DOCSLIB.ORG

Patterns of Family Interaction in South African Interracial Marriages

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Patterns of Family Interaction in South African Interracial Marriages :ERNS-PF.P.AMILy.i:NMA:cTP IN SOUTH •AFRKAN TERRAC , ARRIAG Y MOIRA TEB960 PATIENCE, MAMAS DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE' ;.-REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF. ARTS IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY AN-THE DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOG' FACULTY QF ARTS AT THE ' RAND AFRIKAANS UNIVERSITY SUPERVISOR: PROF. K.F.'MAUF JANUARY 1996 Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to the following people for their invaluable assistance: My promotor, Professor Ricky Mauer, for guidance, discipline, and his demanding, but supportive supervision. Prof. Dave Beyers, Dr. Marietjie Joubert, and Miss Corinne Oosthuizen, for being great teachers. Prof. Edward Wolff, Derek Kobe, Robin Hamilton and Thandi Magazine, who went out of their way to help me find subjects for my study. Betty Diale, Rebecca Mankwe, Lesego Phokanoka and Thabo Matla, for being committed and generous raters. The subjects who participated in this study for sharing their views of reality with me. My son, Lekgetha, late brother Molamo, my parents Deret and Lydia, my sister Makgabo, and my youngest brother Jeremia, for love, support and room to grow. ---oOo--- ABSTRACT This study was prompted by the thousands of frustrated interracial couples who were either compelled to hide their relationships or leave South Africa in order to get married or live where interracial relationships and marriages were permitted. This pattern occurred during the apartheid era, before the repeal of the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act and Section 16 of the Immorality Act. After the repeal of these Acts, the number of interracial couples in South Africa increased as indicated by Central Statistical Service figures for 1990, when 3 212 interracial marriages were reported. In April 1994 South Africa gained its first Democratic Government leading to the investigator being encouraged to undertake this study. In the study, the investigator explored patterns of family interaction in South African interracial marriages. Eight married couples were interviewed for between 45 minutes to one hour each, and the interviews were taperecorded. Three raters were used by the investigator to score the taped interviews. Couples seemed to feel that more than any other factor, they had become involved because they loved each other. They seemed to have developed their own style of communication since both verbal and non-verbal acts were seldom misinterpreted by them. Given the past political situation in South Africa, these couples seemed to have developed a closer bond. On the other hand, these couples exhibited the fact that interracial marriages are in most respects like other marriages in terms of their dynamics Three male adolescent children of the interracial couples were also asked to comp) .-,e the Family Functioning in Adolescence Questionnaire. Two adolescents identified with tl -,.. value systems of their parents, while one adolescent disagreed with his parents' value system. ---o0o--- OPSOMMING Die groot aantal gefrustreerde veelrassige pare wat genoodsaak was om hul verhoudings in die geheim voort te sit, of andersins hul vaderland te verlaat om elders buite die grense van Suid-Afrika hul verhouding voort te sit of in die huwelik te tree, het aanleiding gegee tot hierdie studie. Hierdie situasie het, voor die opheffing van die Verbod op Gemengde Huwelike en Artikel 16 van die Ontugwet, gedurende die apartheidsera voortgeduur. Volgens syfers wat in 1990 deur die Sentrale Statistiekdiensestel is, het die aantal veelrassige verhoudings en huwelike toegeneem en is 3212 veelrassige huwelike vir daardie jaar gerapporteer. Suid-Afrika het in April 1994 sy eerste Demokratiese Regering verkies en dit het gelei tot 'n groter toename in gemengde huwelike as ooit