological perspective offered by be receptive to each other, on each other's page two CENTER REVIEW Spring 1988

"official" power of those in the current purpose of a "structural intervention," as a It is interesting to note that such Republican administration, and, on the new set of groups became salient for the challenges to stereotypes often invite a new other hand, in contrast to the "popular" interviewees; instead of representing two kind of question into a stale dialogue: power of "new thinkers" like those at groups, they became one group in relation questions of curiosity. It was only in the CPSNA. The group later speculated that to a new group, the reflecting team. second half of White's interview that we may all see ourselves as "passengers on When the participants returned to the curiosity questions were asked, e.g. a the train." Is anyone secure in believing consulting room, they continued to discuss psychologist asked a defense analyst, himself to be the conductor? A point of the degree to which they felt shaped by "What was it like for you to sit in that commonality, albeit incomplete, was found their institutional contexts. When one of meeting at the Kennedy School?" Curiosity among the participants- a sense of the defense analysts described this pressure questions typically yield further challenges powerlessness in the face of the multitude as something that"happened" to him, one to previously unexamined stereotypes and of forces that constitute the nuclear of the psychologists said, "But you're not assumptions; once this process is set into threat. given the role and the organization, you motion, ritualistic debates can be disas­ Another seed of commonality was choose it." This led to a discussion of life sembled and new forms of dialogue planted in the first half of the interview choices and goals. One defense analyst fashioned. when White discouraged references to the said, "You can move from being an insider One of the psychologists noted that it respective official heads of the two groups, to being an outsider but you can't lie on the had been helpful to converse about both absent from the interview. He asked railroad tracks, then expect to become conversing. She said that in having to participants to focus on their own ideas and Secretary of State." He said that he did reflect on the conversation you begin to experiences. This seemed to help them make a deliberate choice, to be on the think about it as your conversation. This is, appreciate the force with which their ideas "inside" at this time in his life, and that he of course, what Michael White had in mind and activities typically are defined by their appreciates the fact that activists can play an when he designed his opening question - institutional roles. The idea that one's important role on the "outside." He to externalize the problem, then have views are shaped by one's institutional resisted the assumption (which he assumed participants reflect upon what it does to affiliation is, of course, not new, and we all many peace activists hold) that people on them and what they can do to it. In this know how easily institutional and profes­ the inside, including those who design case, the problem was the dialogue. sional rigidity melts in purely social nuclear weapons, are "war-mongers." If Externalizing the dialogue allowed the settings, when the topic of conversation is they were, he said, it would be easier to participants to view it as their own newborn babies, aging parents, and experi­ hate them. But they made a career choice, construction and to take responsibility for ences of adolescence. In such settings, many of them after protesting the Vietnam it. They became more acutely aware, in professional role requirements are absent. War in college, "just like you and me." White's terms, of"constructing their own In this setting, however, such role require­ Admittedly, he said, their career choice has construction." In viewing this construction, ments weren't absent, they were loosened. influenced their ideology over the years. with White's guidance, the participants The topic of conversation was still the He then echoed an earlier observation he came to appreciate exceptions to their problem of conducting effective dialogue had made from his personal experience "problem-saturated description" of their about the nuclear dilemma. The partici­ regarding a group of scientists at a weapons interactions, and they became aware of the pants were still speaking to each other as lab. He described it as "depressing" to institutional forces that they have allowed peace activists and defense analysts. But witness the degree to which the ideology of to impose specifications on their behavior they were feeling less and less constrained their profession had constrained their and to discourage exploration of new and to represent any one institution or leader. thinking. enriching perspectives. 1!11 This growing departure from institutional One of the psychologists expressed the roles allowed the participants, in Michael opinion that the defense analysts were White's terms, to recognize their "subju­ sensitive to the influence of contexts, but gation to specifications," in this case said she felt a lack of openness on their professionally defined roles and ways of part. White took this opportunity to note thinking. They appreciated the potential the most striking exception to the problem­ power and range of a conversation among saturated description of past attempts at individuals, as contrasted with a debate dialogue. He said, "In this interview it has between two groups, in the presence of been my experience that x (the defense leaders, seated at opposite ends of the analyst referred to above) took the first step table. in expressing insecurity, and that he Midway through the interview White located it for us in a depressing experience. asked his reflecting team, a group of It is a bit paradoxical, isn't it, that x has therapists from the Cambridge Family shared his own personal experience with us Institute, to come into the consulting a bit more complexly than the rest of us." room, and he invited the interviewees to This observation flew in the face of the adopt the role of observers behind the one­ stereotypic attitudes with which past Margaret Herzig and Richard Chasin, MD way mirror. This role reversal served the dialogues had been attempted. page three Spring 1988 CENTER REVIEW

CORPORATE LEADERSHIP WllTH A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Conversations for Wholeness by John E. Mack, M.D.

