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A Case of Restless Legs Syndrome in the Setting of Long-Term Care and Dementia

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A Case of Restless Legs Syndrome in the Setting of Long-Term Care and Dementia Elmer Press Case Report J Med Cases • 2013;4(2):72-74 A Case of Restless Legs Syndrome in the Setting of Long-Term Care and Dementia Joshua Fauchera, Paul Y. Takahashib, c which are involuntary stereotyped jerking movements of the Abstract limbs. Dementia is also extremely common in long-term care Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) is a common disorder that physi- settings, with prevalence in residents 65 years and older re- cians frequently encounter in an outpatient clinic. Within long-term cently measured at 45% for men, and 52 % for women [2]. care, there are unique challenges to caring for residents with RLS. In patients with dementia, having RLS as a comorbidity has An 87-year-old woman with dementia and a history of RLS and been associated with nocturnal agitation behavior [3]. These nocturnal agitation, resided in a long-term care setting and expe- disruptions can create problems for nursing home residents rienced nighttime agitation and aggression towards staff, coupled including sleep deprivation and a decreased quality of life. with cognitive decline. Her agitation was possibly a result of inad- equate treatment of longstanding RLS or worsening of her demen- Our case demonstrates this type of situation, along with the tia. On account of her dementia, she was unable to communicate diagnostic difficulties surrounding RLS in patients with de- her symptoms. Current diagnostic criteria for RLS require patient mentia. reports of subjective symptoms. Patients must describe their feel- ings within the legs, which helps to clarify the diagnosis. Our case illustrates the difficulty of diagnosing restless legs in patients with Case Report dementia and communication difficulties, and the need for empiric treatment. Our patient is an 87-year-old woman with a history of de- mentia and challenging behavior who lives in a skilled nurs- Keywords: Elderly; Restless leg syndrome; Dementia; Long term ing facility. Her past history included difficulties with sleep care disruptions. In 2000, she stated that she had experienced symptoms of RLS since her teenage years. She was living independently in her home and took gabapentin and carbi- dopa/levodopa to treat her RLS symptoms. Later in 2001, Introduction her gabapentin was tapered off and her carbidopa/levodopa dosage was increased to counter worsening RLS symptoms. Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) is an idiopathic neurologic In 2003, pramipexole was added to her treatment, and in disorder. Its prevalence increases with age to affect over 19% 2006, carbidopa/levodopa was discontinued while continu- of people older than 80 years [1]. As an age-related disorder, ing pramipexole. In September 2008, she was admitted to RLS is often seen in long-term care patients. RLS has hall- the hospital for atrial fibrillation, and the hospital team noted mark features of discomfort or paresthesias in the lower legs problems in her memory and executive function, which her that are relieved by movement. RLS is also commonly as- family confirmed had developed over a period of years. After sociated with observable periodic limb movements of sleep, dismissal from the hospital, she returned home but refused home health care. In November 2008, she experienced a fall and was eventually discharged to a long-term care (LTC) fa- Manuscript accepted for publication September 24, 2012 cility in light of further decline in memory. aMayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Her RLS symptoms started to worsen while she was in bDivision of Primary Care Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, LTC. In 2010, the medical team started treatment with ga- MN, USA c bapentin. She experienced agitation, which disrupted her Corresponding author: Paul Y. Takahashi, Division of Primary Care sleep and provoked aggression towards staff. She was pre- Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. Email: [email protected] scribed quetiapine for the agitation, presumed secondary to her dementia, but these symptoms persisted. The patient doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/jmc901w was unable to communicate any subjective experience of 72 Articles © The authors | Journal compilation © J Med Cases and Elmer Press™ | www.journalmc.org 73 This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited Faucher et al J Med Cases • 2013;4(2):72-74 RLS symptoms, due to her cognitive decline. The primary symptoms. The treatment regimen for our patient’s RLS in- concerns from the medical and nursing teams involved the cluded pramipexole for several years, and as her symptoms potential challenges of RLS, as well as her dementia. The have worsened, an appropriate adjunct, gabapentin, was team increased the pramipexole, which helped improve her added. symptoms of agitation. Levodopa/carbidopa can also be used as a baseline treat- ment for intermittent RLS [8, 13]. Unfortunately, augmenta- tion and rebound symptoms in the morning commonly de- Discussion velop