Udupi Hoteliers in Goa
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UDUPI HOTELIERS IN GOA A Sociological Study in Occupational Mobility Thesis submitted to the Goa University for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN soclowaY by GANESHA SOMAYAJI Senior Lecturer in Sociology, M.E..S. College of Arts &Commerce, Zuarinagar, Goa. ,*\‘ 'Under the guidance of 1 41 ; Shri. S.R. Phal Former Reader, Department of Sociology, Goa University and Prof. K.M. Mathew, Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences, (Administrative Guide), Goa University DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa August, 1997 STATEMENT I hereby state that this thesis is a 6onafide record of research worIjfone by me under the guidance of Shri S. R Thal, Former Reader, Department of Sociology, and Prof R,M Mathew, Dean, Eacualty of Social - Sciences (Administrative . guide), oa Vniversity. Ifurther state that no part of this thesis has been presented earlier for ani; otherDegree, Diploma, Associateship, Tetiowship or similar titles of this or any otfier 'University. Place : Taleigao Plateau Date : 8-1c191- (Gan.esha Somayaji) CERTIFICATE his is to certify that the Ph. D. thesis entitled "VVVTI 910c LLIEW5 IN GOA : A SOCIOLOGICAL STODrY 13V - OCCVTATIONAL MOBILITY" is an original workcarried out 6y ganesha Somayaji under the guidance of Shni S. x; Thar (Eed. 1992 to Te6. 1997) and under my guidance (Administrative Guide) and that no part of this work has been presented -for any other Degree, Diploma, Associateship, Fellowship or other similar \ 1 , /' Place : Taleigao Plateau (Pro KM. athew), Dean, Faculty of Soci I Sciences, and Date :e — 8 — 9q4-. Ex. Officio -lead, Department of ociology, Goa Univer ity ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The successful completion of this research work leading to Ph. D. owes much to the efficient and painstaking guidance of my research Supevisor Shri S.R. Phal, Reader, Department of Sociology Goa University. I thank him sincerely. I record my sincere thanks to Prof. K.M. Mathew, Head, Department of Sociology and the Dean of the facaulty of Social Sciences, Goa University, my present Administrative Guide/or his co- operation and interest in my research work. Principal M.S. Kamat and my colleagues in M.E.S. College of Arts and Commerce, Zuarinagar, Goa are constant source of inspiration and encouragement throughout the course of this research work. I acknowledge their support. My thanks are due to the Director, Department of Higher Education, Government of Goa for awarding me a study leave from 10-2-1996 to 18-4-1996 which facilitated me in completing my field work and materialising my library visits to Bangalore and Mysore. I take this opportunity to acknowledge the financial assistance given to me towards the completion of this work by University Grants Commission through its Minor Research Project Grants Scheme for college teachers. I thank Dr. N.K. Jain, Under Secretary, Western Regional Office (UGC), Pune. The Librarians and the staff of the following institutions extended their full co-operation and provided me with published materials pertaining to the research topic. I extend my thanks to all of them. 1.Goa University, Taleigao, Panjim, Goa. 2.M.E.S. College of Arts & Commerce, Zuarinagar, Goa. 3.Lucknow University, Lucknow. 4 4. S.M..S. College, Brahmavara, DK. 5. Mumbai University, Mumbai. 6. Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore. 7. MysOre University, Manasa Gangotri, Mysore. 8. Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. 9. The Library of Academic Staff College of Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. In the course of my actual field work I learnt a lot of things from my respondents. Though I cannot name all of them for want of space, some of them need to be mentioned because of their close association with what I am doing. They are : Shri Sundara Shetty, Shri Nagesha. Sha.nbhag, Shri Krishnamoorthy, Shri Shekhar Shetty, Shri Arun Sh.etty, Shri Vasanth Athikari, and Shri K. Janardhana Upadhya. I am thankful to these and all others who helped me by providing information. During the various phases of my research I have benefited from informal discussions with many of my teachers, friends and colleagues. Some of them are Dr. R. Indira, Dr. Satyanarayana, Dr. G.K.Karanth, Dr. William D' Silva, Dr. Sasheej Hegde, Dr. R.B. Patil, Shri V.V. Sail, Shri S.N.D. Poojary, Dr. Anil Moodbidri, Dr. C.N. f". Venugopal, late Dr. B. Vasantha Shetty, Dr. Y. Ravindranatha Rao and others. I express my deep sense of gratitude to all of them. Besides them several of my friends have helped me in various other ways. For example, Shri Sandeep Kadam and Shri Satyanarayana Gundrni helped in getting the photographs ; Shri Gajanan Madival helped in preparing the maps ; Ms. Rajalaxmi„4ssistant Librarian from ISEC provided with important books and journals ; and Ms. Sanjivani and Shri Manuel Pereira have typed the thesis. I sincerely thank them all. I recall here and acknowledge the patience and cooperation extended to me by all my