It is commonly acknowledged that indi­ company. At the same time, more and return for the companies' owners are so viduals tend to behave differently in a more members of corporations are becom­ intense that it may be unrealistic to expect private or family setting than they do as ing aware of the human cost of perpetuating that corporate renewal and community members of institutions. This split, or the split between private and institutional responsibility can develop purely from fragmentation of self, may be so great that values. within the company. people seem, at times, to live double lives. The discovery and application of psycho­ The Center for Psychological Studies in If, in our inescapable identification with logical techniques which could reveal and the Nuclear Age hopes to play a useful role the institutions in which we work, and the heal this self-fragmentation might have in exploring the divisions between the inevitable pressures we experience within profound implications for the well- being of personal and the corporate self and, them, we live in violation of privately held individuals in their corporate work. These ultimately, to foster a reconciliation of values and ideals, the result may be vague techniques could also facilitate the evolu­ internal and external, private and public but profound discontent whose source may tion of corporations themselves in the beliefs and values. T award that end, we are not be readily identifiable. It is only direction of greater productivity and social initiating "conversations for wholeness'' through overcoming these divisions in the value. with corporate leaders who have and have self- through an aligning of our private It is important to the maintenance of not experienced or acted upon this and collective selves- that genuine satis­ self-worth, both for employers and em­ fragmentation of self. In addition, we plan faction a~d well-being may be possible. ployees, that members of a company feel to bring together, in informal meetings, Much of the interest displayed by contem­ they are producing something of value and corporate leaders, academicians from porary Americans in psychotherapeutic that they themselves are valued partici­ schools of business, and other resource techniques and spiritual paths which stress pants in an enterprise which benefits other persons skilled in the psychology of healing, integration, and wholeness grows people. Without these ingredients, workers organizational development and transfor­ out of the distress caused by the fragmenta­ and managers may experience personal mation. The purpose of these meetings will tion of the self. discontents which range from vague job be to explore with business leaders The private corporation is a social dissatisfaction to personality disturbances questions of personal integration and the institution with unique properties. It is accompanied by specific psychiatric symp­ obstacles they confront in trying to specially suited for the production of goods toms. Social responsibility may ultimately reconcile organizational pressures with and the provision of services on a variety of prove to be more consistent with personal their commitment to social and commun­ scales, for the creation of employment, and self-interest and with productivity (at least ity responsibility. • for giving a return to its shareholders. At in the fullest human sense) than we have the same time, the very characteristics previously realized, although not always which make it so attractive and well suited with the maximization of profit. Newsletter Staff for these purposes-perpetuity, leadership Productivity is tied to work satisfaction Editors anonymity, special rights of ownership and and a sense of personal wholeness, to a Paula F. Gutlove limited liability -also seem to encourage healing of the separation of the private and Margaret McCarthy Herzig the psychological split between private and the corporate self. But work satisfaction Center Staff institutional responsibility. Anonymity, itself, in this interdependent world, may Executive Director potential institutional permanence, rela­ require a sense that one is contributing to Paula F. Gutlove tive immunity from social accountability, the well- being of the larger human com­ and limits on fiscal liability have their munity, a feeling that "outside" activities Associate Director psychological counterparts, potentially conducted through the organization are Penelope Hart Bragonier shielding individual executives and share­ aligned with inner psychological and Director of Donor Development holders from personal responsibility for the spiritual needs and values, so that the Pam Kelly social consequences of corporate policies private and the collective self are one. Office Manager and decisions. We all can cite examples of corporate Wendy]. Stedman Executives often seem to be protected leaders who have looked beyond narrow Bookkeeper from psychological distress related to this nationalism(s) to a global vision, have Fay Reich fragmentation of self by their corporate role moved past the rationalizations of ideology Staff Assistant which encourages them to take a competi­ toward the possibility of East-West part­ Lorraine L. Gray tive approach to commanding a larger nership, or have seen the necessity of Work Study Student market share, especially in the context of deferring immediate financial gain for the Warren Pemsler increasing global pressures. Executives may deeper rewards of longer term social and have little time for socially responsible community commitment. Yet the pres­ Many thanks to our activity unless this is seen as having sures on corporate leaders to remain dedicated volunteers immediate financial importance for the competitive and to produce a maximum page four CENTER REVIEW Spring 1988

LOOKING INTO THE FUTURE FROM AUSTRALJ!A by Paula F. Gutlove, DMD

Australia may be "down under" but, as I to democratize scientific and technological family, to sunny weather and rolling discovered during my recent trip half way decision making and to discover ways to beaches, became an opportunity to glimpse around the globe, it far surpasses us in some involve people who are often excluded mechanisms for change in a similar, though exciting areas. My trip was originally from the decision making process. The clearly different, culture in the Southern conceived as a pleasure excursion and a Commission does not develop policy or Hemisphere. As technology brings us visit to relatives but, with only slight effort, lobby for political action. Rather, it seeks to closer together, it becomes easier to form I found a great deal of curiosity in Australia identify crucial questions and encourage collaborative endeavors, even with those about the work of our Center and became informed debate in the areas of: Work, on the opposite end of the Earth. As is very curious, myself, to learn more about Education, Health, Environment, and evidenced by this and other Center such Australian organizations as the Com­ "Information, the Economy and Society." Australian-American interactions (see p. mission for the Future and the Peace The Commission publishes a series of 2) the possibilities for joint work, and the Research Centre. occasional papers, a listing of which is opportunities to learn from each other are Before I left the United States, I was available from the Center. They were enormous, and we at the Center feel contacted by the central office of the fascinated by the work the Center has done fortunate to be able