Protection and Development of Sustainable Tourism

Home , Baia Mare, Moisei, Repedea, Rona de Sus, Rozavlea, Ruscova

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No.5 p 24-28

and winters rich in snow, but less frosty. Natural Reserve of Maramure All these factors encouraged the development of some peculiar natural ecosystems. In those systems rare flora and Land (Romania) - Protection fauna species coexist in a particular regional context or even unique at a na- and Development of tional or European context, with struc- tures and functionalities interrelated to the native ones as last vestiges of the Sustainable Tourism initial natural landscapes. In the near future, their preservation and protection is a matter of extreme urgency, be- Dezsi, Ş.*, Sabin Bădărău, A.**, Man, T.*** fore the increased “aggressiveness”, ob- served in anthropogenic activities, will affect them irreparably. Abstract Since 1990, in Maramures Land ituated in the northern part of Ro- Maramureş Land can be reached by 13 areas or natural objectives (compris- mania, the geographical region of Baia Mare and Suceava airports (situat- ing 4405.7 ha) benefit from a protection SMaramureş is superposed upon the ed in the vicinity and which can be used status. Although the anthropogenic activ- homonymous depression and the sur- as international airports though they are ities, in general, and especially the tour- rounding mountain frame (identifying not international ones), the national high- istic ones, developed in this territorial itself from a geographical and a his- ways DN18 (Vatra Dornei-Borşa-Vişeu de frame or in its vicinity, generate a se- torical point of view with the well- Sus-Sighetu Marmaţiei-Baia Mare), DN17 quence of mutations which have a nega- known “Maramureş Land”). Vişeului, c (Năsăud-Moisei) and the railway lines tive impact upon the area’s ecosystems. Izei, Săpânţei and Marei rivers, whose which ensure the connection with Sighe- This situation is the outcome of an inad- common collector is Tisa River, which tu Marmaţiei (Bucureşti-Bistriţa-Salva- equate territorial management, financial limits it at the north, drain it. It occu- Sighetu Mar m a ţ i e i ) . administration, monitoring and control, pies a surface of 337 539 ha (53.54 % of first of all due to the absence of a concrete the surface of Maramureş County). The Preservation of Natural administrative and financial support and Maramureş Depression is closed in the to a partial legislation, to a large extent western and south-western part by the Values as the Basis for inoperative. On the other hand, due to massifs of the Neogene volcanic group the actual reserve system’s inability to (Oaş, Gutâi, Văratec and Ţibleş), by the the Development of cover the increased number of territories crystalline mountains of Rodna and Sustainable Tourism characterized by outstanding touristic re- Maramureş (belonging to the northern Tourism more than any other field of ac- sources, other 10 similar objectives have group of the Eastern Carpathians), in tivity is dependent on the environment, been introduced on the “waiting list” in south and east, the northern limit being this representing its raw material, its order to be declared protected areas. In given by the state border with Ukraine object and its field of activity and also this context, after a survey of the modali- (154 km, whereof the Tisa River repre- constituting the bearer of its resources ties regarding the reduction of the nega- sents 40 %, i.e. 62 km). and the frame of the specific activities. tive effects caused by tourism, the main Among the factors providing the di- The touristic potential being an essen- principles and measures, which must verse geographical structure of the re- tial part of the environment, its exis- constitute the foundation of the tourist gion we can mention the complex origin tence and evolution depend objectively development, and systematisation proj- (tectonics, volcanic dam and differential on its quality, so it can be considered ects have been briefly highlighted, with erosion), the varied relief (with heights a possible index quality for its environ- a view to protect and preserve the land- comprised between 190 m in the north- ment, in other words a barometer of its scapes, biodiversity and, implicitly, the western extremity of the region – Pia- quality: it is intensely practiced where extent of touristic attractiveness. tra locality, situated on the left bank of optimal conditions are fulfilled or it is Tisa-, and 2 303 m – Pietrosul Rodnei diminished and gradually disappears Peak, in the south-eastern extremity of in the areas where, for some