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T Applications for British Columbia, Canada, %FDFNCFS +FOO.#VSU]1IJMMJQ"LJOT]&SJO-BUIBN .BSUJOB#FDL]"OOF,4BMPNPO]/BUBMJF$#BO MARINE PROTECTED AREA NETWORK DESIGN FEATURES THAT SUPPORT RESILIENT HUMAN-OCEAN SYSTEMS - APPLICATIONS FOR BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA - Authors Jenn M. Burt1,3*, Phillip Akins2, Erin Latham2, Martina Beck2, Anne K. Salomon1,3, Natalie C. Ban2 1 - School of Resource & Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C., Canada 2 - School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C., Canada 3 - Hakai Institute, Tula Foundation, Quadra Island, B.C., Canada * Corresponding author - [email protected] Report section lead authors: (1) JMB, (2) JMB, (3) PA, (4) JMB, (5) EL, (6) JMB Citation Burt, J.M., Akins, P., Lathem, E. Beck, M., Salomon, A.K., Ban, N.C. 2014. Marine protected area network design features that support resilient human-ocean systems - Applications for British Columbia, Canada. Simon Fraser University. British Columbia, Canada. 159 pp. Web location http://www.sfu.ca/coastal/research-series/listing/marine-protected-area-network-design-features-that-support--resi.html Disclaimer This frst version of this document was prepared for the Kitasoo/XaiXais First Nation and the Great Bear Initiative Society in July 2013. The contents are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily refect the views of the Kitasoo/XaiXais First Nation or the Great Bear Initiative Society. Funding Funding for this report was provided by the Kitasoo/XaiXais First Nation and Coastal First Nations-Great Bear Initiative Society. Additional support for J.M. Burt’s time was provided by NSERC and through the Hakai Institute as a Hakai Scholar. A.K. Salmon was supported by NSERC and the Hakai Institute, and N.C. Ban by NSERC and SSHRC. Acknowledgements We would like to thank the following persons who provided inputs and assisted with review: Dr. Dana Haggarty, Dr. Katie Lot- terhos, Dr. Jef Marliave and Jan Freiwald kindly reviewed our Adult Species Movement and Larval Duration tables. Jennfer Carpenter (Heiltsuk Integrated Management Resource Department) provided valuable information on culturally important species. Dr. Sam Gilchrist (Seabass Studios) produced Figure 3 showing species movement patterns, and Andy Lamb and Gloria Snively provided the fsh and invertebrate illustrations. Karin Bodtker, Dr. Katie Lotterhos, Sabine Jessen, and Dr. Mark Carr reviewed the ‘Ecological Design Principles’ section of the report. Dr. Phillip Dearden and Sabine Jessen reviewed the Governance section. Sabine Jessen reviewed the ‘Social Goals’ section. Dr. Nancy Turner, Dr. Jonaki Bhattacharyya, and Dr. Valentina Savo kindly reviewed the ‘Knowledge Integration’ section. General support, guidance and feedback was provided throughout by Ken Cripps and Steve Diggon. Any errors and omissions in this report are those of the authors and not of the reviewers listed above. Report layout and production by Alison Harwood of Boldfsh Creative (www.boldfshcreative.com) Cover photo: Lisa Williams (marina), Lynn Lee (kelp forest) © 2014 Simon Fraser University. All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this report for educational or other non-commercial pur- poses are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to Jenn Burt via [email protected]. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I List of Tables II List of Figures II Acronyms and Abbreviations III 1. INTRODUCTION: MPAS IN HUMAN-OCEAN SYSTEMS 1 2. ECOLOGICAL DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR MPA NETWORKS 2 2.1. Introduction 2 2.2. Literature Review 2 2.2.1. Approach and methods 2 2.2.2. Discussion - Ecological design principles and their potential application in B.C. 4 2.3. Applying Ecological Guidelines to Review MPA Policy Documents 10 2.4. Review of Species Movement and Dispersal to Inform MPA Design 12 2.4.1. Approach and methods 12 2.4.2. Results: Adult movement and larval duration for BC fsh and invertebrate species 13 2.4.3. Applying species movement and dispersal to size and spacing MPA guidelines in B.C. 18 2.5. Summary, Limitations, Conculsions 21 3. MPA GOVERNANCE AND MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS 24 3.1. Introduction 24 3.2. Literature Review 25 3.2.1. Approach and methods 25 3.2.2. Governance principles relevant to MPAs and MPA networks 25 3.2.3. Discussion 31 3.3. Applying Governance Principles to Review MPA Policy Documents 32 4. SOCIAL GOALS FOR MPAS: SYNERGIES AND TRADE-OFFS IN DESIGN AND 38 ESTABLISHMENT 4.1. Introduction 38 4.2. Literature Review 38 4.2.1. Approach and methods 38 4.2.2. Key themes underlying the social goals of MPAs and MPA network design 41 5. KNOWLEDGE INTEGRATION: INCORPORATING TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL 45 KNOWLEDGE INTO MPA PLANNING 5.1. Introduction 45 5.2. Literature Review 45 5.2.1. Approach, methods, and terminology 45 5.2.2. Knowledge integration and TEK in marine planning 46 5.2.3. Incorporating TEK to better understand the marine system 47 5.2.4. Incorporating TEK into marine monitoring 48 5.2.5. Incorporating TEK to guide management strategies and options 50 5.2.6. Challenges in knowledge integration 51 5.2.7. Concluding remarks 55 6. