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LOS INVERTEBRADOS MARINOS Editor responsable Javier A. Calcagno LOS INVERTEBRADOS MARINOS VAZQUEZ MAZZINI EDITORES Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Antropológicas CEBBAD - Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Universidad Maimónides Hidalgo 775 - 7° piso (1405BDB), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, República Argentina. Teléfonos: 011-4905-1100 (int. 1228) E-mail: [email protected] Página web: www.fundacionazara.org.ar Editor responsable: Javier A. Calcagno Foto de Tapa: Sergio Massaro Fotos de contratapa: Foto de la izquierda, Gentileza de Agustín Schiariti Las otras fotos son Gentileza de Cota Cero Buceo (Las Grutas, Río Negro) Realización, diseño y producción gráfica: José Luis Vázquez, Fernando Vázquez Mazzini y Cristina Zavatarelli Vázquez Mazzini Editores [email protected] www.vmeditores.com.ar Re ser va dos los de re chos pa ra to dos los paí ses. Nin gu na par te de es ta pu bli ca ción, in cluido el di se ño de la cu bier ta, pue de ser re pro du ci da, al ma ce na da, o trans mi ti da de nin gu na for ma, ni por nin gún me dio, sea es te electró ni co, quí- mi co, me cá ni co, electro-óp ti co, gra ba ción, fo to co pia, CD Rom, In ter net, o cual quier otro, sin la pre via au to ri za ción es cri ta por par te de la edi to rial. Este trabajo refleja exclusivamente las opiniones profesionales y científicas de los autores y no es responsabilidad de la editorial el contenido de la presente obra. Primera edición 2014 Impreso en la Argentina Se terminó de imprimir en el mes de Octubre de 2014, en la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Los invertebrados marinos / Javier A. Calcagno ... [et.al.]. - 1a ed. - Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires : Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara, 2014. 354 p. : il. ; 17x24 cm. ISBN 978-987-3781-02-5 1. Ciencias Naturales. I. Calcagno, Javier A. CDD 570 Índice PREFACIO ........................................................................................................................... 7 EL ESTUDIO DE LOS INVERTEBRADOS MARINOS ................................................... 9 Javier A. Calcagno PROTISTAS MARINOS .................................................................................................... 13 Viviana A. Alder RADIOLARIA (ACANTHARIA POLYCYSTINA Y PHAEODARIA) ........................... 35 Demetrio Boltovskoy y Nancy Correa PORIFERA ......................................................................................................................... 49 Laura Schejter CNIDARIA ......................................................................................................................... 67 Gabriel N. Genzano, Agustín Schiariti y Hermes W. Mianzan BRYOZOA .......................................................................................................................... 87 Juan López Gappa NEMATODA MARINOS DE VIDA LIBRE ..................................................................... 99 Catalina T. Pastor de Ward y Virginia Lo Russo POLYPLACOPHORA ...................................................................................................... 119 María G. Liuzzi GASTROPODA ................................................................................................................ 133 Juliana Giménez y Maria E. Torroglosa BIVALVIA ........................................................................................................................ 147 Diego G. Zelaya y Marina Güller BIVALVIA: ECOLOGÍA .................................................................................................. 163 Héctor E. Zaixso BIVALVIA: Importancia económica ................................................................................ 169 Héctor E. Zaixso CEPHALOPODA ............................................................................................................. 173 Nicolás Ortiz y María E. Ré LOS MOLUSCOS COMO BIOINDICADORES ............................................................ 193 Sebastián E. Sabatini y Javier A. Calcagno POLYCHAETA ................................................................................................................. 197 Rodolfo Elías y Lobo Orensanz BRACHYURA .................................................................................................................. 