reasons, Key words Maramureş Land natural pro- Maramureş Country and the presence one component or the other of the en- tected areas, touristic activities, protec- of a general collinear level at 750-800 m, vironment (landscape, air water, etc.) is tion, sustainable tourism in which the mentioned rivers carved degrading. The more diverse, complex the depression’s basins at the level of and especially unaltered, with features some terraces – Vişeu, Ruscova, Petrova, close to the elementary ones, the touris- * Teaching Assistant Ştefan Dezsi, Babeş- Rozavlea–Dragomireşti, Borşa), and the tic resources are, the higher is their tour- Bolyai University, Faculty of Geography, geological structure (crystalline shales istic interest and the activities they gen- Department of Human Geography, in the east, eruptive in west and sedi- erate are more attractive, responding to Clinicilor Street 5-7, 3400 Cluj-Napoca, mentary in the central part of the de- some varied touristic motivations. Romania pression). Furthermore, there are cer- Maramureş Land has a rich and com- ** Teaching Assistant Alexandru Sabin tain other factors like the brown soils, plex touristic natural and anthropogen- Bădărău, Babeş-Bolyai University, the acid brown soils, the podsol with ic patrimony (cultural, historical, ethno- Faculty of Geography, Department of a high degree of moisture, the temper- graphical); as a consequence, it belongs Environment, Clinicilor Street 5-7, 3400 Cluj-Napoca, Romania ate continental climate characterized by to the counties with attractive resourc- rainy and cool summers (the average es of national and international inter- *** Teaching Assistant Titus Man, Babeş- Bolyai University, Faculty of Geography, temperature for July did not exceed 20°C est. Among the touristic resources be- Department of Environment, Clinicilor in the central part of the depression and longing to the natural fund are: the Street 5-7, 3400 Cluj-Napoca, Romania 10°C in the high mountainous region) forestry fund (having important hunt- 24 pzc Man T. Sabin Badarau S. Dezsi, Table 1 Reservations and natural objectives protected in Maramures Land

Declaration deed Nr. U.I.C.N. Surface Name of rezervation (initial and Localization Symbol Administrator Administrative Measures Special interdictions crt. Category (ha) reconfirmed)

Pietrosul Rodnei- The access in the reservation is permitted national park and only on the basis of a special licence II, IX m OM nr. 7/1990 56 700 Borşa town, biosphere rezervation Romsilva O.S. In accordance with Ord. 43/1990 emitted by the administrator; to comply 1 Moisei A which include : Borşa MAPPM with the established routes; grazing and commune Pietrosul Mare JCM nr. 1149/1932; other activities in the buffer-zone and in the I m 3300,0 Resevation HCJ nr. 37/1994 perimeter of scientific research Cornu Nedeii- Ciungii Clearing of the juniper trees (Pinus mugo); Bălăşinii (fauna Dec. nr. 204/1977; Romsilva O.S. In accordance with Ord. 43/1990 grazing till 1 July; after this date the 2 IVm 800,0 Borşa Town B rezervation of birch tree HCJ nr. 37/1994 Borşa MAPPM grazing is permitted only for big cattles and cock) without herds’ dogs Salhoi andi Dec. nr. 204/1977; Romsilva O.S. Gathering scientific material without the 3 Zâmbroslaviile (limestone IV b 5,0 Săcel Commune C II HCJ nr. 37/1994 Borşa agreement of competent authorities rocky places) Dec. nr. 204/1977; Romsilva; O.S. Stalls’ placement with a commercial 4 Izvorul Albastru al Izei IV m 100,0 Săcel Commune D II HCJ nr. 37/1994 Dragomireşti purpose Perimeter delimitation; establishing the access routes in reservation; Creasta Cocoşului (Cock Dec. nr. 204/1977; Deseşti Deseşti Local Grazing in rezervation; placement of 5 IV g 50,0 E the study of the rezervation Crest / Comb) HCJ nr. 37/1994 Commune Council touristic camps preservation state; Sanitation of the protected zone Dec. nr. 204/1977; Deseşti Deseşti Local 6 Tătarului Gorge IV g 15,0 F II II HCJ nr. 37/1994 Commune Council Romsilva; O.S. Vlaşinescu- Izvoare Dec. nr. 204/1977; Deseşti In accordance with Ord. 43/1990 7 IV b 2,0 G Mara; Deseşti Local Access in the rezervation’s perimeter Oligotroph marsh HCJ nr. 37/1994 Commune MAPPM Council Romsilva; O.S. Baia Tăul lui Dumitru-Blidari Dec. nr. 204/1977; Deseşti 8 IV b 3,0 H Mare; Baia Mare II II Oligotroph marsh HCJ nr. 37/1994 Commune Local Council Ronişoara oak grove Dec. nr. 204/1977; Săpânţa Romsilva; O.S. 9 IV f 62,0 I II II forest HCJ nr. 37/1994 Commune Sighetu Marmaţiei Dec. nr. 204/1977; Săpânţa Romsilva; O.S. 10 Poiana Brazilor marsh IV b 4,0 (3) J II Access in the rezervation’s perimeter HCJ nr. 37/1994 Commune