to take advantage of Victorian Council for Children's Film and on children's perceptions of the future and them Video, Ltd (in Melbourne). The Council images of the enemy, and are currently is a non-profit entity which seeks to exploring with us the possibility for joint stimulate and maintain public interest in work. CENTER WELCOMES NEW the provision of suitable film, television A very different chord was struck at the ASSOCIATJE DIRECTOR and video entertainment for children. Peace Research Centre (PRC) of the They were interested in learning more Australian University of Canberra, the about our videotape, "A Day at School in capital of Australia. The Peace Research Moscow," and any other educational Centre was established by the government videos we might have, and asked if they in 1984, through the Department of could distribute our video materials in Foreign Affairs. Its purposes are: 1) to carry Australia and New Zealand, where there is out research on topics relating to the a burgeoning interest in the Soviet Union. establishment and maintenance of peace The Council has close ties to the Australian on nationa~ regional and global scales; and Commission for the Future, representa­ 2) to provide training to future researchers tives of which were in attendance at a in this field The PRC has a working paper presentation I made to the Council about series, written by authors internationally, the Center. The Commission for the on current research dealing with peace and Future was so intrigued by our work, that security issues, particularly as they relate to before I knew it, speaking engagements, the Pacific region. Information about the Penelope Hart Bragonier, PhD including a national radio interview, were working papers is available from the set up to further publicize our work. Center. While the working papers include Penelope Bragonier has recently joined The Australian Commission for the a number of titles which relate to the Future, a federally funded research and research of our Center, (e.g.: Women and the staff of the Center as Associate public education organization, was founded Peace through the Polls; Belief Systems and Director. Dr. Bragonier earned her doctor­ to grapple with the role of science and Arms Control Probabilities; Australian ate in Developmental Psychology from technology in the lives of Australians. Public Opinion on National Security Columbia University where she studied Australians generally recognize that devel­ Issues) researchers at the PRC felt that the the relationship between family structure opments in science and technology increas­ field of political psychology was in its and boys' differentiation processes. Her ingly shape the economy, educational infancy in Australia, and expressed great interest in the development of polarized institutions, and the work and leisure lives interest in the work of the Center. They representations of the self-other relation­ of the public. Yet, most Australians have were familiar with and intrigued by the ship is relevant to the Center's exploration had few opportunities to discuss the role writings of Carol Cohn (Language and of the psychology of conflict that technological developments could and Thinking of Nuclear Defense Strategists: As a Research Associate at Bank Street should play in shaping their future. Like "Sex and Death in the Rational World of College of Education in New York, Dr. many Americans, Australians are over­ Defense Intellectuals") and similarly with whelmed by the sheer bulk and complexity many of the works of John E Mack. They Bragonier investigated the impact of work of technological data and the speed of expressed interest in discussing possibilities on family life in a blue collar population. technological change. for more in-depth psycho-social inquiries She has also served for the past two years as The Commission was established in within their organization. the Director of a drug abuse prevention response to this situation. Its major role is What began as a journey to friends and council in suburban New York. page five Spring 1988 CENTER REVIEW

THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENEMY IMAGES: UNIVERSAL AND CULTURE-SPECIFIC THEMES A Report from the Project on Images of the Enemy by Petra Hesse, PhD and Debra Poklemba, BA

While summit meetings between Mikhail describe the enemy as a man. Interestingly, Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan are power­ most girls in the 4 to 6 year old group do ful and moving political gestures, they are not know what an enemy is, and when far removed from the sources of enmity in asked to draw a "bad guy," they prefer to political collectives. The Project on Images draw rainbows or "good girls" instead. of the Enemy seeks to understand better When asked to characterize what the origins of interpersonal and political enemies do, all children in the youngest age conflict so that we can prevent the sort of group agree that enemies threaten or even international hostilities that summit meet­ destroy people by robbing, fighting, shoot­ ings are designed to de-escalate. ing or eating them. Most children in this We are currently writing a book age group believe that the enemy has always ~ ...... presenting drawings of personal and politi­ been bad. One girl even said that enemies The world as a time bomb, drawn by a fourteen cal enemies by children and adolescents are born bad. Similarly, when asked year old West German girL from different cultures, and analyzing whether enemies can become friends and research findings by psychologists and vice versa, most children deny the possibil­ political scientists on the origins of enmity ity of such an event. Children in this age war, and racism, i.e., more global and in childhood and adolescence. This project group also reject the notion that they are abstract images, replace monsters and is part of a larger endeavor aimed at ever somebody else's enemy. bullies as enemies in adolescents' minds. understanding the psychological roots of In late adolescence, another phase interpersonal and international conflict seems to emerge. Instead of portraying through the study of children's and AIDS, nuclear war and other threatening adolescents' conceptions of enemies at forces in the world environment as the different points in their emotional moral enemy, older adolescents begin to reflect and political socialization. on the origins of enmity. They express in a In an attempt to explore some of these variety of ways that enemy images are developmental trends, we are interviewing creations of the human mind. While hundreds of children, and collecting children up to early adolescence project thousands of drawings, stories and state­ evil impulses onto monsters and destruc­ ments about personal and political enemies. tive forces in their environment, older At this point, our sample consists primarily adolescents and young adults clearly of 4 to 6 year old American children, but A nine year old American boy grasps enmity as struggle with a more internalized sense of we have also begun to talk to older a relationship. good and evil that allows them to own their American children. Based on pilot data evil impulses. from children and adolescents from West Germany, Colombia, Samoa, Israel and Some of the potentially universal Argentina, we are exploring potentially developmental trends we have identified --0---~ universal developmental trends as well as so far suggest that children in the youngest 1··: . -- ...... more culture-specific themes