(Plate 10). a Few Small Fish Bones Were Also Observed

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80 cm BS. Crushed and fragmented shell was observed, some of the shell being thermally altered (Plate 10). A few small fish bones were also observed. Profile GH 4 showed evidence of a 4 cm thick lens of shell midden at 38 cm BS and was comprised of crushed and broken clam and thermally altered mussel shell in a black brown loam matrix. It is assumed that much of the cultural deposit at this location has succumbed to natural erosion and storm surges.

Plate 10. Profile Point KK3, showing lens of shell midden at 80 cm BS.

Dossier 13.0139 environmental services ltd. FIGURE 5: Shovel Test Location 1, DcSb-2 0 6m3 LOCATION: NTSMAP: CLIENT: MAPDATE: DRAWNBY: HCAPERMIT: Scale 1:400 Sombrio, BC 92C/9 BC Parks October 21, 2013 G.Hill 2013.0263

404250 404300 404350 404400 LEGEND N Pit Toilet Clearing for Sombrio East Pit Toilet

Positive shovel test Shoreline

Negative shovel test Shovel Test Location 1 Boundary

Positive shoreline pro le DcSb-2 Revised Site Boundary

Negative shoreline pro le Small Creek

G4 K5 G2 K1

5372000 G5 5372000

K2 G1 G3

K6 K3 KK4 GH5 K4 KK3 GH4 KK2 KK1 GH1 GH2 GH3 880 5371950 5371950

404250 404300 404350 404400 881 Ministry of Environment – Mr. Kirby Villeneuve Page 52 Archaeological Impact Assessment of Sombrio Beach February 19, 2014

6.2.2 Shovel Test Location 2 At STL 2, 40 shovel tests and eight auger tests were excavated in order to identify the horizontal and vertical boundaries of DcSb-1 (Figure 6). Fourteen shovel tests and two auger tests yielded positive results, and indicated that midden deposits ranged from 27 cm to 120 cm BS with an average thickness of 66.8 cm. In general, the upper level of the midden deposit was disturbed and characterized by dark brown rich organic silt-loam with fine grained sand and a significant amount of historic material and garbage encountered to an average depth of 35 cm below surface. In some places this upper disturbed deposit sat upon intact cultural deposit comprised of dark brown loam, and in others it sat directly on top of a greasy black-brown loam with crushed, fragmented, and whole shell (Plate 11), with an abundance of fish bone and urchin remains. The cultural deposits consistently rested upon non-cultural coarse yellowish beach sand.

Plate 11. Shovel Test Location 2, Shovel Test G7, at the northwest end of DcSb-1

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A series of shovel tests were excavated from the beach in front of the midden berm, extending northeast to the marsh behind the berm in order to develop a profile of the midden deposit (from southwest to northeast: K3, K2, K1, G1, G4, G5, G2, G3, and auger tests G1 and G2, pictured in Plate 12 and illustrated in Figure 7). The berm profile illustrates how the midden deposit would have built up behind the village houses lining the beach. The berm reaches a maximum height of 1.61 m above the berm base and drops to 0.87 m above the berm base for the height of the wetland behind the berm. This indicates that the wetland is anthropogenic in origin as water draining downslope behind DcSb-1 would have pooled behind the berm and thus creating the wetland.

Plate 12. Looking northeast at line of shovel tests excavated to profile midden berm.

Dossier 13.0139 environmental services ltd. FIGURE 6: Shovel Test Location 2, DcSb-1 Scale 1:800 LOCATION: NTSMAP: CLIENT: MAPDATE: DRAWNBY: HCAPERMIT: 0 10 20 30 40m Sombrio, BC 92C/9 BC Parks October 21, 2013 G.Hill 2013.0263

403800 403850 403900 403950 404000 404050 404100

Soil Test Area (STL 3) 5372700 5372700

l i

K22 a

A5 o i

b m

A6 o S

G10 t

e C G9 Campsite Access K21 K20 Proposed K5 K6 5372650 5372650 K23 PM3 K4 K19 K27

K16

K26 PM2 K18 Portion K25 G8 PM1 1

K17 G7 A3

A1 A2 G6 to K15 2

K24 be AG1

AG2 decomissioned G3 G2 G5 G4 G1 K1 K2

K3 5372600 5372600

LEGEND

K10 K11 K7 Evaluative Unit Low Wet Area K14 K12 K9 Positive shovel test Shoreline K13 K8 Negative shovel test Shovel Test Location 2 883 Positive auger test DcSb-1 Revised Site Boundary

Negative auger test Small Creek 5372550 5372550

403800 403850 403900 403950 404000 404050 404100 FIGURE 7: Berm Profile LOCATION: NTSMAP: CLIENT: MAPDATE: DRAWNBY: HCAPERMIT: Juan de Fuca Provincial Park 92C/9 B C P a rks February 11, 2014 G.Hill 201 3 - 026 3

Beach Wetland

Shovel Tests K3 K2 K1 G1 G4 G5 G2

LEGEND

Cultural deposits Unexcavated Soils Scale 1.26 cm = 1 m 884

0 1 m Sterile deposits Wetland 885 Ministry of Environment – Mr. Kirby Villeneuve Page 56 Archaeological Impact Assessment of Sombrio Beach February 19, 2014

Shovel tests were also focused along both sides of the existing pathway leading from the Central Sombrio Trail to the beach front as this area will be impacted by higher foot traffic once the trail to the southeast is decommissioned, as well as the proposed location of the information kiosk, signs, food caches and pit toilet. Shovel tests K17 and K25, and EU 1 are closest positive tests to the trail, lying on the trail’s southeast side and representing the northwest site boundary of DcSb-1. Shovel tests on the west side of the trail (specifically K16, K18, K23, and K27) were all negative, and testing at the proposed kiosk, signs, food cache and pit toilet (specifically K4, K5, and K6) also produced negative results, as well as a number of tests between. These negative non-cultural test were largely comprised of brown sand and clay (Plate 13)

Plate 13. Shovel Test Location 2, Shovel Test PM1, example of negative tests.

Particular attention was given to the wet area behind the midden berm, as there was a possibility of encountering water saturated cultural deposits. Four shovel tests (G2, G3, G4, and G5) and four auger tests (G1, G2, A2, and A3) were placed in the wet area. Of those tests, only two shovel tests (G4 and G2) and one auger test (A2) yielded positive results. All of the cultural components were above the water table and comprised of greasy organic loam with shell and faunal present. Negative tests typically contained organic rich silty clays, overlying a sandy basal deposit.

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6.2.3 Shovel Test Location 3 STL 3, just southeast of the mouth of the Sombrio River, was the site of two soil tests (Plate 14). Sand and rounded cobbles were visible on the surface in many areas of this location, and poor soil development was confirmed by the two soil tests and an examination of the beachward scarp. They both showed evidence of duff atop coarse sand deposits with river-worn cobbles and pebbles (Plate 15). No cultural material was encountered at this location.

Plate 14. Looking east STL 3 soil test location, showing gravel flood plain.

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Plate 15. Looking at the bank deposits in the area of Shovel Test Location 3.

6.2.4 Shovel Test Location 4 STL 4 was the site of two soil tests. This area showed poor soil development, with an average of 40 cm of litter mat on top of beach sand with river-worn cobbles. This soil profile was confirmed by an examination of the river- and beach-ward scarps (Plate 16). No cultural material was encountered at this location.

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Plate 16. Looking at the deposits in the area of Shovel Test Location 4.

6.3 Evaluative Unit Results Two evaluative units (EUs) were excavated within the site boundaries of DcSb-1 in order to determine depth, integrity, and nature of the cultural deposits. The initial AIA plans only allowed for one EU, but given the high cultural and scientific value of the site, the excavation of another EU was generously permitted by MoE. For a detailed description of stratigraphy, please refer to Appendix B.

6.3.1 Evaluative Unit 1 EU 1 was located immediately southwest of the proposed campsite access trail (Plate 17). The EU was excavated to a depth of 47 cm below surface in arbitrary 10 cm layers after the first 17 cm of disturbed material was removed. The upper 17 cm deposit was a black-brown loam with 20% coarse sand, 15% rounded FCR, 15 to 20% sub-rounded to sub-angular pebbles and gravel, rootlets, with trace shell and frequent historic and modern material. Level 2 (17 to 27 cm BS) was characterized by greasy black-brown loam with 20% coarse sand, 35 to 40% crushed, fragmented and whole shell (predominantly California mussel, chiton, limpet, and a few clam), high amounts of fish bone, and large amounts of green and purple urchin spines and body fragments. One worked Sea Lion upper canine was recovered from this level, but its

Dossier 13.0139 environmental services ltd. 889 Ministry of Environment – Mr. Kirby Villeneuve Page 60 Archaeological Impact Assessment of Sombrio Beach February 19, 2014 function remains unclear. Level 3 (27 to 37 cm BS) was composed of greasy black- brown loam with 15-20% coarse sand, 10% rounded FCR cobbles, less than 5% rounded to sub-rounded pebbles and gravel, 30% whole, crushed and fragmented shell (again California mussel, few large clam, low amounts of limpet, and high amounts of Sitka periwinkle), with high amounts of faunal material, notably fish bone and urchin. Level 4 (37 to 47 cm BS) was a dark black-brown loam with 20% coarse sand, 10% rounded FCR, 10% rounded to sub-rounded pebbles and gravel, 20% crushed and fragmented shell (California mussel, limpet, and a few large clam, chiton, and whelk) with high amounts of faunal material (notably fish and bird with three large sea mammal elements), and 30% green and purple urchin remains. EU 1 was not excavated to culturally sterile deposits due to initial time limitations, but a small sondage was excavated in order to obtain a column sample that reached culturally sterile beach sands at 85 cm below surface (Plate 18). The column sample was obtained from west wall. These samples are discussed in the Faunal Results section below. Figure 8 illustrates the stratigraphic profile of the west wall.

Plate 17. Looking southwest at EU 1 (STL 2).

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Plate 18. EU 1 showing maximum depth of cultural deposit at 85 cm.

Dossier 13.0139 environmental services ltd. FIGURE 8: DcSb-1, Evaluative Unit 1, West Wall Profile LOCATION: NTSMAP: CLIENT: MAPDATE: DRAWNBY: HCAPERMIT: Sombrio, BC 92C/9 Ministry of Environment January 14, 2014 G.Hill 2013.0263

0cm

0cm 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

LEGEND

Greasy black-brown loam with 15-20% coarse Black-brown loam with 20% coarse sand, Dark black-brown greasy loam with 5% rounded to sand, 10% FCR, <5% rounded to sub-angular sub-rounded pebbles and gravel, ~10% crushed 15% FCR 15-20% sub-rounded to pebbles and gravel, 30% whole, crushed and sub-angular pebbles and gravel shell, inclusions of sand, and moderate amounts fragmented shell, and high amounts of faunal material

of faunal material 891

Greasy black-brown loam with 20% coarse sand, Dark black-brown loam with 20% coarse Black-brown loam with 20% coarse sand, 10% FCR, 35-40% crushed, fragmented, and whole shell, sand, 10% FCR, 10% rounded to sub-rounded and abundant crushed and fragmented shell, fish bone, high amounts of fish bone and urchin spines, pebbles and gravel, 20% crushed and fragmented and urchin spines <5% FCR, and 10% rounded to shell, high amounts of faunal material, sub-angular pebbles and 30% urchin spines 892 Ministry of Environment – Mr. Kirby Villeneuve Page 63 Archaeological Impact Assessment of Sombrio Beach February 19, 2014

6.3.2 Evaluative Unit 2 EU 2 was excavated ~30 m southeast of EU 1, in a higher area of the midden berm in the hopes of encountering deeper deposits. EU 2 was excavated in 10 cm levels, with the exception of Level 1, the disturbed deposit, which went from 0 to 20 cm below surface, and Level 7, the sterile basal sand deposit, which extended from 70 to 90 cm below surface. Level 1 was characterized by black-brown loam with 10% coarse sand, and approximately 50% large rounded cobbles, with several pieces of FCR, and a moderate amount of historic and modern material, including a large wooden stake. Squatters’ residences were located here until 1997, and evidence of their occupation is readily apparent in the form of nails, plastic, ketchup packets, and Styrofoam cups. The historic material extended slightly into Level 2 (20 to 30 cm) with several tabular metal elements, and the wooden stake noted above. Level 2 was generally characterized by a black-brown loam with 10% coarse sand, less than 50% rounded cobbles and pebbles, with a small patch of shell encountered in the southeast corner at approximately 28 cm BS. Level 3 (30 to 40 cm BS) was a black-brown loam with 10% coarse sand, charcoal, and sub-rounded pebbles, and 15% FCR. The shell matrix identified in the preceding level persisted to a depth of 36 cm. Fishbone and shell deposits were encountered in the northeast and northwest corners at 39 to 40 cm BS. These deposits were comprised of very degraded California mussel, and the deposit in the northeast corner contained green and purple urchin. Level 4 (40 to 50 cm BS) was characterized by greasy black-brown loam with 20% FCR, infrequent pieces of charcoal, and varying amounts of coarse sand. The southwest corner displayed an increase of sand and an absence of shell material in the last 6 cm of the level. There was also an increase in the amount of small rounded cobbles and large rounded pebbles. Faunal material appeared to be comprised of fish and bird bone, small mammal, and purple and green urchin. The shell in this level was predominantly comprised of Sitka periwinkle, California mussel, limpet, chiton, few small clam, and one scallop shell. Level 5 (50 to 60 cm) was a greasy black-brown loam with 15% coarse sand and 20% rounded FCR cobbles across the whole trench, save for a persistent patch of low shell and high cobbles in the southwest corner. Faunal material from this level was predominantly fish with some bird and deer. Shell was mainly limpet, with a few whelk, California mussel, some very small clam, and abundance of Sitka periwinkle. The shell was mostly crushed and fragmented, though the limpet, Sitka periwinkle, and small clams were intact but fragile. Charcoal was present in abundance and two samples were collected. Level 6 (60 to 70 cm BS) was a greasy black-brown loam with 10% coarse sand and charcoal, 15 to 20% founded FCR cobbles, with shell and faunal material. Faunal material was comprised largely of fish, with some smaller mammal, a whale phalanx, and one large whale rib that

Dossier 13.0139 environmental services ltd. 893 Ministry of Environment – Mr. Kirby Villeneuve Page 64 Archaeological Impact Assessment of Sombrio Beach February 19, 2014 extended across the southwest corner of EU2 (Plate 19). Unfortunately the whale species could not be determined. The shell material was predominantly California mussel and chiton, with a noticeably decreased amount of Sitka periwinkle. There was also a lower amount of urchin than in Level 5. All shell was highly degraded. This layer quickly gave way to coarse orangey-yellow sand with no soil, and which included some FCR which looked as though it had been worked in from above. There were two post holes visible in this level: one in the east wall section (PH 1) (Figure 9), and one on the north side of the EU (PH2), visible in plan only (Plate 20). Post hole (PH) 2 was half-sectioned, and then fully excavated and sampled separately. Both PH 1 and 2 were driven into the culturally sterile sand layer that characterized Level 7 (70 to 90 cm BS). A column sample was taken from the east wall, as this captured both of the distinct shell lenses which did not extend fully across the unit. Level 7 was excavated an extra 10 cm in order to ascertain that the sand layer encountered was not simply a lens but was indeed the basal deposit.

Plate 19. Evaluative Unit 2 (STL 2), showing clean sand with post hole in top left quadrant, and whale rib in bottom left corner.

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Plate 20. EU2 (STL 2), post hole (PH2) in plan, post-excavation.

Dossier 13.0139 environmental services ltd. FIGURE 9: DcSb-1, Evaluative Unit 2, East Wall Profile LOCATION: NTSMAP: CLIENT: MAPDATE: DRAWNBY: HCAPERMIT: Sombrio, BC 92C/9 Ministry of Environment January 14, 2014 G.Hill 2013.0263

LEGEND

Black-brown loam with 10% coarse sand,

0cm < 50% large rounded cobbles, and historic and modern material

10 Black-brown loam with ~10% coarse sand with charcoal, 15% FCR, low amounts of urchin, and very degraded shell 20 Black-brown laom with10% coarse sand, charcoal, and sub-rounded pebbles, 30 15% FCR, and ecks of degraded shell

40 Greasy black-brown loam with ~10% coarse sand and charcoal, <15% FCR, and low amounts of faunal material and shell 50 Greasy black-brown loam with ~10% coarse sand and sub-rounded pebbles, with high 60 amounts of crushed shell and sh bone

70 Greasy black-brown loam with 15% coarse sand, 20% FCR, moderate amounts of sh bone, high levels of Sitka perriwinkle, and 80 large pieces of charcoal Greasy black-brown loam with 10% coarse sand, 15-20% FCR, and high amounts of 90 faunal material, including abundant sh, 0cm 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 urchin, and sitka periwinkle 895 90% coarse yellowy-orange sand with patches of greyish-brown clay 896 Ministry of Environment – Mr. Kirby Villeneuve Page 67 Archaeological Impact Assessment of Sombrio Beach February 19, 2014

6.4 Artifact Analysis During the course of the AIA, a total of 35 artifacts were recovered from DcSb- 1/STL 2, 21 of which were recovered from the evaluative unit and the remaining 14 recovered from STs G1, G2, G4, G6, G7, K12 and K21. The majority of the artifacts were ground bone (73%) and predominantly points, with a small number of antler and stone artifacts (9% each), and one example of each: ground California mussel, modified Sea Lion upper canine, and blue faceted trade bead (representing 3% each). A discussion of these artifacts is provided below. For a list of artifact attributes please refer to Appendix C.

6.4.1 Stone Assemblage (N=3) 6.4.1.1 Flakes (n=2) There are two flakes in the artifact assemblage from DcSb-1. Both of the flakes recovered from this site are primary stage flakes as indicated by the presence of cortex. One flake was classified as non-retouched (DcSb-1:16), and one flake (DcSb- 1:17) was classified as retouched, though neither flake was identified as being noticeably utilized (Plate 21). Retouched edge angles are classified as being either narrow angled edges (angle less than 45°) or steep angled edges (angle greater than 45°). The single flake with possible evidence of unifacial retouching appears to have a narrow angled edge.

Plate 21. Primary flakes, DcSb-1:16 & DcSb-1:17.

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6.4.1.2 Pecked Stone Artifacts (n=1)

Plate 22. Pecked stone object, DcSb-1:18.

Pecked stone artifacts recovered from DcSb-1 numbered one, forming only 2.8% of the assemblage. This artifact demonstrates shallow pecking on both dorsal and ventral surfaces (Plate 22). Due to the shallow nature of the pecking, it is unclear what the ultimate function of this artifact was. However the opposite pecked surfaces suggest it may have been fish net sinker abandoned in the early stages of production (Stewart 1996).

6.4.2 Bone Assemblage (N=27) 6.4.2.1 Modified Sea Lion Tooth A sea lion tooth was recovered from EU 1 between 17 to 27 cm, from within intact deposit (DcSb-1: 15). This artifact exhibits cutting and grinding on the bucal surface. Though the function of this artifact cannot be ascertained, similar objects have been recovered from Nuu-cha-nulth assemblages and interpreted as decorative items.

6.4.2.2 Miscellaneous Modified Bone (n=2) Bone artifacts that do not fit into distinct tool categories have been classified as miscellaneous modified bone. The artifacts in this category show evidence of

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A total of 2 artifacts (8% of the bone assemblage) are classified as miscellaneous modified bone, both of which appear to be derived from mammal bone (DcSb-1:1 and 30). Artifact lengths are 61.53 mm and 31.94 mm; artifact widths are 4.84 mm and 3.68 mm; artifact thickness are 6.31 mm and 4.7 mm; and artifact weights are 0.6 g and 1.3 g.

6.4.2.3 Points (n=24) Twenty-four points were recovered from DcSb-1, and form 92% of the bone assemblage. They are the largest class of artifacts recovered from the site. These points are most commonly associated with fishing tool kits serving as arming points for composite fish hooks, though many may have served for hunting, sewing or weaving.

6.4.2.3.1 Bone Unipoint (N=1) One highly modifed unipoint (DcSb-1:12) was recovered from shovel test 4. This artifact is manufactured from mammal bone and exhibits grinding and polishing on all surfaces. The artifact is quite small, 49.55 mm in length, has a bifacially flattened base, which is partly broken, and tapers to an abrupt, somewhat blunt point (Plate 23).

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Plate 23. Bone unipoint, DcSb-1:12.

6.4.2.3.2 Splinter Bone Point Tips N=1 One small artifact (DcSb-1:3) is classified as splinter bone point tip (Plate 24, fourth from the left). This artifact is largely intact and appears to have served as a unipoint. Due to the residual cancellous bone on one surface, it is likely that it was not used for sewing, but there is a high possibility it was used as a component of fishing gear.

Plate 24. Points DcSb-1:3,4,10,11,2,34,35,22,6.

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6.4.2.3.3 Miscellaneous Point Tips (n= 5) Five artifacts are categorised as miscellaneous point tips (Plate 24). DcSb-1:4 is ground on all surfaces and is a rounded square in cross section. DcSb-1:10 is also ground on all surfaces and has a rounded square cross-section, but it appears to be fire hardened. DcSb-1:11 is flat in cross-section, and shows grinding on all sides. DcSb-1:22 is similarly ground on all sides, but distinct facets of grinding are visible at the tip. Lastly, DcSb-1:34 is roughly circular in cross-section, and shows grinding on all sites. The tip appears to have been sawed off while the mid-shaft section appears snapped.

6.4.2.3.4 Point Shaft Fragments (N= 3) Three fragments of small point shafts were recovered from the evaluative unit (DcSb- 1:2, 6, and 35 (Plate 24). DcSb-1:2 is a very small fragment of the mid-shaft section of what was likely a unipoint based on diameter (2.92 mm) and its circular cross-section. DcSb-1:6 is a much larger point shaft fragment, measuring 4.94 mm in diameter and having a rounded square cross-section. It shows little tapering, therefore little can be said of its function with certainty. DcSb-1:35 is similar to DcSb-1:2, but it has a rounded square cross section, and likely also served as a unipoint.

6.4.2.3.5 Bi-Points (n= 14) Bi-points are among some of the most common artifact to the West Coast Cultural Type and were used as the arming component of the composite fish hook (McMillan and St Claire 2012). Fourteen bi-points were recovered from DcSb-1 (Plate 25). Three bi-points were recovered from shovel tests, three were recovered from EU 1, and 7 were recovered from EU 2. One bi-point was found in each Levels 1 and 2 in EU 1, while bi-points recovered from EU 2 extended from the upper intact deposits, at 30 cm below surface, to a depth of 70 cm below surface. Six bi-points are intact: DcSb-1:5, 14, 23, 24, 25, and 28. Four of the bi-points (DcSb-1:5, 9, 23, and 28) are flat in cross-section while ten of them are circular.

