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Report of the Working Group on Biodiversity Science (WGBIODIV)

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Report of the Working Group on Biodiversity Science (WGBIODIV) ICES WGBIODIV REPORT 2011 SCICOM STEERING GROUP ON ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONS ICES CM 2011/SSGEF:02 REF. SCICOM Report of the Working Group on Biodiversity Science (WGBIODIV) 21–25 February 2011 ICES Headquarters, Copenhagen, Denmark International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Conseil International pour l’Exploration de la Mer H. C. Andersens Boulevard 44–46 DK-1553 Copenhagen V Denmark Telephone (+45) 33 38 67 00 Telefax (+45) 33 93 42 15 www.ices.dk [email protected] Recommended format for purposes of citation: ICES. 2011. Report of the Working Group on Biodiversity Science (WGBIODIV), 21– 25 February 2011, ICES Headquarters, Copenhagen, Denmark. ICES CM 2011/SSGEF:02. 94 pp. For permission to reproduce material from this publication, please apply to the Gen- eral Secretary. The document is a report of an Expert Group under the auspices of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea and does not necessarily represent the views of the Council. © 2011 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea ICES WGBIODIV REPORT 2011 | i Contents Executive summary ................................................................................................................ 1 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Background............................................................................................................ 3 1.2 Terms of Reference ............................................................................................... 4 1.3 Participants ............................................................................................................ 5 1.4 Summary of Working Documents and presentations ..................................... 5 1.5 References .............................................................................................................. 5 2 Studies on the wider biodiversity of marine habitats ............................................ 6 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Defining coincident and/or contrasting patterns of diversity ........................ 6 2.2.1 Methodological considerations on the use of diversity indicators ................................................................................................... 7 2.2.2 Ways to overcome some methodological drawbacks ......................... 8 2.3 Biodiversity patterns within the MSFD regions and subregions ................... 9 2.3.1 Baltic Sea ................................................................................................... 9 2.3.2 Greater North Sea, including the Kattegat, and the English Channel ................................................................................................... 11 2.3.3 Celtic Seas ............................................................................................... 13 2.3.4 Bay of Biscay and the Iberian Coast .................................................... 13 2.3.5 Summary ................................................................................................. 14 2.4 Case study 1: Coincident diversity patterns in fish and trawled benthos across the Bay of Biscay coastal nurseries ........................................ 14 2.5 References ............................................................................................................ 17 3 Biodiversity indicators ................................................................................................ 21 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 21 3.2 Metrics of species diversity for faunal assemblages ...................................... 22 3.2.1 Monitoring ‘biodiversity’ versus biodiversity loss ........................... 23 3.3 Identifying (and prioritising) species and habitats for biodiversity monitoring ........................................................................................................... 23 3.4 Relevant species and groups, potential metrics and indicator development ........................................................................................................ 26 3.4.1 Background ............................................................................................. 26 3.4.2 Ecotypes .................................................................................................. 28 3.5 Potential for auto-correlation or redundancy in criteria for MSFD monitoring ........................................................................................................... 28 3.6 Case study of North Sea continental shelf fishes ........................................... 29 3.6.1 Trends in North Sea demersal fish biodiversity ................................ 30 3.6.2 Sample size dependency ....................................................................... 30 3.6.3 Interpretation of species richness and management objectives ................................................................................................. 31 ii | ICES WGBIODIV REPORT 2011 3.6.4 Analysis of North Sea Q1 IBTS species abundance trends............... 33 3.6.5 Rarely recorded species ........................................................................ 42 3.6.6 Infrequent species .................................................................................. 43 3.7 References ............................................................................................................ 50 4 Spatial approaches in assessing biodiversity status ............................................. 52 4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 52 4.2 Spatial approaches to assessing biodiversity status ....................................... 53 4.2.1 Mapping and spatial modelling ........................................................... 53 4.2.2 Spatial aggregation of biodiversity metrics ........................................ 55 4.2.3 Spatial approaches in HELCOM and OSPAR .................................... 57 4.3 Caveats of sampling spatial diversity .............................................................. 58 4.4 Implications for the MSFD ................................................................................ 59 4.5 Summary .............................................................................................................. 59 4.6 References ............................................................................................................ 59 5 The implications of survey design for estimating ‘biodiversity’ metrics ......... 60 5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 60 5.2 Overview of the aspects of survey design that may affect biodiversity metrics ............................................................................................ 61 5.2.1 Gear selection ......................................................................................... 61 5.2.2 Timing of sampling ............................................................................... 61 5.2.3 Site selection ........................................................................................... 61 5.2.4 Density of sampling stations ................................................................ 62 5.2.5 Sample replication ................................................................................. 62 5.2.6 Catch processing .................................................................................... 63 5.2.7 Taxonomic resolution ............................................................................ 63 5.2.8 Data filtering and standardisation ....................................................... 63 5.3 IBTS surveys ........................................................................................................ 64 5.4 Case study of the Spanish Porcupine Bank Survey ....................................... 65 5.5 Ecosystem surveys .............................................................................................. 69 5.6 References ............................................................................................................ 70 6 The capacity of the ICES science community to address key issues of ‘biodiversity science’ ................................................................................................... 72 6.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 72 6.2 Biodiversity and ecosystem services ................................................................ 72 6.2.1 The role of biodiversity in supporting ecosystem services .............. 72 6.2.2 The social and economic consequences of human impacts on biodiversity ....................................................................................... 74 6.3 Diversity and ecological processes ................................................................... 75 6.3.1 The effects of diversity on the stability, productivity, resistance and recoverability of communities and ecosystems .............................................................................................. 75 ICES WGBIODIV REPORT 2011 | iii 6.3.2 The role of biological invasions in altering system production and energy flow ................................................................
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