affecting age group (4 to 6 year olds) think of children's images of enemies. enemies as one scary, strange person. The results so far indicate that 4 to 6 Slightly older children (7 to 9 year olds) year old American and West German begin to accept that enmity is a relationship children, when asked to draw an enemy or between them and somebody else in which enemies, draw one person who looks each partner is the other's enemy. How­ "different." The enemy's body tends to be ever, children in this age group do not yet distorted. Either he has additional limbs or seem to have a politicized notion of teeth, or some part of his body is missing. enmity. As Stephanie, 5, put it, "The one with no By the time they have reached adoles­ eyes, no nose and no hands." Furthermore, cence, young people show signs of an all children describe the enemy as strong, emerging awareness of the more political and many say that the enemy carries a gun. dimensions of enmity. For example, they They tend to expect the enemy to be angry. begin to draw flags indicating their under­ A four year old Colombian boy draws soldiers While most children concede that women standing of the international nature of in the street or girls can be enemies, they tend to conflict and enmity. Pollution, nuclear page six CE?\'TER REVIE\V :-i[JrinJ!: 1988 Enemy Images JOHN E. MACK RECEiVES LOUIS B. DUBLIN AWARD continued from page 6 In addition to these trends in the On April 15, 1988, Dr. John E. Mack and homicide in a society, and the ways in development of enemy images, the follow­ received the Louis B. Dublin award from which that society expresses aggression. In ing culture-specific themes have emerged the American Association of Suicidology the United States there is a tendency to so far. American Jewish children and in recognition of his distinguished contri­ externalize aggression, to direct it towards children growing up in conflict- ridden butions to the field. Previous recipients of an outside enemy. The enemy role is countries seem to develop an image of the the award include Karl Menninger, Robert currently filled by the Soviet Union. The political enemy comparatively early. For Litman, and Norman Kreitman. In his arms race by its very nature is suicidaL a example, Tanja, a 5 year old American acceptance speech, Dr. Mack discussed military expression of global homicide and Jewish girl, told us, "My mother told me gender differences in suicide rates and self- destruction. Is the arms race a reflec­ about him, he is a bad guy, because he raised important questions about their tion of collective male rage toward our killed many Jewish people. He killed them political and societal implications. Follow­ society's institutions which foreclose the just because they were Jewish ... Is there ing is a summary of Dr. Mack's com­ possibility of rich and emotionally satisfying anything else you know about this bad guy? ments. relationships? Are men all too willing to No, just that he killed many Jewish people. Rates of completed suicide for men are bring down the world in their rage, hurt, Do you know why he did that? No ... Do you consistently at least three times those for and frustration over the incomplete ful­ know the name of the bad guy? No." In a women. During the period 1970-1980, the fillment of their lives and their very similar fashion, 4 to 6 year old Colombian male suicide rate increased 50% in the 15- being? children, when asked to draw enemies, 25 year old age group and 30% among 25- In the nuclear age, in this age of drew scenes of the guerilla warfare they 35 year olds. Neither the overall increase in planetary interdependence, how do we witness in Colombia. Israeli children tend suicide rates nor the gender differences in want to raise boys? Is the model of the to draw Arabs and symbols of Nazi those rates has been submitted to systema­ warrior a maladaptive one? Are we willing Germany. tic analysis. to sacrifice males in the service of our Conversely, children in Samoa may A recent paper presented by Rona Klein current social order? In order to avoid a never develop a politicized notion of and Alexandra Kaplan at the Stone Center mass collective suicide/homicide do we enmity. Very young children as well as in Wellesley, Massachusetts, emphasized need more than the recommended increase adolescents tend to draw centipedes or the importance for women of establishing in "affective" education? Should we also dogs as enemies, suggesting that the human connection and reciprocal rela­ establish new patterns of childrearing, dangers within the immediate physical tionships. Women tend to resort to suicide different role models, and new societal environment are more pertinent to all age only when no avenue exists to establish or expectations for men? groups than any threats that might be posed re-establish human connection. The ratio John E Mack, MD., is Academic Director of by political conflict. of "gestures" to completed suicides in the Center What is the relevance of our findings? women is 20:1; in men it is 3: I. Thus, One message is a hopeful one. Young gestures might be thought of as an effort to AVAILABLE FROM children have only a vague sense of other form a relationship to let others know that THE CENTER nations as enemies, unless they grow up in a one is in emotional crisis. A Day at School in Moscow in our society are raised to be country at war. As a result, parents, Men A Production of the Center's warriors and protectors, aggressive and educators and politicians may have a good Video Education Project chance of succeeding at instilling in capable of victory in competition. The videotape presents children a more flexible and complex socialization of boys focuses less on the This twenty-four minute notion of allies and enemies that will make communication of feelings and the de­ a compelling personal portrait of Soviet at school A it difficult to see the enemy as all evil and velopment of interpersonal relationships children in a typical day in oneself or one's own country as all good. than does the socialization of girls. Boys teacher's guide is available for use On the other hand, our findings have a tend to develop into men well schooled in educational settings. more pessimistic implication. While young rational thought and strategy but ill­ Tape: $50 Teacher's Guide: $8 children do not yet clearly understand who equipped to share their emotions or to No Reason to Talk About It: their nation's enemies are, nor where they grieve overtly. The National Institute for Families Confront the Nuclear Taboo live, they already have a structure of Mental Health recently released a task by David S. Greenwald and enmity: the enemy is bad and cannot be force report on suicide risk factors and Steven ]. Zeitlin good; they are good, and are never, or recommendations to prevent suicide. One rarely, bad. Whether or not these early recommendation, buried among more Psychotherapists, like families, have tended structures are outgrown, and whether or actuarially related suggestions, was to to throw a shroud of silence around the not children end up reproducing the increase "affective education," to teach possibility of nuclear war. Greenwald and enemy images of the older generation may children about the wide range of human Zeitlin have broken this silence in their depend on our willingness as parents, feelings and emotions, their expression, pioneering research with families. In this educators, journalists and politicians to and the need for human communica­ new book, they present their research rethink and refeel the content and struc­ tion. findings, as well as those of other psychol­ ture of our images of ourselves and of our There are also political implications ogists, and offer specific recommendations personal and political enemies. 111 which relate to the link between suicide for dealing with this painful topic. $23 page seven Spring 1988 CENTER REVIEW