family members. The roots of my interest in academics can be traced to my close association with my maternal grand father Shri Babu yane Subraya Navada who was very intimate and influential during the formative years of my childhood. He is my first teacher. The present work is dedicated to his fond memory. Ganesha Somayaji 4 CONTENTS Page No. List of Tables iii - v List of Figures vi List of Maps vii List of Photographs viii INTRODUCTION 1 - 30 Occupation and Society 1 Understanding Indian Occupational Structure Social Transformation and New Occupational Activities 4 Statement of the Problem 12 The Reasons for Confining the Study to Goa 20 Research Design and Methodology 21 Chapter Scheme 29 OCCUPATIONS AND OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY : 31 - 73 An Overview Introduction 31 Some Western Perspectives on Mobility 33 Mobility and Occupations in India 45 Studies of Udupi Hotels and Hoteliers 71 2. RESEARCH SETTING 74 - 106 Geographical Setting 74 Role Structure and Lay out of an Udupi Hotel : A Note 101 3. SOCIAL BACKGROUND OF THE UDUPI HOTELIERS IN GOA 107 - 122 4. OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE AND OCCUPATIONAL ENTRY 123 - 161 Occupational Choice in India : Interplay of Traditional and Modern Factors 123 Occupational Choice in Dakshina Kannada District 131 Occupational Choice among the Udupi Hoteliers in Goa 133 5. OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY 162 - 203 Some Conceptual Clarifications 162 Inter-generational Occupational Mobility of Udupi Hotliers in 169 Goa : Occupational Background of the Natal Family and Inflow Analysis Intra-generational Occupational Mobility of Udupi Hoteliers in Goa : Career Pattern 177 Inter-generational Occupational Mobility : Outflow Analysis 192 Consequences of Occupational Mobility 194 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 204 - 223 APPENDIX I - Interview Schedule used in the First Phase of Primary Data Collection 224 - 240 APPENDIX II - A Note on Udupi Culinary Culture 241 - 248 APPENDIX III- Glossary 249 - 250 BIBLIOGRAPHY 251 - 274 ii LIST OF TABLES Table Title Page No. No. 1 Trends of Urbanisation in India 1901 - 1991 6 2 Urban Agglomeration/cities with Population Million Plus, 1901 - 1991 7 3 Classification of the Respondents on the Basis of Caste and Size and 27 Purposive Samples 4 Occupational Categories of Workers in DK (1981) 78 5 Population of Major Castes and Communities in DK in 1971 and 1984 80 6 Population of Religious Groups in DK 1981 81 7,, Length of Roads by Type of Surface as on the 31st March, 1989 90 8 Distance from Panjim Town to other Towns by Road 91 9 Motor Vehicles in Operation as on the 31st March 92 10 No. of Post Offices, Telegraph Offices and Telephones in use 1993 - 94 93 11 Population Growth in Goa and India : 1901 - 1991 95 12 General Information of Industries : 1961 - 1991 98 13 Age Wise Distribution of the Hoteliers 108 14 Caste Wise Break up of the Hoteliers 109 15 Marital Status of the Hoteliers 111 16 Length of Residence of Hoteliers in Goa 112 17 Mother Tongue Wise Distribution of Hoteliers 112 18 Educational Background of the Hoteliers and some other Family Members 115 19 Type of Dwelling Places of the Hoteliers 116 i ii 20 Geographical Distribution of the Hoteliers : Out-migrated Space 117 21 District and Taluka wise Distribution of Udupi Hotels in Goa State 118 22 Categorisation of Udupi Hoteliers in Goa According to Year of 119 Establishment, Caste and Size 23 Growth of Hotels and Lodging Houses Including Paying Guest Houses in 120 Goa (1989 - 1994) 24 Hotels with and without Udupi Adage in their Name 121 25 Food in Matha and Food in Hotel Juxtaposed 13$ 26 Migrant and Non-migrant Udupi Hoteliers in Goa 147 27 Age at Migration of Udupi Hoteliers in Goa 148 28 Educational Background of Hoteliers and their Fathers 149 29 Reasons for Out-migration from Natal Home 150 30 Location of the Natal Family of the Hoteliers 169 31 Traditional Occupation of the Natal family 170 32 Hoteliers of Cultivation Background 171 33 Owner Cultivators and their Land 171 34 Land Ownership of Natal Families 172 35 Important Occupations Pursued by more than one Occupational Background 174 Category of Native Households 36 Occupational Distribution of Native Households with other than Cultivation 175 Occupational Background 37 Distribution of Hoteliers on the Basis of their Pre-proprietorship Status 182 38 Distribution of Hoteliers on the Basis of the Duration of Experience in 183 Others' Hotel as Workers iv 39 Financial Sources for Furnishing the Hotels 186 40 Class Perception of the Hoteliers 189 41 Frequency of Visit to Natal Home by the Hoteliers 195 LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Title Page No. 1 Expanding Social Capital and Occupational Entry 160 2 Expanding Membership of Udupi Hotels in Goa 197 vi LIST OF MAPS Map No. Title Map-1 Map of India locating Goa as Heart-land of Konkan Map-2 Map of Dakshina Kannada showing Taluka Boundaries Map-3 Map of Goa showing Taluka Boundaries vii LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHIC ILLUSTRATIONS Photograph No.