tevore. In hierdie studie verken die navorser die model van gesinsinteraksie in veelrassige huwelike in Suid-Afrika en voer persoonlike onderhoude met agt sulke pare. Die onderhoude het tussen 45 minute en een uur geduur en is op band vasgele. Drie beoordelaars is opgelei om die bandopnames van die onderhoude te evalueer. Hierdie onderhoude het aangetoon dat, ongeag van enige ander faktore wat hulle verhoudings kon beinvloed, hulle aangetrokkenheid tot mekaar wel liefde was. Dit blyk verder dat hulle hul eie wyse van kommunikasie ontwikkel het aangesien verbale en nie-verbale kommunikasie selde tot misverstande gelei het. Hierdie pare ondervind egter ook dat hulle verhoudings, ten spyte van die politieke situasie van die verlede, nou baie hegter is. Dit blyk ook duidelik dat veelrassige egpare se huwelik in die meeste opsigte nie veel verskil van enige ander normale huwelik nie. Drie adolessente jongmense is ook versoek om die Family Functioning in Adolescence Questionnaire te voltooi, wat aangedui het dat twee van die drie adolessente hulle vereenselwig met hul ouers se waardesisteme, terwyl die derde nie daarmee saamgestem het nie. ---o0o--- (iv) TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (i) SUMMARY (ENGLISH) (ii) SUMMARY (AFRIKAANS) TABEL OF CONTENTS (iv) LIST OF TABLES (x) LIST OF FIGURES (xi) CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE RESEARCH TOPIC 1 1.2 PREVIOUS RESEARCH ON INTERRACIAL COUPLES 3 RESEARCH DESIGN 4 OUTLINE OF STUDY 5 CHAPTER 2: PERCEIVED AND COMPATIBILITY OF INTERETHNIC MARRIAGE 2.1 INTRODUCTION 6 2.2 BLACK/WHITE INTERMARRIAGE IN THE PAST: A TROUBLED HISTORY 7 2.3 THE HISTORY OF THE IMMORALITY ACT AND PROHIBITION OF MIXED MARRIAGES ACT IN SOUTH AFRICA 9 2.4 INCIDENCE OF MIXED MARRIAGES IN 1989 AND 1990 IN SOUTH AFRICA 11 (v) PAGE 2.5 TRENDS IN BLACK/WHITE INTERMARRIAGE 12 2.6 FRIENDS WHO ARE MIXED COUPLES 13 2.7 THEORIES AND MODELS OF INTERRACIAL MARRIAGES 15 2.7.1 Racial and cultural identity development models 16 2.7.2 The black and white interaction model of Helms 17 2.7.3 An extension of Helms's interaction theory to multi- cultural family counselling 19 2.7.4 Observations and limitations 21 2.8 NATIVITY, INTERMARRIAGE AND MOTHER- TONGUE SHIFTS 22 2.9 COMMUNICATION TRAINING FOR INTERCUL- TURAL COUPLES 24 CHAPTER 3: TYPES OF INTERCULTURAL MARRIAGES 3.1 INTRODUCTION 26 3.2 ROMANO'S TYPOLOGY 26 3.2.1 Submission 26 3.2.2 Compromise 26 3.2.3 Obliteration 27 3.2.4 Consensus 28 3.3 REALITY OF INTERMARRIAGE 28 3.4 SEX 29 3.5 SOCIAL CLASS AND POVERTY 30 3.6 LANGUAGE AND PHYSICAL DIVERSITY 31 3.7 FOOD AND DINING ETIQUETTE 32 (vi) PAGE 3.8 LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION 32 3.8.1 Verbal communication 34 3.8.2 Non-verbal communication 34 3.8.3 Communication styles 35 3.9 DEALING WITH STRESS 36 3.10 ILLNESS AND SUFFERING 37 3.11 RAISING CHILDREN 39 3.12 ETHNOCENTRISM 44 3.13 PATTERNS OF FAMILY INTERACTION AND ADOLESCENT SEX-ROLE CONCEPTS 45 3.13.1 Adolescent development of sex-role concepts 46 3.13.2 Individuation in family relationships 46 3.14 CROSS-CULTURAL FAMILY DIFFERENCES: INTERRACIAL ASSESSMENT OF WHITE, BLACK AND MEXICAN-AMERICAN FAMILIES 48 3.14.1 Ethnic comparison 49 3.14.2 Social class comparison 50 3.15 COMPONENTS OF FAMILY LIFE SATISFACTION IN A SAMPLE OF 58 KOREAN/AMERICAN COUPLES 51 3.16 BLACK AND WHITE WOMEN'S ATTITUDES TOWARD INTERRACIAL MARRIAGE 52 3.17 CORRESPONDENCE OF FAMILY THERAPISTS' PERCEPTIONS WITH FAMILY RATIONAL COMMU- NICATION CONTROL CODING SYSTEM (FRCCCS) CODING RULES FOR TRIADIC INTERACTIONS 53 PAGE 3.18 CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM THE RESEARCH DISCUSSED 54 CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH DESIGN 4.1 INTRODUCTION 56 4.2 STATEMENTS OF THE PROBLEM 56 4.3 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION 57 4.4. RESEARCH DESIGN 57 4.4.1 Sampling 57 4.4.2 Demographics 57 4.5. MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 57 4.5.1 Family Functioning in Adolescent Questionnaire (FFAQ) 58 4.5.2 The SYMLOG. 59 4.