Sighetu Marmaţiei Dec. nr. 204/1977; Rona de Sus Romsilva; O.S. Extraction of the wooden mass without the 11 Coştiui larch tree forest IV f 0,7 K II HCJ nr. 37/1994 Commune Sighetu Marmaţiei agreement of the competent authorities Pădurea Crăiască (The Dec. nr. 204/1977; Ocna Şugatag Romsilva; O.S. 12 Royal forest of common IV f 44,0 L II II HCJ nr. 37/1994 Commune Mara oak and larch three) Romsilva; O.S. Dec. nr. 204/1977; Ocna Şugatag 13 Tăul Morărenilor- Breb IV b 20,0 M Mara; Şugatag II II HCJ nr. 37/1994 Commune Local Council TOTAL 4405,7 Note b- botanic; f- floral; g- geological; m- mixt; p- landscape; s - scientific ing resources and constituting one of touristic resources, the natural ones, as dertaken so far competing in the protec- the fundamental resources of this re- tourism through its exigency represents tion of the touristic resources in general, gion’s economy - wood industry), miner- a viable solution for maintaining the en- and of those in the protected areas, in al springs whose therapeutical value is vironment unaltered. particular. well known (unfortunately only partial- Due to the growing tendency of deg- In time, the protected areas have ly capitalized and on a local scale), fresh radation of the natural ecosystems (pow- spread on an international level (in Eu- waters and natural and anthropogenic erfully modified under the pressure of rope, exclusively Russia – were, in 1998, lakes (having both economical, through the anthropogenic factor on the whole about 1.400 protected areas, summing the piscicultural fund, and touristic im- and partly through its components) the up to over 36.5 million ha) but also in portance), areas with landscape and cli- necessity of building protected areas Romania, where at the present moment, matic value favourable to the recreation- has come to the fore1 with the declared through central decisions (governmen- al tourism and to the rural one, as well aim of maintaining an apparent status tal) or of local authorities, over 560 ter- as to the winter sports. This valuable quo in the nature and of offering the ritories have protection status (12 na- touristic potential represents one of the possibility of perpetuating the threat- tional parks, of which 3 are declared most important potential reserves of de- ened flora and fauna and repopulating by UNESCO as biosphere reservations: velopment in the country provided that other areas they disappeared from or Danube Delta, Retezat and Rodna, 2 nat- a responsible planning of the territory were considerably reduced in number. ural parks: Bucegi-Leaota and Grădiştea be made, the main preoccupation being This is the reason why defending nature Muncelului-Cioclovina, 44 scientific res- in this case the protection, preservation, and preserving its qualities has become ervations, 373 preserving nature reser- rehabilitation and capitalization of the a necessity for tourism, the actions un- vations, and 132 monuments of nature). 25 pzc

Table 2 Natural rezervations proposed in Maramures Land (study I.C.A.S. no. New Natural Areas 47/1997) Proposed to Receive the Localization/ Nr. Surface Protection Status Name of rezervation administrative Administrator Type Symbol crt. (ha) Our study highlights on one hand all unit the reservations and monuments of na- Romsilva; O.S. ture that have a protection status (see 1 Salhoi (extention) 220,0 Borşa Town ba Borşa table 1) from Maramureş Land, and on the other hand the proposals of imple- Rezervation of mountain cock Cornu Nedeii- Romsilva; O.S. menting this status to new areas (see 2 3600,0 Borşa Town mb table 2), especially those having a for- Ciungii Bălăşinii Borşa estry fund (whose exploitation must be (extention) made after consulting the local authori- Rona de Sus Romsilva O.S. 3 Ronişoara beech forest 27,0 fj ties) (fig. 1). Commune Sighetu Marmaţiei Identifying natural areas in Maramureş Land with a highly valu- TOTAL 3847 Development of Sustainable Tourism Sustainable of Development able potential, has had the purpose to Note a- pleasure; b- botanic; f- forestry; m- mixt; p- landscape point out the necessity of protection and management by the local authorities but m on Vişeu Valley and the minimum the typology and the specific regimes also to highlight an important poten- of 190 m downstream of Piatra) is made of administration and protection). tial of economical development through of low terraces and alluvial meadows wood industry (by rational exploitation sprinkled with dead branches (some par- Principles and Measures of the existent wood and the valorisa- tially clogged), mires and pools partial- tion of the wood products) and various ly