Schwebel Dr. Perlman that are ideologically created. The second continued from page 1 (Excerpts from a letter submitted to Center involves revealing how societal fragmenta­ tiona! tendency that is resistant to change. Review) tion can erode social responsibility and Nuclear reality itself, asserted Dr. Fourth, we should avoid overpsychologiz. confound the struggle against evil Re­ Schwebe~ is at bottom "unpsychological" ing political conflict. "The hard reality is sponsibility is not something to be assigned Hence, we over-psychologize this reality that the superpowers are the leaders of two to a particular group in society; rather, it when we employ exclusively psychological competing systems. The world views needs to be activated in each individual approaches to analyze our predicament. underlying these systems are mutually And evil ought not be exclusively assigned While this is an important cautionary exclusive in the sense that any given nation to one's political rivals. "Evil is fairly well point, there is a huge distance between can hold only one or the other." distributed throughout the human com­ acknowledgement of many valid perspec­ Referring to the members of his audi­ munity." tives on the nuclear dilemma and the ence, Schwebel made a few comments To emphasize this point, Mack told the assertion that nuclear reality is fundamentally about the relationship between defense story of a Georgian Jew, Nodar Djindji­ unpsychological This assertion was paired analysts and nuclear psychologists, which hashvili, who longed for freedom from the with another, even more problematic he characterized as two kinds of "peace­ ever-watchful eye of the KGB. When one: psychologists, together with other makers." He located their general lack of Djindjihashvili was finally set free, he took peacemakers, "must accept'' the political­ relevance to each other in a fundamental a job with the Voice of America He soon economic reality of "two competing difference of goa~ The former seek to discovered that the Soviet Union had no systems" and work to lessen the dangers enhance deterrence, the latter to replace it. monopoly on rigid ideology. He ultimately inherent in this competition. I would argue In spite of this difference, Schwebel said, it lost his job for failing to toe the ideological that one can fully acknowledge the reality is possible for each to look with favor upon line, and later wrote that his past and of U.S.- Soviet competition, while repudi­ the work of the other. present homelands were "inseparable ating the bipolar ideology implicit in our Schwebel ended on a positive and components of the same planet, where image of "two competing systems." hopeful note, suggesting that while inter­ neither Hell nor Eden has been located." Unexamined acceptance of a bipolar national competition cannot be abolished, ideology often becomes a form of the self­ it can be managed to avoid violence. Those Dr. Blight Blight began by objecting to peace censorship against which Schwebel warns. who judge such a vision to be unrealistic, Further, to insist on the he said, should recall the charges of activists' failure to distinguish between the fundamentally utopianism leveled against the early civil serious nuclear dangers we faced in 1961- unpsychological nature of nuclear reality is rights workers. Their struggle wasn't easy, 62 and the rhetorical hostility of the early to make a political statement that ill serves but it was effective. Ours can be too. years of the Reagan administration. He our psychological (and ethical) inquiries claimed that Reagan is the peace move­ into this reality. Psychologically-oriented RESPONSES TO DR. SCHWEBEL ment's best friend as he has provided­ peacemakers can then be seen as trespassers particularly in 1981-82, before his "table on the turf of policy- makers-unless, of Two formal responses were delivered at manners were cleaned up"-the kind of course, they accept the basic premises of the lecture, one by Dr. John E. Mack, cold war environment that makes a peace these latter. For psychological peacemaking Academic Director of CPSNA, the other movement viable. Blight failed to see the is essentially radical in that it articulates by Dr. James Blight, Executive Director of rationale for peace activism in what he utterly different visions of human realities. the Center for Science and International views as the relatively safe current era. Moreover, the "unpsychological" image Affairs at the Kennedy School A third was There's no "pro-war'' faction, he said, and of nuclear reality has its own psychology. submitted to by an audience Center Review "everyone has bought Einstein's idea." To be "unpsychological" means to neglect member, Dr. Michael Perlman. Dr. Perlman Moreover, he said that a peace movement the multiple meanings inherent in any act is the author of Imaginal Memory and the may not be viable now that there are "no of imagination, and to take an image only Place of Hiroshima, to be published in June body bags coming back." He concluded, "I literally. One such literalized image is that by the State University of New York don't know quite where that leaves the of"two competing systems." This tends to Press. peace movement (or) an intellectual subset involve enemy images that embody one's Dr. Mack of it, the nuclear psychologists." He warned own group's unacknowledged darker Mack accepted Schwebel's characteriza­ against "worshipping activism for its own motives (faulty attributions) and acceptance tion of nuclear psychologists as seeking to sake" and urged nuclear psychologists to of the nuclear status quo. Another such move beyond the "war institutions" in recognize that their work, particularly when image is that of "defense," which simul­ which deterrence is embedded; nuclear it involves reducing political conflict to taneously masks to one's self and national psychologists, he said, are at least open to the psychological language, makes them not group (while yet displaying to the adversary) possibility that these institutions can be only irrelevant, but"quite odd" in the view offensive and interventionist national dismantled and replaced by something of defense strategists. "As familiar and postures; it serves as a psychological defense "more conducive to human survival" He compelling as it is to you," he said, "it is against nuclear anxiety. then suggested two activities for psycho­ exactly that weird to people for whom the Peacemaking. to be truly psychologica~ logists to undertake toward this end. The psychological component is not trivia~ but must move far beyond trying to work for a first is to try to grasp the nature of enmity is certainly not primary." (See page 2 for a rationa~ manageable, "acceptable" level of and distinguish the dimensions of an discussion of difficulties of dialogue between U.S.-Soviet competition. The psychology enemy relationship that are real from those defense analysts and peace activists.) of nuclear reality is the psychology of page eight CENTER REVIEW Spring 1988