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 60 4.7 EXPECTED RESULTS 60 4.8 DATA ANALYSIS 61 4.9 THE SYMLOG LANGUAGE 62 4.10 THE FORMAT OF THE SYMLOG MESSAGE ACCORDING TO BALES, COHEN AND WILLIAMSON (1979) 63 4.11 CONCLUSION 66 4.11.1 The nature of interpretations 66 PAGE 4.12 TRAINING RATERS 67 4.12.1 Inter-rater reliability 68 4.13 CONCLUSION 68 CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH FINDINGS 5.1 INTRODUCTION 69 5.2 PROBLEMS EXPERIENCED 69 5.2.1 Demographics 69 5.3 COMMON THEMES 70 5.3.1 Language 70 5.3.2 Experiences of these couples 70 5.3.3 Socio-political factors 71 5.3.4 Crime and safety 71 5.3.5 Economic concerns 72 5.3.6 The Government 73 5.3.7 Uncommon themes 73 5.3.8 Conclusion 74 5.4 SYMLOG ANALYSIS 74 5.5 SUMMARY OF SYMLOG FINDINGS 89 5.6 THE FFAQ SCORES 90 5.6.1 Ipsative interpretation 90 5.6.2 Normative interpretation 90 PAGE 5.6.3 Test results 91 5.6.4 Summary of SYMLOG findings compared to FFAQ findings 95 5.7 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 97 CHAPTR 6: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 INTRODUCTION 99 6.2 INTERRACIAL MARRIAGE IN THE PAST AND PRESENT IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN CONTEXT 99 6.3 COMMUNICATION 100 6.4 TYPES OF INTERCULTURAL MARRIAGES 100 6.5 RECOMMENDATIONS 101 6.6. CONCLUSION 101 REFERENCES 102 APPENDIX 114 (x) LIST OF TABLES PAGE Testee 1: Samuel (Raw and standard scores obtained from Testee 1) 91 Testee 2: Peter (Raw and standard scores obtained from Testee 2) 92 Testee 3: Daniel (Raw and standard scores obtained from Testee 3) 93 ---o0o--- (xi) LIST OF FIGURES PAGE Figure 1: The SYMLOG interaction Scoring Form 63 Figure 5.1: The SYMLOG three-dimensional space, showing classes of directions, or locations, defined by logical combinations of the six names reference directions (Adapted from Bales & Cohen, 1979, p.23) 75 Figure 5.2: SYMLOG Polarisation-unification overlay (Adapted from Bales & Cohen, 1979, p.446) 77 Figure 5.3: Field diagram: Solly and Sarah (Expansion multiplier 1,46) 80 Figure 5.4: Field diagram: Ali and Emmy (Expansion multiplier 2,43) 80 Figure 5.5: Field diagram: John and Elza (Expansion multiplier 1,87) 82 Figure 5.6: Field diagram: Ismail and Sonia (Expansion multiplier 2,06) 82 Figure 5.7: Field diagram: Junior and Daisy (Expansion multiplier 2,52) 85 Figure 5.8: Field diagram: Ben and Ria (Expansion multiplier 1,43) 85 Figure 5.9: Field diagram: Abdul and Mary (Expansion multiplier 1,56) 88 5.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Super Family
    Super Family (Chaim Freedman, Petah Tikvah, Israel, September 2008) Yehoash (Heibish/Gevush) Super, born c.1760, died before 1831 in Latvia. He married unknown. I. Shmuel Super, born 1781,1 died by 1855 in Lutzin (now Ludza), Latvia,2 occupation alcohol trader. Appears in a list from 1837 of tax litigants who were alcohol traders in Lutzin. (1) He married Brokha ?, born 1781 in Lutzin (now Ludza), Latvia,3 died before 1831 in Lutzin (now Ludza), Latvia.3 (2) He married Elka ?, born 1794.4 A. Payka Super, (daughter of Shmuel Super and Brokha ?) born 1796/1798 in Lutzin (now Ludza), Latvia,3 died 1859 in Lutzin (now Ludza), Latvia.5 She married Yaakov-Keifman (Kivka) Super, born 1798,6,3 (son of Sholom "Super" ?) died 1874 in Lutzin (now Ludza), Latvia.7 Yaakov-Keifman: Oral tradition related by his descendants claims that Koppel's surname was actually Weinstock and that he married into the Super family. The name change was claimed to have taken place to evade military service. But this story seems to be invalid as all census records for him and his sons use the name Super. 1. Moshe Super, born 1828 in Lutzin (now Ludza), Latvia.8 He married Sara Goda ?, born 1828.8 a. Bentsion Super, born 1851 in Lutzin (now Ludza), Latvia.9 He married Khana ?, born 1851.9 b. Payka Super, born 1854 in Lutzin (now Ludza), Latvia.10 c. Rassa Super, born 1857 in Lutzin (now Ludza), Latvia.11 d. Riva Super, born 1860 in Lutzin (now Ludza), Latvia.12 e. Mushke Super, born 1865 in Lutzin (now Ludza), Latvia.13 f.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Profile – South Africa