covered with forestry vegetation (48 for the Development of forms of tourism like bathing, hiking, %), while the agricultural fields spread winter sports, fishing, hunting, science on the remaining 45 % of it. Sustainable Tourism in and culture tourism, etc. The main problems in this specific the Frame of Natural Thus, thanks to the Commission of area, which call for urgent measures of Monuments of Nature of Romanian protection, are: Areas and Reduction of Natural Reserve of Maramure Land (Romania) - Protection and and - Protection Land (Romania) Maramure Reserve of Natural Academy and local authorities (Council, • massive clearings made mainly after the Impact of ROMSILVA and ASPM) a number of 13 1990, which accelerated the erosion different protected areas of national in- processes, gliding on some areas and Anthropogenic terest were built, summing up to a sur- powerful high floods that modified Activities face of 4405.7 ha i.e. around 0.69 % of the riverbeds on some parts of the riv- the area (table 1). A series of studies ers Iza, Săpânţa and Vişeu, represent- The touristic capitalization of the pro- made by specialized institutions (Insti- ing a potential flood danger for some tected areas in Maramureş Land has tute of Forest Research and Planning in settlements (Sighetu Marmaţiei, Teceu various and complex forms, and their Bucharest, and ROMSILVA Baia Mare) Mic and Remeţi); arrangement for tourism raises some has shown the necessity of expanding • considerable reduction of habitat of problems related to the special status as some reservations or including 3 new many flora and fauna species which well as to their structure, especially in areas, summing up to a surface of 3847 live in wet areas and the violation of the case of the national park Pietrosul ha, in this category (table 2). In addition the natural hunting equilibrium and Rodnei: a) the untouched zone – the to the mentioned areas, the Maramureş trophic chains, as the result of the scientific zone of integral protection on Council aims at declaring new territo- mire draining processes (started be- a long term base, which permits the ries as protected areas in the Maramureş fore 1989) and massive clearings (after preservation of the biodiversity, the sur- Land (7 locations, summing up to 406.02 1989); veillance of the less disturbed ecosys- ha) in the near future (see table 3). It is • danger of polluting the phreatic water tems and the development of scientific of special importance to speed up the and implicitly the drinking water, be- research, information and ecological approaches regarding the declaration of cause of some factories and public insti- education activity; b) the buffer zone, an area of 670 ha in the upper basin of tutions (Borşa Mining, hospitals from with differentiated protection regime, the river Tisa (extended on the territory Borşa, Vişeu and Sighetu Marmaţiei). where different human activities can be of four states: Romania, Slovakia, Hun- Although tourism in Maramureş Land developed; c) free access zone (ecologi- gary and Ukraine) as “protected area of has tried to integrate (through specif- cal reconstruction and restoration zone, international importance”, on the basis ic means) into the protected natural where non-polluting economical activi- of a study financed by The Regional areas (whose entertaining, esthetical, ties can be carried on). Centre of Environment Protection for educational and scientific values rep- The touristic equipping of every pro- Central and Eastern Europe. The Roma- resent major touristic objectives, focus- tected area differs according to its func- nian part of this zone is entirely situat- ing touristic flows on the measure), tion and importance for tourism (land- ed on the territory of Maramureş Land, the actual situation of the territories scape value, number, variety, complex- having border with Ukraine of 62 km with protection status is characterized ity, grouping and position in territory) in length and 666 ha belonging to 7 ad- by uncertainty and lack of financial with respect to the entertaining or natu- ministrative units (6 municipalities and support. Organizing, managing and ral curative resources and endowments 1 city), Săpânţa, Remeţi, Câmpulung la monitoring system of information has (often scarce, or absent) not framing to Tisa, Sarasău, Rona de Sus, Bocicoiu been grafted onto an afunctional legis- the limits imposed by the respective Mare and Bistra, i.e. Sighetu Marmaţiei. lative frame (Law on environment pro- ecosystems. Disregarding the category The fields are property of the state or of tection No. 137/1995 is limited to estab- and