with this treatment [13]. Clonazepam can be a useful adjunct therapy in patients with additional causes of poor Current diagnostic criteria for RLS, published by the Na- sleep, with temazepam being recommended for patients with tional Institute of Health and the International Restless Legs late-night awakenings [8]. These long-acting benzodiaz- Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG), are based entirely on the epines may not be ideal in residents with dementia, due to subjective accounts of symptoms by patients [4]. These diag- their adverse effects on cognition and risk of falls. Opioids nostic criteria are not applicable to patients with difficulties should be reserved for treatment in refractory cases of RLS, in memory, cognition, or communication. Patients with de- with codeine or tramadol to start, and higher-strength opi- mentia and concurrent RLS have been previously shown to oids used only in the most refractory cases [8]. Again, the be incapable of reliably answering questions during an RLS risk of falls and sedation should be considered with opioids. diagnostic interview [5]. The IRLSSG also offered diagnos- Some medications commonly used in LTC may worsen RLS, tic criteria for patients with cognitive impairment, essentially including antidepressants, neuroleptics, dopamine agonists, consisting of observed patterns of behavior suggesting the and sedating antihistamines [8]. These should be discontin- subjective experience of RLS detailed in the diagnostic crite- ued if possible. ria for typical patients. Unfortunately, these criteria have not been formally studied or validated, like those applying to the Conclusion general population [4]. These circumstances suggest that numerous patients With the subjective nature of accepted diagnostic criteria, with dementia and RLS are at-risk of delayed diagnosis and there is a high-risk of RLS going unnoticed or untreated in treatment, exacerbating their sleep disruption and cognitive LTC patients with dementia. RLS can be a significant con- difficulties, and leading to a decreased quality of life. Positive tributor to sleep disturbance, agitation, and decreased quality results from more objective diagnostic modalities, involving of life in these patients. There is a need for further research to immobilization combined with electromyography, have been validate objective criteria for RLS diagnosis in patients such shown to be correlated with RLS in the past [6], but a large as ours, who experience cognitive and communication dif- scale assessment showing the value of these tests has not ficulties due to their dementia. Nevertheless, many treatment yet been completed. Empiric treatment may be necessary for options exist for RLS, and they may be pursued empirically patients with cognitive impairment who are also thought to in patients with dementia and possible RLS, even in the face suffer from RLS, particularly in LTC settings. Nursing home of inapplicable diagnostic criteria. providers should attempt treatment or modifications of treat- ment for RLS in appropriate residents. Observation by fam- ily and nursing staff is essential to evaluate improvement in Conflict of Interest the resident’s quality of life. RLS has notably been found to be correlated with iron The authors have none to report. deficiency [7]. Providers should screen for iron deficiency in all patients with suspected RLS, and residents should re- ceive iron supplementation when their serum ferritin is be- References low 50 µg/L [8]. Our patient experienced RLS continuously throughout her life, including when her serum ferritin was 1. Phillips B, Young T, Finn L, Asher K, Hening WA, Pur- measured at 136 µg/L in 2004, suggesting her symptoms had vis C. Epidemiology of restless legs symptoms in adults. a different etiology. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(14):2137-2141. First-line pharmacologic therapy for RLS includes dopa- 2. Moore KL, Boscardin WJ, Steinman MA, Schwartz JB. mine agonists, such as pramipexole [9] and ropinirole [10], Age and sex variation in prevalence of chronic medical titrated upwards to a suitable dose. These agents commonly conditions in older residents of U.S. nursing homes. J result in an augmentation effect, with symptoms appearing Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(4):756-764. earlier in the day and medication effectiveness decreasing 3. Rose KM, Beck C, Tsai PF, Liem PH, Davila DG, Kle- over time [11, 12]. This effect creates the challenging need ban M, Gooneratne NS, et al. Sleep disturbances and to modify medications in residents who cannot communicate nocturnal agitation behaviors in older adults with de- 72 Articles © The authors | Journal compilation © J Med Cases and Elmer Press™ | www.journalmc.org 73 Restless Legs Syndrome J Med Cases • 2013;4(2):72-74 mentia. Sleep. 2011;34(6):779-786. management of restless legs syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc. 4. Allen RP, Picchietti D, Hening WA, Trenkwalder C, 2004;79(7):916-922. Walters AS, Montplaisi J. Restless legs syndrome: di- 9. Winkelman JW, Sethi KD, Kushida CA, Becker PM, agnostic criteria, special considerations, and epidemiol- Koester J, Cappola JJ, Reess J.
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