Desperately Seeking continued from page 1 Yet this approach is clearly unsatisfac­ evident in the writings of many critics of structure are all notions that are, in fact, tory when dealing with nuclear weapons nuclear decision- making who feel com­ foreign to nuclear decision-making. decisions. While this study may tell us how pelled to recognize the Soviet threat and The question then becomes, where a decision should have been made, it the interest of government leaders in does this leave us? How can we understand clearly does not account for why the meeting that threat. decision-making and explain it to others? decision that was reached came about. Further, the dominant political culture This work remains to be done, but I have Indeed, the very study that reveals the places a premium on the notion of reached some conclusions about what an mechanisms of decision-making, in my "rationality." In the context of nuclear acceptable model would be. judgement, should also reveal that these decision-making, to make a "rational" First it is clear that any analysis of mechanisms are a formality and only that. decision is to make a decision which serves nuclear decision-making, in order to be They play little part in the real decision­ the "national defense." It means to make complete, must be a multi-disciplinary making process. an analysis of military"needs," and to build one. If we are to understand the plethora of Still, this is the approach that most weapons systems which meet those needs. forces controlling nuclear decision-making, people use to understand decision- making, The aura of rationality that surrounds we must have a plethora of ways to if they try to understand it at all. Most nuclear decision-making fails to consider understand them. people, if confronted with the discrepancy the impact of the internal needs and desires Related to this point, we must recognize between actual decision-making and formal of the military and governmental institu­ that decision- making is not a static process, processes, either posit evil on the part of tions within which the decisions are made, but a dynamic one. Different institutions those who make such decisions or say that needs and desires that may have little to do have different interests at each stage of the decision-makers must know something with external threats to security. decision-making and also, obviously, have that we do not. There are two kinds of Along with rationality, the dominant different interests according to what confusion at work here, one kind operates political culture places a high premium on decision is being made. Thus, when we in those who study decision-making, and "expertise." The public feels obligated to speak of the "constituency" that a weapons the other in those who try to explain it pay heed to the "nuclear priesthood" in system gains at various times in its without study. Both these types of confu­ this country because these men have been development, we must recognize that this sion, however, arise from and reflect the anointed experts. After all, it is difficult to constituency is not monolithic and static, dominant political culture and the notions argue with someone who has a command but dynamic in itself. it has implanted in us. One element of that of the supposedly important technical This holds doubly true if we recognize culture has to do with the nature of the language and strategic justification, espe­ that at isolated points in decision-making, debate surrounding nuclear weapons and cially if you have only morality and individuals can have influence, but that the the terms that it employs. Such terms as common sense to boost your own argu­ long period between the time a weapon "national defense" and "national security" ments. This patina of expertise is further starts development and the time it enters have taken on the twin American mantles bolstered by dominant conceptions of production (generally eight to twelve of militarism and anti-communism; to be science. Science is seen as the ultimate years) dictates that these individuals rarely "soft on defense" one must be naive and expression of objectivity and rationality, remain in office throughout the develop­ underestimate the "Soviet threat." Clearly, and the mere title of scientist gives ment process for a weapons system. the debate has been skewed in order to credence and legitimacy to one's pro­ At the same time, we must recognize impart a sense of need for the huge military nouncements. This has provided a rationale that due to the structure of the United budget. The power of this cultural force is for nuclear weapons decisions and discour­ States government, there are nodes of aged public interest or participation. power which remain influential for fairly Schwebel continued Most cnttques of decision- making long periods of time. This should not blind nightmare, of the human proclivity for reflect a problem in the dominant culture us, however, to the changes that can occur cruelty and mass violence that in earlier which I call "desperately seeking the in those nodes of power. The relative eras was imagined as the eternal torment of singular." This is the search for a single influence of any node of power remains hell The competing systems of the U.S. model which will explain whatever problem largely outside of its control, and the and Soviet Union, or any other inter­ is being looked at. In trying to explain dynamic of decision-making rarely allows national adversaries, are just brief expres­ nuclear decision-making, an economist for permanent influence. There are many sions of the undying human capacity to will look for an economic model, a examples of this, from the fairly straight­ inflict inhuman hells upon others. psychologist for a psychological model, and forward decline in influence of the Psychological peacemaking involves so on and so on. Pentagon's Office of Systems Analysis to patient work toward the collective change Many of the notions that the dominant the more complicated changes in influence to which Dr. Schwebel bore witness in his political culture advances, the premises on of Congressional committees that were a talk. It draws its vitality from the tension which nuclear decision-making are sup­ result of reforms instituted in the 1970's. between our awareness that the human posedly based, simply do not hold true. What remains clear is that we cannot capacity for cruelty and killing will be with Nuclear decision-making fails even if one allow the lenses which sometimes hamper us always, and our refusal to accept what we does accept the dominant political culture's and distort our vision of nuclear decision­ are told about the need for institutions on definition of its objectives and methods. making to blind us to a revolutionary which this capacity for cruelty thrives. Enhancing national security, rationality, analysis, and perhaps a revolutionary -Margaret Herzig scientific analysis, and the legal political solution, to the problems we face. • page nine SJning 1988 CENTER REVIEW

Ongoing Projects of the Center for Psychological Studies in the Nuclear Age