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Plate 25. Bi-points, DcSb-1:27,7,33,9,21,31,8,25,28,24,14,26,23.

6.4.3 Antler Assemblage (N=3) 6.4.3.1 Miscellaneous worked antler (N=3) Three miscellaneous worked antler artifacts were recovered at DcSb-1, one each from EUs 1 and 2, and from ST K12. Worked antler represents 8.5% of the assemblage (Plate 26). DcSb-1:13 was recovered from EU 1 at 13 cm below surface. It is the tip of an antler tine that measures 49.55 mm long, and 8.6 mm wide, and shows cutting facets on the proximal end and deep diagonal abrasions on one side. Its distal tip is broken. DcSb-1:29 is another worked antler tine tip, showing horizontal cut marks on one side and eventual snapping at the medial end, and use polishing at the distal end. It was recovered from EU2 between 50 and 60 cm below surface. DcSb-1:19 is a large piece of longitudinally split antler beam that was recovered from ST K12. It measures 121.44 mm long, 37.17 mm wide, and is 16.78 mm thick. Although it doesn’t show evidence of grinding, the consistency of its longitudinal split indicates that it was worked. Antler beam and tine tools are commonly associated with wood working industry.

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Plate 26. Miscellaneous worked antler, DcSb-1: 19,13,29.

6.4.4 Shell Assemblage (N=1) 6.4.4.1 Miscellaneous worked shell (N=1) One piece of worked California mussel was recovered from EU1 from level 4 (37 to 47 cm below surface) (Plate 27). This shell represents only 2.8% of the assemblage. It shows grinding of the ridges on the dorsal surface. It is only a fragment of the original, measuring 19.5 mm by 20.02 mm, and its function remains unknown, though shell decorative items are known from Nuu-cha-nulth assemblages, as well as mussel shell was used as knives and harpoon heads (Stewart 1996).

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Plate 27. Miscellaneous ground shell.

6.4.5 Historic Assemblage (N=1) 6.4.5.1 Blue faceted trade bead N=1 One early historic blue glass bead was found in the upper 10 cm of ST4 at DcSb- 1(Plate 28). It is a two-tone drawn bead with 18 facets, and measures 7.41 mm long by 7.5 mm wide. This type of bead is commonly referred to as a Russian trade bead, but likely had its origins in Venice (Karklins 1980). The upper layer from which this bead was obtained has been disturbed from decades of recent habitation, and accordingly no firm conclusions can be made from the presence of this bead. However, it does hint at early trade with Europeans in the area, and supports the Pacheedaht oral tradition of the Sombrio village as a place of early European trade.

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Plate 28. Blue faceted trade bead, DcSb-1:20.

6.4.6 Conclusions of Artifact Analysis The overall artifact assemblage was small, numbering only 35 across the whole site. However, the largest category of artifacts was those made of ground bone (73% of total artifact assemblage), and the largest single class was ground bone bi-points (40% of total artifact assemblage). An analysis of the artifact assemblage from DcSb- 1 supports a developed fishing industry at the site, as recalled by the Pacheedaht oral histories of Sombrio. Though small, the antler assemblage suggests wood working economy was also present and the presence of the worked shell and worked sea lion canine also suggests production of decorative items. The presence of the trade bead indicates occupation at the time of early European contact. This artifact assemblage is typical of Nuu-cha-nulth collections from the late period West Coast Culture Type, characterized by low amounts of stone tools and a dominance of bone tools focused on maritime industry.

6.5 Faunal Analysis A large faunal assemblage was collected during the AIA of DcSb-1. Given the large assemblage, analysis of the entire assemblage was not practical and the analysis was conducted for three level samples from EU1 (0 to 17 cm, 17 to 27 cm and 37 to 47 cm below surface) and from three levels of the column samples recovered from EU1 (30 to 40 cm, 40 to 50 cm, and 60 to 70 cm below surface) and EU2 (50 to 55 cm, 55 to 60 cm, and 60 to 70 cm below surface). Sixty-three species were identified including 21 invertabrates (shellfish), 42 invertebrates including 26 fish, six birds, three mammals and seven sea mammals. A list of identified species is provided

Dossier 13.0139 environmental services ltd. 905 Ministry of Environment – Mr. Kirby Villeneuve Page 76 Archaeological Impact Assessment of Sombrio Beach February 19, 2014 in Table 2 below. In all, 2,553 faunal bone elements were analysed from the assemblage, 1685 from the EU 1 and 868 from the column samples. Of these, 91.8% were fish, 7.2% were mammal/seamammal, and 1% were bird (see Appendix D for List of Elements by Provenience).

Table 2. List of Identified Faunal Taxa

Category Common Species Name Species Name California mussel Mylitus californicus Blue mussel Mytilus trossulus Variable lacuna Lacuna variegata Black Katy Chiton Kathinarina tunicata Gumboot Chiton Cryptochiton stelleri Chitons Mopalia/Tonicella sp. Butter Clam Saxidomus gigantea Littleneck clam Protothaca staminea Horse Clam Tresus sp Large Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus/franciscanus Calcareous tubeworm Serpulidae Shellfish Sitka Periwinkle Littorina sitkana Northern (Striped) Dogwinkle Nucella osterina Rough keyhole limpet Diodora aspera Shield limpet Lottia pelta Ribbed limpet Lottia digitalis Mask limpet Tectura persona Limpet Acmaeidae Gooseneck barnacle Pollicipes polymerus Giant acorn barnacle Balanus nubilus Red/purple Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus sp. Dire whelk Lirabuccinum dira Skate Raja sp. Dogfish shark Squalus acanthias Salmon shark? Lamna ditropis Pollock/Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus/Pacific cod Gadus Halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis Pollock Gadus chalcogrammus Hake Merluccius productus Sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria Herring Clupea pallasi Northern Clingfish Gobiesox maeandricus Fish Cabezon Scorpaenichthys marmoratus Gunnel sp. Pholidae Prickleback sp Prickleback sp Stichaeidae Prickleback sp Xiphister sp. Gunnel/Prickleback Stichaeidae/Pholidae Ling cod Ophinoden elangatus Petra Sole Eopsetta jordan Salmon Oncorhynchus sp. Greenling sp. Hexagrammos sp. Perch sp. Embiotocidae

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Table 2. List of Identified Faunal Taxa (continued)

Category Common Species Name Species Name Staghorn sculpin Leptocottus armatus Smoothhead sculpin Artedius lateralis Fish Arrowtooth flounder Atheresthes stomias (con’t) Flatfish sp. Pleuronectiformes Rockfish Sebasted sp. Red Irish lord Hemilepidotus helilepidotus Goose sp. (med) Anserinae (medium) cf. Short tailed albatross Phoebastria albatrus Whitewing scoter Melanitta fusca Bird Gull sp. (medium) Larus sp. Gull sp (large) Larus sp. Common Mure Uria aalge Elk Cervus elaphus Mule deer Odocoileus hemionus River Otter Lontra canadensis California sea lion Zalophus californianus Mammal Fur seal Callorhinus ursinus and Northern sea lion Eumatopias jubatus Seamammal Harbour seal Phoca vitulina Pinnipedia, medium Pinnipedia Dall's porpoise Phocoena dalli Porpoise/Dolphin sp. Delphinidae/Phocoenidae

6.5.1 Natural History Accounts for Identified Species 6.5.1.1 Shell Fish  California – Mytilus californianus A large mussel, the California mussel prefers rocky, exposed beaches (Harbo 1997: 136).These mussels can be found living in extensive beds from the middle to lower intertidal zone, and can be collected over a broad season.

 Pacific blue mussels - Mytilus trossulus This mussel has been given a variety of common names, also being known as the bay or edible mussel. Until recently it was classified as M. edulis, but research has suggested several different species have been combined under that name. At this time, the native mussel is considered to be M. trossulus (Lamb and Hanby 2005: 184). This small abundant mussel prefers warm, protected waters and tolerates brackish situations well (Harbo 1997: 135; Snively 1978: 84). Mussels grow in the intertidal zone wherever there is something for them to attach to, such as rocks or wood. As they can be found fairly high in the intertidal zone they are available for a longer season than the clams and low tides are not required. Mussel shells tend to break into

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 Variable Lacuna - Lacuna variegate Another species of small snail, the variable lacuna is associated with eelgrass or algae (Harbo 1997: 200; Kozloff 1993: 323) and is usually found in protected areas. These snails are too small to be collected deliberately and were probably brought into sites inadvertently.

 Chitons All chitons are single footed, multi-shelled animals living in the intertidal zone, which firmly attach to rocks and graze on algae. Giant Pacific (or gumboot) chiton (Cryptochiton stelleri)is the biggest chiton in the world, reaching 33 cm in length (Harbo 1997: 231). This chiton can be eaten, but its shells are uncommon in most middens. Black katy chiton (Katharina tunicate) is a medium sized common chiton typically found in the rocky exposed middle intertidal zone (Harbo 1997: 230). Both Harbo (ibid: 230) and Snively (1978: 87) comment that this chiton is quite hardy and can often be found exposed on the surface for long periods. Black katy chiton generally the most abundant chiton found in archaeological sites.

 Butter clam Saxidomus gigantea This large abundant clam is found in the middle to lower intertidal zone of gravelly protected beaches and can be buried up to 30 cm in the sand (Harbo 1997: 164). Due to the simple surface texture of concentric rings this clam can be difficult to identify if the hinge (or umbo) is not present. As a result, much broken butter clam shell probably ends up in the generic clam category.

 Little neck clam - Protothaca staminea Littlenecks are a medium sized clam found buried up to 10 cm in gravel or mixed sand/gravel protected beaches (Harbo 1997: 166). They can be found on the same beaches as the butter clam. The surface texture of their shells is a finely netted pattern of lengthwise and crosswise lines, making even small fragments very easy to identify. In many cases littleneck clam is the most abundant clam in a site, but this may be partially because it is so easy to identify.

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 Horse Clams - Tresus sp. This category includes two species, Tresus capax and T. nuttallii that are difficult, if not impossible, to identify from shells, especially if the shells are broken, and are therefore combined into a single group. Some of the largest clams found in the intertidal zone, they are buried from 30 up to 90 cm deep, in mud, sand beaches or beaches with a mix of mud, sand, gravel and/or broken shell (Harbo 1997: 153; Snively 1978: 198). Horse clams tend to be lower in the intertidal zone than the other clams, so are most available during the low tides of summer.

 Sea urchin - Strongylocentrotus sp. Red and Purple urchins are large potentially reaching 15 cm (purple) to 30 cm (red) in width (Lamb and Hanby 2005: 339), with thicker more robust spines, and are generally a reddish colour. Fortunately, the colour in sea urchins is very persistent is archaeological deposits, unlike most other shells. It is difficult to separate the red and purple sea urchins from shell fragments alone however, so they are usually combined into a large sea urchin category. The red sea urchin is most common subtidally although it can be found in the intertidal zone and will live in either exposed or protected areas. The somewhat smaller purple sea urchin prefers exposed coasts (Kozloff 1993: 175). For both species, the edible parts are the testes and were collected widely where they are available.

 Calcareous Tubeworms-Serpulidae Several species of calcareous tubeworms are found locally including the larger pearl- topped calcareous tubeworms (Apomatus spp.), white-crown calcareous tubeworm (Protula pacifica) and red-trumpet calcareous tubeworm (Serpula columbiana). They all make a shelly tubular casing which is attached for part or all of its length to a substrate such as rock, wood, seaweeds or other shells. This hard tube can be as much as 15 cm long depending on the species. The shelly tubes are quite distinctive, although in most cases they cannot be identified to species. Some species are found in the intertidal zone while others are only subtidal (Lamb and Hanby 2005: 147-149). Their shells are used by some hermit crabs. There is no indication these tubeworms were deliberately collected.

 Sitka periwinkle - Littorina sitkana This small, very abundant snail is found on rocks in the upper intertidal zone. They have a preference for protected beaches (Harbo 1997: 200). At a maximum size of 2.5 cm, they are probably too small to have been deliberately collected as food.

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 Northern striped dogwinkle -Nucella osterina (previously N. emarginata) The striped dogwinkle is a medium sized dogwinkle that prefers exposed or semi- exposed rocky beaches (Lamb and Hanby 2005: 220). It reaches a maximum of 28 mm and feeds on mussels (Harbo 1997: 212).

 Limpets - Lottiidae There are a large number of limpets present on the BC coast, at least 10 species (Harbo 1997: 196-199). Some are distinctive, but a complete shell is needed to identify them specifically. As a result, most of the limpets are identified only to family level. All limpets attach themselves to another surface, varying from rocks to other shellfish to seaweed or eelgrass. Several species are large, attached to rocks in the intertidal zone, some prefer protected beaches, while others tolerate exposed settings and several can also be found high in the intertidal zone. The larger limpets were definitely collected as food, while the smaller ones were probably brought into the sites inadvertently.

 Barnacles – Balanomorpha Barnacles are difficult to identify to species as the external shells can be found in a variety of shapes and textures even within one species. Archaeologically, it is sensible to divide them into two groups, small barnacles that are collected inadvertently with other shellfish and large barnacles collected deliberately as food.

Two species of large barnacles are present in the area; giant acorn barnacle (Balanus nubilus) and thatched acorn barnacle (Semibalanus cariosus). The giant acorn barnacle can reach 15 cm across, while the thatched acorn barnacle might reach 6 cm across (Lamb and Hanby 2005: 320). The thatched acorn barnacle has a membranous, rather than shelly, base and so it is possible to distinguish these two species if portions of the base shell are recovered. The giant acorn barnacle tends to be found only in the lower intertidal zone and subtidally (Snively 1978: 121), while the thatched acorn barnacle can be found from the middle intertidal zone and lower (ibid: 73). The thatched acorn barnacle is more widely distributed, from protected to exposed beaches, than the giant acorn barnacle. Both of these large barnacles were harvested as food sources

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 Dire Whlek - Lirabuccinum dira The dire whelk is a medium sized snail (maximum length 50 mm) typically found on exposed rocky beaches (Harbo 1997:213). These snails are scavengers feeding on injured or dead snails or barnacles.

6.5.1.2 Fish  Skate – Raja sp There are several species of skates in the area and all are difficult to identify to species because the comparative collection doesn’t have all possible species and the vertebrae appear to be similar between species. Although cartilaginous their skeletons include teeth, vertebrae and scutes that are bony enough to survive in an archaeological site. The big skate (Raja binoculata) is the most common species in the area. This skate can be very large (2.4 m) and found in very shallow to very deep waters (Love 1996: 72). It prefers sandy or muddy bottoms (Lamb and Edgell 2010: 36) and can be taken by hook and line, possibly speared in shallow water and/or caught in intertidal traps.

 Dogfish shark or Spiny Dogfish - Squalus acanthias The spiny dogfish is a cartilaginous fish; as a result it tends to be under represented in faunal samples. On the other hand, they do have about 100 vertebra, many small teeth and two dorsal spines that can survive and are highly distinctive. Dogfish are difficult to size as the identical vertebrae are largest at the head and taper smoothly to very small at the tail. Since it is impossible to determine the placement of a disarticulated vertebra, it is basically impossible to determine the size of individual it came from. Dogfish are a medium sized shark, reaching a maximum of 130 to 160 cm in length (Hart 1973: 45), they live in schools and appear to move erratically, probably following food resources (such as herring) and keeping to optimum water temperatures (Love 1996: 41-42), and they are found from the intertidal zone to deep water. Dogfish liver is a good source of vitamin A and oil, their flesh is edible and the skin can be used as sandpaper. They can certainly be caught by hook and line, but could also be taken by spearing and in fish traps

 Salmon shark Lamna ditropis The salmon shark is a large species, perhaps reaching 3 m, found both in pelagic and shoreline waters (Lamb and Edgell 2010: 25). They are found throughout BC waters (Hart 1973: 37), though little is known about their life history. Salmon sharks prey on fish and are occasionally caught by hook and line.

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 Pacific cod – Gadus macrocephalus and Walleye pollock – Theragra chalcogramma These two cods are very similar skeletally and in many cases it is not possible to identify their bones to species. As a result, their bones are often combined into a single category. The Pacific cod is the larger of the two, potentially reaching 122 cm in length and weighing 23 kg (Lamb and Edgell 2010: 71), while maximum length recorded for walleye pollock is 91 cm. Both species are schooling bottom fish, usually found on sandy or muddy bottoms. The adults of both species tend to be found in deep waters (although adult Pacific cod may be found in shallower water than the adult Pollock), but the juveniles are more common in shallower waters (ibid: 72, 74; Love 1996: 121, 124). Both could be caught by hook and line.

 Pacific halibut - Hippoglossus stenolepis Halibut are large, deep-dwelling flatfish, potentially reaching over 2 m in length, weighing over 200 kg. They are found in shallowest water in the summer (Kramer et al. 1995: 54). Their size and tendency to be in deep water require special gear to catch and knowledge of where to find them. Despite this, historical information indicates they were caught extensively along the coast and their bones are present in many archaeological sites, though often in low numbers, which has led to considerable speculation as to why the numbers are so low. One consideration is the bones are relatively fragile and appear not to survive well in archaeological settings. Personal experience suggests the vertebrae in particular seem to disintegrate easily. In addition, their large size may have made butchering at the water’s edge a common practice (there are historical photos of this being done by the Makah, for example see http://content.lib.washington.edu/u?/loc,1185), so the bones may never have been deposited into the midden.

 Pacific Hake - Merluccius productus Hake are a very skeletally distinctive, medium sized cod (sometimes classed as Gadidae along with the other cods and sometimes placed in its own family Merluccidae). These are generally migratory schooling fish, with several distinct populations. Two are found within BC, including a coastal group which ranges from Baja to Alaska and a Strait of Georgia population (Love 1996: 126). The coastal population is highly migratory and can form huge schools, while the Strait of Georgia population is resident. The coastal population spawns in southern waters (California and Baja) in later winter and early spring and then migrates north, showing up in BC waters in May and staying until about September (ibid: 127). Hake are in deepest water during the day and rise to the surface at night to feed. And can be caught by

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hook and line (Lamb and Edgell 2010: 76), but might also be taken in nets when at the surface at night.

 Sablefish (or Black cod) - Anoplopoma fimbria Sablefish, commonly called black cod, are found throughout the BC coast usually over soft bottoms (Love 1996: 198). A schooling fish, juveniles are found in the shallowest water, usually less than 200 m, while the adults are usually found in water over 200 m (Hart 1973: 456). As a result, most of the sablefish found in archaeological sites are juveniles, probably less than 60 cm (Love 1996: 199). These fish can be caught by hook and line. Sablefish are an oily fish that is frequently smoked today and it may well have been smoked in the past.

 Pacific herring - Clupea pallasii Herring are a small, abundant schooling fish with a complex pattern of migration. They collect in the large schools during their early spring spawning aggregations, usually in March or April (Hart 1973: 97). After spawning and at the end of their 2nd or 3rd year, herring generally move offshore for the rest of the year (in this area into Hecate Strait). Hart reports that east coast Vancouver Island herring reach 7 to 10 cm at the end of their first summer of growth, average 15.5 mm at the end of their 2nd year and 18.7 mm at the end of their 3rd year (ibid: 98). More northern populations exhibit slower growth. In addition to this migratory pattern, some populations are non-migratory, particularly in Puget Sound and eastern edge of the Salish Sea (Therriault et al. 2009: 4). Juvenile herring (less than 2 years) are resident in the area all year, so all 1st year and most 2nd year herring are non-migratory. Migratory spawning populations return inshore in the fall, often forming dense schools. All wintering populations spend the day in deep water and rise at night to feed near the surface (ibid). Generally, herring are caught during their spawning aggregations, where both adult fish and their eggs are collected.

 Northern clingfish - Gobiesox maeandricus The northern clingfish inhabits the intertidal zone, attaching itself to the underside of rocks with its belly disc (ibid: 286). These fish are known to reach at least 15 cm in length (Hart 1973: 211), would be relatively easy to collect in the intertidal zone and are found in small numbers in archaeological sites.

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 Cabezon – Scorpaenichthys marmoratus The cabezon is the largest sculpin in BC waters, reaching 76 cm and up to 14 kg (Hart 1973: 541). Cabezon live on the bottom in rocky areas, from intertidal waters into deeper areas (Love 1996:223). Eggs are placed on rocks in the lower intertidal zone and deeper in late winter to early spring (Hart 197:541). These fish are easily caught by hook and line, but might also be speared or trapped when in shallow waters. Their bones are commonly found in coastal archaeological sites.

 Gunnels (Pholidae) and Pricklebacks (Stichaeidae) These are two skeletally similar families of eel-like fishes with many species in each family. It is possible to distinguish the families and in some cases specific species from some skeletal elements, but not all. Many are found in shallow water, some in the intertidal zone, and several of the species are found under rocks or in the weeds in the intertidal zone and could be collected by hand during low tides. Still others are much deeper living and/or might be found on soft bottoms. The snake prickleback (Lumpenus sagitta), for example, prefers soft bottoms and is found in quite shallow water in the summer/early fall when breeding (Lamb and Edgell 2010: 114). Several species, such as the black prickleback (Xiphister atropurpureus), rock prickleback (X. mucosus) and penpoint gunnel (Apodichthys flavidus) reach substantial sizes, in excess 40 cm, but many are less than 20 cm maximum length. The rock prickleback is caught in California by hook and line (Lamb and Edgell 2010: 118), but probably most gunnels and pricklebacks are either caught by hand in the intertidal zone or possibly caught in baited basket traps. Also these fish are definitely targeted by other marine predators, including river otters and diving birds, so their remains may end up in the sites in the stomachs of these animals.

 Lingcod – Ophiodon elongatus Related to the smaller greenlings, this is a large fish, up to 152 cm and 45 kg (Labb and Edgell 2010: 194). They are found over rocky bottoms from shallow to quite deep waters, preferring areas with strong currents. Females are bigger than males, so any individual over 90 cm – 100 cm in length is probably female. Spawning takes place in shallow water in late winter to early spring in shallow water (Hart 1973: 468) and are guarded by the males. Voracious predators, lingcod can be taken by hook and line or lured to surface with bait and speared.

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 Petrale sole – Eopsetta jordani This is a large flatfish, reaching 70 cm, found on sandy bottoms throughout BC waters (Hart 1973: 608). They are in shallowest waters in the summer, migrating in to very deep water in the winter (Love 1996:334). Lamb and Edgell (2010: 294) comment this species is in shallower waters in the northern parts of its range and it is caught incidentally by people fishing for halibut. Love notes that people may catch them while fishing for rockfish (1996: 335).