    Country profile – South Africa Version 2016 Recommended citation: FAO. 2016. AQUASTAT Country Profile – South Africa. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Rome, Italy The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licencerequest or addressed to [email protected]. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/ publications) and can be purchased through [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • The Characteristics of Trauma
    DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Music and Trauma in the Contemporary South African Novel“ Verfasser Christian Stiftinger angestrebter akademischer Grad Magister der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Wien, 2011. Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 190 344 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: UF Englisch Betreuer: Univ. Prof. DDr . Ewald Mengel Declaration of Authenticity I hereby confirm that I have conceived and written this thesis without any outside help, all by myself in English. Any quotations, borrowed ideas or paraphrased passages have been clearly indicated within this work and acknowledged in the bibliographical references. There are no hand-written corrections from myself or others, the mark I received for it can not be deducted in any way through this paper. Vienna, November 2011 Christian Stiftinger Table of Contents 1. Introduction......................................................................................1 2. Trauma..............................................................................................3 2.1 The Characteristics of Trauma..............................................................3 2.1.1 Definition of Trauma I.................................................................3 2.1.2 Traumatic Event and Subjectivity................................................4 2.1.3 Definition of Trauma II................................................................5 2.1.4 Trauma and Dissociation............................................................7 2.1.5 Trauma and Memory...……………………………………………..8 2.1.6 Trauma
    [Show full text]
  • Satisfied and Dissatisfied South Africans: Results from the General Household Survey in International Comparison
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by South East Academic Libraries System (SEALS) Satisfied and dissatisfied South Africans: results from the General Household Survey in international comparison Valerie Møller Institute of Social and Economic Research, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa Abstract Who are the satisfied South Africans 10 years into democracy? How do material factors contribute to their life satisfaction? These are the questions addressed in this paper. Earlier South African research has consistently found a close positive relationship between life satisfaction and material standards of living in the apartheid and post-apartheid era. Recently, a new source of information has become available to shed further light on the association between material and subjective well-being. In 2002, Statistics South Africa, the country’s official source of statistical information, agreed to ask South Africans participating in the General Household Survey whether they were satisfied or dissatisfied with life. The 2002 General Household Survey (n26’000) used a measure developed for the Euromodule that allows for international comparison. The wide-ranging information contained in South Africa’s official household survey offers a unique opportunity to explore what makes for satisfied and dissatisfied South Africans in relation to their material living standards. Results indicate that the improved living standards afforded to many black South Africans under democracy are associated with increases in life satisfaction. Furthermore, habituation does not appear to have diluted the positive relationship between living standards and well-being. However, political factors continue to play an important role in shaping subjective well-being.
