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Restless Legs Syndrome CLINICAL REVIEW J Am Board Fam Pract: first published as on 1 September 2001. Downloaded from Restless Legs Syndrome Mathew M. Clark, MD Background: Restless legs syndrome is a common but not well-recognized central nervous system dis- order that leads to insomnia and daytime distress. Methods: A MEDLINE search of the recent English language literature was undertaken with review of appropriate articles and references. Results: A growing body of work has added to an understanding of the epidemiology, diagnostic cri- teria, appropriate evaluation, and effective management of restless legs syndrome. Conclusions: Restless legs syndrome occurs in about 6% of the adult population, more so in the el- derly. Affected patients experience uncomfortable sensations in the legs with inactivity, more pro- nounced late in the day and at bedtime, which are temporarily relieved by moving the limbs. Affected patients can suffer from insomnia, disrupted sleep, daytime fatigue, and difficulty with sedentary activi- ties. Most cases are idiopathic, although secondary causes, such as iron deficiency, should be excluded. Dopaminergic agents are highly effective in treating restless legs syndrome, but side effects can be problematic. Alternative medications include benzodiazepines, opioids, gabapentin, and clonidine. (J Am Board Fam Pract 2001;14:368–74.) Wherefore to some, when being a Bed had a name for the symptoms they were experienc- they betake themselves to sleep, pres- ing.1 A 1999 task force from the American Acad- ently in the Arms and Leggs Leapings emy of Sleep Medicine summarized the current and Contractions to the Tendons, and understanding of restless legs syndrome2 and pub- so great a Restlessness and Tossing of lished associated practice parameters.3 More re- their Members ensue, that the diseased cently, a collaborative working group from the Na- http://www.jabfm.org/ are no more able to sleep, than if they tional Institutes of Health published a primary were in a Place of the greatest Torture. care-oriented review aimed at improving detection —Sir Thomas Willis and management of this common disorder.4 Family English physician, 1672 physicians today are in an improved position to recognize restless legs syndrome and to offer more Restless legs syndrome, “the most common disor- effective treatment. on 1 October 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. der you’ve never heard of,”1 is an uncomfortable sensation in the legs, typically occurring with inac- Methods tivity, especially around bedtime. Although Ekbom A MEDLINE search of the recent English lan- described restless legs syndrome more than 50 guage literature was undertaken with review of ap- years ago, physicians and the lay community re- propriate articles and references. Key words used mained largely unaware of the disorder until fairly for the search were “restless legs syndrome” and recently. “periodic limb movement.” The past decade has seen a marked increase in familiarity with restless legs syndrome, with a cor- responding increase in research activity and knowl- Description edge. A 1994 article in Modern Maturity generated Patients with restless legs syndrome experience an more than 2,600 responses from readers who finally intensely uncomfortable sensation in their legs and occasionally in other extremities that compels them to move. This sensation has been described as Submitted, revised, 20 February 2001. “creepy crawly, tingling, bubbly” and “like bugs From a private practice. Address reprint requests to Mathew M. Clark, MD, Abington Memorial Hospital, 817 tunneling.” While often quite distressing, the sen- Old York Rd, Jenkintown, PA 19046. sation is not normally reported as painful. Symp- 368 JABFP September–October 2001 Vol. 14 No. 5 toms typically appear at rest and are at least tempo- particular clinical importance in geriatric patients. rarily relieved by moving the limbs. Characteristically Restless legs syndrome can run in families, with J Am Board Fam Pract: first published as on 1 September 2001. Downloaded from following a diurnal variation, the symptoms worsen more two thirds of affected patients reporting a later in the afternoon and evenings, particularly at positive family history.11 bedtime. Most patients with restless legs syndrome also Cause experience periodic limb movements of sleep.5 The cause of restless legs syndrome and periodic These movements involve a periodic, stereotypical limb movements of sleep is not known. A possible Babinski-like flexion of the legs, with extension of mechanism for the production of symptoms in- the foot and toe, which occurs during sleep. Peri- volves disinhibition of normal central nervous sys- odic limb movements of sleep typically occur in tem pacemakers. Clinical and laboratory evidence clusters throughout the night, with