 Salmon – Oncorhynchus sp This genus includes five salmon species, cutthroat trout and steelhead/rainbow trout. Unfortunately, in most cases, it is not possible to identify the bones to species. Steelhead (O. mykiss) and cutthroat trout (O. clarki) are the most distinctive of the group, so in most cases an identification as salmon indicates one or more of coho (O. kisutch), pink (O. gorbuscha), chum (O. keta), sockeye (O. nerka) or chinook (O. tshawytscha). Fortunately, identifying the elements as salmon is very easy, particularly the vertebrae which have a very distinctive texture. As a result of that texture even very small fragments of salmon vertebrae can be identified.

The salmons are anadromous fish. They spawn in fresh water rivers, streams or lakes and die after spawning in most cases. Young hatchlings usually migrate to the sea and spend several years offshore. Generally they return to their birthplaces to spawn, gathering together in large schools in late summer through early winter (depending on species) to enter the spawning rivers or streams. In most situations, people catch these salmon during the spawning runs, frequently at the mouth of streams or rivers, but sometimes in marine waters where they are concentrated.

The choice of spawning area varies among the salmons. Pinks, the smallest, most widespread and abundant salmon, spawn in the summer to early fall in rivers and streams, often very close to the sea (Love 1996: 98). Chums spawn later, from fall through winter, in many streams and rivers. Usually chums spawn close to the mouth, but can make lengthy migrations up rivers (ibid: 101). Coho also spawn generally from October to March, utilizing large rivers as well as many smaller streams (ibid: 104). Sockeye prefer to spawn in river systems with lakes, and a few populations have become resident in lakes. They generally make long migrations up major rivers starting in the summer (ibid: 109). Chinook are the biggest of the salmons (maximum size recorded is 41.7 kg), tending to spawn in large rivers. They will enter the spawning rivers at any time of the year (ibid: 113; Hart 1973: 125).

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 Greenlings – Hexagrammos sp Three similar species are found in this genus including the kelp greenling (Hexagrammos decagrammus), rock greenling (H. lagocephalus) and whitespotted greenling (H. stelleri). All are medium sized bottom fish generally preferring shallow, rocky, weedy areas. An exception to this is the whitespotted greenling which can be found on weedy, sandy bottoms as well (Lamb and Edgell 2010: 191). Maximum size for the two biggest species, rock and kelp) is 61 cm. These fish are generally caught by hook and line and are often abundant in archaeological sites.

 Surfperch – Embiotocidae This family includes both large and small species. Some elements are distinctive to species, but not all. As a result, it is often only possible to identify the bones as perch. Generally all species are schooling fish occupying a variety of habitats. Two large species are common in local waters, the pile perch (Damalichthys vacca) and striped surfperch (Embiotoca lateralis). The pile perch can reach 44 cm and is typically found in shallow rocky, weedy areas where they feed on crustaceans, particularly mussels (Hart 1973: 313: Lamb and Edgell 2010: 92). The striped surfperch is similar in size, reaching a maximum length of 38 cm. Also found in rocky, weedy areas, striped surfperch are also found in sandier areas, especially where eelgrass is present (Love 1995: 267). They also eat small crustaceans such as mussels and barnacles. Both of these perch can be caught on baited hooks, but can also be speared or netted. Both are common and sometimes abundant in local archaeological deposits. Two smaller surfperch are the shiner perch (Cymatogaster aggregata) and kelp surfperch (Brachyistius frenatus). The maximum size for both of these species is 20 cm – 22 cm (Lamb and Edgell 2010: 96-97). The shiner perch In keeping with its name, the kelp surfperch lives within the kelp beds (ibid: 96) where it feeds on small animals. Because of this habitat preference it is less likely to be found in archaeological sites than the shiner perch.

 Buffalo Sculpin – Enophrys bison This medium sized sculpin (maximum length is 37 cm) is a resident of shallow waters in weedy, rocky areas (Lamb and Edgell 2010: 245), although they may also be found in sandy areas (Love 1996: 214). They can be caught by hook and line.

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 Great Sculpin – Myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus The great sculpin is known to reach at least 76 cm in length (Eschmeyer et al. 1983:176), weigh up to 9 kg and is commonly found in relatively shallow water (Hart 1973: 522). These fish-eating sculpins are easily caught on baited hooks (Lamb and Edgell 1986: 164). Typically they are found on or near sandy/muddy substrates (ibid). Great sculpins in the northwestern Pacific congregate and spawn during the late winter in shallow water but there is no information on timing of their spawning season in our area.A comment by Hart (1973:522) that great sculpins are “taken off beaches in Burrard Inlet” in the winter may provide support for their spawning in the winter in our area as well.

 Staghorn sculpin – Leptocottus armatus Staghorn sculpins are occupants of sandy/muddy areas in fairly shallow water. Staghorns are a relatively large sculpin with a high tolerance of brackish water (Love 1996: 218). These fish can be caught easily by hook and line (Lamb and Edgell 2010: 251). They are relatively common in local archaeological sites.

 Arrowtooth flounder - Atheresthes stomias Arrowtooth flounders are one of the largest flatfish, reaching 86 cm in length (Kramer et al. 1995: 36). They are found on soft bottoms and in shallowest water during the summer (Love 1996: 332). Lamb and Edgell (2010: 293) report the flesh of this fish becomes mushy during cooking, the result of an enzyme present in a parasite common in this species.

 Rockfish - Sebastes sp. Rockfish are a genus with a large number of species. Hart (1973) listed 37 species. In most cases, it is not possible to distinguish these species skeletally, although they are easy to identify to genus. No attempt was made to identify the rockfish in this study to species. Most rockfish are solitary bottom fish, living in rocky weedy areas, many in fairly shallow waters. There are certainly some schooling, mid-water species, such as Pacific ocean perch (S. alutus) or widow rockfish (S. entomelas), but these would not be easily available to coastal fishers (Love 1995: 144, 160). Rockfish also range in maximum size from quite small, about 18 cm to very large, about 90 cm. These fish are typically caught by hook and line and are often very abundant in coastal archaeological sites.

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 Red Irish lord – Hemilepidotus hemilepidotus A large sculpin, the red irish lord is found on the bottom of shallow, weedy, rocky areas. One of the larger sculpin species they can reach 51 cm (Lamb and Edgell 2010: 248). These fish are easily caught by hook and line and are found sporadically in coastal archaeological sites, sometimes in great abundance.

6.5.1.3 Birds  Geese Geese are difficult to identify to species, both because of similarities between species and the lack of several species in the comparative collection. As a result, many of the goose elements are identified to size categories only. The large goose category would include the larger races of Canada goose (Branta canadensis), larger members of the cackling geese (B. hutchinsii) and larger snow geese (Chen caerulescens). Canada geese are divided into several races of varying sizes. On the west coast, the two most abundant races are relatively large and can be identified with some certainty at times on the basis of large size. Since the 1960’s some Canada geese are year-around residents on southern Vancouver Island, taking advantage of human created habitats such as parks and golf courses (Campbell et al. 1990:: 276). Previously Canada geese appear to have been mainly summer visitors and spring and fall migrants, but breeding in the area is possible.

 Short-tailed albatross – Phoebastria albatrus The comparative collection lacks a short-tailed albatross skeleton but has the other two North Pacific albatrosses which are smaller. As a result, identification of short- tailed albatross is based on size. Elements substantially larger than the two species in the collection are assumed to be short-tailed. Driven almost to extinction by Japanese feather hunters in the nineteenth century, the short-tailed albatross was once the most common North Pacific albatross. Nineteenth century accounts note it as common on the west coast of Vancouver Island (Campbell et al. 1990:375).

 Gulls – Larus sp Unfortunately, it is not possible to identify gulls to species. They are simply too similar to each other, and to further complicate matters they are known to hybridize. As a result, identifications are only to various size categories. All gulls are found on the shoreline and near-shore waters and eat a wide variety of foods. Many will scavenge human garbage today, and probably did so in the past. The large group would include the glaucous-winged gull (Larus glaucescens), western gull (L.

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occidentalis), Thayer’s gull (L. thayeri) and herring gull (L. argentatus). The glaucous- winged gull is very abundant in the area and breeds locally (Campbell et al. 1990b: 264). Western, Thayer’s and herring gulls are most common in the winter, but can be found here at any season (ibid: 254, 260, 263). The medium-large group could include members of both the large and medium group that are respectively smaller and larger than the norm. The medium size category could include the California gull (L. californicus), Heermann’s gull (L. heermanni) and ring-billed gull (L. delawarensis). California and ring-billed gulls could be present all year but are most common in the spring through fall (ibid: 246, 250). Heermann’s gull is most common from the summer through fall (ibid: 240). The presence of these medium sized species suggests summer hunting. The main species of the small gull group is most likely the mew gull (L. canus), which can be found on the coast at any time, but is most common in the winter (ibid: 242).

 Common murre – Uria aalge The common murre are marine diving birds, feeding on small fish and/or marine invertebrates. Common murres populations winter in this area and fluctuating numbers can be found at any time of the year (Campbell et al. 1990a: 294).

6.5.1.4 Mammals and Seammals  Coastal mule or Black-tailed deer – Odocoileus hemionus Coast deer are permanent residents of the area. The coastal mule deer belong to the Columbian black-tailed deer subspecies (O. h. columbianus). Columbian black-tailed deer occupy a wide array of habitats, but prefer mixed forest, with some heavy forest cover as well as more open and edge areas (Shackleton 1999: 139-140). These deer are usually found in family groups, although sex specific small herds may form. Fawns are usually born in June (ibid: 143). Deer populations have benefited by logging and clearing activities and their populations may be higher today than in the past (ibid: 146). These are medium sized mammals weighing about 50 kg.

 Elk - Cervus elaphus There are two sub-species of elk in BC; Roosevelt (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) and Rocky Mountain (C. e. nelsoni). Roosevelt elk inhabit Vancouver Island, areas of the lower mainland near Sechelt and Powell River and south to northern California (Shackleton 1999: 109). Roosevelt elk inhabit heavily forested areas and are the biggest subspecies in North America, weighing from 300 kg (males) to 260 kg (females). Elk congregate in herds, especially females and juveniles. Seasonal

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movement from lower elevation valleys in the winter to higher elevations in the summer is possible, but not all animals or populations move seasonally (ibid: 99-100).

 River Otter - Lontra canadensis River otters are associated with water in almost any form, either marine or fresh, as long as there are fish to eat. They den in burrows, either made by them or other animals, or in caves or crevices. Adults are generally solitary, except a female with offspring and occasional bachelor groups. They are most active at night, but may be seen in daylight hours (Hatler et al. 2008: 198-207). They have a good quality pelt, and might well have been caught for that reason. Although river otters are quite common today in the area, relatively few elements are recovered from local archaeological sites.

 Northern or Steller’s Sea lion – Eumetopias jubatus Northern sea lions are the largest pinniped in the area. They are also very sexually dimorphic with adult males averaging 400 kg – 800 kg and adult females averaging 200 kg – 300 kg. As a result it is possible to sex many archaeological elements. Northern sea lions have a limited number of breeding rookeries in BC today, including the most southerly ones on the Triangle, Sartine and Beresford Islands just north of Vancouver Island, Cape St. James (southern tip of Haida Gwaii) and Danger Rocks (off Banks Island). There were also breeding rookeries on the Virgin, Pearl and Watch Rocks (just south of Hakai), which were eradicated in the 1920’s when sea lions were viewed as competitors for salmon. Today those sites are used as year around haul out sites (COSEWIC 2003). The rookeries are occupied starting in May, with pups born from late May through early July, with a peak in late June. Mothers and pups generally leave the rookeries about 3 months after the pup is born. Pups stay with their mothers for at least a year. During the rest of the year animals of all ages use a wider number of haul outs throughout the BC coast. Their bones are found in many archaeological sites, although usually in relatively low numbers. Almost all of the elements recovered from southern BC archaeological sites are from adult males (McKechnie and Wigen 2011: 151).

 Harbour Seal – Phoca vitulina Harbour seals are permanent residents of coastal BC. A medium size pinniped, adult female weigh about 65 kg and adult males about 85 kg (DFO, 2010: 3). Pups are born in the summer, earlier (mid-May) in the south and later (early July) in the north. Harbour seals tend to be found close to the coast and at times will go considerably far up river (as far as 500 km up the Fraser). Generally harbour seals are found in

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small groups. They spend some time each day out of the water on rocks, reefs and sandbars.

 Northern Fur seal – Callorhinus ursinus Male and female fur seals are substantially different in size; adult males weight about 270 kg, while females only weight about 60 kg (Reeves et al. 2002: 87). As a result it is possible to determine sex for many of the archaeological elements recovered. Most of the fur seals breed on the Pribiloff and Commander Islands in the Bering Sea and a few breed in southern California on a recently established rookery, but no other rookeries are present today. Males and females congregate on the rookeries during the summer where the pups are born. Adult males leave the rookeries about September. Pups are born late May to early June and weaned at about 4 months old in October/November. At that point the adult females leave the island and disperse throughout the Pacific, leaving the pups behind. Pups leave the rookeries a few weeks later. Adult males tend to stay in the north Pacific, but females and adolescents disperse as far south as California. When fur seals return north they tend to move to the coast and follow the coastline northwards. Both aboriginal and modern hunters accessed this concentration of fur seals during the northward migration. Analysis of distribution records for the past 100 years shows a concentration of fur seals off the north end of Banks Island and Porcher Island (Olesiuk 2009: 7). This migratory pattern means that today fur seals off the central coast of BC could not be any younger than 5 to 6 months, probably closer to 6 to 8 months old. The presence of younger individuals in archaeological sites in several areas of BC strongly suggests there were other rookeries on the BC coast in the past (Crockford et al. 2002).

 Porpoise/Dolphin sp.- Delphinidae Three species of Delphinidae are present in BC, white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens), harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) and Dall’s porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli). It is not always possible to distinguish them skeletally. In this case, Dall’s porpoise is definitely identified, but the other species might be present as well. All can be resident in BC waters at any season, with no clear pattern of migrations. The harbour porpoise and Dall’s porpoise are generally either solitary or in small groups, while the white-sided dolphin can be present in much larger groups (Reeves et al. 2002: 405, 462, 470-473). Dall’s porpoises seem to prefer somewhat deeper water than the harbour porpoise and are found in slightly larger groups of about 2 to 12. These animals are generally resident in the area, with some north/south movements (Reeves et al. 2002: 470-473). Remains of all three species have been identified in sites from southern Vancouver Island.

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6.5.2 Evaluative Units Three level samples of bone material were analysed from EU 1, selected to target levels that appeared to have the most variation during excavation. A subjectively selected sample of shellfish was included with the samples from levels 17-27 and 37- 47. Although no quantification can be attempted for the shellfish, a few species were present that were not recorded from the column samples. These include horse clam, butter clam, northern dogwinkle and giant acorn barnacle. The northern dogwinkle and giant acorn barnacle are typical residents of outer coast beaches, so are to be expected in this site. Both the horse and butter clams require somewhat protected beaches, so would only be found on Sombrio Beach if there is a protected area. Otherwise, they were probably collected at another, more protected, beach.

Table 3 below provides the NSP (number of species present) and expressed percentage of the NSP from the three levels examined from EU 1. A dominance of fish (88.5% of the NSP) is clearly the most dominant taxon, followed by mammal, including sea mammal (10.4%) and trailed by bird (1.1% of NSP). The level from 17 to 27 cm DBS has the largest NISP (Number of Identified Specimens Present) and number of taxa, although not the highest count of bone. The highest NSP is found in level 37 to 47 cm although most of the bone was unidentifiable fish bone.

Table 3. NSP and % NSP of Elements from EU1 by Level

Species Level Total 0-17 17-27 37-47 NSP % NSP % NSP % NSP % Bird cf. Short-tailed albatross 2 25.0 2 18.2 Goose sp. (med) 1 12.5 1 9.1 White-winged scoter 1 100 1 9.1 Gull (medium) 1 12.5 1 9.1 Gull (large) 2 100 3 37.5 5 45.4 Common murre 1 12.5 1 9.1 Bird subtotal 2 8 1 11 Unidentified bird 4 4 8 Total bird 6 12 1 19

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Table 3. NSP and % NSP of Elements from EU1 by Level (continued)

Species Level Total 0-17 17-27 37-47 NSP % NSP % NSP % NSP % Fish Dogfish shark 11 2.4 11 1.5 Salmon shark? 1 0.2 1 0.1 Salmon 12 2.6 2 0.8 14 1.9 Hake 1 0.2 2 0.8 3 0.4 Pollock 1 0.4 1 0.1 Pollock/Pacific cod 7 1.5 8 3.1 15 2.0 Northern Clingfish 1 0.2 1 0.1 Sablefish 6 1.3 13 5.0 19 2.6 Greenling sp 6 50.0 191 40.9 34 13.2 231 31.3 Lingcod 26 5.6 23 8.9 49 6.6 Perch sp. 5 1.1 5 0.7 Prickleback sp. 1 8.3 8 1.7 5 1.9 14 1.9 Rockfish sp 2 16.7 41 8.8 27 10.5 70 9.5 Staghorn sculpin 1 0.2 1 0.1 Red Irish lord 1 8.3 43 9.2 24 9.3 68 9.2 Cabezon 37 7.9 65 25.2 102 13.8 Arrowtooth flounder 2 16.7 8 1.7 24 9.3 34 4.6 Petrale sole 2 0.4 2 0.3 Flatfish sp 17 3.6 1 0.4 18 2.4 Halibut 49 10.5 29 11.2 78 10.6 Fish subtotal 12 467 258 755 Unidentifiable fish 9 72 674 737 Total fish 21 539 932 1492

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Table 3. NSP and % NSP of Elements from EU1 by Level (continued)

Species Level Total 0-17 17-27 37-47 NSP % NSP % NSP % NSP % Mammal River otter 1 5.6 3 9.4 4 5.4 Elk 3 9.4 3 4.0 Mule deer 6 18.7 6 8.1 Large land mammal 6 33.3 10 31.2 3 12.5 19 25.7 Vy large land mammal 2 8.3 2 2.7 Land mammal subtotal 7 38.9 22 68.7 5 20.8 34 45.9 California sea lion 1 4.2 1 1.3 Fur seal 6 33.3 2 6.2 1 4.2 9 12.2 Northern sea lion 1 3.1 6 25.0 7 9.5 Harbour seal 1 5.6 1 3.1 3 12.5 5 6.8 Pinnipedia, med 1 5.6 2 6.2 3 4.0 Dall’s porpoise 2 11.1 1 3.1 2 8.3 5 6.8 Porpoise/Dolphin sp. 1 5.6 3 9.4 6 25.0 10 13.5 Sea mammal subtotal 11 61.1 10 31.3 19 79.2 40 54.0 Mammal subtotal 18 32 24 74 Unidentifiable mammal 30 50 20 100 Total mammal 48 82 44 174

6.5.2.1 Fish The single most abundant fish taxon is greenling, with 31% of the fish NISP. It is most abundant in the upper two levels, but drops to 2nd rank in the 37 to 47 cm level. After greenling, several taxa share 2nd rank, including cabezon, halibut, rockfish and red Irish lord. All of these taxa range contribute between 9 to 14% of the total NISP, although they are considerably more variable in their abundance by level. For example, cabezon is the most abundant fish taxon in the 37 to 47 cm level. Two other

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taxa are significant, arrowtooth flounder and lingcod, with 5% and 7% of the NISP respectively. After these fish, all other taxa are generally found in small numbers.

The greenling, cabezon, rockfish and red irish lord are typically found in rocky, weedy areas in relatively shallow water. Generally they are local residents, available all year. It is likely most of them were caught by hook and line and many may have been taken on the same gear. The three flatfish species are in quite deep water in the winter and shallowest water in the summer. They were probably only accessible to local fishers during the summer. Halibut are large, deep water residents and were generally caught on specific gear. It is possible the arrowtooth flounder and petrale sole were caught on the same gear as they are also relatively deep living and quite large (although not as big as halibut). Lingcod spawn in the winter and early spring in shallow water, so are most likely to be caught then. Males stay and guard the eggs, so would be available for the longest time. Any lingcod in excess of 90-100 cm is probably a female. In this case none of the specimens were large enough to definitely be identified as an adult female.

Many of the other taxa identified in lower numbers were also probably caught with the same gear as the greenlings, lingcod, etc. This would include sablefish, hake, pollock and dogfish. The pricklebacks, gunnels and clingfish occupy the rocky intertidal zone, living under and between the rocks. These fish may very well have been caught by hand during low tides. It is possible to catch larger gunnels and pricklebacks by hook and line, but the hook would have to be very small as they have very small mouths. I could find no indication that clingfish are ever taken by hook and line. They are found clinging by a sucker under rocks in the intertidal zone and can be caught fairly easily by hand (from my personal experience) by turning over rocks. Potentially, the gunnels and pricklebacks might be caught in baited basket traps and possibly this would work for the clingfish as well. Alternatively these small fish may have entered the site in the stomach of a large fish or marine mammal. They are too small to be eaten by people, but might be used as bait for the other fish.

A single shark vertebra was tentatively identified as salmon shark. There are no salmon shark specimens in the comparative collection, so identification cannot be confirmed. This shark is one of the more common in BC waters and can be caught by hook and line. A few elements have been found in other BC archaeological sites, although it is certainly not common.

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6.5.2.2 Mammal The mammal assemblage from EU1 is modest, but has a wide array of taxa present. The taxa are a mix of land and marine mammals with more marine mammal taxa (about 5) and a greater NISP. Overall 54% of the elements are marine mammal and 46% are land mammal. The most abundant of the mammals is the porpoise/dolphin group, with about 20% of the mammal NISP. Dall’s porpoise was the only species identified. Dolphin and porpoise elements are a regular part of most southern BC coastal sites, but it’s rare to find them in such abundance. At least two individuals are present based on age differences. Cranial parts, ribs and vertebrae are all present, suggesting whole animals were being brought to the site.

Fur seal elements are the next most abundant with 12% of the NISP. Fur seal elements are most abundant in the upper levels and drop in the lower levels. The sample size is small and with only three levels it is difficult to know the significance of this pattern, but it is one of the few obvious changes over time in these samples. Elements present included cranial fragments, phalanges, a vertebra and limb bones indicating whole animals were being brought to the site. At least three individuals are represented; an adult female, a sub-adult and a young juvenile. The young juvenile was no more than a few months old, supporting the idea of a local breeding population (see section 6.5.1, natural history). It would have died in the summer.

