The Research of Ecological Nutritional Organs of Invasive Plants Structural Characteristics

WEI JianlGAI Vu-hong2 CAI Li-ge3 QU Hong-yan4 WANG Ying-weir WANG Guang-ye' * 1.Life and Science School, Changchun Normal College, Changchun 130032; 2. Agricultural School, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118; 3. Jilin Experiment School, Changchun 130022; 4.Life and Science School, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024; 5. Weiersai Bio-Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.Changchun 130616

Abstract[Objective] The aim of this paper was to discuss the adaptability of ecological nutritional organs of invasive plants. [Method] By dint of high-definition display of plant tissue crystal method and paraffin section method, the vegetative organs root, stem and leaf cross-section of the organizational structure of Asteraceae Ambrosia trifida L. ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L. )in the suburbs of Changchun City in Jilin Province were inspected. [Result] The structural basis for ecological invasive plant Ambrosia trifida L. vegetative organs was mainly through strengthening the roots of water absorption and transporting function, increasing the water storage function of leaf and stem, reducing the water absorption of stem and leaf for plants to promote water absorption and to enhance the assimilation of leaves to achieve a variety of complex environmental conditions in the rapid growth and development in order to achieve an ecological invasion.[ Conclusion] The study provided reference for the biological fundamental research of Ambrosia trifida L. Key wordsAmbrosia trifida L. (Ambrosia trifida L. ) ; Crystal; Ecological invasion ,Structural basis

Ecological nutritional organs of invasive plants have pretty fundamental research of Ambrosia trifida L. well adaptability to all kinds of complicated environment, and can quickly survive and propagate from the environment that Materials and Methods other plant can not endure. It can also result into the transition Materials of ecosystem structure having advantage in plants competi- Ambrosia trifida L. comes from suburbs of Changchun tion. Ecological invasive plants usually has negative influences City in Jilin Province. on agricultural production and can easily break the current ec- Methods ological balance state, which have certain bad effects on ani- By dint of high-definition display of plant tissue crystal mals and human beings. The purpose of nutritional organ method and paraffin section method, eternal glasses of cross- structure of ecological invasive plants is to discuss the struc- section of stem and leaves are made and observed under mi- ture mechanism of ecological invasive plants adapting to vari- croscope. By dint of Motic digital microscopic film equipment ous complicated environment and having advantages in com- or relevant equipment or Motic Images Plus 2.0 software, mi- petition with other plants, through observation of ecological in- croscopic film and digital measure were carried out to glasses vasive plants microscopic structure. The positive roles were symbol under different times. discussed of plants ecological invasive structure adaptability mechanism in real production to the prevention and deduction of large scale of weeds and ecological environment protection Results and Analyses Microscopic structure of root in China. Ambrosia trifidaL.originates from America and The root has had secondary structure, which was mainly Mexican.It has been widely distributed. Because it has such strong adaptability that normal weed has difficulty in controlling composed by periderm and secondary vascular tissue. There its survival and propagation,it has become important target was no marrow in the bone and primary xylem four prototype. plant for preventing weeds[1]. The study of Ambrosia trifida L. The cork layer of periderm was composed by four to seven in China was mainly about risk analysis, group or cluster dis- cells. The aperture of the tube of secondary vascular tissue tribution and prevention[2-41. The basic study about the eco- was large and sparsely distributed.It was existed in single tube logical invasive biology was insufficient. Therefore, based on form and sometimes in double tubes. The secondary wood cell the basic rule that structure is the foundation of function, by was underdeveloped and wood fiber was rich (Fig.2). dint of high-definition display of plant tissue crystal method Microscopic structure of stem and paraffin section method, the vegetative organs root, stem The stem was composed by surface skin, cortex and and leaf cross-section of the organizational structure of Aster- vascular cylinder; Outer tangential wall of epidermal cell was aceae Ambrosia trifida L.ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L.) in thick. The cell was small and tight. The cortex is usually the suburbs of Changchun City in Jilin Province were inspec- formed by six to eight layers of small cells, which accounted ted, so as to provide reference for the study of the biological for small percentage in cross-section. The number of vascular bundle was large and tube size was small.It was lined in short tube. The bast fiber developed in bundle around the Received: April 29, 2011 Accepted: June 212011 vascular bundle. The marrow and marrow line was developed Supported by Educational Department Fund Program of Jilin Prov- and marrow accounted for two third of the stem in stem sec- ince [Jilin Education Science (2011) No. 191Jilin Education Sci- tion. There were many crystal cells in the marrow and medul- ence (2011) No. 359 ];Natural Science Fund Program of Chang- lary ray around vascular bundle ( Fig.3, 4). chun Normal College (2011). Microscopic structure of leaves * Corresponding author. E-mail: happy2008china@hotmail. com The leaves were flat and grid structure was developed. WEI Jian et al. The Research of Ecological Nutritional Organs of Invasive Plants Structural Characteristics 813