    [Show full text]
  • A Political Ecology of Water Struggles in Durban, South Africa
    A Political Ecology of Water Struggles in Durban, South Africa Submitted by Alexander J. Loftus School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford In fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DPhil., University of Oxford Trinity Term 2005 For Thulani and Fiona Abstract This thesis looks at the relationship between water and social power. It attempts to answer two questions: who controls the distribution of water in the South African city of Durban? And how might this distribution be transformed in positive democratic ways? In attempting to answer these questions, the thesis provides insights into post-apartheid South African society and the possibilities for democratic social change. The framework of analysis builds upon work conducted in urban political ecology. In particular, I argue that urban environments, indeed all environments, should be understood as created ecosystems. Recognising this, I suggest that Durban’s waterscape should be seen as produced through capitalist social relations. The waterscape thereby becomes a particular accumulation strategy through which profits may be generated. For Durban’s communities, one of the most direct effects of this capitalist accumulation strategy is that access to water is dependent upon the exchange of money. Whilst this situation has been ameliorated somewhat through the development of a free basic water policy, the policy itself has necessitated a much tighter regulation of domestic supplies and, in effect, a more severe commodification of each household’s water supply. In turn, this has resulted in water infrastructure acquiring power over the lives of most residents. This, I argue, is a result of the social relations that come to be invested within that infrastructure.
    [Show full text]
  • Infrastructures of Property and Debt: Making Affordable Housing, Race and Place in Johannesburg
    Infrastructures of Property and Debt: making affordable housing, race and place in Johannesburg A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Siân Butcher IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Advisors: Helga Leitner and Eric Sheppard Department: Geography, Environment and Society July 2016 ©2016 by Siân Butcher Acknowledgements This dissertation is not only about debt, but has been made possible through many debts, but also gifts of various kinds. I want to start by thanking the following for their material support of my graduate study at the University of Minnesota (UMN), my dissertation research and my writing time. Institutionally, my homes have been the department of Geography, Environment and Society (GES) and the Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Global Change (ICGC). ICGC supported me for two years in partnership with the Center for Humanities Research (CHR) at the University of the Western Cape (UWC) through the generous ICGC-Mellon Scholar fellowship. Pre-dissertation fieldwork between 2010-2011 was supported by GES, ICGC, the York-Wits Global Suburbanisms project, and the Social Science Research Council’s Dissertation Proposal Development Fellowship (SSRC DPDF). Dissertation fieldwork in Johannesburg was made possible by UMN’s Global Spotlight Doctoral Dissertation International Research Grant (2012- 2013) and the immeasurable support of friends and family. My two years of writing was enabled by a semester’s residency at the CHR at UWC in Cape Town; a Doctoral Dissertation Fellowship from the University of Minnesota (2014-5), and a home provided by my partner Trey Smith and then my mother, Sue Butcher.