Northern (or Steller’s) sea lion is next ranked with 6 elements, 9.5% of the NISP. Most of the elements came from the 37 to 47 cm level and could have come from a single individual. These include several vertebrae and a hyoid bone that are all adult male size. One lumbar vertebra has cuts on the side of the centrum. A single canine, also from an adult male, was recovered from the 17 to 27 cm level. There is an unusual facet ground into the anterior cheek side of the tooth. This surface of the tooth doesn’t rub against anything that would cause such a facet, so the best interpretation is people ground it and is therefore included in the artifact assemblage, though the purpose is unknown. Typically, in southern BC, northern sea lion elements are all from adult males and this site is clearly following that pattern.

Mule deer elements are next most abundant with 8% of the NISP. All deer elements were found in one level, 17 to 27 cm. The elements include fragments from vertebra, metapodial, a phalange and ulna, suggesting whole animals were probably brought to the site. They are all either adult or subadult in age and could have come from a single individual. A metatarsal fragment shows deep striations from splitting the bone

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lengthwise and distal articulations from a metapodial have been chopped from the shaft. Both of these result from working the bones to create artifacts.

In addition to the identified deer elements there are also 19 large land mammal fragments, contributing 25% of the NISP. Most of these elements are probably also deer, but could also be bear, wolf or cougar based on their similar sizes. If these elements are all deer (as seems most likely) then deer would be the single most abundant taxon by far.

Harbour seal follows deer, with 5 elements, contributing just under 7% of the NISP. Elements came from all parts of the body, suggesting whole animals were being brought to the site. At least 2 individuals were present based on size differences; one adult or sub-adult individual and one juvenile. The juvenile probably died in the late summer or fall. One sternum had cuts marks across it and the juvenile femur had cuts under the femur head.

Four river otter elements were recovered. The river otter elements came from several areas of the body suggesting whole animals were being brought to the site. The elements came from at least two individuals; an adult or sub-adult and a young juvenile. River otters are common residents on the coast but are not abundant in local archaeological sites. The presence of these four elements from two individuals is an uncommon occurrence. The juvenile individual probably died in the late summer or fall based on its size.

Three elk elements were recovered, all from one level. Two metapodial fragments and a single innominate fragment were present. Two individuals were present based on age differences between the metapodial fragments. In addition, one of the metapodial distal articulations had been chopped from the shaft and the other had cut marks on the outside edge.

A single element is tentatively identified as California sea lion. Only male California sea lions are found in BC and are the same size as the female northern sea lions. As a result it can be difficult to distinguish between these two species. In addition, the comparative collection lacks a California sea lion specimen. This element, a tarsal, was the same size as the northern sea lion female in the collection, but showed some shape differences, leading to the tentative identification as California sea lion. California sea lion has been identified from a few local archaeological sites, but is definitely an uncommon find. Its presence here (if correctly identified!) confirms the importance of marine mammal hunting at this site.

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6.5.2.3 Bird Very few bird bones were present in this assemblage and only 11 elements were identifiable. Of the 11 elements, six taxa were identified with gulls being the most abundant. Two sizes of gulls were present, large and medium. When combined, the gulls contribute just over 54% of the NISP. The gull bones are all wing elements, mostly distal wing. An abundance of wing elements is a common pattern in bird assemblages, but the presence of only distal wing elements is a bit unusual. The three large gull elements in the 17 to 27 cm level could have come from a single individual. These elements are associated with some of the large flight feathers. If feathers were being curated, these elements might be kept as well. However, this is such a small sample it is difficult to draw conclusions. Medium sized gulls are most abundant in the summer, so suggest hunting during that season.

Albatross, probably short-tailed, is the next most abundant bird with two elements. Both elements are in the same level and could have come from a single individual. Short-tailed albatross are very rare today, but are abundant in sites along the west coast of Vancouver Island, which suggests they were common in the past. Three other birds are represented by a single element each. These include medium sized goose, white-winged scoter and common murre. The white-winged scoter and common murre are abundant wintering birds in this area and common to local sites. Medium sized geese are less abundant, but not uncommon. All the goose species that fall into this size category are found on Vancouver Island only during their spring and/or fall migrations.

6.5.3 Column Samples Three samples were selected from each of the two column samples, judgmentally selected to sample distinct lenses noted during excavation. These samples were sieved and analyzed and are discussed below in terms of the vertebrate (bone) assemblage and the invertebrate (shellfish) assemblage. Column samples allow for a more detailed analysis of the site faunal as it uses a very fine mesh sieve (6.35 mm and 2.00 mm) that captures smaller shell and faunal elements than are typically recovered during excavation. Column samples often add new species to a site list. This is true for this site, but only a few new species were added and included, skate, herring and smoothhead sculpin.

6.5.3.1 Vertebrate Faunal Assemblage from Column Samples In total, 868 bone elements were recovered from the samples. Table 4 below provides the NSP and expressed percentage of the NSP from the three levels examined of each

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EU column sample. Fish comprised the largest amount, contributing 98% of the sample, followed by mammal with 10 bones recovered (1.2% of the sample) though none could be identified. Only 4 bird bones were present (0.8% fo the sample), with only one identified as common murre. As a result, this discussion will focus on the fish assemblage. A breakdown of fish elements recovered by screen size is presented in Tables 5 and 6.

Table 4: Summary of EU1 and EU2 Column Sample Vertebrate Fauna by NSP and % NSP for Each Sample.

EU1 Column Sample by level EU2 Column Sample by level 30-40 40-50 60-70 50-55 55-60 60-70 Species NSP % NSP % NSP % NSP % NSP % NSP % Bird Common murre 1 100 Bird Subtotal 1 Unid. bird 1 1 1 Total Bird 2 1 1 Fish Dogfish 1 1.7 Skate 1 3.4 Herring 5 13.9 1 12.5 6 10.0 2 6.9 Salmon 2 5.6 1 12.5 4 8.9 7 11.7 1 3.4 8 47.0 Pollock/ Pacific cod 1 2.2 N Clingfish 1 2.8 1 12.5 2 3.3 1 3.4 Sablefish 5 13.9 1 12.5 2 3.3 Greenling sp 10 27.8 2 25.0 33 73.3 33 55.0 15 51.7 8 47.0 Lingcod 1 2.8 Prickleback 4 11.1 3 6.7 Gunnel/ Prickleback 1 12.5 6 10.0 5 17.2 Gunnel sp. 3 6.7 Rockfish 1 1.7 2 6.9 Smoothhead sculpin 2 6.9 Red Irish lord 4 11.1 1 2.2 2 3.3 1 5.9 Cabezon 1 2.8 Arrowtooth flounder 1 2.8 Flatfish sp 1 2.8 1 12.5 Halibut 1 2.8 Fish subtotal 36 8 45 60 29 17 Unid. fish 231 51 129 140 90 16 Total fish 267 59 174 200 119 33 Mammal Unid. Mammal 5 4 1 2

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Greenling is the most abundant taxa in all but one of the samples. In that one sample, EU2 Level 60 to 70, it is tied for 1st rank with salmon. This pattern matches that discussed in Section 6.5.2 above for the faunal collected during the excavation of EU, though more greenling was recovered in the column samples than in the faunal collected during excavation. The size range of the greenling is also very similar, with the medium sized greenling being most abundant.

The remaining fish taxa are found in quite small numbers and their proportions are quite variable from one sample to another (probably a result of the small sample sizes). The more abundant taxa are herring, salmon, the prickleback/gunnel group, sablefish and red irish lord (in no particular order).

The prickleback/gunnel group was surprisingly abundant, between 10 to 17% of the assemblages and recovered in all but one sample. This is more abundant than in the excavation EU 1 samples, which is not surprising as these are small fish and could have been missed in the field screens. This abundance suggests to me these fish are being deliberately collected or fished, rather than entering the site in the stomach of other prey. Whether they are being eaten by people or used as bait is unknown.

Herring was missing from the EU 1 excavation sample, not a surprising result due to their small size. In the column sample it ranges from about 14% to about 7% and was usually one of the higher ranked taxa. Herring was recovered from the upper two samples of both column samples, but was missing from the lowest sample in each. Herring are usually caught in large quantity during their spawning aggregations in the early spring and can be stored for later consumption. So its presence here could result from local capture in the spring, or consumption of stored herring. Whichever is the case, it should be considered of modest importance at this site.

Salmon is also relatively abundant in the column samples and was recovered from every sample, although the abundance varied dramatically from 3 to 47%. Despite this variation, it is clearly more abundant in these samples than in the excavation EU1 samples, where it was always less than 3%. Of the 23 salmon elements identified, all but two (gill rakers) were associated with the vertebral column and most were vertebra fragments. The presence of the gill rakers indicates some salmon heads were present, suggesting fresh, whole salmon might be present. However, the abundance of vertebrae usually indicates the presence of preserved salmon fillets. The best interpretation at this point is some fresh salmon were being caught and processed at the site, while there might also be some preserved salmon present.

Sablefish is tied for 2nd rank with herring in the 30 to 40 cm sample of EU1 column sample and was recovered in less abundance in the other two samples. It was found in

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One of the more surprising results of the column samples is the general lack of elements from the large flatfish. A few are present in the 30 to 40 cm sample from the EU1 column sample, but none are present in the lower level and none were recovered from the EU2 column sample at all.

Table 5. Elements from Unit 1 Column Sample (CS) by Level and Screen Size (mm)

Species 30-40 40-50 60-70 CS 6.35 2.00 Total 6.35 2.00 Total 6.35 2.00 Total Total Herring 5 5 1 1 6 Salmon 2 2 1 1 4 4 7 Pollock/Pacific cod 1 1 1 Northern Clingfish 1 1 1 1 2 Sablefish 1 4 5 1 1 6 Greenling sp 5 5 10 2 2 7 26 33 45 Lingcod 1 1 1 Prickleback sp. 4 4 3 3 7 Gunnel/Prickleback 1 1 1 Gunnel sp. 3 3 3 Red Irish lord 3 1 4 1 1 5 Cabezon 1 1 1 Arrowtooth flounder 1 1 1 Flatfish sp 1 1 1 1 2 Halibut 1 1 1 Fish subtotal 13 23 36 1 7 8 8 37 45 89 Unidentifiable fish 18 213 231 1 50 51 129 129 411 Total fish 31 236 267 2 57 59 8 166 174 500

Table 6. Elements from Unit 2 Column Sample (CS) by Level and Screen Size (mm)

50-55 55-60 60-70 CS Species 6.35 2.00 Total 6.35 2.00 Total 6.35 2.00 Total Total Dogfish shark 1 1 1 Skate 1 1 1 Herring 6 6 2 2 8 Salmon 7 7 1 1 8 8 16 Northern Clingfish 2 2 1 1 3 Sablefish 1 1 2 2 Greenling sp 4 29 33 1 14 15 1 7 8 56 Gunnel/Prickleback 6 6 5 5 11 Rockfish sp 1 1 2 2 3 Smoothhead sculpin 2 2 2 Red Irish lord 2 2 1 1 3 Fish subtotal 5 55 60 4 25 29 1 16 17 106 Unidentifiable fish 140 140 90 90 3 13 16 246 Total fish 5 195 200 4 115 119 4 29 33 352

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6.5.3.2 Invertebrate Faunal Assemblage from Column Samples All components of the invertebrate column samples were identified and weighed for each screen size. Material that passed through the 2.00 mm screen was weighed but not analysed in any fashion. Results for each screen are given in Tables 8 and 9 and summarized in Table 7. One sample, EU2 column sample, 60 to 70 cm below surface, was an unusual sand lens. The bulk of this sample (i.e., the sand) fell through the 2.00 mm screen as can be seen by the weight of the pan component. The other samples were more typical midden samples.

Without doubt the most abundant shellfish in these samples is always California mussel, contributing a minimum of 44% and a maximum of 73% of the samples. This is a common pattern found on west coast Vancouver Island sites, where California mussel is found in large beds on the exposed coast.

Sea urchin appears to be the 2nd ranked taxon by weight, particularly in the EU1 column sample. In the 40 to 50 cm sample, sea urchin is 42.5% of the sample by weight, just a bit less than the California mussel. It was also very abundant in the 30- 40 cm sample, at 22% by weight. Sea urchin is much less abundant in the remaining samples, from 5% to less than 1%. Much of this sea urchin is from one of the two large species (purple or red), but some might be from the smaller green sea urchin. Sea urchins are a common component of many local sites, but rarely in this abundance.

Sitka periwinkle is one of the small, high intertidal dwelling snails. They tend to prefer protected beaches, so their presence in abundance in these deposits is a bit surprising. However, Sombrio Beach may have some protected rocky areas where they can live, if not, then they represent a visit to a more protected beach. They are also quite variable in their abundance, with a high of 28% to a low of less than 2%. With a maximum size of 2.5 cm, these snails are generally considered too small to be collected as human food. They are common in many site assemblages in small amounts and their presence is usually explained as inadvertent collection along with other shellfish. Their greater abundance here may indicate collection as food.

Another group that is found in moderate abundance are chitons. Three different types were present, with the black katy and gumboot (or giant Pacific) chitons being most abundant. Collectively, they have a peak abundance of 6.5% and a low of 3%. Black katy chitons were recovered in every sample. Black katy chitons are a common chiton in many archaeological sites, although not usually in such abundance.

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Gumboot chitons are less common but not rare. More unusual is the presence of the smaller Mopalia or Tonicella sp. chitons. They occupy habitats similar to the larger species, so may have been collected at the same time.

In the upper two samples from EU2, there is a modest amount of blue mussel. This mussel requires protected waters and so is generally not found in the same area as the California mussel. Again, it would not be expected on the exposed Sombrio Beach. Differentiating the two mussel species is not easy and there is some possibility of confusion in identification. However, it is interesting to note the samples with the greatest amount of blue mussel are also those with the greatest amount of Sitka periwinkle, which also prefers protected waters. The presence of the two together suggests a visit to a protected area by the site residents. In fact it is possible the Sitka periwinkles were brought to the site on the blue mussels.

The remaining shellfish are present in small quantities. A small amount of clam is present in the EU1 column sample. Littleneck clam is the only species identified, probably because it is highly identifiable even in small fragments. Exposed beaches such as Sombrio are not good clam habitats, so it is not surprising few are present in the midden. A few barnacles are present, including both acorn-type and goose neck barnacles. The quantity of barnacles is surprisingly low, as I would have expected the large edible calcareous barnacles to be present in moderate quantity. Two larger marine snails are identified, one of the dogwinkles and the dire whelk, both large enough to be commonly collected as food. Dogwinkle reaches almost 5% in EU1 column sample 60 to 70 cm and 25% in EU2 column sample 60-70. In addition, there is almost 6% marine snail (fragments too small to be identified to species) in both EU1 Column sample 60-70 and EU2 calumn sample 60-70, suggesting the actual quantity of dogwinkles may be higher in both these samples. Limpets are present in all samples at small numbers. Identifying limpets to species from the shell can be challenging, but definitely several species are present.

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Table 7. Summary in % Weight of EU1 and EU2 Column Sample Components 0.0 indicates less than 0.1 % EU1 column sample EU2 column sample Species 30-40 40-50 60-70 50-55 55-60 60-70 Littleneck clam 0.8 0.1 Clam 3.9 2.0 3.1 California mussel 58.3 43.8 48.8 73.2 52.2 52.7 Blue mussel 1.4 7.9 8.6 Barnacle 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 Gooseneck barnacle 2.3 1.0 0.6 1.9 Black katy chiton 4.8 5.0 6.4 4.0 2.1 3.9 Mopalia sp. 0.3 Gumboot chiton 1.7 1.0 Sitka periwinkle 1.6 1.2 14.4 9.4 28.3 Variable lacuna 0.0 Dire whelk 1.4 1.1 Dogwinkle 0.0 4.7 25.2 Marine snail 0.1 0.3 5.9 6.4 Shield limpet 1.3 Masked limpet 0.6 Ribbed limpet 0.7 Limpet 1.6 0.5 1.5 0.5 Keyhole limpet 3.5 Lg sea urchin 21.6 Sea urchin 42.5 5.4 0.3 0.3 4.2 Tubeworm 0.0 Unidentified shell 2.6 1.0 4.1 3.6 5.8 1.6 Total shell in grams 210.58 175.36 57.23 65.48 93.73 12.13

Shell 72.7 71.8 17.0 67.3 66.3 24.3 Bone 2.6 0.4 0.8 3.1 1.8 0.6 Charcoal 1.4 2.0 2.2 6.3 14.4 0.1 Wood/roots 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 Crab shell 0.0 Rock 23.2 25.7 80.0 23.2 17.4 75.0 Total weight 289.46 244.11 337.42 97.22 141.35 49.88 Pan weight 225.76 186.00 255.40 184.79 83.86 932.20

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Table 8. EU 1 Column Sample, All Contents by Level and Screen Size (mm) in Grams

30-40 40-50 60-70 Species 6.35 2.00 Total 6.35 2.00 Total 6.35 2.00 Total Littleneck clam 1.06 0.29 1.35 0.05 0.05 Clam 7.21 1.08 8.29 3.27 0.25 3.52 0.90 0.88 1.78 California mussel 93.92 28.78 122.7 42.89 33.89 76.78 13.05 14.88 27.93 Blue mussel 0.83 0.83 Barnacle 1.63 0.50 2.13 0.56 0.36 0.92 0.58 0.58 Gooseneck barnacle 1.52 3.41 4.93 0.24 1.47 1.71 0.36 0.36 Black katy chiton 9.56 0.54 10.1 8.12 0.60 8.72 1.99 1.65 3.64 Mopalia sp. 0.19 0.19 Gumboot chiton 3.60 0.01 3.61 Sitka periwinkle 3.28 0.17 3.45 1.80 0.40 2.20 7.15 1.09 8.24 Variable lacuna 0.14 0.14 Dire whelk 0.80 0.80 Dogwinkle 0 0.14 0.14 1.92 0.79 2.71 Marine snail 0 0.24 0.24 0.44 0.17 0.61 0.90 2.46 3.36 Shield limpet 2.76 2.76 Masked limpet 1.23 1.23 Ribbed limpet 0.38 0.38 Limpet 0.76 0.18 0.94 Lg sea urchin 7.25 38.16 45.41 Sea urchin 6.13 68.32 74.45 3.07 3.07 Tubeworm 0.00 0.00 Unidentified shell 3.35 2.10 5.45 0.10 1.67 1.77 0.81 1.56 2.37 Total shell 135.45 75.13 210.58 67.94 107.42 175.36 28.47 28.76 57.23

Shell 135.45 75.13 210.58 67.94 107.42 175.36 28.47 30.76 57.23 Bone 5.29 2.24 7.53 0.09 0.85 0.94 0.86 1.85 2.71 Charcoal 1.43 2.54 3.97 2.35 2.57 4.92 2.35 4.95 7.3 Wood/roots 0.19 0.12 0.31 0.04 0.13 0.17 0 0.24 0.24 Crab shell 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 Rock 54.57 12.50 67.07 49.34 13.38 62.72 240.50 29.44 269.94 Total weight 196.93 92.53 289.46 119.76 124.35 244.11 272.18 67.24 337.42 Pan weight 225.76 186.00 255.40

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Table 9: EU 2 Column Sample, All Contents by Screen Size (mm) and Weight in Grams

50-55 55-60 60-70 Species 6.35 2.00 Total 6.35 2.00 Total 6.35 2.00 Total California mussel 17.30 30.67 47.97 29.08 19.89 48.97 2.52 3.87 6.39 Blue mussel 5.19 5.19 8.06 8.06 Barnacle 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.06 Gooseneck barnacle 0.23 0.23 Black katy chiton 1.02 1.53 2.55 0.73 1.28 2.01 0.21 0.26 0.47 Gumboot chiton 0.91 0.91 Sitka periwinkle 3.62 2.52 6.14 20.71 5.83 26.54 Dire whelk 0.74 0.74 Dogwinkle 3.06 3.06 Marine snail 0.62 0.16 0.78 Limpet 0.33 0.33 0.34 1.10 1.44 0.06 0.06 Keyhole limpet 0.43 0.43 Sea urchin 0.18 0.18 0.26 0.26 0.18 0.33 0.51 Unidentified shell 0.15 2.22 2.37 2.26 3.22 5.48 0.20 0.20 Total shell 22.83 42.65 65.48 54.03 39.70 93.73 7.02 5.11 12.13

Shell 22.83 42.65 65.48 54.03 39.70 93.73 7.02 5.11 12.13 Bone 0.39 2.59 2.98 0.74 1.88 2.62 0.07 0.24 0.31 Charcoal 2.07 4.06 6.13 1.15 19.25 20.4 0.05 0.05 Wood/roots 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.00 Rock weight 14.41 8.18 22.59 20.40 4.2 24.6 7.65 29.74 37.39 Total weight 39.7 57.52 97.22 76.32 65.03 141.35 14.74 35.14 49.88 Pan weight 184.79 83.86 932.20

6.5.4 Conclusion of Faunal Analysis Although only three levels from one excavation unit could be analysed a large number of bones were recovered from a broad array of fish and mammals. Fish bones are most abundant and come from a variety of fish found both in shallow water over rocky bottoms (such as greenling) and much deeper water (such as halibut), also probably over rock. The most abundantly caught fish appears to be greenling. However, it is quite possible the less abundant but much larger halibut may have contributed as much, or more, to the diet. In addition, many of the other fish species

Dossier 13.0139 environmental services ltd. 936 Ministry of Environment – Mr. Kirby Villeneuve Page 107 Archaeological Impact Assessment of Sombrio Beach February 19, 2014 are typically larger than the greenlings, so although abundant, greenling was probably not the most important fish in the diet. Most of the fish were probably caught by hook and line, with a few that might have been trapped or collected by hand (gunnels and pricklebacks for example). Herring and salmon elements, both in modest quantities, may have come from preserved fish rather than being caught fresh.

The mammals are almost equally divided between marine and terrestrial species, with a slight dominance of marine mammals. If the river otter, usually classed as a terrestrial mammal, is instead add to the marine mammal category, then marine mammals are definitely more abundant. Certainly more marine mammal species are present, even without including the river otter. The most abundant marine mammals are the porpoise/dolphin group, an unusual result. Overall, more pinnipeds are probably being hunted, as three (probably 4) species are present. Terrestrial mammals are not being ignored and both deer and elk are present. Mammal hunting, both marine and terrestrial, is definitely an important focus at this site.

Few birds are present, so bird hunting seems not to have been a focus here. The bird species themselves are typical of exposed waters. The only possible exception is the medium-sized goose, which might be expected in more protected waters.