a periodicity of supports a primary role of the dopaminergic system 20 to 40 seconds. Patients whose periodic limb in these disorders, with contributing influences of movements of sleep are associated with arousal and opioid and other neurotransmitters.12 Despite disrupted sleep sufficient to cause daytime drowsi- shared neurochemical features, however, current ness are said to have periodic limb movement dis- evidence does not support the concept that patients order. with restless legs syndrome are at any increased risk Although mild in some patients, the symptoms for developing Parkinson disease.13 of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb move- Both restless legs syndrome and periodic limb ments of sleep can cause intense suffering in others. movements of sleep are reported more frequently A common source of distress is insomnia. Affected by patients with certain medical conditions than patients might come to dread bedtime, as the late they are in the general population. Iron deficiency, hour and inactivity combine to produce severe even at levels insufficient to cause anemia, can be symptoms. Patients might report seeking relief by associated with restless legs syndrome.14 Dialysis pacing the floors in the middle of the night, only to patients are often affected, with studies reporting a have their symptoms return as soon as they col- prevalence of 20% to 57% in this population.15 lapse, exhausted, back to bed. Even after patients Restless legs syndrome symptoms appear to be un- http://www.jabfm.org/ are able to achieve sleep, patients with periodic affected by dialysis but are often relieved after renal limb movement disorder might find that sleep is transplantation.16 Symptoms are also more com- unrestorative and of poor quality. mon during pregnancy. One survey of 500 patients Patients with restless legs syndrome are often found that 19% reported restless legs syndrome troubled by similar daytime symptoms as well. Sed- symptoms during pregnancy, that 7% described entary activities might be difficult. Travel by car or these symptoms as “severe,” and that resolution of airplane can be uncomfortable. Patients might be on 1 October 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. symptoms occurred in 96% of affected patients unable to sit through classes or meetings or to work within 1 month of delivery.17 Increased prevalence in a seated position for any length of time. of restless legs syndrome symptoms has been re- ported in patients with hypothyroidism and diabe- Epidemiology tes, although these associations have not been ex- tensively studied and might represent coincidental Restless legs syndrome is a common disorder, al- comorbidities.2 Increased symptoms have also been though a precise figure for prevalence has been associated with decreased magnesium18 and folate hard to establish. Variations in diagnostic criteria levels.19 A small case series found that patients with and study methodology have produced results prominent leg varicosities had an increased inci- ranging between 2% and 15% of the adult popu- dence of restless legs syndrome symptoms, and that lation,6,7 with 6% recently suggested as a reason- many patients experienced improvement after scle- able estimate.8 Although symptoms in young chil- rotherapy.20 dren are relatively rare, the disorder is common in older adults. Recent studies in those older than 65 years have found that between 10% and 28% are Diagnosis affected.9,10 The severity of symptoms tends to Restless legs syndrome is diagnosed through a care- increase with age as well, so that this disorder is of ful history. Patients should describe symptoms that Restless Legs Syndrome 369 Table 1. International Restless Leg Syndrome Study Table 2. Physician and Patient Resources for Restless Group Criteria for Diagnosis of Restless Leg Leg Syndrome. J Am Board Fam Pract: first published as on 1 September 2001. Downloaded from Syndrome. Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation, Inc. A desire to move the limbs usually associated with 4410 19th Street, NW, Suite 201, Rochester, MN 55901 paresthesias or dysesthesias Patient hotline: (877)INFORLS Motor restlessness (during wakefulness patients move the Online and published information on restless leg syndrome limbs in an attempt to relieve the discomfort) for physicians and patients: www.rls.org Symptoms worse or exclusively present at rest with at least Quarterly newsletter: Night Walkers partial and temporary relief by activity Support groups Symptoms worse in the evening or night From Hening et al.2 Worldwide Education and Awareness for Movement Disorders (WE MOVE) 204 W 84th Street, New York, NY 10024 are worse in the evening, are most pronounced at Telephone: (800)437-MOV2 rest, and are at least temporarily improved by mov- Detailed online information
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