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Los Invertebrados Marinos

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Los Invertebrados Marinos LOS INVERTEBRADOS MARINOS Editor responsable Javier A. Calcagno LOS INVERTEBRADOS MARINOS VAZQUEZ MAZZINI EDITORES Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Antropológicas CEBBAD - Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Universidad Maimónides Hidalgo 775 - 7° piso (1405BDB), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, República Argentina. Teléfonos: 011-4905-1100 (int. 1228) E-mail: [email protected] Página web: www.fundacionazara.org.ar Editor responsable: Javier A. Calcagno Foto de Tapa: Sergio Massaro Fotos de contratapa: Foto de la izquierda, Gentileza de Agustín Schiariti Las otras fotos son Gentileza de Cota Cero Buceo (Las Grutas, Río Negro) Realización, diseño y producción gráfica: José Luis Vázquez, Fernando Vázquez Mazzini y Cristina Zavatarelli Vázquez Mazzini Editores [email protected] www.vmeditores.com.ar Re ser va dos los de re chos pa ra to dos los paí ses. Nin gu na par te de es ta pu bli ca ción, in cluido el di se ño de la cu bier ta, pue de ser re pro du ci da, al ma ce na da, o trans mi ti da de nin gu na for ma, ni por nin gún me dio, sea es te electró ni co, quí- mi co, me cá ni co, electro-óp ti co, gra ba ción, fo to co pia, CD Rom, In ter net, o cual quier otro, sin la pre via au to ri za ción es cri ta por par te de la edi to rial. Este trabajo refleja exclusivamente las opiniones profesionales y científicas de los autores y no es responsabilidad de la editorial el contenido de la presente obra. Primera edición 2014 Impreso en la Argentina Se terminó de imprimir en el mes de Octubre de 2014, en la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Los invertebrados marinos / Javier A. Calcagno ... [et.al.]. - 1a ed. - Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires : Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara, 2014. 354 p. : il. ; 17x24 cm. ISBN 978-987-3781-02-5 1. Ciencias Naturales. I. Calcagno, Javier A. CDD 570 Índice PREFACIO ........................................................................................................................... 7 EL ESTUDIO DE LOS INVERTEBRADOS MARINOS ................................................... 9 Javier A. Calcagno PROTISTAS MARINOS .................................................................................................... 13 Viviana A. Alder RADIOLARIA (ACANTHARIA POLYCYSTINA Y PHAEODARIA) ........................... 35 Demetrio Boltovskoy y Nancy Correa PORIFERA ......................................................................................................................... 49 Laura Schejter CNIDARIA ......................................................................................................................... 67 Gabriel N. Genzano, Agustín Schiariti y Hermes W. Mianzan BRYOZOA .......................................................................................................................... 87 Juan López Gappa NEMATODA MARINOS DE VIDA LIBRE ..................................................................... 99 Catalina T. Pastor de Ward y Virginia Lo Russo POLYPLACOPHORA ...................................................................................................... 119 María G. Liuzzi GASTROPODA ................................................................................................................ 133 Juliana Giménez y Maria E. Torroglosa BIVALVIA ........................................................................................................................ 147 Diego G. Zelaya y Marina Güller BIVALVIA: ECOLOGÍA .................................................................................................. 163 Héctor E. Zaixso BIVALVIA: Importancia económica ................................................................................ 169 Héctor E. Zaixso CEPHALOPODA ............................................................................................................. 173 Nicolás Ortiz y María E. Ré LOS MOLUSCOS COMO BIOINDICADORES ............................................................ 193 Sebastián E. Sabatini y Javier A. Calcagno POLYCHAETA ................................................................................................................. 197 Rodolfo Elías y Lobo Orensanz BRACHYURA .................................................................................................................. 205 Sven Thatje y Javier A. Calcagno CIRRIPEDIA .................................................................................................................... 213 Jessica N. Curelovich y Javier A. Calcagno GALATHEIDAE, MUNIDIDAE, MUNIDOPSIDAE, EUMUNIDIDAE, CHIROSTYLIDAE, y KIWAIDAE ............................................................................ 