The shellfish assemblage indicates a focus on several species; California mussel, sea urchin and chitons. The shellfish suggest collection of most species from Sombrio Beach itself. The presence of small amounts of clam, blue mussel and Sitka periwinkle indicates collection from a protected beach or protected portion of Sombrio beach. If a protected area is not present on Sombrio Beach, then a visit to a more protected beach would be necessary.

Dates from this site suggest it has only been occupied (at least in the area of the evaluative units) for about 500 years. For such a short term of occupation, this is a dense deposit of bone. This suggests either a short term occupation by a large number of people or a longer (all year) occupation by a smaller number of people. Seasonal information from the fauna indicates fishing in the summer at least and sea mammal hunting in the summer and early fall. The birds present suggest hunting possibly in the summer (albatross and gull) and winter (common murre and white- winged scoter). However, it is possible all or most of these birds might have been present in the early fall. Taken together there is definite evidence for summer and fall occupation. This doesn’t preclude occupation all year, but suggests this may have been a summer occupation by a fairly large number of people. The faunal results collaborate with Pacheedaht accounts of Qwa:qtłis as a fishing village.

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6.6 Radio Carbon Dating A radio carbon age was determined using a charcoal sample collected from EU 2 at 70 cm DBS, the basal depth of cultural deposit at DcSb-1. The sample was analysed by Beta Analytic (see Appendix E for full report). The measured radio carbon age is 680+/- 30 BP, the conventional radio carbon age is 1,100 +/- 30 and the 2sigma calibrated age (95% probability) is 480-390 BP, or 1470-1560 AD. The date corresponds to Pacheedaht accounts of Qwa:qtłis as a fishing village present at Sombrio until the early 1900s and supports the artifact assemblage analysis as firmly within the late period of the West Coast Culture Type.

7.0 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT Cultural deposits from DcSb-1 are present in the area of the Central Sombrio campsites. Deep, intact, and well-stratified shell midden with an upper level of historic and modern disturbance is present for a distance of 155 m along the beach and extending inland for 50 m. However, current plans will avoid any damage to the cultural deposits. The existing trail runs close to the northwesterly end of the midden berm, but does not impact it. Both sides of the existing path were tested, and it was confirmed there were no discernable cultural deposits northwest of the existing pathway. The area of the proposed kiosk, food cache, sign and pit toilet was specifically tested and yielded negative results. No impacts to the site are anticipated based on current plans.

Cultural deposits from DcSb-2 were confirmed to the west of the pit toilet and proposed food cache at the East Sombrio campsite location. However, the deposits here were very thin and deeply buried. No evidence of cultural deposit is present at the proposed food cache location. No impacts to the site are anticipated based on current plans.

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8.0 RESOURCE EVALUATION The significance of DcSb-1 and DcSb-2 was determined using the checklist of criteria for site evaluation in the British Columbia Archaeological Impact Assessment Guidelines (1998). The scientific, public, ethnic, and economic significance of each site identified is addressed below.

8.1 DcSb-1 Scientific Significance DcSb-1 contains evidence that can substantially enhance and support the understanding of the Pacheedaht culture history at the time of European contact as supported by the radio carbon date recovered the basal depth of intact deposit of 1470 AD and the presence of a trade bead from a similar time period. The scientific significance of DcSb-1 is determined to be high.

Public Significance DcSb-1 is located within a campground and frequent day-use area. As such, the site provides a good opportunity to facilitate and encourage public education about Pacheedaht cultural history, perhaps through the use of interpretive signs or by cultural tours led through a combined initiative of BC Parks and Pacheedaht First nation.

Ethnical Significance DcSb-1 has strong ethnic significance and ties to Pacheedaht First Nation as supported by:  Pacheedaht village site called Qwa:qtłis  Traditional halibut and rock fishing location, as well as hunting and seafood collection base  Traditional trading base to early 1900s. Economic Significance As laid out in the checklist of criteria for site evaluation in the British Columbia Archaeological Impact Assessment Guidelines (1998), economic significance is based on a visitors’ willingness to pay to visit the archaeological site and cost of travel for a visitor to reach the site. DcSb-1 does not represent a site of economic significance as the cultural materials are not observable, though if guided tours were to be offered an economic benefit is possible.

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8.2 DcSb-2 Scientific Significance DcSb-2 contains a limited amount of cultural material and the site has been severely eroded. As such, scientific significance is assessed as low.

Public Significance Given the current condition of DcSb-2, this site is assessed as low for public significance.

Ethnical Significance DcSb-2 has strong ethnic significance and ties to Pacheedaht First Nation as supported by its relationship to the nearby waterfall discussed in Section 3.3. Chief Queesto described this waterfall as being culturally significant and the distinctive environmental features at this waterfall suggests its use for ritual purposes.

Economic Significance As laid out in the checklist of criteria for site evaluation in the British Columbia Archaeological Impact Assessment Guidelines (1998), economic significance is based on a visitors’ willingness to pay to visit the archaeological site and cost of travel for a visitor to reach the site. DcSb-2 does not represent a site of economic significance.

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9.0 EVALUATION OF RESEARCH The evaluation of research is assessed in reference to Appendix A of the British Columbia Archaeological Impact Assessment Guidelines (1998) and includes: (1) the accuracy of overview predictions regarding archaeological resource density, distribution, variety, and significance in the project area, (2) the suitability of the inventory strategy and site survey techniques employed, and level of confidence that can be placed on the survey results, (3) the suitability and reliability of the site evaluation and impact assessment methods employed, (4) the relationship between the results and the stated objectives of the assessment study, including problem- orientated research objectives if applicable, and (5) appropriate research goals, objectives or opportunities for any subsequent archaeological studies in the project area.

The archaeological overview predictions were based on the presence of several known archaeological sites within the park boundaries, and supported by recent ethnographic and traditional use research conducted in the area. Cultural resources were recovered within the study area, and as such, the overview prediction is considered accurate.

The inventory strategy and survey techniques were considered suitable to this development. Given the size of the study area, an adequate amount of subsurface testing was conducted. A high level of confidence is placed on the results.

The stated objectives of the study were met as every attempt was made to identify and recover and record any cultural resources. The method of site evaluation employed follows the methods prescribed by the Archaeology Branch and incorporates both ethnographic and archaeological research in its conclusion. Therefore, it is believed to be suitable to the evaluation of both DcSb-1 and DcSb-2.

DcSb-1 has not been subject to extensive research. The current research found it to be largely intact, deep, and stratified, which makes it ideal for further preservation, and perhaps future study.

DcSb-2 has also not been subject to extensive testing or research. The current testing found it to be a thin, deeply buried deposit. Given the current plans for the area, this site will be minimally impacted, and preservation is expected by default.

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10.0 IMPACT MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS DcSb-1 is present within the area of the Central Sombrio campground, and that despite upper level disturbance, the majority of the site is intact and deposits are deep. Current development plans will not have an impact on the site. No further work is recommended at DcSb-1 with regards to this project.

Testing at DcSb-2 in the area of the East Sombrio campsite showed that the site was thin and deeply buried and that no deposits are present at the proposed food cache location. No further work is recommended at DcSb-2 with regards to this project.

All archaeological sites, whether recorded or not, are protected by legislation and may not be damaged, altered, or disturbed in any way unless under permit issued through Section 12 of the Heritage Conservation Act. Currently none of the planned repairs and improvements will impact DcSb-1 or 2. It is recommended that the site be avoided in any future plans for the park. However, should future plans within the site boundaries of DcSb-1 and 2 be considered unavoidable an Archaeological Site Alteration (ASA) permit will be required through the Archaeology Branch. As a condition of permit it would be recommended that an archaeologist monitor any impact to cultural deposits and that some form of data recovery would be likely be required, either in the form of screening or raking impacted materials, or through hand excavation. Please note that all requirements under such a permit would be at the discretion of the Archaeology Branch and made at the time of application.

Please be advised that in the event that any archaeological materials or features are encountered during the course of any future construction or ground altering activities outside of the identified boundaries of DcSb-1 and DcSb-2, work must stop immediately and it is the responsibility of the Ministry of Environment to contact the Archaeology Branch who, in consultation with affected First Nations, will determine a course of action to protect or mitigate the newly identified resource.

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11.0 REFERENCES CITED Abbot, Donald 1963 Report on an Archaeological Survey of Provincial Parks. Report on file at the Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC. Apland, Brian 1982 Chipped Stone Assemblages from the Beach Sites of the Central Coast. In Papers On Central Coast Archaeology. Edited by P. Hobler. Pp. 13- 63. Publication No. 10. Department of Archaeology, SFU, Burnaby, BC. Arima, Eugene 1975 The West Coast (Nootka) People. BC Provincial Museum, Victoria, BC. Arima, Eugene and John Dewhirst 1980 Nootkans of Vancouver Island. In Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 7 Northwest Coast, edited by W. Suttles, Pp. 391-411. Arima, Eugene, Denis St. Claire, L. Clamhouse, J. Edgar, C. Jones and J. Thomas 1991 Between Ports Alberni and Renfrew: Notes on West Coast Peoples. Canadian Ethnology Service. Mercury Series Paper 121, Canadian Museum of Civilization, Ottawa, ON. Banfield, William E. 1864 "Vancouver Island: Its Topography, Characteristics, Etc.: II the Netinett District." Victoria Gazette, 14 August , 1858, p.1; 19 August, 1858, p.1; 28 August, 1858, p.1; 3 September, 1858, p.1; 9 September, 1858, p. 1 1858, 1. Bates, Ann M. 1987 "Affiliation and Differentiation: Intertribal Interactions among the Makah and Ditidaht Indians. Unpublished Phd Disseration." Indiana University, 1987. Bouchard, Randy 1994 Appendix I: Preliminary Notes on the Pacheedaht Indian Knowledge and land Use of the Area Between Jordan River and San Juan Point. In Archaeological Resource Overview San Juan corridor by Ian Wilson and Randy Bouchard.

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Brown, Robert. " 1896 Introduction." In: The Adventures of John Jewitt, edited by Robert Brown. London: Clement Wilson Campbell, R. Wayne, Neil K. Dawe, Ian McTaggart-Cowan, John M. Cooper, Gary W. Kaiser, Michael C.E. McNall 1990 The Birds of British Columbia Volume 1. Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria. Campbell, R. Wayne, Neil K. Dawe, Ian McTaggart-Cowan, John M. Cooper, Gary W. Kaiser, Michael C.E. McNall 1990a The Birds of British Columbia Volume 2. Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria. Carlson, Catherine 2003 The Bear Cove Fauna and the Subsistence History of Northwest Coast Maritime Culture. In Archaeology of Coastal British Columbia: Essays in Honour of Professor Philip M. Hobler. Edited by R. Carlson. Pp. 65-86, Archaeology Press, SFU, Burnaby, BC. Carlson, Roy L. 1990 Cultural Antecedents. In Northwest Coast. Edited by W. Suttles. Pp. 60-69. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol 7. Smithsonian Institute, Washington, DC. 1996 Early Namu. In Early Human Occupation in British Columbia. Edited by R.L Carlson and L. Dalla Bona. Pp. 83-102. UBC Press, Vancouver, BC. Carlson, Roy and Philip M. Hobler 1976 Archaeological Survey of Seymour Inlet, Quatsino Sound and Adjacent Localities. In Current Research Reports, Edited by R. Carlson. Pp. 115-141. Pub. No. 3. Department of Archaeology, SFU, Burnaby, BC. Carmichael, Alfred. 1922 "The Legend of the Flood According to the Ohyaht Tradition." In: Indian Legends of the West Coast of Vancouver Island (manuscript). Victoria: B.C. Archives, Add Mss. 2306, 1922.

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COSEWIC 2003. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Short-tailed Albatross Phoebastria albatrus in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vi + 25 pp. (www.sararegistry.gc.ca/status/status_e.cfm) Accessed, February 7, 2014. COSEWIC 2003. COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the Steller sea lion Eumetopias jubata in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vii + 47 pp. (www.sararegistry.gc.ca/status/status_e.cfm) Crockford, Susan J., S. Gay Frederick and Rebecca Wigen 2002 “The Cape Flattery Fur Seal: An Extinct Species of Callorhinus in the Eastern North Pacific?” Canadian Journal of Archaeology 26: 152-174. Croes, Dale R 1995 The Hoko River archaeological Complex: The Wet/Dry Site (45CA213), 3000-1700 BP. Washington State University Press, Pullman. Dahlstrom, Bruce 1996 Mitigative Archaeological Excavations DdSc-12, Juan de Fuca Trail, Port Renfrew. Report on file at the Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC Department of Fisheries and Oceans 2010 Population of Pacific Harbour Seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi). Science Advisory Report 2009/011. Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat, Ottawa. Dewhirst, John 1980 The Indigenous Archaeology of Yuquot, a Nootkan Outside Village. National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa, ON. Dixon, J. 1999 Bones, Boats and Bison: Archaeology and the First Colonization of Western North America. The University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. 2001 Human colonization of the Americas: timing, technology and process. Quaternary Science Reviews. 20: 277-299.

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Ellison, Rev. W. G. 1908 "Victoria City and the Island of Vancouver." Victoria Daily Colonist, July 6 ` 1908, 25-34. Fedje, Daryl W. and Quentin Mackie 2005 Overview of Cultural History. In Haida Gwaii: Human History and Environment from the Time of the Loon to the Time of the Iron People. Edited by Fedje, D.W. and R.W. Mathewes. Pp. 154-162. UB.C. Press, Vancouver. Fedje, Daryl W., Quentin Mackie, E.J. Dixon, and T.H. Heaton. 2004 Late Wisconsin Environments and Archaeological Visibility on the Northern Northwest Coast. In Entering America: Northeast Asia and Beringia before the Last Glacial Maximum. Edited by D.B. Madsen. Pp. 97-138. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. Fedje, Daryl, Quentin Mackie, Nicole Smith and Duncan McLaren 2011 Function, Visibility and Interpretation of Archaeological Assemblages at the Pleistocene-Holocene Transition in Haida Gwaii. In From the Yenisei to the Yukon: Interpreting Lithic Assemblage Variability in Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene Beringia, edited by Ted Goebel and Ian Buvit, Texas A&M University Press, pp. 323-342. Friele, Pierre A., Ian Hutchinson 1993 Holocene sea-level change on the central west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 30 (4): pp. 832-840. Guillod, Harry 1881 "Report for West Coast Agency, 1881." In: Annual Report for the Dept. of Indian Affairs, 1881, edited by Department of Indian Affairs. Ottawa: Canada, 1881. 1881 "Report: Guillod, West Coast Agency to Indian Superintendent, 22 September 1881." In: Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs for the Year Ended 31st December, 1881, 161-65. Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1881. Haggarty, James and Richard Inglis 1984 Historical Resources Site Survey and Assessment, Pacific Rim National Park. Unpublished report, Parks Canada, Calgary, AB.

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Harbo, Rick M. 1997 Shells and Shellfish of the Pacific Northwest. Harbour Publishing, Madeira Park, BC Hart, J. L. 1973 Pacific Fishes of Canada. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Bulletin 180. Ottawa. Howay, F.W. 1969 Voyages of the "Columbia" to the Northwest Coast, 1787-1790 and 1790-1793. reprinted : 1969, Da Capo Press, New York ed. Vol. 79, Boston: Massechusetts Historical Society Collections, 1941. Inglis, George 1971 "The Pacheenahts of Port Renfrew." The Daily Colonist, August 1, 1971 1971, 12. Inglis, Richard and James Haggarty 1986 Pacific Rim National Park Ethnographic History. Unpublished report, Parks Canada, Calgary, AB/ James, Thomas, Evan Gowan, Ian Hutchinson, John J Clague, J. Vaughn Barrie 2009 Sea Level Change and Paleogeographic Reconstruction, Southern Vancouver Island, B.C., Canada. In Quaternary Science Review 28: 1200-1216. Jones, Charles, and Stephen Bosustow. 1981 Queesto, Pacheenaht Chief by Birthright. Nanaimo, B.C.: Theytus Books Jones, Charles Sr., and Eugene Arima 1973/74 "Annotated Map of Juan De Fuca Strait with Pacheedaht Place Names." In: Unpublished manuscript. Pacheedaht First Nation. Port Renfrew, BC, 1973- 1974. Karklins, Karlis 1980 A Bibilography of Glass Trade Beads in North America. South Fork Press. Kozloff, Eugene N. 1993 Seashore life of the Northern Pacific Coast: an illustrated guide to Northern California, Oregon, Washington and British Columbia. University of Washington Press, Seattle.

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Kramer, Donald E., William H. Barss, Brian C. Paust and Barry E. Bracken 1995 Guideto Northeast Pacific Flatfishes. Alaska Sea Grant College Program, Marine Advisory Bulletin #47. University of Alaska, Fairbanks. Kristensen, Kira 2013 REVISED: Archaeological Overview Assessment for Proposed Repairs to Park Trails and Facilities at Sombrio Beach and China Beach, Juan De Fuca Provincial Park. Report on file at the Archaeology Branch. Lamb, Andy and Phil Edgell 1986 Coastal Fishes of the Pacific Northwest. Harbour Publishing Co., Madeira Park, British Columbia. Lamb, Andy and Phil Edgell 2010 Coastal Fishes of the Pacific Northwest, 2nd Edition. Harbour Publishing, Madeira Park, BC. Lamb, Andy and Bernard P. Hanby 2005 Marine life of the Pacific Northwest: a photographic encyclopedia. Harbour Publishing, Madeira Park, BC. Love, Milton 1996 Probably More Than You Want to Know about the Fishes of the Pacific Coast. Really Big Press, Santa Barbara. Matson, R. G. 1976 The Glenrose Cannery Site. National Museum of Man, Mercury Series, Archaeological Survey of Canada, No. 52, Ottawa, ON. Marshall, Y. 1992 The Mowachaht/Muchalaht Archaeology Project, Final Report, Permits 1989-84 and 1990-63. British Columbia Heritage Trust, Mowachaht/Muchalaht Band, Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC. 1993 Political History of the Nuu-chah-nulth People: A Case Study of the Mowachaht and Muchalaht Tribes. PhD Dissertation, SFU, Burnaby, BC. Martinez, Esteven Jose 1789 "Diary of 1789 Voyage to Nootka. Translated from Spanish Copy in Bancroft Library by William L. Schurz." Victoria, B.C.: B.C. Archives, Add.Ms. 291, 1789.

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McKechnie, Iain and Rebecca Wigen 2011 “Toward a historical ecology of pinniped and sea otter hunting traditions on the coast of southern British Columbia” in Human Impacts on Seals, Sea Lions, and Sea Otters, edited by Todd J. Braje and Torben C. Rick. Pp. 129- 166. McMillan, Allan 1999 Since the Time of the Transformers: The Ancient Heritage of the Nuu-chah-nulth, Ditidaht and Makah. UBC Press, Vancouver, BC. 2003 The Early Component of Ts’ishaa, an Outer Coast Site on Western Vancouver Island. In Archaeology of Coastal British Columbia: Essays in Honour of Professor Philip M. Hobler. Edited by Roy L. Carlson. Archaeology Press, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC. McMillan, Alan D and Denis E. St. Claire 1982 Alberni Prehistory: Archaeological and Ethnographic Investigations on Western Vancouver Island. Theytus Books, Penticton, BC. 1996 The Toquaht Archaeological Project: Report on the 1996 Field Season. Report Submitted to the Toquaht Nation, Ucluelet, and the B.C. Heritage Trust and Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC. 2012 Huu7ii. In Huu7ii: Household Archaeology at Nuu-chah-nulth Village Site in Barkley Sound. Edited by Alan McMillan and Denis St. Claire. Archaeology Press, Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC. Meares, J. 1790 Voyages Made in the Years 1788 and 1789, from China to the Northwest Coast of America. J. Walter, London. Mitchell, Donald 1971 Archaeology of the Gulf of Georgia, A Natural Region and its Cultural Types. Syesis 4, Victoria, BC. 1990 Prehistory of the Coasts of Southern British Columbia and Northern Washington. In Northwest Coast, Edited by W. Suttles, pp. 340-358. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 7, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.Quimper, Manuel. 1790 "Descrision General Del Estrcho De Juan De Fuca." Mexico City: Archivo General de la Nacion, Historia, Tom. 68. Typescript at BC Archives AA10M57, v.6, 1790.

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Muller, J. E. 1980 Geological Outline of the Nootka Sound Region, with Notes on Stone Artifacts from Yuquot, British Columbia. In The Yuquot Project Vol. 2. Edited by W.J. Folan and J. Dewhirst. Nuszdorfer, F.C., K. Klinka and D.A. Demarchi 1991 Coastal Douglas fir zone. In Ecosystems of British Columbia, edited by Del Meidinger and Jim Pojar. B.C. Ministry of Forests, Special Report Series 6:81- 93, Crown Publications, Victoria. Olesiuk, Peter F. 2009 Preliminary Assessment of the Recovery Potential of Northern Fur Seals (Callorhinus ursinus) in British Columbia, Research Document 2008/063. Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat, Ottawa. Pojar, J., K. Klinka and D.A. Demarchi. 1991 Coastal Western Hemlock Zone. In Ecosystems of British Columbia, edited by D. Meidinger and J. Pojar. B.C. Ministry of Forests, Special Report Series 6:95-112. Crown Publications, Victoria, BC. Rahemtulla, Farid 2005 Design of Stone Tool Technology during the Early Period (CA. 10,000 - 5,000) at Namu, Central Coast of British Columbia. PhD Dissertation Department of Archaeology, SFU, Vancouver, BC. Reeves, Randall, Brent S. Stewart, Phillip J. Clapham and James A. Powell 2002 National Audubon Society Guide to the marine mammals of the world. Chanticleer Press, New York. Royal Commission on Indian Affairs for the Province of British Columbia. 1914 "Meeting with the Pachena Tribe or Band of Indians on Their No. 1 Reserve, Held on the 6th. Day of May, 1914.” Transcript obtained from http://www.ubcic.bc.ca/Resources/ourhomesare/testimonies2/index.html. Victoria, BC: Province of British Columbia/Canada, 1914. 1916 Report of the Royal Commission on Indian Affairs for the Province of British Columbia. 4 vols Victoria, BC: Acme Press, 1916. Shackleton, David 1999 Hoofed mammals of British Columbia. Mammals of British Columbia, Volume 3.Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria

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Snively, Gloria 1978 Exploring the seashore in British Columbia, Washington and Oregon. Gordon Soules Book Publishers, Ltd., West Vancouver, BC. Stafford, Jim. 2007 Woss Lake-Tahsis ‘Grease Trail’ Phase II Archaeological Impact Assessment. Report on file with the Archaeology Branch. HCA Permit 2005- 246 Stewart, Hilary 1996 Stone, bone, shell and antler: artifacts of the Northwest Coast. Douglas and McIntyre. Vancouver/Toronto. Stryd, Arnoud, Richard Brolly, J. Curtin, J. Dewhirst, and D. Hanson 1991 Archaeological Investigations at Little Beach Site, Ucluelet, BC. Interim report. Permit 1991-94. Report on file at the Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC. Suttles, Wayne 1990 "Central Coast Salish." In: Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 7, Northwest Coast., edited by Wayne Suttles, 453 - 75. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1990. Swadesh, Morris, and Mary Haas. 1931 "Nitinat Field Notebooks.” American Philosophical Society Library, Franz Boas Collection of American Linguistica, Edward Sapir Nootka Materials, W2b.2, 372.1, Microfilm reels 51 and 52. Philadelphia. Thomas, John, and Thom Hess. 1981 "An Introduction to Nitinaht Language and Culture." Victoria, BC: Unpublished Manuscript. Dept. of Linguistics, University of Victoria. Wagner, Henry R. 1791 "The Quimper Expedition of 1790." In: Spanish Explorations in the Strait of Juan De Fuca. Santa Ana, California: Fine Arts Press, 1933. Reprint, Reprint A.M.S. Press Wilson, Ian and Randy Bouchard 1994 Archaeological Resource Overview Juan de Fuca Trail Corridor. Report on file at the Archaeology Branch, Victoria BC.