Sponge organization cell gridalized and was close to isobilater- al leaf. The hair of surface skin was developed. The chloroplast of grid structure cell was of one layer and distributed evenly around cells; cell chloroplast number and distribution in sponge organization was the same as that in grid organization, only that the cell was short and gap between cells was larger than the former one. The primary vein was made up by two to four vascular tissues. There was basic organization be- ing made up by abundant thin organization cell around vascular tissues of primary vein, and many sparse crystal cells.

Fig. 4Ambrosia trifida L. stem ( x 10 )

Fig.1Ambrosia trifida L. root ( x4)

Fig.5Ambrosia trifida L. leaves ( x4)

Fig.2Ambrosia trifida L. root ( x10 )

Fig.6Ambrosia trifida L. leaves ( x10)

Fig.3Ambrosia trifida L. stem( x4) Conclusions and Discussions The structure corresponding to function is a basic rule of biological sphere. Environment influences the morphology of plants[51. The nutrition organ of ecological invasive plant is Fig.7Ambrosia trifida L. leaves ( x40) similar to that of plants in harsh environment such as saline gan of ecological invasive plants had significant importance to and alkaline land and desert.Ecological invasive plant has the revealing of ecological invasive mechanism of Ambrosia good adaptability to various complicated environment[6-101.It trifida L. and effective deduction. can quickly survive and propagate from the environment that Adaptable structure of root other plant can not endure. It can also result into the transition Experiment suggests that the cork layer of root of Am- of ecosystem structure having advantage in plants competi- brosia trifida L.is developed. Developed cork layer became tion. The study of the structure characteristics of nutritional or- the hindrance of plants root and soils, which can effectively 814 Agricultural Science & Technology Vol.12, No.6, 2011 diminish the influence of surrounding soils on the root, which and leaves' water potential, so as to facilitate plants absorp- made the root full of moisture and not disperse into the soil tion of moisture and reinforce leaves assimilation to realize solution of low water because of bad environment. The root rapid growth in various complicated environment and to effec- has large-sized tube, which can ensure the rapid assimilation tively realize ecological invasion. and transportation of moisture and photosynthetic product. Plants can quickly assimilate moisture and organic nutrition References which was beneficial for plants to react rapidly to adverse [1] WEI QU Z( leg), ZHANG CX(-0)Ta), et al. Inva- environment. sive alien species giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L. ) and its risk Adaptable structure of stem assessment( '[)114,tf[[[=SJIIFITz,4)5A; R3}f-) [J]. Plant Experiment suggested that Ambrosia trifida L. had devel- Protection(tattNiP), 2006, 32(4): 14 -19. oped marrow and medullary ray. The abundant parenchymal [2] LI JD( 74[91), SUN B(f/J4), GUO W(#3[). Spatial distribution pattern of exotic invaded weed Ambrosia trifida L. population (EsJ tissue had positive effect on the horizontal transportation of r(F-fitrgn,,R3-5.)