205 Sven Thatje y Javier A. Calcagno CIRRIPEDIA .................................................................................................................... 213 Jessica N. Curelovich y Javier A. Calcagno GALATHEIDAE, MUNIDIDAE, MUNIDOPSIDAE, EUMUNIDIDAE, CHIROSTYLIDAE, y KIWAIDAE ............................................................................ 225 Patricia Pérez-Barros y Mariano J. Diez LITHODIDAE ................................................................................................................. 243 Gustavo A. Lovrich AMPHIPODA ................................................................................................................... 265 Ignacio L. Chiesa y Gloria M. Alonso EUPHAUSIACEA ............................................................................................................ 277 Enrique R. Marschoff CHAETOGNATHA .......................................................................................................... 289 María C. Daponte ECHINODERMATA ......................................................................................................... 295 Analía F. Pérez, Damián G. Gil y Tamara Rubilar TUNICATA ....................................................................................................................... 317 Marcos Tatián, María C. Daponte, Ricardo Sahade y Graciela B. Esnal ESPECIES INVASORAS Y CONSERVACIÓN ............................................................. 335 Gustavo Darrigran y Santiago Torres NÓMINA DE AUTORES ................................................................................................. 353 Prefacio Los invertebrados marinos es un manual des- como “protistas”, la presente obra incluye un ar- tinado a estudiantes de nivel terciario y univer- tículo referido a la generalidad de los protozoos sitario que pretende poner una mirada sobre la marinos heterótrofos y mixótrofos bajo el título situación actual e histórica del conocimiento de de “Protistas Marinos”, mientras que los radiola- la invertebradofauna en general y en particular en rios (Acantharia, Polysystina y Phaeodaria) son el estado de su conocimiento en nuestro país. En abordados en un artículo aparte. este contexto se ha convocado a destacados espe- Otros grupos son tratados en un artículo único cialistas en cada grupo, lo que le confiere a la obra por dos o más coautores o por un solo autor. Tal una calidad especial. es el caso de los anfípodos, cnidarios, tunicados, Debido a la heterogeneidad de los temas trata- equinodermos, poliquetos, nematodos, briozoos, dos, Los invertebrados marinos se estructura en poríferos y quetognatos. También se incluye un una serie de artículos agrupados en secciones que artículo dedicado a las especies invasoras, tema los abarcan, de extensión variable, dependiendo que ha tomado mucha relevancia en las últimas de cada grupo particular. décadas debido a su impacto ecológico y econó- Algunos grupos, como por ejemplo los crustá- mico. ceos, los protistas, los bivalvos y los moluscos, Por último, cabe destacar la desinteresada par- son abordados desde distintos puntos de vista ticipación de los prestigiosos profesionales que, por varios autores en textos independientes. En restando tiempo a sus múltiples actividades, con- el caso particular de los organismos conocidos tribuyeron a que la presente obra se concrete. Javier A. Calcagno 7 El estudio de los invertebrados marinos Javier A. Calcagno Los griegos antiguos realizaron un aporte significativo al estudio de la biodiversidad animal al pro- poner la clasificación según la que se separaba a los invertebrados del resto de los animales. Así es como Aristóteles (384–322 a.C.) clasificaría a los animales como “enaima” o animales con sangre y los “anaima” o animales sin sangre, que no eran otros que los vertebrados e invertebrados respectiva- mente. Pero habría que esperar hasta los siglos XVIII y IXX para que el estudio de los invertebrados se constituyera en una disciplina sistemática, y entre los precursores en esta nueva manera de clasificar a la naturaleza es de destacar la tarea de Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (1744 –1829). Lamarck nació en Bazetin-le-Petit, Francia y aunque es más conocido por su teoría de la evolución, sus estudios universitarios fueron en medicina y su interés científico principal, la botánica. Precisamen- te, su nombramiento como miembro de la Academia Francesa de Ciencias, con lugar de trabajo en el Museo de Historia Natural, no fue en