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Wilson, Ian and Scott MacNab 1995 Archaeological Resource Inventory and Impact Assessment Juan De Fuca Trail Corridor, China Beach to Botanical Beach. HCA Permit 1995-019. Report on file at the Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC.

Yorath C.J. and H.W. Nasmith 1995 The Geology of Southern Vancouver Island: A Field Guide. Orca Book Publishers, Victoria, BC.

Newspaper Accounts "Reported Murder of Prospectors." The British Colonist, October 12 1870, 3. "Big Pay." The Daily Colonist, November 4 1891, 5. "Tees Brings News of Placer Find." Victoria Daily Colonist, July 6 1909, 14. Victoria Daily Colonist, July 27 1909. Victoria Daily Colonist, August 17 1909. Victoria Daily Colonist, November 2 1909. Victoria Daily Colonist, December 12 1909. Victoria Daily Colonist, April 16 1910.

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Appendix A

Shovel Test Log

Dossier 13.0139 953 Test # Location Description (depth below surface in cm) Notes DcSb-2 and STL 1 K1 WP 3 (food cache 0-8: duff; Negative location) 8-32 brown silty sand; 32-54: coarse grain sand, 2% pebbles; 54-90: tan silty clay; Continue with auger; 90-115: tan silty clay; 115-128: greasy coarse sand and pebbles. K2 4 m W of G1 & 5 0-5: duff; Negative m N of shoreline 5-95: brown silty clay; Continue with auger; 95-110 black slightly greasy loam; 110+ auger refusal. K3 3 m S of K2, 0-4: duff; Negative towards shoreline 4-60: light brown fine silty sand; 60-76: dark brown loam with 10% coarse grain grey sand; Continue with auger; 76-110: compact light brown silt, slight sand content; 110-125: dark brown loam with 10% coarse grain grey sand; 125+ auger refusal. K4 5 m S of G1 0-4 duff; Negative 4-70: brown silty sand; Continue with auger; 70-90: brown silty sand; 90-110: medium brown loam; 110-118: compact light tan fine silts; 118-122: coarse grain grey sand. K5 5 m NW of G5, 0-60: moist dark brown loam; Negative inland~12 m of Continue with auger between dense roots; shoreline 60-80: moist dark brown loam; 80-106: compact tan silts; 106-120: medium to dark brown loam, some sand content; 120-140: light tan sand. K6 5 m W of K3 0-4 duff; Positive? 4-16: roots, medium brown loam mixed with beach sand 10% 16-23: light brown fine silty sand; 23-54: dark brown loam with 10% grey sand; 54: layer of 6 cm to 18 cm sub-rounded cobbles, some fire blackened and some fire cracked; 54-64: light brown silty loam; 64-90: orange brown silty sand with clay content; Continue with auger; 90-125: orange brown clay/silt and sand, softer than above. G1 WP 6 0-10: thin grass and moss with sandy dark brown loam, Negative rootlets and topsoil, and historic glass and plastic; 10-17: firm yellowy orange sand with slight clay content, 20- 15% sub-rounded to sub-angular pebbles, and small angular to sub-angular gravel; 17-38: loose, slightly moist mid-brown loamy sand with 10% sub-rounded to sub-angular pebbles, 2% larger siltstone slabs and cobbles; 38-60: loose mid-dark brown mottled loamy sand, with rootlets and organic matter, 5% sub-angular to sub-rounded pebbles and large fist-sized blobs of blue-grey clay; 60-73: same as above but lacking large nodules of clay and with more orange staining; 73-110: dark coarse-grained sand with little to no other soil in the matrix.

954 Test # Location Description (depth below surface in cm) Notes DcSb-2 and STL 1 G2 6 m NE of K1 0-20: duff and mid-brown loam with large roots, 20% sub- Negative rounded to sub-angular cobbles, and 10% sub-angular to sub- rounded gravel; 20-36: reddish brown coarse sand with 20-30% sub-angular to sub-rounded small boulders and large cobbles, with 20% sub- angular to sub-rounded gravel; 36-60: coarse brown sand with 30% sub-angular to sub- rounded pea gravel. G3 5m SE of outhouse 0-21: topsoil and dark brown loamy sand with rootlets and Negative historic glass. 21-43: mid-brown sandy loam with 20% sub-angular to angular gravels, with charcoal and glass; 43-110: mid-brown silty sand with 15% sub-angular to angular gravels. G4 5 m NW of K2 0-13: Duff, medium dark brown sandy loam with rootlets, Negative larger roots, grass, and 2% sub-rounded pebbles; 13-41: medium-brown clay-silt with 2% sub-rounded cobbles; 41-47: medium-dark brown loam with sand and 2% pebbles; 47-64: medium brown clay-silt with 30% medium coarse sand and 5% sub-rounded to sub-angular pebbles; 64-80: dark brown loam with 5% pebbles. G5 5 m SW of G4 0-14: Duff, reddish-brown organic loam with many small Negative roots, very dry and loose; 14-60: hard-packed reddish brown silt with 30% sub-rounded to sub-angular pebbles and gravel, 1 large sub-angular boulder and many cobbles, with frequent nodules of silt and blue clay; 60-84: brown organic loam; 84-94: fine orange silt clay. DcSb-2 and Profiles taken along bank cut above beach KK1 Eastern side of trail 0-25: duff, brown loam with 15% coarse sand; Negative entrance to 25-85: light brown silty sand, 7-10% sub-rounded to sub- outhouse Waypoint angular pebbles; 9 85-100: very coarse grain to tiny pebble grey sand; 100-110: lens of dark brown loam with coarse grain grey sand; 110-114: light brown sand, some silt; 114-130: light grey brown very coarse grain sand. KK2 5 m W of KK1 0-20: slumped bank deposit of brown silt and sand; Negative 20-32: dark orange sandy silt; 32-89:Orange to light brown sand, some silt, large sandstone boulder; 89-110: coarse grain grey sand, chunk of grey clay. KK3 3 m W of GH 4 0-10: duff, brown loam with silt; Positive 10-22: light brown sand, partially slumped; 22-55: slumped; 55-80: coarse brown sand; 80-84: pocket of shell midden, medium dark brown loam, 10% shell fragmented, some burnt; 84-100: grey coarse grain sand. KK4 5 m W of GH5 0-15: brown loam with tossed sand; Negative 15-66: light brown sandy silt; 66-70: dark brown loam; 70-74: coarse grain sand; 74-77: dark brown loam; 77-82: coarse grain sand; 82-90: organics over medium brown loam.

955 Test # Location Description (depth below surface in cm) Notes DcSb-2 and Profiles taken along bank cut above beach GH1 5 m east of KK1 0-50: Duff, dark brown loamy coarse sand with roots, old Negative logs, fern, salal, horsetail; 50-75: large sub-rounded to sub-angular boulders and cobbles in dark brown loamy coarse sand. The lower level appears to have two courses of boulders, and is located near a drainage, so it appears to have been a slope reinforcement GH2 5 m east of GH1 0-10: rotten wood; Negative 10-80: dark brown loamy coarse sand and roots with several fist-sized sub-angular cobbles GH3 5 m east of GH2 0-40: roots and rotten wood; Negative 40-75: coarse grey sand with flat rounded beach pebbles; 75-90: fine brown sand with some coarse grey sands and few large rounded cobbles GH4 5 m west of KK2 0-20: coarse grey sand in a light brown loam with large roots Positive and dead wood; 20-21: a thin lens of powdery grey-yellow silt (organic?); 21-33: coarse grey sand with reddish brown loam; 33-38: organic brown loam with 20% sand, very loose; 38-41: midden lens with crushed and broken clam, and a few burnt large California mussel shells in a black-brown loam; 41-49: firm yellow-grey silt-sand with 10% sub-rounded large pebbles; 49-67: grey-brown loam with rounded to angular pea gravel and coarse sand; 67-90: coarse grey sand almost clean (less than 5% dark brown loam) with 5% large sub-rounded to rounded cobbles GH5 5 m west of KK3 0-20: roots and rotten wood; Negative 20-80: coarse grey sand and few large rounded cobbles; DcSb-1 and STL 2 G1 Waypoint 12 0-3: Topsoil with disturbed midden, a black-brown loam with Positive less than 10% medium-coarse sand, with some shell and Part of series to profile faunal material; approx. centre of site 3-43: midden material with rounded fire cracked cobbles, with crushed and broken shell (predominantly California mussel, with some oyster, limpet, barnacle, and tiny whelk), 5% sub-rounded pebbles, large amounts of urchin spines and body, sea mammal, fish, and bird remains; 43-80: black-brown organic loam with 10% fire cracked cobbles, 7% large pebbles, increased urchin from the above level, decreased large sea mammal, and the same amount of shell. G2 10 m @ 50 degrees 0-5: topsoil, rich black loam, 5% sub-rounded gravel, less than Positive from ST1 5% coarse sand, with decomposing sedges and horsetail; 5-16: black-brown greasy loam, 10% coarse gravel, 15% crushed shell (clam and California mussel), and 10% rounded fire cracked cobbles; 16-28: black-brown greasy loam, 15% coarse sand, trace crushed shell, and 5% fire cracked cobbles; 28-40: large sub-rounded cobbles, densely packed in black- brown greasy loam; 40-42: same as above, but with fewer cobbles; 42- 80: orangey clay with sand; 80-85: yellow sand; 85-90: orange clay G3 2 m @ 50 degrees 0-15: wet dark brown, organic rich silt-clay with 1% fine sand; Negative from ST2 15-33: wet mid-brown clay with 60% fine to medium sands and patches of darker loamy soil with sand; 33-110: wet grey-brown-orange clay with 60% sand; 110-130: more organic brown, increased clay, decreased sand with some preserved organics but no evidence of cultural material; 130-140: coarse grey beach sand with no soil. 956 Test # Location Description (depth below surface in cm) Notes DcSb-1 and STL 2 G4 4 m @ 50 degrees 0-12: greasy black-brown loam, 5% coarse sand, 3% sub- Positive from ST 1 angular pebbles, mixed crushed shell, roots, 10% rounded fire cracked cobbles, and historic material (nails, glass, trade bead); 12-32: greasy black-brown loam, 10% coarse sand, 30% crushed and fragmented shell (California mussel, small clam, chiton), 15% urchin remains, 20% rounded fire cracked cobbles, and abundant faunal (fish, bird, sea mammal); 32-43: black-brown greasy loam with 45% crushed, fragmented and whole shell (whole clams, California mussel, low chiton, and low small univalves); 43-75: dark black-brown loam, 20% coarse sand, 20% urchin remains, 10-15% crushed and fragmented shell (California mussel and clam, with an increased number of univalves), 20% rounded fire cracked cobbles, with decreased amounts of large mammal, but high fish and urchin; 75-80: dark black-brown coarse sand with low loam; 80-90: yellowy coarse beach sands G5 4 m @ 50 degrees 0-20: rich dark brown organic silt-loam with some fine grained Negative from ST 4 sand, including historic material and recent garbage; 20-55: wet brown loam, 5% gravel, and 2% coarse sand; 55-80: mid-brown silt, 50% coarse sand, and less than 5% sub-angular pea gravel; 80-100: mid-brown silt-clay with 50% coarse sand, and less than 2% sub-rounded pebbles G6 5 m @ 210 degrees 0-19: black-brown loam with 40% coarse sand, 10-15% sub- Positive from WP 40 rounded to sub-angular pebbles, fire cracked cobbles, rootlets, charcoal, and historic material (nails and glass); 19-30: dark brown loam with 40% coarse sand, 15% pebbles, disturbed midden, and historic material (iron objects, nails, glass), and a lithic flake; 30-36: mixed midden, crushed and fragmented shell (California mussel and clam), brown loam with 45% coarse sand and 15% sub-rounded pebbles; 36-55: mottled layers of orangey brown soil over black-brown loam with large blackened rounded fire cracked cobbles and black-brown loam with trace shell, 40% coarse sand, 20% sub-rounded to sub-angular pebbles; 55-84: orange brown sand (possibly burnt) with sub-rounded to rounded pebbles and 15% blackened small cobbles, and no shell; 84-86: orangey clay with coarse orange sand mix; 86-106: yellow sands G7 10 m @ 130 0-13: greasy black-brown loam, 10% coarse sand, 5% sub- Positive degrees from ST 6, rounded to sub-angular pebbles and gravels, 5-10% fire 5 m north (WP 42) cracked cobbles, 5% crushed shell, 5% urchin, with fish and sea mammal bone; 13-32: greasy black-brown loam, 10% coarse sand, 20% crushed and fragmented shell (California mussel, barnacle), 15-20% urchin spines and body (mainly purple urchin), fishbone, and large sea mammal vertebrae; 32-46: very low soil, 5% coarse sand, with 80% urchin body and spines (both purple and green), high amounts of fire cracked cobbles, low fish bone, and several large sea mammal bone fragments; 46-61: black-brown loam with 10% sub-rounded gravel, 15% coarse sand, 10% fire cracked cobbles, with high levels of urchin; 61-81: mottled black-brown loam with brown-grey loam and 25% coarse sand; 81-106: mottled shell skiffs in black-brown loam; 106-126: yellowy-orange sand with lenses of yellow-orange silt.

957 Test # Location Description (depth below surface in cm) Notes DcSb-1 and STL 2 G8 5m project NE of 0-31: firm moist dark brown loam with 10% coarse sand Negative ST7 rootlets, 3% rounded cobbles, no shell or faunal material; 31-77: hard-packed orange-brown silt-clay with 7% coarse to fine sands, and lenses of coarse orange-brown sand G9 6 m NNE of K21 0-24: firm organic brown loam with historical and modern Negative (WP 44) material, rootlets, no shell, FCR, or faunal material G10 WP 46 0-50:mid-brown fluffy loam, 5% coarse sand with many Negative rootlets K1 2 m SW of WP 12, 0-8 duff, with a black PVC pipe running across the surface; Positive Test 1 8-40: black loam trace shell, 10% sand content; Part of series to profile 40-67: black loam, 15% sand content Lots of FCR 5-10 cm approx. centre of site, sub-angular cobbles; downslope from Test 1 67-70: compact brown sand; WP 12 70-90: black loam trace shell; Glass frags to 40 cm 90-98: coarse brown sand Less shell, some faunal Continue with auger and a n artifact 98-113: coarse brown sand; Part of series to profile 113-130: light brown compact sandy clay approx. centre of site K2 1.5 m SW of ST K1 0-10: dark brown clay loam; Positive 10-20:dark brown clay loam with clumps of light brown clay 30-50 cm lower, loam; downslope form WP 12, 20-28: coarse grain grey brown sand, no rocks; Test 1 28-65: dark brown to black sand with high silt content, sub- Part of series to profile rounded cobble FCR and faunal; approx. centre of site 65-70: grey/brown coarse sand; Continued with auger 70-135: grey brown coarse sand K3 1.3, SW of ST K2 0-4: duff with brown clay loam; Positive 4-50: grey brown beach sand 50-60 cm lower, Continued with auger downslope form WO 50-80 cm: grey brown beach sand 12, Test 1 and slightly above (>10cm) cobble and sand beach Part of series to profile approx. centre of site AugerG1 5m @ 290 degrees 0-8: grey silt clay with 5% sand; Negative to ST 3 8-28: orange-brown silt clay with coarse sand; Part of series to profile 28-40: medium brown silt loam with low sand; approx. centre of site; 40-90: organic dark brown loam north side of midden berm in wetland AugerG2 5m @ 40 degrees 0-36: rich dark brown organic loam with lots of rootlets, and Negative from AT1 no cultural material; 36-43: rich dark brown organic loam with lots of rootlets with 15% coarse sand and 5% pea gravel; 43-58: grey silt clay with inclusions of organic matter (non- cultural), and 10% fine grained sand; 58-76: coarse grey sand; 76-90: grey silt-clay with 15% coarse sand PM1 Waypoint 11, S ide 0-3: duff; Negative of proposed main 3-12: medium brown loam 5%sand; access trail 12-84: light brown silt sand; 84-90: sand PM2 8 m W of PM1, S 0-25: medium brown loam, 5% pebbles; Negative side of proposed 25-50: light brown silty sand main access trail PM3 6 m NE of PM1 S 0-3: duff; Negative side of proposed 3-22: medium brown silty loam; main access trail 22-50: light brown silty sand K4 Waypoint 13, east 0-4: littermat; Negative side of proposed 4-28: moist brown sand, some silt; main access trail, 28-30: compact dark brown sand; pit toilet and info 30-50: compact reddish brown sand sign location 958 Test # Location Description (depth below surface in cm) Notes DcSb-1 and STL 2 K5 8 m NW of ST K4 0-22: brown silty clay; Negative 22-40: compact grey clay K6 7 m NNE of ST K4 0-2: littler mat; Negative 2-30: brown silty clay; 30-35: Compact brown sand K7 Waypoint 17, 0-18: dark brown sandy loam; Positive testing E site 18-50: dark brown to black sand, FCR, some silt content, Ceramic fragments to 20 boundary some faunal; cm 50-65: brown sand, no stone K8 Waypoint 16, 0-11: root mass and medium brown sandy loam; Negative testing E site 11-35: brown coarse grain sand and 3% cobbles Old glass fragments in boundary 15 m SE root mass of K7 K9 8 m SE of K7, 5 m 0-13: litter mat and medium brown clay loam; Negative NW of K8 13-40: coarse sand 5% cobbles Glass and ceramic fragments top 20 cm K10 6.5 m NE of ST K7, 0-55: thick organics and medium brown silt; Negative east edge of swamp 55-60: black goopy mud and standing water; are 60-75: grey coarse sand; 75-90: fine grey sandy clay K11 2.5 m SW of ST 7 0-12: very dark brown loam; Positive 12-22: very dark brown sandy loam; 22-27: 5% shell fragments, FCR, very dark brown sandy loam matrix; 27-50: grey and brown sand K12 5 m SE of ST 7 0-55: coarse grey brown beach sand Negative 55-65: brown silty and K13 3 m SE of ST 12 0-20: medium brown silty sand; Negative 20-35: light brown coarse sand 15% cobbles K14 5 m NE of ST K9 0-10: littler mat; Negative and 5 m SE of ST 10-40: coarse sand 7% cobbles K10 K15 Waypoint 40, ~ 0-6 duff; Positive 10 m E of old 6-25: dark brown loam, trace shell, some faunal; Tons of small snail at 50 house foundation. 25-30: layer 20% whole butter clam, some mussel; cm. On bench parallel 30-54: 3% fragmented shell black loam; Stones in the bottom of beach 54-80 WEST WALL: 30% tiny snail, limpet and mussel test 15 cm diameter 54-60 EAST WALL: black sandy loam 5% fragmented shell; 60-80: clean coarse grain sand with 3 big cobbles standing vertical in test Continued with auger 80-120: dark brown sand, charcoal and crushed shell; 120-140: moist fine grain brown sand Auger 1 5 m NE of K15 on 0-62: black clay loam trace to 10% shell; Positive downslope from 62-70: grey wet stick sand with 3% shell apex of bench 70: auger refusal parallel beach Auger 2 5 m NE of A1, 0-45: brown organic rich clay; Positive edge of sedges 45-55: brown organic rich clay with 10-15% crushed shell; 55-80: fine grain brown sandy clay; 80-110: fine grain light brown sand Auger 3 5 m NE of A2, 8 m 0-55: brown organic rich clay; Negative SE of PM1 55-70: brown clay sand; 70-80: fine grain brown sand K16 5 m of W PM 2 0-13: duff with brown loam clay; Negative 13-30: light reddish brown clay sand K17 8 m SW from GH 0-5: sod; Positive 7/EU, edge of 5-64: black sand, greasy and with charcoal; beach 64-80: compact light brown sandy clay

959 Test # Location Description (depth below surface in cm) Notes DcSb-1 and STL 2 K18 5 m NW K17, WP 0-3: duff; Negative 43 3-16: black sand, No shell or FCR; 16-24: compact beige sandy clay; 24-36: brown sand; 36-45: black sand; 45-70: brown sand; 70-80: black sand; 80-100: brown sand K19 5 m N of ST K18, 0-30: dark brown sandy loam with lots of historic garbage; Negative 30-60: light brown silty sand K20 5 m N of ST K19 0-13 duff; Negative 13-30: medium brown sandy loam; 30-40: light brown sandy clay K21 15 m NW of ST 0-34: burn pile of historic garbage; K18 34-50: dark brown sand, some historic debris; 50-70: brown silty sand K22 WP 45,level area 0-95: brown sand Negative above beach Auger 4 8 m NE of ST K22 0-45 medium brown silt; Negative 45-55: light brown beige fine silts with some clay Auger 5 8 m SE of Auger 4 0-45 medium brown silt; Negative 45-55: light brown beige fine silts with some clay Auger 6 8 m SE of Auger 4 0-45 medium brown silt; Negative 45-55: light brown beige fine silts with some clay K23 5 m N of ST G8, 0-6 sod; Negative west side of 6-15: brown sand; proposed main 15-36: light brown silty sand access trail K24 5 m S of GH 7 EU 0-4: duff; Positive location 4-46: black sand and FCR, one flake; 46-94: sticky beige clay K25 2.5NE of NW 0-5: sod; Positive corner of EU 5-28: black loam 7-10% fragmented shell, faunal, lots of FCR cobbles 28-36: light brown sticky clay, some sand content K26 8 m E of ST K 18 0-30: sticky brown clay Negative K27 10 m NE of ST K 0-22: very dark brown clay loam; Negative 26 22-30: light brown clay, some sand content STL 3, Soil Tests 1 WP 47, east point 0-15: litter mat; Soil tests, potential at mouth of 15-40: coarse sand determined to be low Sombrio River 2 5 m S of ST 1 0-20 little mat and large sub-rounded cobbles; Soil tests, potential 20-60: coarse sand and cobbles determined to be low STL 4, Soil Tests 1 Sombrio West 0-30: litter mat: Soil tests, potential Campsite, food 30-50: beach sand and cobbles determined to be low cache location 2 Sombrio West 0-50: little mat: Soil tests, potential Campsite, food 50-60: beach sand and cobbles determined to be low cache location