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 56 REFERENCES 60 APPENDICES 75 Appendix A A1 - A8 Ecological principles and guidelines for designing MPA networks. Appendix B B1 - B6 Assessment of MPA policy document using ecological design guidelines. Appendix C C1 - C14 Adult movement and depth information for select B.C. fsh and invertebrate species. Appendix D D1 - D10 Larval characteristics for select B.C. fsh and invertebrate species. Appendix E E1 - E12 Guiding principles and practices/strategies for governance of MPAs and MPA networks. Appendix F F1 - F17 Assessment of marine planning policy documents using governance principles and guidelines. Appendix G G1 - G10 Examples of social goals that complement, supplement or present trade-ofs with desired ecological outcomes of MPAs. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In this report, we synthesize the overarching principles and general guidelines that underpin the establishment of marine protected area (MPA) networks designed to meet ecological, governance, social and cultural objectives, based on the peer-reviewed literature. These guidelines are supported by scientifc research, institutional experi- ence and global case studies, and take a social-ecological systems approach to marine conservation. Information reviewed in this report suggests that the design of MPAs and MPA networks require the simultane- ous consideration of ecological features and processes, governance arrangements, economic costs and benefts, as well as social and cultural values. Planners, managers and decision-makers can use the guidelines synthesized in this report to support the process of MPA network design in their local contexts. We discuss how several of the design guidelines apply to the Pacifc region of British Columbia (B.C.), Canada, given the federal and provincial governments have committed to establishing a bioregional network of MPAs (Canada and British Columbia, 2014). In this report we reviewed and synthesized: › Ecological principles and guidelines for MPA network design, with discussion and recommendations on how each of these principles could be applied in B.C.; › Species-specifc movement and larval duration estimates for a selection of marine species of ecological, economic, cultural and conservation importance in B.C., with recommendations on how this can inform guidelines on the size and spacing of MPA networks in B.C.; › Overarching principles from global literature on good governance of MPAs and MPA networks; › Design goals and strategies for achieving diferent social objectives in MPA and MPA network planning; and › Opportunities and challenges for integrating local knowledge systems (focus on Traditional Ecological Knowledge) into marine planning and MPA design. Lastly, we assessed relevant B.C. policy documents using the ecological and good governance guideline frame- works. According to our synthesis of the literature, successful establishment and efective management of MPA networks depend on legitimate and efective governance arrangements that can accommodate ecological criteria while considering the perspectives and input of local resource users and stakeholders. Furthermore, policy makers should specify MPA objectives as this will guide design priorities, assessment and monitoring, and ensure that trade-ofs are transparent. Overall, the principles and guidelines synthesized in this report support an approach to MPA design that incor- porates biodiversity and ecosystem resilience objectives while recognizing human uses and values. Our compen- dium of information is most relevant to MPA planning processes in B.C., but can be applied and adapted to MPA and MPA network design in any other region. I LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Overarching principles and general guidelines to achieve ecological objectives in MPA 3 networks Table 2. Examples of guidelines for determining the optimal size of MPAs 6 Table 3. Examples of MPA network spacing recommendations from the scientifc literature, sci- 8 ence-based MPA guideline reports, and case examples where guidelines have been im- plemented in practice Table 4. Summary of how ecological guidelines are articulated in the Canada-BC Marine