225 Patricia Pérez-Barros y Mariano J. Diez LITHODIDAE ................................................................................................................. 243 Gustavo A. Lovrich AMPHIPODA ................................................................................................................... 265 Ignacio L. Chiesa y Gloria M. Alonso EUPHAUSIACEA ............................................................................................................ 277 Enrique R. Marschoff CHAETOGNATHA .......................................................................................................... 289 María C. Daponte ECHINODERMATA ......................................................................................................... 295 Analía F. Pérez, Damián G. Gil y Tamara Rubilar TUNICATA ....................................................................................................................... 317 Marcos Tatián, María C. Daponte, Ricardo Sahade y Graciela B. Esnal ESPECIES INVASORAS Y CONSERVACIÓN ............................................................. 335 Gustavo Darrigran y Santiago Torres NÓMINA DE AUTORES ................................................................................................. 353 Prefacio Los invertebrados marinos es un manual des- como “protistas”, la presente obra incluye un ar- tinado a estudiantes de nivel terciario y univer- tículo referido a la generalidad de los protozoos sitario que pretende poner una mirada sobre la marinos heterótrofos y mixótrofos bajo el título situación actual e histórica del conocimiento de de “Protistas Marinos”, mientras que los radiola- la invertebradofauna en general y en particular en rios (Acantharia, Polysystina y Phaeodaria) son el estado de su conocimiento en nuestro país. En abordados en un artículo aparte. este contexto se ha convocado a destacados espe- Otros grupos son tratados en un artículo único cialistas en cada grupo, lo que le confiere a la obra por dos o más coautores o por un solo autor. Tal una calidad especial. es el caso de los anfípodos, cnidarios, tunicados, Debido a la heterogeneidad de los temas trata- equinodermos, poliquetos, nematodos, briozoos, dos, Los invertebrados marinos se estructura en poríferos y quetognatos. También se incluye un una serie de artículos agrupados en secciones que artículo dedicado a las especies invasoras, tema los abarcan, de extensión variable, dependiendo que ha tomado mucha relevancia en las últimas de cada grupo particular. décadas debido a su impacto ecológico y econó- Algunos grupos, como por ejemplo los crustá- mico. ceos, los protistas, los bivalvos y los moluscos, Por último, cabe destacar la desinteresada par- son abordados desde distintos puntos de vista ticipación de los prestigiosos profesionales que, por varios autores en textos independientes. En restando tiempo a sus múltiples actividades, con- el caso particular de los organismos conocidos tribuyeron a que la presente obra se concrete. Javier A. Calcagno 7 El estudio de los invertebrados marinos Javier A. Calcagno Los griegos antiguos realizaron un aporte significativo al estudio de la biodiversidad animal al pro- poner la clasificación según la que se separaba a los invertebrados del resto de los animales. Así es como Aristóteles (384–322 a.C.) clasificaría a los animales como “enaima” o animales con sangre y los “anaima” o animales sin sangre, que no eran otros que los vertebrados e invertebrados respectiva- mente. Pero habría que esperar hasta los siglos XVIII y IXX para que el estudio de los invertebrados se constituyera en una disciplina sistemática, y entre los precursores en esta nueva manera de clasificar a la naturaleza es de destacar la tarea de Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (1744 –1829). Lamarck nació en Bazetin-le-Petit, Francia y aunque es más conocido por su teoría de la evolución, sus estudios universitarios fueron en medicina y su interés científico principal, la botánica. Precisamen- te, su nombramiento como miembro de la Academia Francesa de Ciencias, con lugar de trabajo en el Museo de Historia Natural, no fue en mérito a su teoría evolutiva, sino gracias a su conocimiento de los vegetales. No obstante, cuando en 1793 comenzó a desempeñarse como profesor lo hizo en el depar- tamento de “Insectos y gusanos”, al que le cambiaría el nombre por el más apropiado de “Zoología de invertebrados”, término este último cuya creación se le atribuye. Entre los aportes más significativos de Lamarck se encuentra la observación que el sistema nervioso se hace más complejo a medida que se avanza en la escala zoológica y la propuesta de esta característica como base para la clasificación de los animales en tres grupos: - Los animales dotados de irritabilidad (invertebrados inferiores) - Los animales que poseen además “sentimiento interior” (invertebrados superiores)
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