[J]. Hubei Agricultural Sciences('{tAL moisture and storage. The abundant moisture was the basis f-1-4-4), 2006, 45(5): 608 -610. of plants growing rapidly in various complicated environment. [3]DA LJ(iA(k), WANG CX ( ERA) TIAN ZH(111,,,g,), et al. There were many crystal cells around the vascular bundle of New distribution pattern of invasive alien species exotic invaded marrow and medullary ray. Crystal cell was the crystallization weed Ambrosia trifida L. population of Sheshan region in Shanghai of high concentration solution. Therefore, the solution with (±.44-LIAEO[2.11,4[tf[I,E.-Vri-MI-R41-n3}.)[J]. Jour- nal of East China Normal University: Natural Science(4-L'Mt) crystal cell had low water potential which could reduce the wa- *a: WI,tf44-tR), 2008(2): 37 -40. ter in plants, and was conductive to the assimilation of mois- [4] JIN H(!t1). Research advance on biological control of ragweed ture in harsh environment such as saline and alkaline or in China(111',Cnt,t1V8.6)M3tA)[J]. Prataculture & Ani- drought of th elow water potential. mal Husbandry(-)1.V,), 2006(7): 7 -10. Adaptable structure of leaves [5] WANG XL( TANA) .Plant morphology andenvironment(t1tJY ?,,i)Fizg[-A)[M]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University Press( =-`41: =-`-[11 Experiment suggested that nearly all the leaves of Am- ) 44--ffi[N±), 1981. brosia trifidaL.were made up by grid organization cell. [6] WANG H(1.tI), DENG YB(71----"---kA), XU XH(i_AF), et al. An- Sponge organization cell also showed gridalization tendency in atomical studies on ten Xerophytes and Halophytes in Xinjiang ( short stick shape. The chloroplast distributed on the wall a- 5110 f[[qt,,p11,_-t,titnw-444[0m,)[J]. Journal of Xinjiang Uni- round the leaf and meet tissue. The above-mentioned charac- versity: Natural Science Edition( rgA)c4-44-4iq: Wtf-4-tR), 1998 teristics could improve the photosynthesis effect of plants to a (11): 67 -73. [7] ZHOU LL(Ni'*), FENG YZ(si4TE,t1f), WU L( et al. Ana- level that adapt to the mal-nutrition of plants resulted by harsh tomical studies on six Halophytes in XinjiangMN 6 f(p1,;-tt111n environment. Besides, there were abundant parenchymal tis- w-.444_0m,)[J]. Journal of Shihezi University: Natural Science( sues and crystal cells around vascular bundle of main vein. M*44-44-iq:W,tf44-4[[(K) , 2002 , 6(3) 217 -221. The existence of abundant crystal cells was conductive to re- [8] DENG YB(13E-7,--A), JANG YC(VE-7--), LIU J(Jim). The Xero- duce water potential of plants to a level to reinforce plants morphic and Saline Morphic structure of leaves and assimilating roots' assimilation of moisture, same the way as stem. The branches in ten Chenopodiacea species in Xinjiang( Vr51 10 fr 4 tittr(Firprcan*trg_tmogoim) [ J] .Chinese Journal of large amount of parenchymal tissues around the vascular bun- Plant Ecology(tattA44-irfl, 1998, 22(2): 164 -170. dle of main vein were same as the developed marrow and me- [9] ZHAO KF(L(T,J*), FAN H(rff). Halophytes and their habitat to dullary ray in the stem, which had storage and horizontal adapt to physiological saline ( transportation moisture function, which was conductive to suf- [ m ] .Beijing: Science Press( f-14:ffiW±) , 2005. ficient moisture supply in plants. [10] JIANAER AH( ITZ .*T), YANG CW(t4A), SHI DC( In summary, the structure foundation of ecological inva- et al.Physiological response of an alkali resistant halophyte kochia sieversiana to salt and alkali stresses( sive plants Ambrosia trifidaL.was through strengthening foi,nnt,..wriA14,,,)[J]. Acta Botanica Boreali Occidentalia roots' moisture assimilation and transportation,improving Sinica(NA[it*V), 2007, 27(1): 79 -84. stems and leaves' moisture preservation and reducing stems

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