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Appendix B

Evaluative Unit Stratigraphy Log

Dossier 13.0139 961

EU Depth (cm) Soil Description Positive/Negative EU1 Level 1 Topsoil and overburden; black-brown loam with 20% coarse Positive 0-17 cm DBS sand, 15% rounded fire cracked cobbles, 15-20% sub- rounded to sub-angular pebbles and gravel, rootlets, historic material, low faunal material, 2 artifacts, and trace shell EU1 Level 2 Greasy black-brown loam with 20% coarse sand, 35-40% Positive 17-27 cm DBS crushed, fragmented and a few whole shell (California mussel, chiton, limpet, with few clam), high amount of fish bone, high amounts of green and purple urchin spines and body fragments, medium to low amounts of other faunal material (notable – one large sea mammal tooth), less than 5% rounded fire cracked cobbles, and 10% rounded to sub- rounded pebbles EU1 Level 3 Greasy black-brown loam with 15-20% coarse sand, 10% Positive 27-37 cm DBS rounded fire cracked cobbles, less than 5% rounded to sub- rounded pebbles and gravel, 30% whole, crushed and fragmented shell (California mussel, few large clam, low amounts of limpet, high amounts of small univalve), high amounts of faunal material, notably fish and urchin EU 1 Level 4 Dark black-brown loam with 20% coarse sand, 10% rounded Positive 37-47 cm DBS fire cracked cobbles, 10% rounded to sub-rounded pebbles and gravel, 20% crushed and fragmented shell (California mussel, limpet, few large clam, chiton, and few whelk), high amounts of faunal material (notably fish and bird, and three large sea mammal), and 30% urchin (purple and green) EU2 Level 1 Black-brown loam with 10% coarse sand, < 50% large Positive 0-20 cm DBS rounded cobbles and several small rounded boulders, several (with historic) pieces of FCR, and a moderate amount of historic and modern material, including many rusted nails, a rusted bolt, Styrofoam, ketchup packets, fishing line, and a round of wood (~35 cm diameter) in the southeast corner. EU2 Level 2 Black-brown loam with 10% coarse sand, <50% rounded Positive 20-30 cm DBS cobbles and rounded pebbles, with moderate amounts of (with historic) rusted nails, plastic, asphalt roofing, glass, highly rusted thin tabular ferrous material, and faunal material which includes one large sea mammal vertebra. The round of wood persists through this layer, but terminates at the bottom of this level and was removed. A shell deposit was encountered at the end of this level in the southeast corner. EU2 Level 3 Black-brown loam with ~10% coarse sand with charcoal and Positive 30-40 cm DBS sub-rounded pebbles, and 15% FCR. Shell matrix appeared in the southwest corner from 33-36 cm DBS, and fishbone and shell deposits in the northeast and northwest corners at 39-40 cm DBS. The shell deposits were comprised of some very degraded California mussel. The shell deposit in the northeast corner also contained urchin (both purple and green). There was no historic material in this layer EU2 Level 4 Greasy black-brown loam with 20% FCR, infrequent chunks Positive 40-50 cm DBS of charcoal, and varying amounts of coarse sand. The southwest corner had an increase of sand and an absence of shell material in the last 6 cm of the level. There was also an increase in the amount of small rounded cobbles and large rounded pebbles. Faunal material appeared to be comprised of fish and bird bone, small mammal, and purple and green urchin. The shell in this level was predominantly comprised of small yellowy gastropod (possibly periwinkle), California mussel, limpet, chiton, possibly small clam, and one scallop shell.

962

EU Depth (cm) Soil Description Positive/Negative EU2 Level 5 Greasy black-brown loam with 15% coarse sand and 20% Positive 50-60 cm DBS rounded fire-cracked cobbles across the whole trench, save a persistent patch of low shell and high cobbles in the southwest corner. Faunal material from this level was predominantly fish with some bird and some deer. Shell was mainly limpet, with a few whelk, California mussel, some very small clam, and an abundance of the small yellowy gastropods. The shell was mostly crushed and fragmented, though the limpet, yellowy gastropod and small clams were intact but fragile. Charcoal was present in abundance and two samples were collected. A sea mammal vertebra pendant was found in this level. EU2 Level 6 Greasy black-brown loam with 10% coarse sand with Positive 60-70 cm DBS charcoal, 15-20% rounded fire-cracked cobbles, with shell and faunal material. Faunal material was comprised largely of fish, some smaller mammal, a whale phalanx, and one large whale rib that extended across the southwest corner of the EU. Shell material was predominantly California mussel, chiton, and a notably decreased amount of the yellowy gastropods. There was also a lower level of urchin than above. All shell was very highly degraded. This layer quickly gave way to coarse orangey-yellow sand with no soil, and which included some FCR partly covered by the sand but which looked as though it had been worked in from above. There were two post holes visible in this level, one in the east wall section (PH1) and one on the north side of the EU in plan view (PH2). EU2 Level 7 >90% coarse yellowy-orange sand with no soil, and some Negative 70-90 cm DBS patches of greyish brown clay. Charcoal and FCR were very infrequent but present in the top of this layer, but they were not associated with any other cultural material and may have been trampled down in the sand from upper deposits. There was no cultural material in this layer.

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Appendix C

Artifact Catalogue

Dossier 13.0139 Sombrio Artifact # HCA Location Depth Manufacture Artifact Type SubType Material Sub Type Len (mm) Wid (mm) Thick Wgt (g) Complete Location/Comments Permit # below Type (mm) (yes/no)

Misc. Worked 13 2013.026 EU 113 cm ground Antler Tine antler 85.39 16.62 16.14 8 no broken at both ends

misc. worked broken at both ends and 19 2013.026 STL2 K12 ‐ Ground antler Beam antler 121.44 37.17 16.78 41.7 no split laterally

misc. worked 29 2013.026 EU 250‐60 cm cut, ground antler Tine antler 69.3 12.2 13.16 4.6 ? point intact, proximal end shows cut marks on one side at right angles to its length, with evidence of snapp 964 ping ‐ end seems unfinished 965 966

environmental services ltd.

Appendix D

List of Faunal Elements by Provenience

Dossier 13.0139 List of Elements by Provenience

Sample Level (cm Element BS) EU 1 00‐17 Gull (lg) ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species Excavation 1 R Carpometacarpus, proximal, less than half, adult size 1 R Carpometacarpus distal half, adult size, could be same element, didn't mend Unidentified bird: 4 Unidentified long bone shaft fragments Greenling sp ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species: 2 R Articulars, complete; 1 L Hyomandibular, proximal half; 1 R Hyomandibular, complete; 1 R Operculum, complete; 1 Vertebra (caudal) centrum, whole bone Prickleback sp. ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species: 1 R Cleithrum, complete Rockfish sp ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species: 2 Vertebrae (abdominal) centrum, whole bone Red Irish lord ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species:1 Vertebra (caudal) centrum whole bone Arrowtooth flounder ID 100% certain to species :1 Vertebra (abdominal) centrum, whole bone; 1 Vertebra (caudal) centrum, whole bone Unidentifiable fish : 9 Fragments Unidentifiable mammal: 30 Fragments River otter ID 100% certain to species : 1 R Central tarsal, complete, adult/subadult size Large land mammal:1 Rib shaft half, adult/subadult size; 4 Unidentified long bone shaft fragments; 1 Unidentified long bone shaft fragment, worked deep cut, lengthwise striations from splitting Fur seal ID 100% certain to species:1 L Cervical #1, lateral, less than half, adult/subadult size, if adult, then female; 1 R Occipital condyle, whole portion, adult size, if adult, then female; 2 Phalanges, proximal or medial, complete, juvenile/subadult based on epiphyseal fusion; 2 Phalanges, proximal or medial, proximal epiphyses, juvenile/subadult based on epiphyseal fusion Harbour seal ID 100% certain to species :1 Sternum #1, complete, adult/subadult size, butchered, cuts across width on proximal end Pinnipedia, medium ID certain to this group of families:1 Cervical vertebra centrum, whole portion, adult based on epiphyseal fusion, either harbour or fur seal, not complete enough to tell Dall's porpoise ID 100% certain to family only, genus/species tentative:1 7th Cervical, centrum fragment, adult/subadult size, matches Dall's best, but could be harbour Dall's porpoise ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species:1 3rd Thoracic centrum, whole bone, adult based on 967 epiphyseal fusion, one of 1st few thoracic, matches Dall's well Porpoise/Dolphin sp. ID 100% certain to family only, genus/species tentative: 1 R Occipital condyle, whole portion, juvenile size 17‐27 cf. Albatross (short‐tailed) ID 100% certain to family only, genus/species tentative:1 L Fibula, medial shaft, less EU 1 than half, adult size Excavation cf. Albatross (short‐tailed) ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species: 1 L Humerus, proximal articular surface, adult/subadult size, butchered, a few shallow cuts just below articular surface Goose sp. (med) ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species:1 L Ulna, proximal shaft, less than half, adult/subadult size, worked, lengthwise scrape marks, about size of snow goose Gull (med) ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species:1 L Digit 2 phalanx 2 (wing), proximal half, adult size, californicus/delawarensis size Gull (lg) ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species:1 R Digit 2 phalanx 1 (wing), complete, adult/subadult size, in 2 pieces; 1 R Digit 2 phalanx 2 (wing), complete, adult size; 1 R Pollex complete, adult size Common murre ID 100% certain to species;1 L Ulna, distal, less than half, adult size Unidentified bird:3 Fragments; 1 Unidentified long bone shaft fragment Butter Clam ID 100% certain to species: Shell, complete, with fish bones, sea urchin spines, black katy chiton Dogfish shark ID 100% certain to species: 1 Clasper sheath, complete; 1 Clasper spine, complete; 1 Dorsal spine, longitudinal shaft, half; 6 Vertebra centrum, half; 2 Vertebra centrum, whole bone Salmon shark ID certain to this group of families:1 Vertebra centrum, whole bone, salmon shark is best guess, large but not huge vertebra Salmon ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species:1 Hypural, complete; 1 L Quadrate, complete; 1 L Quadrate, incomplete articular surface; 1 Vertebra (abdominal) centrum, whole bone; 4 Vertebrae (caudal) centrum, whole bone; 4 Vertebra centrum fragments Hake ID 100% certain to species;1 L Cleithrum posterior more than half Pollock/Pacific cod ID 100% certain to family only, genus/species tentative: 1 L Cleithrum, proximal less than half; 1 R Premaxilla, anterior fragment; 1 L Supracleithrum, complete, a bit odd, but doesn't match anything else at all, cod like; 1 R Supracleithrum, complete; 1 Vertebra (abdominal) centrum, whole bone; 1 Vertebra (caudal) centrum, whole bone; 1 Vertebra centrum fragment Northern Clingfish ID 100% certain to species:1 L Cleithrum, complete Sablefish ID 100% certain to species:1 L Hyomandibular, proximal half; 1 Vertebra (abdominal) centrum, whole bone; 3 Vertebrae (caudal) centrum, whole bone; 1 Vertebra centrum fragment Greenling sp ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species:8 L Articulars, complete; 2 R Articulars, complete; 1 Basioccipital, complete; 5 L Ceratohyals, complete; 5 R Ceratohyals, complete; 2 L Cleithra, complete; 6 L Cleithra,

medial half; 1 L Cleithrum, medial, less than half; 1 L Cleithrum, proximal, less than half; 4 R Cleithra, medial half; 968 1 R Cleithrum, proximal fragment; 2 L Dentaries, more than half; 3 R Dentaries, more than half; 1 L Epihyal, complete; 2 R Epihyals, complete; 1 L Exoccipital, complete; 1 R Exoccipital, complete; 3 L Frontals, complete; 2 L Frontals, posterior half; 5 R Frontals, complete; 2 R Frontals, posterior half; 3 L Hyomandibulars, complete; 3 R Hyomandibulars, complete; 1 R Hypocoracoid, half; 2 Hypurals, complete ; 3 L Maxillae, complete; 3 R Maxillae, complete; 1 R Mesapterygoid, articular surface; 1 L Operculum, complete; 1 L Operculum, half; 4 R Operculums, complete; 3 R Operculums, articular surface; 2 L Palatines, complete; 1 Parasphenoid, anterior half; 6 Parasphenoids, complete; 1 L Parietal, complete; 1 R Parietal, complete; 1 L Pelvis, articular surface; 1 R Pelvis, complete; 2 L Postcleithrum #2, complete; 2 L Posttemporals, complete; 1 L Posttemporal, articular surface; 3 R Posttemporals, complete; 1 L Prefrontal, less than half; 1 R Prefrontal, complete; 1 L Premaxilla, anterior articular surface; 1 L Premaxilla, posterior, all but one end; 1 L Preoperculum, complete, might even be extra large; 1 L Preoperculum, more than half; 2 R Preoperculums, complete; 3 R Preoperculums, more than half; 1 L Prootic, complete; 1 L Prootic, half; 1 R Prootic, complete; 1 L Pterotic, complete; 4 L Quadrates, complete; 3 R Quadrates, complete; 1 L Sphenotic, complete; 1 L Suborbital #2, complete; 2 L Suborbitals #3, complete; 2 L Supracleithrums, complete; 2 R Supracleithrums, complete; 1 Supraethmoid, complete; 2 Vertebrae #1 centrums, whole bone; 16 Vertebrae (abdominal) centrum, whole bone; 36 Vertebrae (caudal) centrum, whole bone; 2 Vomers, complete Lingcod ID 100% certain to species :1 R Exoccipital, complete; 1 L Maxilla, proximal, less than half; 1 R Maxilla, anterior articular surface; 1 L Opisthotic, complete; 1 R Opisthotic, complete; 1 R Parietal, complete; 1 R Posttemporal, complete; 1 L Pterotic, complete; 1 L Suborbital #1, more than half; 1 L Suborbital #3, half; 1 R Suborbital #3, medial half; 1 R Suborbital #4, half; 1 Vertebra #1, centrum, more than half; 5 Vertebrae (abdominal) centrum, whole bone, 2 might be at lowest end of large category; 8 Vertebrae (caudal) centrum whole bone

Perch sp. ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species: 1 Endocranial element, complete, not sure of element, definitely perch, 1 L Postcleithrum #1, complete; 1 L Posttemporal, complete; 1 L Supracleithrum, complete; 1 Vertebra (caudal) centrum, whole bone Prickleback sp. ID 100% certain to family only, genus/species tentative: 1 L Frontal, complete; 2 Vertebrae (abdominal) centrum, whole bone, both large, but 2 sizes of large; 5 Vertebrae (caudal) centrum, whole bone Rockfish sp ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species: 1 L Cleithrum, articular surface; 1 R Dentary, anterior, less than half; 2 L Epiotics, complete; 1 R Frontal, anterior half; 1 L Hyomandibular, proximal half; 1 R Hyomandibular, proximal half; 1 Hypural, complete; 2 R Maxillae, anterior half; 1 L Nasal, complete; 1 R Operculum, articular surface ; 1 Parasphenoid, medial half; 1 R Parietal, complete; 1 L Postcleithrum #1, complete; 1 L Posttemporal, articular surface; 1 L Preoperculum, less than half; 2 Pterygiophores, complete; 2 L Supracleithrums, complete; 1 Supraoccipital, complete; 1 Vertebra #1 centrum, whole bone; 2 Vertebrae #1, complete; 5 Vertebrae (abdominal) centrum, whole bone; 1 Vertebra (caudal) centrum, less than half; 9 969 Vertebrae (caudal) centrum, whole bone; 1 Vertebral process #1, half Staghorn sculpin ID certain to this group of families:1 R Preoperculum, complete, missing 3 spines, but overall shape fits well

Red Irish lord ID 100% certain to species:1 Basioccipital, complete; 1 L Ceratohyal, complete; 1 R Ceratohyal, complete; 1 R Ceratohyal, medial half; 1 R Cleithrum, distal, less than half; 1 R Dentary, complete; 1 R Epihyal, complete; 2 L Epiotics, complete; 1 L Exoccipital, complete; 2 R Exoccipitals, complete; 2 R Frontals, anterior half; 1 R Inferior pharyngeal, complete; 1 R Maxilla, anterior, more than half; 1 L Palatine, complete; 2 Parasphenoids, medial, more than half; 1 R Parietals, complete; 1 R Pelvis, articular surface; 1 R Prefrontal, complete; 1 R Prefrontal, half; 1 L Preoperculum, complete; 1 L Prootic, complete; 1 R Prootic, complete; 1 L Pterotic, half; 1 R Sphenotic, complete; 1 L Suborbital #2, complete; 1 R Supracleithrum, complete; 1 Supraoccipital, complete; 1 Ultimate vertebra, complete; 1 Vertebra (abdominal) centrum, more than half; 1 Vertebra (abdominal) centrum, whole bone; 8 Vertebrae (caudal) centrum, whole bone; 1 Vomer, complete Cabezon ID 100% certain to species:1 L Angular, complete; 1 R Dentary, complete; 1 R Epihyal, complete; 2 R Epiotics, complete; 1 L Inferior pharyngeal, half; 1 R Mesapterygoid, complete; 1 L Operculum, complete; 1 L Operculum, all but one end; 1 L Operculum, articular surface; 1 Parasphenoid, medial fragment; 1 Parasphenoid, medial half; 2 L Parietals, complete; 1 Parietal, half, just broken enough, can't side; 1 R Preoperculum, half; 1 Preoperculum, less than half; 1 L Prootic, complete; 1 R Prootic, complete; 1 R Pterygoid, complete; 1 R Pterygoid, half; 1 R Quadrate, complete; 1 L Suborbital #1, articular surface, might be very large; 1 R Suborbital #2, articular surface; 1 L Supracleithrum, complete; 4 Vertebrae (abdominal) centrum, whole bone; 8 Vertebrae (caudal) centrum, whole bone; Arrowtooth flounder ID 100% certain to species 1 R Hyomandibular, proximal half; 2 L Quadrates, articular surface; 1 L Supracleithrum, complete; 2 R Supracleithrums, complete; 2 Vertebrae (abdominal) centrum, whole bone Petrale sole ID 100% certain to species : 1 Vertebra (caudal) centrum, half; 1 Vertebra (caudal) centrum, whole bone Flatfish sp ID 100% certain to family only, genus/species tentative:1 Hypercoracoid, articular surface, might be either halibut or arrowtooth; 1 L Pelvis, complete; 2 Vertebra #1 centrum, whole bone, either petrale or arrowtooth, too similar to separate; 1 Vertebra (abdominal) centrum, more than half, might be atlas, could be halibut; 12 Vertebrae (caudal) centrum, whole bone, either petrale or arrowtooth, too similar to separate Halibut ID 100% certain to species :1 Hypural fragment; 1 Penultimate vertebra, complete; 1 L Quadrate, complete; 1 R Quadrate, articular surface; 1 Ultimate vertebra, complete; 1 Ultimate vertebra, less than half; 2

Vertebrae (caudal) centrum fragment; 14 Vertebrae (caudal) centrum, whole bone; 1 Vertebra (caudal) centrum, 970 whole bone, from clam shell with fish bones and sea urchin spines; 25 Vertebra centrum fragments; 1 Vertebra centrum fragment, burned Unidentifiable fish: 53 Fragments; 19 Fragments, from clam shell Unidentifiable mammal:5 Rib fragments; 7 Rib shaft fragments; 31 Fragments; 1 Fragment, burned; 1 Vertebra epiphysis, juvenile/subadult based on epiphyseal fusion, big, so might be elk or sea lion; 5 Vertebra fragments, mostly bits from very young individual, river otter?? River otter ID 100% certain to family only, genus/species tentative:1 R Mandible, condyle portion, whole portion, adult/subadult size, seems a bit small for adult, but text re adult like River otter ID 100% certain to species:1 L Cervical 01, lateral half, young juvenile/juvenile size, unfused half; 1 Cervical 02, complete, young juvenile/juvenile size, missing dens and portion of body Elk ID 100% certain to species:1 R Innominate (ilium/acetabulum), medial fragment, adult/subadult size, bit of acetabulum rim and ilium; 1 Metapodial, distal articular surface, adult based on epiphyseal fusion, detritus, chop mark, both articulations chopped from shaft; 1 Metapodial, distal articular surface, subadult based on epiphyseal fusion, butchered, unfused articulation, shallow cuts on outside

Mule deer ID 100% certain to species:1 Caudal vertebra, complete, adult based on epiphyseal fusion; 1 R Femur, proximal epiphysis, subadult based on epiphyseal fusion; 1 R Main metatarsal (III/IV), proximal fragment, adult/subadult size, worked, deep, lengthwise striations for splitting; 1 Metapodial, distal articular surface, adult based on epiphyseal fusion, detritus, both articulations, chopped from shaft; 1 Proximal phalanx, distal articular surface, adult/subadult size; 1 R Ulna, trochlear notch, more than half, adult/subadult size Large land mammal:8 Unidentified long bone shaft fragments; 1 Unidentified long bone shaft fragment, burned; 1 Unidentified long bone shaft fragment, worked, deep lengthwise striations for splitting Fur seal ID 100% certain to family only, genus/species tentative: 1 Proximal phalanx, digit 1, front limb, complete, juvenile/subadult based on epiphyseal fusion, probably fur seal, might be young sea lion, female if fur seal Fur seal ID 100% certain to species:1 R Ulna, distal epiphysis, subadult based on epip Northern sea lion ID 100% certain to species:1 R Upper canine, complete, adult based on tooth root closure, worked, adult male size, 1 area ground flat, not natural, artifact? hyseal fusion, probably female Harbour seal ID 100% certain to species :1 R Rib, proximal articular surface, adult based on epiphyseal fusion, about rib#6 or 7 Pinnipedia, med ID certain to this group of families:1 Caudal vertebra, complete, adult based on epiphyseal fusion, bit too worn to id, either fur or harbour seal; 1 Vertebra centrum, whole portion, young juvenile/juvenile size, unfused vertebral body Dall's porpoise ID 100% certain to species:1 Rib, proximal, less than half, adult size, very distinctive to Dall's