    [Show full text]
  • Brooke Lane 17 December 2013 Promotion of National Unity And
    Brooke Lane 17 December 2013 Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act in South Africa Abstract: The Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act established the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) as a form of transitional justice, in order to promote national unity and as a way to face the past. The TRC consisted of three different committees: the Human Rights Violation Committee, Reperation and Rehabilitation Committee, and the Amnesty Committee. The TRC played an important part of South Africa’s history, and uncovered the truth in order for reperations to be made. Key words: Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), Human Rights Violations, Amnesty, Reperations, African National Congress (ANC), National Party (NP), Reconciliation In 1948, National Party (NP) commenced building the system of apartheid with a series of laws that would keep Black, Coloured, Indian, and White South Africans separated for almost 50 years. Decades of struggle against apartheid came to an end in 1994, but South Africans faced a new obstacle. How to address the legacy of human rights violations perpetrated during the apartheid era? The result of long negotiations and deliberation on this topic was the creation of the Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act of 1995, initiated by the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa. This act created the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) to address the country’s legacy of human rights violations. Page | 1 On 2 February 1990, in South Africa, President F.W. De Klerk stood before his parliament and made an announcement that would shock the South African Nation and the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Nostalgia Contretemps As the Concept of Nostalgia
    Introduction: nostalgia contretemps The future. She placed her finger under the words. No, I signalled with my eyes, no, no, don’t come with your silly games now Agaat − 12 As the concept of nostalgia continues to be explored with revivalist energy, definitions become increasingly obfuscated and meaning proliferates into sometimes overwhelming forms of relativism. I make this assertion at the outset if only to state an accusation that may be leveled against this thesis in which I challenge the boundaries of nostalgia by embarking on a re- evaluation of its temporal frameworks. My aim, however, is to account for the context specific manifestations that nostalgia assumes within the South African national and literary imaginary as nostalgia contretemps. Seminal theorists such as Benedict Anderson (1986) Homi Bhaba (1990) and Slavoj Žižek (2000) have long since established how the nation, as a socio-political structure, gains discursive presence through narrative production and contestation. Indeed, this belies a complex relationship between the nation and the literary, where often the literary is – for better or worse – in service of nationalist projections. Literature however, through an awareness of narrativity, is less a purveyor of national ideology. Instead, it is a deeply reflexive mechanism that can simultaneously employ and react to discursive structures. More importantly, in its imaginative and generative capacity, literature often assumes the ethical role of creating space for the nation that is always ‘other’ to itself. In the South African context, various literary theorists express relief as they come to define ‘post-transitional’ South African literature through its very ability to step out of its ‘national 1 service’ (Frenkel and MacKenzie 2010, Medalie 2010, Jamal 2010 and Barnard 2012: 652).
    [Show full text]
  • Beverley Muller Zulu and the Media: a Success Story in Africa
    CIEA7 #26: MODERNIDADES Y MEDIA. Beverley Muller [email protected] Zulu and the media: a success story in Africa This research paper examines the prevalence and expansion, in the media, of Zulu, one of South Africa’s eleven official languages. Zulu is an indigenous African language spoken mainly in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa. There are 10,677,000 Zulu speakers in South Africa. This community represents 23.8% of South Africa’s total population of 44,820,000 (2001 census). This is the biggest language group in the country and is followed by the Xhosa language group of 7,907,000 persons comprising 17,6% of the population. The third biggest linguistic group is Afrikaans with 5,983,000 people accounting for 13,3% of the population. In the KwaZulu- Natal province of South Africa 80% of the population is Zulu speaking. Migration, Technology, Transnacionalism, Sociabilities. Senior Lecturer. School of IsiZulu - University of KwaZulu Natal. Zulu is one amongst very few indigenous African languages used as a language medium for a daily paper on the African continent. The daily paper referred to is ‘Isolezwe’ meaning ‘the eye of the country’. This newspaper was first printed relatively recently in 2002. Zulu is also used as the language medium for two Sunday newspapers, ‘Isolezwe ngeSonto’ meaning ‘The eye of the country on Sunday’ and ‘Ilanga Langesonto’ meaning ‘The Sun on Sunday’. Another Zulu language newspaper, ‘Ilanga’, meaning ‘Sun’ or ‘Day’, is produced twice a week. ‘Ilanga’ was first produced in 1903 by Dr John Dube, the founder of the African National Congress, the political movement which won the first democratic election in South Africa in 1994 and formed the first democratic government of South Africa under President Nelson Mandela.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Canadian Records and Keep Them Suitably Organized
    AGRARIAN REPAIR: AGRICULTURE, RACE, AND ACCUMULATION IN CONTEMPORARY CANADA AND SOUTH AFRICA by Melanie Sommerville B.Sc. Honours, University of Guelph, 2000 M.A., Carleton University, 2006 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (Geography) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) May 2019 © Melanie Sommerville, 2019 The following individuals certify that they have read, and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies for acceptance, the dissertation entitled: Agrarian Repair: Agriculture, Race, and Accumulation in Contemporary Canada and South Africa submitted by Melanie Sommerville in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography Examining Committee: Dr. Philippe Le Billon, Geography Co-supervisor Dr. Jim Glassman, Geography Co-supervisor Dr. Merje Kuus, Geography Supervisory Committee Member Dr. Juanita Sundberg, Geography University Examiner Dr. Hannah Wittman, Land and Food Systems University Examiner Additional Supervisory Committee Members: Supervisory Committee Member Supervisory Committee Member ii Abstract This dissertation explores certain agricultural investment projects emerging early in the new millennium which I term ‘agrarian repair’ projects. Proponents of these projects present them as binding together two distinct ‘fixes’. First, they seek to repair processes of capital accumulation and value preservation, always uncertain but freshly destabilized by the 2007/8 financial crisis. Second, they attempt to repair histories of colonial and racial injustice, often codified as resulting in and from a particular group’s historical ‘exclusion’ from agriculture and consequently larger national economies. I examine ‘agrarian repair’ projects at two sites, one in Canada and one in South Africa, where financial investors partnered with racialized, marginalized communities to establish large scale agricultural investment ventures.