Decision Makers: solutions to political conflicts between be published in the U.S. section of the A Biographical Study national groups. It is expected that these ORG's The Global Nuclear Elite, and in Project Director. John E Mack, MD new solutions will have policy implications other forms. See page 1 for a description Project Consultant: Carol Cohn, PhD for educators, persons working in the of the initial directions that this project is Dr. Mack, a psychiatrist at Harvard Medical psychological sciences, and international taking. SchooL is the author of a Pulitzer Prize­ leaders. winning psychological biography of T.E Assumptions and Perceptions that Lawrence and has written numerous The Language and Thinking of Fuel the Nuclear Arms Race articles on the topics of national ideologies, Nuclear Defense Intellectuals Project Director. Richard Chasin, MD decision making and the nuclear threat Project Director. Carol Cohn, PhD Project Advisor. John E Mack, MD This study draws on eighteen interviews Carol Cohn, drawing on contemporary Project Coordinator. Margaret Herzig that Dr. Mack has conducted among high theory of discourse and feminist theory, has Workshop Facilitator. Paula Gutlove, DMD level decision makers in the field of nuclear studied the thinking and, in particular, the Dr. Chasin is a well known family systems strategy and nuclear weapons procurement language of nuclear strategists and defense therapist who has worked as a group and deployment These interviews have intellectuals at Harvard and MIT for the facilitator in many settings of interdisciplin­ included a former United States President, past three years. She is the author of the ary and international exchange. Margaret a director and a former director of a recent and extremely well received article, Herzig brings to the project an academic national weapons laboratory, a former "Sex and Death in the Rational World of background in philosophy as well as Secretary of Defense, a prominent aide of Defense Intellectuals," which presents the research experience in cross cultural the House Armed Services Committee, a first part of an analysis of her findings. Dr. psychology. Paula Gutlove, the Center's former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Cohn's work in this area has been Executive Director, has extensive expe­ Staff, a pioneer in the development of the published in the Bulletin of the Atomic rience in organizing and directing con­ H- bomb and SDI, and the Senior Vice Scientists and in journals in West Germany, ferences, workshops, and retreats. The President of a nuclear weapons contracting Finland, Sweden, and England. She has purpose of this project is to explore and test corporation. Dr. Mack and his colleagues presented at numerous conferences, work­ the applicability of theories and techniques plan to interview several decision makers in shops, and colloquia. Dr. Cohn taught at employed by family systems therapists to greater depth and analyze the individual The New School for Social Research in larger political systems. Specifically, Dr. biographical and psychological forces which New York City for nine years and is Chasin and his colleagues have designed motivate these influential people. The currently a Senior Research Scholar at the and conducted a number of events with the publications that grow out of this work will Center. goal of promoting effective dialogue also discuss the connections between these between groups with a history of stale and personal elements and the organizational Mapping the Decision Making Process ritualized debate. They have worked not and political influences affecting these Project Advisors: John E Mack, MD and only with groups of Soviets and Americans, individuals in the various institutions in Carol Cohn, PhD but also with defense analysts and peace which they work. Research Associate: Kenneth Resnik activists whose attempts at dialogue have Kenneth Resnik brings to his work with failed to reflect their common concerns Nationalism, Ideology and the Self Drs. Mack and Cohn a background in regarding the avoidance of nuclear war. Project Director. John E Mack, MD American history and nuclear studies. This (See page 2 for a report on a recent project This project consists of a scholarly examin­ project has two objectives. The first is to event). A key objective in the project's ation of the multi-faceted relationships develop a more complete understanding of work is to unearth and to help transform among the self, ideologies (seen as cogni­ the nuclear weapons decision making destructive assumptions and perceptions in tive/ affective links between individuals process as it occurs in the U.S. today. This an atmosphere of openness and curiosity. and groups), and nationalism. This project entails both mapping the actual decision will address the importance of historical making process and developing a theoreti­ Helping Families Cope origins as well as contemporary functions of cal framework for conceptualizing what with the Nuclear Threat nationalism as they pertain both to constitutes power and influence within Project Director. Steve Zeitlin, PhD international political relations and to the that process. The second objective is to Dr. Zeitlin is a clinical psychologist with a psychology of individuals. In the course of identify particularly powerful or influential practice specializing in family and marital this study, particular attention will be paid decision makers in preparation for later therapy. He has studied the impact of to issues of power, leadership, aggression, studies. Mr. Resnik will draw upon a variety bereavement on adolescent identity forma­ and the role of technology. It is intended of materials which include, but are not tion and has recently co- authored (with that this study will offer an in-depth limited to, government documents, official David Greenwald) No Reason to Talk understanding of the psychological roots of and unofficial critiques of government About lr:: Families Confront the Nuclear nationalism, ideologies of enmity and decision making processes, and historical Taboo, an analysis based on family inter­ nationalistic hatred, and susceptibility to case studies. This study is being carried out views of the impact of the nuclear threat on demagogic recruitment This work will be in collaboration with the Oxford Research development at various stages of the life conducted with a view to discovering new Group (ORG) of England. The results will cycle. The book concludes that communi- page ten CENTER REVIEW Spring 1988 Ongoing Projects ogy at the University of Massachusetts and an effort to track the childhood origins and continued from page 10 Tufts University. William Beardslee is the development of stereotypical conceptions cation between adults and children about Clinical Director of the Department of of hoth personal and political enemies. the nuclear threat and global security can Psychiatry at the Children's Hospital 3. Cross-cultural perspectit>es. In order to stimulate the development of the child, Medical Center and an Associate Professor explore the impact of universal and cultural and foster social responsibility. This project of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School factors on development of images of "the focusses on the development of materials He has puhlished extensively on the life enemy," a study of drawings is heing for adults to help them move beyond histories of civil rights workers, on child­ conducted with 4,000' children and ado­ denial and blame to a more active position ren's fears of nuclear war, and on the effects lescents in the US, West Germany, in which they can pass on to children of growing up with a depressed parent. Norway, Switzerland, Israel, Colomhia, positive models of caring for future Recent work in the field has pointed to Samoa, and Argentina. generations. The project is divided into the tendency for adults to, often irration­ 4. Children's telet·ision Ten highly rated two parts: ally, conceptualize various persons or children's cartoon series (including Ramho, 1) Dr. Zeitlin will