importance for tourism of a spe- the public domain (managed by ROM- lishing general regime of the protect- cific protected area, each of them has SILVA and mayoralties). This territory ed areas and monuments of nature, to have a minimal base infrastructure (between the maximum altitude of 337 leaving it for a special law to specify (way of access, paths and marked alleys, 26 pzc Man T. Sabin Badarau S. Dezsi, rest places, diverse equipment and in- the water coming from the lodging gies, which ranges in a broader region- stallations of touristic catering, arrange- units in the protected areas; al context, the isolated and partial plan- ments for visiting different touristic ob- • equipping the polluting units, placed ning actions excluding the achievement jectives etc). in the proximity of the protected areas, of a long lasting tourism. In this context, the protected areas with filters and dust removal devices; Thus, the categories of natural pro- could become places for developing a improving fire installations in the non- tected areas (proposed for protection) series of touristic and scientific activi- ferrous metal processing units (PHOE- determine the adoption of some plan- ties whose performance does not affect NIX Baia Mare), as well as in other in- ning and systematization projects (to the environment and is not in conflict dustrial fields; lead to effective protection of these terri- with their status. Among these activi- • urgent rehabilitation of the agricul- tories and to avoid the negative impact ties we include: mountaineering, cav- tural and forestry fields, affected by generated by economical and touristic ing, hiking, cycling, boating (in small streams, high floods and sliding (trees exploitation) which require the applica- groups), flora and fauna researching, broken by wind); tion of the following principles and measures: Table 3 Rezervations and natural objectives proposed for protection in Maramures a) Finalization and consolidation of the Land juridical status of protected areas through the elaboration of concrete Name of Surface (ha) / Nr crt Localization Type Symbol legislative dispositions (and the revi- rezervation length sion and completion of Law 137/1995); GroŐii ÚibleŐului- classification of all the protected 1 Arcer Ţibleş Bran 150,0 m (g/f/p) 1 DragomireŐti areas in accordance with the catego- Farcău- Mihailec ries proposed by UICN (Internation- 2 100,0 Repedea Commune M (g/f/p) 2 Peak al Union for Preservation of Nature): I. Scientific reservations/ Integral nat- Tomnatec- Repedea (M-ţii ural reservation; IV. Reservations for 3 Sehleanu glade 100,0 Maramureşului) M (f/p) 3 preservation of nature /divided nat- with narcissus Commune ural reservations/fauna sanctuaries; Borşa Town (M-ţii II. National parks; III. Monuments/ 4 Piatra Rea 50,0 M (g/f/p) 4 Rodnei) distinguished natural elements; V. Terrestrial and marine protected Iezerul Mare Deseşti Commune 5 5,0 b5landscapes; VI. Reservations of Marsh (Gutâi Mountains) natural resources; VII. Anthropolog- Bătrâna Spring ical reservations/multiple biological 6 (tributary of - Moisei/Săcel M (g/p) 9 regions/zones for natural resources Dragoş Spring) management; VIII. Natural regions arranged for multiple use/zones of 7 Şolovan Hill 1,02 Sighetu Marmaţiei 12 natural resources management; IX. TOTAL 406,02 ha Reservations of the biosphere; X. Nat- ural goods of world patrimony; Note a- pleasure; b- botanic; f- forestry; m- mixt; p- landscape b) Assessment, evaluation and clear es- landscape painting and photographing, • prohibition of grazing in the alpine tablishment of each protected area, of visiting eco-museums in the protected laps; repopulating the area with the all the potential resources that have areas and cultural, historical, and eth- juniper tree (Pinus mugo); some value in tourism, as well as of nographical sites in the settlements of • prohibition of unauthorized timber exceptional natural objectives (that free access zone, mastering and practic- cutting and plant (declared monu- reclaim special protection and moni- ing some traditional crafts (pottery, ar- ments of nature) gathering; toring), with the participation of in- tistic wood carving, wattling of twigs, • reduction of the animal load (especial- terdisciplinary teams of specialists; reed, osier etc.), using scientific materi- ly in the buffer-zone and free access c) Real evaluation of the capacity of eco- als and watching documentary movies zone), in accordance with the plan of logical support of different zones in in the centres for tourists, etc. regenerating pastures and hay fields; the national park Pietrosul Rodnei Knowing all