Porpoise/Dolphin sp. ID 100% certain to family only, genus/species tentative:1 L Auditory bulla (tympanic), 971 complete, adult/subadult size; 1 Lumbar vertebra, more than half, adult based on epiphyseal fusion, smaller, so maybe harbour?; 1 Rib, proximal, less than half, young juvenile/juvenile size, 37‐47 Giant acorn barnacle ID 100% certain to species. California Mussel ID 100% certain to species. Horse Clam ID 100% certain to species. Black Katy Chiton ID 100% certain to species. Gumboot Chiton ID 100% certain to species. Limpet ID 100% certain to family only, genus/species tentative. Sitka Periwinkle ID 100% certain to species .Northern (Striped) Dogwinkle ID 100% certain to species. Red/purple Sea Urchin ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species White‐winged scoter ID 100% certain to family only, genus/species tentative:1 L Digit 2 phalanx 1 (wing) complete, adult/subadult size Salmon ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species:1 Vertebra (abdominal) centrum, whole bone; 1 Vertebra centrum fragment Hake ID 100% certain to species:1 L Maxilla, complete; 1 R Suborbital #1, complete Pollock ID 100% certain to species:1 L Suboperculum, complete Pollock/Pacific cod ID 100% certain to family only, genus/species tentative:1 R Exoccipital, complete; 1 R Interoperculum, complete; 1 R Palatine, complete; 1 L Sphenotic, half; 2 Vertebrae (abdominal) centrum, whole bone; 1 Vertebra (caudal) centrum, whole bone; 1 Vertebra centrum fragment Sablefish ID 100% certain to species:1 Parasphenoid, medial half; 1 R Sphenotic, complete; 4 Vertebrae (abdominal) centrum, whole bone; 7 Vertebrae (caudal) centrum, whole bone Greenling sp ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species 1 L Ceratohyal, complete; 1 R Ceratohyal, complete; 1 R Cleithrum, medial half; 1 R Cleithrum, proximal, less than half; 1 L Dentary, complete; 1 R Epiotic, complete; 2 L Frontals, complete; 1 L Hyomandibular, complete; 2 R Hyomandibulars, complete; 1 Hypural, complete; 1 L Maxilla, complete; 1 R Palatine, complete; 1 Parasphenoid, anterior, more than half; 1 Parasphenoid, complete; 1 L Pelvis, complete; 1 L Prefrontal, complete; 1 L Preoperculum, complete; 1 R Preoperculum, complete; 1 R Quadrate, complete; 1 L Supracleithrum, complete; 5 Vertebrae (abdominal) centrum, whole bone; 8 Vertebrae (caudal) centrum, whole bone; 1 Vomer, complete Lingcod ID 100% certain to species: Basioccipital, complete; 1 R Epiotic, half; 1 R Maxilla, medial half; 1 L Posttemporal, complete; 1 R Suborbital #4, complete, not sure of element; 10 Vertebrae (abdominal) centrum, whole bone; 9 Vertebrae (caudal) centrum, whole bone Prickleback sp. ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species:1 L Dentary, complete Prickleback sp. ID certain to this group of families:4 Vertebrae (abdominal) centrum, whole bone, size suggests most likely prickleback1 Vertebra (caudal) centrum, whole bone Rockfish sp ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species:1 L Angular, complete; 1 L Articular posterior half; 1 Basioccipital, complete; 1 L Ceratohyal, complete; 1 L Ceratohyal, more than half; 1 R Cleithrum, proximal, less than half; 1 L Epihyal, complete; 1 L Epihyal, more than half; 1 R Epiotic, complete; 1 R Hyomandibular, distal half; 972 1 R Hyomandibular, complete; 1 R Hypercoracoid, complete; 1 R Metapterygoid, complete; 2 L Palatines, half; 1 R Palatine, complete; 1 R Postcleithrum #1, complete; 1 R Posttemporal, less than half; 2 L Premaxilla, complete; 1 R Quadrate, complete; 1 L Sphenotic, complete; 1 L Suborbital #2, complete; 1 Suborbitals, complete; 1 L Supracleithrum, complete; 1 Urohyal, complete; 1 Vertebra (abdominal) centrum, whole bone; 1 Vomer, complete; Red Irish lord ID 100% certain to species:2 L Articulars, complete; 2 R Articulars, complete; 1 L Ceratohyal, complete; 1 L Ceratohyal, medial, less than half; 1 R Ceratohyal, complete; 1 L Cleithrum distal half; 2 L Cleithrum proximal half; 1 R Hyomandibular, complete; 1 L Inferior pharyngeal, complete; 1 R Maxilla, complete; 2 L Operculum, articular surface; 1 Parasphenoid, complete; 1 L Prefrontal, complete; 1 R Prefrontal more than half; 2 L Preoperculum, complete; 1 R Preoperculum, complete; 1 R Preoperculum less than half; 1 L Pterotic, complete; 1 L Quadrate, complete; 1 Vertebra (caudal) centrum, whole bone Cabezon ID 100% certain to species :1 L Angular, complete; 1 L Articular, complete; 1 L Articular posterior half; 1 R Articular, posterior fragment; 1 L Cleithrum, medial, less than half; 1 R Cleithrum, medial, less than half; 1 L Dentary, complete; 1 L Dentary, posterior fragment; 1 R Dentary, complete; 2 Ethmoid, complete; 1 L Exoccipital, complete; 1 L Hypercoracoid half; 2 R Hypercoracoid, complete; 1 Hypural, complete, articulates with ult vert; 1 L Interoperculum, complete; 1 L Maxilla, anterior, more than half; 1 R Maxilla, medial half; 1 R Maxilla, posterior half; 1 L Mesapterygoid fragment; 1 L Operculum, half; 1 L Operculum, more than half; 1 R Operculum, complete; 1 R Operculum, articular surface; 1 L Palatine, less than half; 1 R Palatine, complete; 1 R Palatine, half; 1 R Palatine, less than half; 1 Parasphenoid, complete; 2 Parasphenoid, medial half; 1 L Parietal, complete; 1 Penultimate vertebra centrum, half; 1 R Posttemporal, articular surface; 1 L Prefrontal, anterior, less than half; 1 R Prefrontal, anterior fragment; 2 R Preoperculum, complete; 1 L Pterotic, complete; 1 R Pterygoid, complete; 3 R Quadrate, complete, one of these might be very large, 1 R Quadrate, articular surface; 1 L Suborbital #3, articular surface; 2 R Suborbitals #3, articular surface; 1 R Suborbital #3, medial fragment; 1 Ultimate vertebra, complete; 5 Vertebrae (abdominal) centrum, whole bone; 8 Vertebrae (caudal) centrum, whole bone; 1 Vomer, complete; 1 Vomer, posterior half Arrowtooth flounder ID 100% certain to species:1 R Articular, anterior half; 1 R Cleithrum, medial half; 1 L Hyomandibular, proximal, less than half; 3 L Maxilla, anterior half; 1 L Quadrate, articular surface; 1 R Quadrate, complete; 1 R Quadrate, articular surface; 1 Ultimate vertebra, anterior half; 1 Urohyal, complete; 3 Vertebrae (abdominal) centrum, whole bone; 1 Vertebra (caudal) centrum, whole bone; 7 Vertebrae (caudal) centrum, whole bone these could be Petrale; 2 Vertebra centrum fragments, these could be petrale Fla tfish sp ID certain to this group of families:1 R Operculum, articular surface, didn't match either arrowtooth or halibut, maybe starry?? Halibut ID 100% certain to species:1 Ultimate vertebra, half; 2 Vertebrae (abdominal) centrum, whole bone; 13 Vertebrae (caudal) centrum, whole bone; 12 Vertebra centrum fragments; 1 Vomer, complete Unidentifiable fish:674 Fragments 973 Unidentifiable mammal:0 Fragments Large land mammal:3 Unidentified long bone shaft fragments Unidentifiable very large land mammal: 2 Unidentified long bone shaft fragments California sea lion ID 100% certain to family only, genus/species tentative:1 L Calcaneus, complete, adult based on epiphyseal fusion, adult male? could be female steller’s, but not exact match Fur seal ID 100% certain to species:1 L Femur, complete, young juvenile size, same size as 140, so 4‐6 weeks Northern sea lion ID 100% certain to species:3 Caudal vertebra, complete, adult based on epiphyseal fusion, adult male; 1 Cervical 03, complete, adult based on epiphyseal fusion, adult male; 1 Hyoid, complete, adult size, one of smaller segments, adult male; 1 Lumbar vertebra, complete, adult based on epiphyseal fusion, butchered, adult male, cuts on body just behind lateral process Harbour seal ID 100% certain to species:1 R Femur, proximal, all but one end, juvenile size, butchered, definitely bigger than summer death specimens, fall death?, cuts under head; 1 L Mandible, posterior, more than half, juvenile size, definitely bigger than summer death specimens, fall death?; 1 R Rib #1, complete, juvenile size, definitely bigger than summer death specimens, fall death? Dall's porpoise ID 100% certain to family only, genus/species tentative:1 Rib, proximal, less than half, subadult based on epiphyseal fusion Dall's porpoise ID 100% certain to species:1 Thoracic vertebra, complete, adult based on epiphyseal fusion, one of 1st few thoracics Porpoise/Dolphin sp. ID 100% certain to family only, genus/species tentative: 2 Lumbar vertebra centrum, whole bone, subadult based on epiphyseal fusion could be dall's or white‐sided; 1 Rib, proximal, less than half; 1 Vertebra epiphysis, complete, vsubadult based on epiphyseal fusion; 2 Vertebra processes Column 30‐40 Herring ID 100% certain to species :1 Supracleithrum, complete; 3 Vertebrae (abdominal) centrum, whole bone; 1 Sample EU Vertebra centrum, half 1, 2.00 mm Salmon ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species:1 Parapophysis, complete screen Salmon ID tentative to family group, but most likely:1 Vertebra centrum fragment, small possibility this is sablefish Northern Clingfish ID 100% certain to species:1 L Dentary, anterior, less than half, burned Sablefish ID 100% certain to species:4 Vertebra centrum fragments Greenling sp ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species: 1 R Posttemporal, complete; 1 Radials, complete; 2 Vertebrae (abdominal) centrum, whole bone; 1 Vertebra (caudal) centrum, whole bone Prickleback sp. ID certain to this group of families:1 Vertebra (abdominal) centrum, whole bone Red Irish lord ID 100% certain to species :1 Vertebra (caudal) centrum, whole bone

Flatfish sp ID 100% certain to family only, genus/species tentative:1 R Operculum, articular surface, at least 974 medium size, maybe large Unidentifiable fish:212 Fragments; 1 Fragment, calcined Unidentifiable mammal:1 Fragment; 1 Fragment, burned Column 30‐40 Sablefish ID 100% certain to species:1 Vertebra (abdominal) centrum, whole bone Sample EU 1, 6.35 mm Greenling sp ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species:1 L Hyomandibular, complete; 1 R Operculum, complete; screen 1 L Quadrate, complete; 2 Vertebrae (abdominal) centrum, whole bone Lingcod ID 100% certain to species:1 L Exoccipital, complete Red Irish lord ID 100% certain to species :1 R Maxilla anterior half; 1 R Parietal, complete; 1 R Suborbital #2, complete Cabezon ID 100% certain to species:1 L Interoperculum, complete Arrowtooth flounder ID 100% certain to species: 1 L Cleithrum, medial, more than half Halibut ID 100% certain to species:1 Vertebra (abdominal) centrum, whole bone Unidentifiable fish:18 Fragments Unidentifiable mammal:3 Fragments Column 40‐50 Herring ID 100% certain to species:1 Vertebra (abdominal) centrum, whole bone Sample EU 1, 2.00 mm Salmon ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species:1 Vertebra centrum fragment screen Northern Clingfish ID 100% certain to species:1 Vertebra #1 centrum, whole bone

Sablefish ID tentative to family group, but most likely:1 Quadrate fragment in 2 bits, includes part of articulation, shape/texture fit well Greenling sp ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species:1 L Hyomandibular, complete; 1 Vertebra (abdominal) centrum, whole bone Gunnel/Prickleback ID certain to this group of families:1 Vertebra (caudal) centrum, whole bone Unidentifiable fish:50 Fragments Unidentifiable mammal:1 Fragment; 3 Fragments, calcined Column 40‐50 Flatfish sp ID 100% certain to family only, genus/species tentative :1 Basibranchial, complete Sample EU 1, 6.35 mm Unidentifiable fish :1 Fragment screen

975 Column 60‐70 Unidentified bird:1 Unidentified long bone shaft fragment, burned Sample EU Salmon ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species:4 Vertebra centrum fragments 1, 2.00 mm Greenling sp ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species:1 L Ceratohyal, complete; 1 L Exoccipital, complete; 1 L screen Hypohyal #1, complete; 1 L Parietal, complete; 2 L Premaxilla, anterior, more than half; 1 R Pterygoid, complete; 1 R Suborbital #2, complete; 1 R Supracleithrum, complete; 1 R Supracleithrum articular surface; 3 Vertebrae (abdominal) centrum, whole bone; 10 Vertebrae (caudal) centrum, whole bone, several of these are on the small/medium size border; 2 Vertebra centrum fragments; 1 Vertebra centrum fragment, burned Prickleback sp. ID 100% certain to family only, genus/species tentative:1 Basioccipital, complete Prickleback sp. ID certain to this group of families:2 Vertebrae (caudal) centrum, whole bone Gunnel sp. ID 100% certain to family only, genus/species tentative:1 L Cleithrum, proximal, more than half Gunnel sp. ID certain to this group of families:2 Vertebrae (abdominal) centrum, whole bone Red Irish lord ID 100% certain to species:1 Vertebra (caudal) centrum half Unidentifiable fish:127 Fragments; 2 Fragments, calcined Unidentifiable mammal:1 Fragment

Column 60‐70 Common murre ID 100% certain to family only, genus/species tentative: 1 Sternum, proximal, less than half, Sample EU adult/subadult size, tip of sternum 1, 6.35 mm Pollock/Pacific cod ID 100% certain to family only, genus/species tentative: 1 Vertebra (caudal) centrum, whole screen bone Greenling sp ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species:1 L Cleithrum, proximal, less than half; 1 R Dentary, complete; 1 L Frontal, posterior half; 1 R Frontal, complete, slightly smaller than other frontal, so 2 MNI; 1 R Interoperculum, complete; 1 L Prefrontal, complete; 1 R Quadrate, complete Column 50‐55 Unidentified bird:1 Fragment Sample Dogfish shark ID 100% certain to species:1 Vertebra, centrum half EU2, 2mm Herring ID 100% certain to species :1 Vertebra (abdominal) centrum, whole bone; 5 Vertebrae (caudal) centrum, screen whole bone Salmon ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species:2 Gill rakers (primary), complete; 5 Vertebra centrum fragments Northern Clingfish ID 100% certain to species :1 Prootic, complete; 1 Vertebra (abdominal) centrum, whole bone Sablefish ID 100% certain to species:1 Vertebra centrum fragment Greenling sp ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species:1 R Angular, complete; 1 Epiotic, complete; 1 L Hyomandibular, proximal, less than half; 1 R Hypocoracoid, complete; 1 R Hypohyal #1, complete; 1 Hypural #1,

complete; 1 Hypural #2, complete; 1 Hypural #3, complete; 1 L Interoperculum, complete; 1 R Palatine, complete; 976 1 R Palatine half; 2 Penultimate vertebrae centrum, whole bone; 1 L Posttemporal, articular surface; 1 L Premaxilla, complete; 1 L Suborbital #2, complete; 1 R Supracleithrum, articular surface; 1 Ultimate vertebra centrum, whole bone; 1 Vertebra (abdominal) centrum, whole bone; 1 Vertebra (caudal) centrum half; 9 Vertebrae (caudal) centrum, whole bone Gunnel/Prickleback ID 100% certain to family only, genus/species tentative:1 Vertebra (abdominal) centrum, whole bone; 5 Vertebrae (caudal) centrum, whole bone Rockfish sp ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species: 1 Vertebra (caudal) centrum, whole bone Red Irish lord ID 100% certain to family only, genus/species tentative :1 R Cleithrum, more than half; 1 R Hypercoracoid, complete Unidentifiable fish:140 Fragments

Unidentifiable mammal:1 Fragment Column 50‐55 Sablefish ID 100% certain to species :1 Vertebra (caudal) centrum more than half Sample Greenling sp ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species:1 R Frontal, complete; 1 R Interoperculum, complete; 1 L EU2, 6.35 Prefrontal, complete; 1 Vertebra (caudal) centrum, whole bone mm screen Unidentifiable mammal:1 Fragment Column 55‐60 Unidentified bird:1 Unidentified long bone shaft fragment Sample Skate ID 100% certain to family only, genus/species tentative:1 Scute, complete EU2, 2.00 Herring ID 100% certain to species:1 R Hyomandibular, proximal, less than half; 1 Vertebra (abdominal) centrum, mm screen whole bone Northern Clingfish ID 100% certain to species :1 Cleithrum, half Greenling sp ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species:1 Basioccipital, complete; 1 R Ceratohyal, medial half; 1 R Dentary, complete; 1 Hypohyal #1, complete; 1 Hypohyal #2, complete; 1 L Postcleithrum #1, medial half; 1 R Preoperculum, medial half; 1 L Suborbital #2, complete; 1 R Supracleithrum, complete; 1 Vertebra (abdominal) centrum, whole bone; 4 Vertebrae (caudal) centrum, whole bone Gunnel/Prickleback ID 100% certain to family only, genus/species tentative:3 Vertebrae (abdominal) centrum, whole bone; 1 Vertebra (caudal) centrum half; 1 Vertebra (caudal) centrum, whole bone Smoothhead sculpin ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species:1 L Cleithrum, complete; 1 R Hyomandibular, complete, good match Unidentifiable fish:90 Fragments Column 55‐60 Salmon ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species:1 Vertebra (caudal) centrum, whole bone Sample EU2, 6.35

mm screen 977 Greenling sp ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species:1 R Hyomandibular, complete Rockfish sp ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species: 1 R Postcleithrum #1, complete; 1 L Premaxilla, complete Column 60‐70 Salmon ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species:4 Vertebra centrum fragments; 1 Vertebra centrum fragment, Sample burned; 2 Vertebral processes, articular surface; 1 Vertebral process, articular surface, burned EU2, 2.00 Greenling sp ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species:1 L Quadrate, articular surface; 1 Vertebra (abdominal) mm screen centrum, whole bone, burned; 5 Vertebrae (caudal) centrum, whole bone Red Irish lord ID 100% certain to species:1 L Hypocoracoid, complete Unidentifiable fish:13 Fragments Column 60‐70 Greenling sp ID 100% certain to family, cf. genus/species:1 R Prootic, complete Sample Unidentifiable fish:3 Fragments EU2, 6.35 mm screen

978 979

environmental services ltd.

Appendix E

Beta Analytic Report

Dossier 13.0139 980

December 11, 2013

Ms. Genevieve Hill Madrone Environmental Services Ltd. 1081 Canada Avenue Duncan, BC V9L 1V2 Canada

RE: Radiocarbon Dating Result For Sample Sombrio2L7

Dear Ms. Hill:

Enclosed is the radiocarbon dating result for one sample recently sent to us. The sample provided plenty of carbon for accurate measurement and the analysis proceeded normally. As usual, the method of analysis is listed on the report with the results and calibration data is provided where applicable.

The web directory containing the table of all your results and PDF download also contains pictures including, most importantly the portion actually analyzed. These can be saved by opening them and right clicking. Also a cvs spreadsheet download option is available and a quality assurance report is posted for each set of results. This report contains expected versus measured values for 3-5 working standards analyzed simultaneously with your sample.

The reported result is accredited to ISO-17025 standards and the analysis was performed entirely here in our laboratories. Since Beta is not a teaching laboratory, only graduates trained in accordance with the strict protocols of the ISO-17025 program participated in the analyses. When interpreting the result, please consider any communications you may have had with us regarding the sample.

If you have specific questions about the analyses, please contact us. Your inquiries are always welcome.

The cost of the analysis was charged to the MASTERCARD card provided. Thank you. As always, if you have any questions or would like to discuss the results, don’t hesitate to contact me.

Sincerely,

Digital signature on file

Page 1 of 3 981

Ms. Genevieve Hill Report Date: 12/11/2013

Madrone Environmental Services Ltd. Material Received: 10/18/2013

Sample Data Measured 13C/12C Conventional Radiocarbon Age Ratio Radiocarbon Age(*)

Beta - 362292 680 +/- 30 BP +0.4 o/oo 1100 +/- 30 BP SAMPLE : Sombrio2L7 ANALYSIS : AMS-Standard delivery MATERIAL/PRETREATMENT : (shell): acid etch 2SIGMACALIBRATION : CalAD1470to1560(CalBP480to390) ______

Page 2 of 3 982

CALIBRATIONOFRADIOCARBONAGETOCALENDARYEARS (Variables: C13/C12=0.4:Delta-R=310±0:Glob res=-200 to 500:lab. mult=1) Laboratory number: Beta-362292 Conventional radiocarbon age: 1100±30 BP (790±30 adjusted for local reservoir correction) 2 Sigma calibrated result: Cal AD 1470 to 1560 (Cal BP 480 to 390) (95% probability) Intercept data Intercept of radiocarbon age with calibration curve: Cal AD 1510 (Cal BP 440) 1 Sigma calibrated result: Cal AD 1490 to1530(Cal BP 460 to 420) (68% probability)

1100±30 BP (790±30 adjusted) S hell 9 00

8 80

8 60

8 40

8 20

8 00

7 80

Radiocarbon age (BP) 7 60

7 40

7 20

7 00

6 80 1450 14 60 147 0 1480 1 490 150 0 1510 15 20 153 0 1540 15 50 156 0 1 570 C al A D

References: Database used MARINE09 References to INTCAL09 database Heaton,et.al.,2009, Radiocarbon 51(4):1151-1164, Reimer,et.al, 2009, Radiocarbon 51(4):1111-1150, Stuiver,et.al,1993, Radiocarbon 35(1):1-244, Oeschger,et.al.,1975,Tellus 27:168-192 Mathematics used for calibration scenario A Sim plified Approach to C alibrating C 14 Dates Talma, A. S., Vogel, J. C., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2):317-322 Beta Analytic Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory 4985 S.W. 74th Court, Miami,Florida 33155 • Tel: (305)667-5167 • Fax:(305)663-0964 • E-Mail: [email protected]

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