organize a conference groups of people as "the enemy." The GI Joe, and Transformers) are heing for others engaged in studying and develop­ enemy is then regarded as the emhodiment analyzed to ascertain how an enemy's image ing materials for families, schools, and of all that is evil dangerous, and persecu­ is constructed and what methods of community groups regarding families and tory. It has heen argued that this tendency conflict resolution are presented. the nuclear threat The purpose of the to form images of the enemy, and the conference will be to assess the materials support for this tendency in the media, may he implicated hoth in the creation of a already available and to determine where CENTER REVIEW FREE? significant gaps remain. nuclear arms race and in the relative lack of puhlic resistance to it. This project has as its 2) A videotape will be produced which goal an understanding of how stereotyp­ will illustrate the variety of ways that adults There's no such thing ical images of "the enemy" develop from grapple with the nuclear threat The tape as a free publication. early childhood through adulthood. The will provide instruction about how to project has heen designed in four parts, communicate with children of different currently in various stages of completion: If you enjoy reading Center Review ages about this topic and will be used in group contexts, such as PTA meetings or I. Stereotypes of national and ethnic groups. and would like to continue to receive church groups, where discussions can be Attitudes towards 16 national and ethnic it, please subscribe now! If you have are heing examined through a led to help adults clarify their own groups already subscribed, we thank you. thinking. questionnaire study conducted among 500 adults, college students, military personnel Images of the Enemy and civilians. Respondents will he screened Project Director. Petra Hesse, PhD to insure that the sample includes repre­ Project Adt'isor. William Beardslee, MD sentatin:s from a range of socioeconomic Petra Hesse, who has a PhD in Develop­ hackgrounds. Typesetting: ADS Printing Services mental Psychology and a master's degree in 2. Dewlopmental Perspectit·es. In-depth per­ Printing by: ZBR Publications lnc. law and diplomacy, lectures on psychiatry sonal interviews are heing conducted with at Harvard Medical School and on psycho!- 400 American children and adolescents in

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Please make checks payable to: CPSNA and send to: CPSNA/1493 Cambridge Street/Cambridge, MA 02139/(617) 497-1553 page eleven CENTER ADVISORY BOARD AND BOARD Of DIRECTORS Advisory Board Joseph V. Montville- Research Director, Board of Directors Galina Andreyeva- Head, Department of Center for Study of Foreign Affairs (US II Academic Director John E. Mack, M.D., Social Psychology, Moscow University, USSR Government) Foreign Service Institute Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School Albert Carnesale- Academic Dean and Pro­ Joseph S. Nye, Jr.- Director, Center for at Cambridge Hospital fessor of Public Policy, Senior Resident Asso­ Science and International Affairs, Harvard II Executive Director Paula F. Gutlove, D. M.D., ciate, Center for Science and International University; Clarence Dillon, Professor of Former Executive Director, Greater Boston Affairs, Harvard University International Affairs, Harvard University Physicians for Social Responsibility; Lecturer in Eugene Carroll, Jr.- Rear Admiral USN George H. Pollock- M.D., President of the Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Cam­ (Ret), Deputy Director, Center for Defense Institute for Psychoanalysis bridge Hospital Information Horst-Eberhard Richter- Director of the II Robert L. Allen, former Executive Director Stephen F. Cohen- Professor of Soviet Center for Psychosomatic Medicine at Klini­ of the Kendall Foundation, Founder of the Real Politics and History, Princeton University kum dor Justus- Liebig- Universitaet Giessen, Peace Project Arthur Macy Cox- Author, Columnist and Federal Republic of Germany II William Beardslee, M.D., Clinical Director, Policy Consultant, American Committee for David Rockefeller, Jr.- Director of Human Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital; East- West Accord Resources, Rockefeller Family Associates; For­ Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard Peggy Charren- President, Action for Child­ mer Chair of the Executive Committee, Medical School ren's Television Rockefeller Brothers Fund Ill Richard Chasin, M.D., Director, Family lrven DeVore- Professor of Anthropology Rita Rogers- M.D., Clinical Professor, Depart­ (Therapy) Institute of Cambridge; Associate and Biology, Harvard University ment of Psychiatry, UCLA Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard Medi­ Leslie Dunbar- Former Director, Field Found­ Harold H. Saunders- Ph. D., Fellow at the cal School at Cambridge Hospital ation and Southern Regional Council; Writer Brookings Institute; former member of the IJJ Richmond Mayo-Smith, Former Edu­ Jerome D. Frank- M.D., Ph. D., Professor National Security Council and the State cator, Phillips Exeter Academy; Headmaster, Emeritus of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins Univer­ Department Roxbury- Latin School of Boston; taught adults sity School of Medicine Marshall D. Shulman- Director Emeritus, in India; Treasurer of the National Board of Alfred M Freedman- M.D., Chairman, theW. Averell Harriman Institute at Columbia Educators for Social Responsibility Department of Psychiatry, New York Medical University; Adlai E. Stevenson Professor of il Conn Nugent, J.D., Director, Five College, College; editor of Political Psychology International Relations, Emeritus Inc., Amherst, Massachusetts. Former Execu­ J. Bryan Hehir- Secretary, Department of Adele S. Simmons- Presiden~ Hampshire tive Director of International Physicians for the Political and Social Affairs, United States College Prevention of Nuclear War Catholic Conference; Senior Research Scholar, Lewis Thomas- M.D., President Emeritus, Ill Peter Reich, M.D., Professor of Psychiatry, Kennedy Institute of Ethics, Georgetown Memorial Sloane- Kettering Cancer Institute Harvard Medical School; Director of Psychiatry, University Barbara Tizard- Director, Thomas Coram Brigham and Women's Hospital Howard H. Hiatt- M.D., Professor of Medi­ Research Unit, University of London, Institute II Robert F. Ryan, President, McBer and cine, Harvard Medical School; Dean Emeritus, of Education Company, a human resources consulting firm; Harvard School of Public Health Elizabeth Winship- Author of Syndicated former Dean of Students at Roxbury Latin Herbert Kelman- Richard Clarke Cabot Column Ask Beth School Professor of Social Ethics, Department of Ill Jolane B. Solomon, Ph.D., Professor, Psychology, Harvard University WITH SPECIAL THANKS TO: Department of Biology, Boston College Robert McNamara- former Secretary of Dr. Myron Belfer, Professor and Chairman, II Senior Research Scholars: Margaret Defense; former President of the World Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical Brenman-Gibson Ph.D., Carol Cohn, Ph.D., Bank School at Cambridge Hospital Daniel Ellsberg, Ph.D., Priscilla McMillan, Roy W. Menninger- M.D., Presiden~ The Deane W. Lord, public affairs consultant to Milton Schwebel, Ph. D. Menninger Foundation the Center and Director, Public Information, at Affiliations are listed for identification purposes Harvard University only.

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