    [Show full text]
  • Open Larkin Kayla Inequalityeducrace.Pdf
    THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHREYER HONORS COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AFRICAN AND AFRICAN-AMERICAN STUDIES INEQUALITY, EDUCATION, AND RACE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF URBAN EDUCATION IN POST-CIVIL RIGHTS NEW YORK CITY AND POST-APARTHEID CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA KAYLA LARKIN Spring 2012 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for baccalaureate degrees in African and African-American Studies and Global and International Studies with Honors in African and African-American Studies Reviewed and approved* by the following: Dr. Clemente Abrokwaa Senior Lecturer, African Studies Thesis Supervisor Dr. Kevin Thomas Assistant Professor, Sociology and African Studies Honors Advisor *Signatures are on file in the Schreyer Honors College. ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to compare urban education in the United States and South Africa. Specifically, it focuses on urban education in post-Civil Rights New York City, and post-Apartheid Cape Town, South Africa. The objective is to determine any forms of inequality that may still exist in the educational offerings and practices in the two cities, due to a history of social inequality on the basis of race. Following the 1954 United States Supreme Court decision made in the Brown v. Board of Education and the end of Apartheid in 1994 in South Africa, educational inequality should have been deemed legally obsolete. The Brown v. Board of Education decision outlawed segregation in U.S public schools. Similarly, South Africa witnessed political negotiations and multi-racial democratic elections that brought about an end to its Apartheid regime in 1994, thus legally ending the country’s racial separation laws dating back to 1948.
    [Show full text]
  • Governing Cultural Diversity in South African Media Policy
    This is the pre-publication submitted version of the following publication: Barnett, C. (2000). Governing cultural diversity in South African media policy. Continuum: Journal of Cultural and Media Studies, 14, 51-66. 1 Governing cultural diversity in South African media policy Culture, knowledge, and governing at a distance Recent work in the area of cultural-policy studies has developed a distinctive theoretical understanding of culture which draws upon the later work of Foucault and historical genealogies of modern conceptualizations of aesthetics (Bennett, 1992; Cunningham, 1993; Mercer, 1994). Tony Bennett argues that culture should be understood as “inherently governmental” (1995, p. 884), where government refers not to a narrow range of state institutions, but to a whole range of practices and technologies for managing the details of everyday social life. This approach starts from an acknowledgment of the historical emergence of ‘the cultural’ as a realm which “has been regarded as a set of resources which are to be strategically managed with a view to bringing about specific changes in the conduct of populations” (Bennett, 1998, p. 10). This understanding of the deployment of culture in distinctively modern, liberal modes of political rule directs attention to the analysis of the array of practices through which the transformation of populations into self-governing subjects is taken as a strategic goal. The cultural-policy studies literature suggests a broad concern with a wide variety of institutionalized practices which aim to shape conduct and behavior ‘at a distance’: liberal principles of political rule open up a gap between the realm of the social and the realm of government.
    [Show full text]