the aspects in which • arranging camping places, shelters and of natural reservations for delim- touristic activities affect the environ- and belvedere points, revising itiner- iting the quality categories at interna- ment plays a decisive role in establish- aries and touristic marks; tional standards level; ing the strategies of organization and • assurance of a rational exploitation d) Accurate analysis and evaluation of the policies of future development. Tour- and management regime for forests of the degree of exploitation of resourc- ism can have a negative impact upon group I (with a main role in protec- es in close connection with the stan- the environment if the capacity of load- tion and a secondary role in produc- dards and regulations, regarding the ing (supporting) and the ecological char- tion) in accordance with the forest reg- environment protection; acteristics of each specific area are not ulations; e) Making or updating cadastral maps taken into consideration. In order to pro- • setting up several “protected land- of the protected areas, with the rig- tect and preserve nature and reduce the scapes” on a local plan, as territories orous delimitation of the protected processes of destruction and degrada- with special value from esthetical area on qualitative categories; tion of the natural patrimony, caused point of view or with aspects typical f) Assurance of monitoring programs by touristic and social-economical activ- to a certain geomorphic complex for the information referring to the ities in the protected areas, the follow- whose natural or semi-natural charac- protected natural areas, with regard ing measures must be taken: ter should be kept as such. to the access and circulation of tour- • well-balanced valorisation of all natu- The maintenance of all the touristic ists. ral resources; functions of the natural protected areas g) Assurance of working conditions in • sorting out and recycling glass, metal, must begin with the elaboration of partnership and multi-disciplinary paper, plastic, textile offal; cleaning some developing and planning strate- teams, a better cooperation with re- 27 pzc

gional and local organizations with o) Adoption of regulation for practicing ent economic chaos, our days will per- touristic profile, with the local ad- a curative tourism in the natural pro- haps be known in the history of Roma- ministration and with the popula- tected areas, including the achieve- nia as “the climax of natural destruction and tourists, to whom the role of ments of some pilot-programs that t ion”. tourism must be explained, and the assure the touristic and ecological ef- gradual adoption of a way of life com- ficiency of this type of tourism. Notes patible with the international norms The practical achievement of these of environment protection; social-economical desiderata requires 1 In Romania, preserving nature actions h) Prospecting the internal and inter- making and applying certain plans and have taken place ever since the reign of national touristic market and touris- touristic systematization projects, with Stephen the Great (1457 – 1504) in Mol- tic demand for such a product, hav- scientific basis and political and finan- davia, when the so called “branişte” ing in mind development of activ- cial support, regarding all the factors (fenced - in districts) were founded. ities and equipment with touristic implicated in tourism development, as These were territories wherefrom no destinations (these will be made on well as encouraging the local popula- wood or grass could be harvested, and a scale and in an architectural style tion to contribute to the development of hunting and fishing were totally for- in full harmony with the local envi- touristic activities in these areas. bidden. The first national park (Retez- ronment, by using building materi- The protected areas in Maramureş at) was founded in 1935 (13.000 ha)

Development of Sustainable Tourism Sustainable of Development als traditional for the zone); Land could represent significant resourc- and includes semi virgin forests, al- i) Usage of silent and non-polluting es of tourism, provided that the process pine landscape, ice lakes and pails, as means of transport (using alternative of planning, systematization and exploi- well as different species of flora and energetic sources), that would mini- tation of these areas is in harmony with fauna. mally exploit the existent resources the policy of balanced and long-lasting and would contribute to the preser- development of the region, which in Bibliography vation and the protection of environ- turn, must be reevaluated and updated