mérito a su teoría evolutiva, sino gracias a su conocimiento de los vegetales. No obstante, cuando en 1793 comenzó a desempeñarse como profesor lo hizo en el depar- tamento de “Insectos y gusanos”, al que le cambiaría el nombre por el más apropiado de “Zoología de invertebrados”, término este último cuya creación se le atribuye. Entre los aportes más significativos de Lamarck se encuentra la observación que el sistema nervioso se hace más complejo a medida que se avanza en la escala zoológica y la propuesta de esta característica como base para la clasificación de los animales en tres grupos: - Los animales dotados de irritabilidad (invertebrados inferiores) - Los animales que poseen además “sentimiento interior” (invertebrados superiores)
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  • Research Article Early Development of Monoplex Pilearis

    Research Article Early Development of Monoplex Pilearis

    1 Research Article 2 Early Development of Monoplex pilearis and Monoplex parthenopeus (Gastropoda: 3 Cymatiidae) - Biology and Morphology 4 5 Ashlin H. Turner*, Quentin Kaas, David J. Craik, and Christina I. Schroeder* 6 7 Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Qld, Australia 8 9 *Corresponding authors: 10 Email: [email protected], phone: +61-7-3346-2023 11 Email: [email protected], phone: +61-7-3346-2021 1 12 Abstract 13 Members of family Cymatiidae have an unusually long planktonic larval life stage (veligers) which 14 allows them to be carried within ocean currents and become distributed worldwide. However, little 15 is known about these planktonic veligers and identification of the larval state of many Cymatiidae 16 is challenging at best. Here we describe the first high-quality scanning electron microscopy images 17 of the developing veliger larvae of Monoplex pilearis and Monoplex parthenopeus (Gastropoda: 18 Cymatiidae). The developing shell of Monoplex veligers was captured by SEM, showing plates 19 secreted to form the completed shell. The incubation time of the two species was recorded and 20 found to be different; M. parthenopeus took 24 days to develop fully and hatch out of the egg 21 capsules, whereas M. pilearis took over a month to leave the egg capsule. Using scanning electron 22 microscopy and geometric morphometrics, the morphology of veliger larvae was compared. No 23 significant differences were found between the shapes of the developing shell between the two 24 species; however, it was found that M. pilearis was significantly larger than M.
  • Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) Known from Benthic Monitoring Programs in the Southern California Bight

    Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) Known from Benthic Monitoring Programs in the Southern California Bight

    ISSN 0738-9388 THE FESTIVUS A publication of the San Diego Shell Club Volume XLI Special Issue June 11, 2009 Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) Known from Benthic Monitoring Programs in the Southern California Bight Timothy D. Stebbins and Douglas J. Eernisse COVER PHOTO Live specimen of Lepidozona sp. C occurring on a piece of metal debris collected off San Diego, southern California at a depth of 90 m. Photo provided courtesy of R. Rowe. Vol. XLI(6): 2009 THE FESTIVUS Page 53 CHITONS (MOLLUSCA: POLYPLACOPHORA) KNOWN FROM BENTHIC MONITORING PROGRAMS IN THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BIGHT TIMOTHY D. STEBBINS 1,* and DOUGLAS J. EERNISSE 2 1 City of San Diego Marine Biology Laboratory, Metropolitan Wastewater Department, San Diego, CA, USA 2 Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA Abstract: About 36 species of chitons possibly occur at depths greater than 30 m along the continental shelf and slope of the Southern California Bight (SCB), although little is known about their distribution or ecology. Nineteen species are reported here based on chitons collected as part of long-term, local benthic monitoring programs or less frequent region-wide surveys of the entire SCB, and these show little overlap with species that occur at depths typically encountered by scuba divers. Most chitons were collected between 30-305 m depths, although records are included for a few from slightly shallower waters. Of the two extant chiton lineages, Lepidopleurida is represented by Leptochitonidae (2 genera, 3 species), while Chitonida is represented by Ischnochitonidae (2 genera, 6-9 species) and Mopaliidae (4 genera, 7 species).