ment; at average intervals of 4-6 years. In Bleahu, M., Brădescu, V., Marinescu, Fl., j) Assurance of the financial support addition, the valorisation and the bal- (1976): Rezervaţii naturale şi geologice necessary for the organization and anced exploitation of natural protected din România, Ed. Tehnică, Bucureşti. functioning of the natural protected areas can initiate an active and construc- Cămăşoiu, C., (1992): Probleme economice areas, in a first stage through allo- tive cooperation between local, region- ale protecţiei mediului înconjurator în cating the necessary funds from the al, and national administration. It can România, Institutul de Economie Natural Reserve of Maramure Land (Romania) - Protection and and - Protection Land (Romania) Maramure Reserve of Natural budget, then through giving this re- also lead to establishment and assump- Naţională, Bucureşti. sponsibility to the local administration of responsibilities by a flexible ad- Cherecheş, D., (1999): Gestiunea durabilă a tion, and finally through financing ministration, based on an interdisciplin- pădurilor din Maramureş, Edit. Dragoş the protected areas by their own re- ary team, made of specialists who could Vodă, Cluj-Napoca sources (through a modern and good coordinate the functioning regime of Duţu, M., (1998): Dreptul mediului, Vol. I., management and a higher economic these territories, assuring a modern Ed. Economică, Bucureşti. valorisation), also by financial con- management on ecological principles Istrate, I., Bran, Florina, Roşu, Anca tributions of touristic agencies and and a maximum of economic efficiency. Gabriela, (1995): Economia turismului firms. It is necessary to support the In this context, the planning and val- şi protecţia mediului înconjurator, Ed. development of the main private tour- orisation of these territories, from a tour- Economică, Bucureşti. istic services, which could constitute istic point of view, becomes a continu- Maarel, E. van der., (1975): Man-made nat- the basis for self-financing and the ous process, subjected periodically to ural ecosystems in environmental man- gradual detachment from the govern- impact analyses. Thus, the touristic ac- agement and planning, Unifying con- mental, budgetary resources; tivities will adapt and form their func- cepts in ecology, Haga k) Complete report of promotional strat- tions to suit the specific situation of each Mohan, Gh., Ardelean, A., Georgescu, egy, in the context of initiating new protected area. M., (1993): Rezervaţii şi monumente ale specific touristic products (on the naturii din România, Casa de Editura basis of amplification of educational, Conclusion si Comerţ “Scaiul”, Bucureşti. didactic and scientific role) and usage Platon, V., (1997): Protecţia mediului şi dez- of a new technical management; In the text above, we have analysed the voltarea economică, Editura Didactică l) Training specialists in the fields of actual status of the protected areas in şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti. environment engineering and ecolo- the region. However, we also have to Puşcariu, V., Boşcaiu, N., Seghedin, T.G., gy; underline that, nowadays, despite the (1981): Importanţa rezervaţiilor natura- m) Elaboration of some studies and proj- numerous published studies on the im- le pentru cercetările ştiinţifice, Studii ects that refer to preservation, recu- provement and development of protec- şi comunicări de ocrotirea naturii, V, peration and valorisation of natural tion of natural sites, there is only little Suceava, pag. 57-69. resources with protection status and care for them in the field. The contin- Sion, I. G., (1990): Ecologie şi drept identification of new areas that need uous degradation of the natural areas internaţional, Editura Ştiinţifică şi temporary or permanent protecting of great scientific and touristic value Enciclopedică, Bucureşti. measures. is a cruel reality in the context of the xxx (1991): Romania. Environment Strate- n) Correlation of economical manage- wild capitalism which flourish now in gy Paper, The World Bank, Bucureşti. ment and territory arrangement pro- our country. Therefore, the specialists xxx (1993): Starea factorilor de mediu în grams with the characteristics and of this generation (geographers, biolo- România, MAPPM, ICAS, Bucureşti. requirements of ecosystems with the gists a.s.o.) have a scientific mission of xxx (1992): Environment, Economy and Sus- aim of maintaining and recuperating an utmost importance. If the remaining tainable Development, Editor J. B. Op- the natural equilibrium; valuable natural sites are lost in the pres- shoor, Free University, Amsterdam.