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Warta River Basin Case Study Poland Background Paper Andrzej Tonderski December 2004 This paper is a product of the study, “Integrated River Basin Management and the Principle of Managing Water Resources at the Lowest Appropriate Level – When and Why Does It (Not) Work in Practice?” The Research Support Budget of the World Bank provided major funding. The project was carried out by the Agriculture and Rural Development Department at the World Bank. The Water Resources Management Group and the South Asia Social and Environment Unit at the World Bank have provided additional support. The study core team includes Karin Kemper and Ariel Dinar (Co-Task Team Leaders, World Bank), William Blomquist and Anjali Bhat (consultants, Indiana University), and Michele Diez (World Bank), William Fru (consultant), and Gisèle Sine (International Network of Basin Organizations). Basin case study consultants include Maureen Ballestero (Tárcoles - Costa Rica), Ken Calbick and David Marshall (Fraser - Canada), Rosa Formiga (Alto Tietê and Jaguaribe - Brazil), Consuelo Giansante (Guadalquivir - Spain), Brian Haisman (Murray Darling - Australia), Kikkeri Ramu and Trie Mulat Sunaryo (Brantas - Indonesia), and Andrzej Tonderski (Warta - Poland). The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and should not be attributed to the World Bank. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. COUNTRY INFORMATION ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 HISTORY..................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 LEVEL AND TRENDS IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT..................................................................................... 2 1.3 GOVERNMENTAL SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................ 3 1.4 CONTEXT OF REGIONAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT................................................................................... 4 1.4.1 Regional (Provincial) Level Functions ................................................................................................ 5 1.4.2 Functions Of District Level – County................................................................................................... 5 1.4.3 Functions of municipal level ................................................................................................................ 5 2. WATER RESOURCE CONDITIONS AND PROBLEMS IN GENERAL ................................................. 6 2.1 GEOGRAPHICAL AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS............................................................................ 6 2.2 WATER RESOURCES OF POLAND AS COMPARED WITH EUROPE AND THE WORLD ......... 6 3. REGIONAL ISSUES WITHIN THE COUNTRY .......................................................................................... 8 3.1 SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF WATER RESOURCES IN POLAND .................................................... 8 3.2 TEMPORAL VARIABILITY OF WATER RESOURCES IN POLAND............................................... 8 3.3 AVAILABLE RESOURCES AND ARTIFICIAL RETENTION............................................................ 9 3.4 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES............................................................................................... 9 3.5 SURFACE WATERS ................................................................................................................................ 10 3.6 SUPPLY-DEMAND BALANCE OR IMBALANCE, AND HOW THESE HAVE BEEN ADDRESSED IN THE PAST AND PRESENT ............................................................................................................................................................ 11 3.7 HYDROPOWER USE OF WATER RESOURCES................................................................................ 13 3.8 WATER QUALITY CONCERNS, AND HOW THESE HAVE BEEN ADDRESSED IN THE PAST AND PRESENT ..... 14 3.9 QUALITY OF POLISH RIVERS............................................................................................................ 16 3.10 QUALITY OF WATERS IN THE MONITORED LAKES.................................................................. 18 3.11 FLOOD CONTROL, AND HOW IT HAS BEEN ADDRESSED IN THE PAST AND PRESENT ................................ 18 3.11.1 Average Annual Losses In The Years 1958 -1998 ........................................................................... 18 3.11.2 Technical, Organizational, And Financial Actions Taken After July 1997 Flood......................... 18 4. RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT................................................................................................................... 20 4.1 DEVELOPMENT OF WATER MANAGEMENT BASED ON RIVER BASINS............................... 21 4.2 SHAPE OF WATER MANAGEMENT IN POLAND ............................................................................ 23 4.3 ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS................................................................................................................ 27 4.4 INFORMATION SYSTEM ...................................................................................................................... 28 4.5 SUPERVISION AND CONTROL SYSTEM ............................................................................................ 28 4.6 EDUCATION & RESEARCH.................................................................................................................. 29 4.7 SOURCES OF FINANCING FOR ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND WATER MANAGEMENT............................................................................................................................................. 29 5. CONTEXT OF NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT....................................................................... 32 6. WARTA RIVER BASIN INFORMATION ................................................................................................... 33 6. WARTA RIVER BASIN INFORMATION ................................................................................................... 34 6.1 PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS OF THE WARTA RIVER BASIN ............................................................................... 34 6.2 INTERNAL PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF THE RIVER BASIN ............................................................................ 36 6.3 HISTORICAL AND CURRENT DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCES OF THE WARTA RIVER BASIN ....... 38 6.4 SOCIAL CONTEXT OF RIVER BASIN ............................................................................................................. 39 7. MANAGEMENT OF THE WARTA RIVER BASIN.................................................................................. 41 7.1 PRE-DECENTRALIZATION PERIOD .............................................................................................................. 41 7.2 DECENTRALIZATION REFORM PROCESS..................................................................................................... 41 7.3 MAIN PROBLEMS OF WATER MANAGEMENT .............................................................................. 41 7.4 PERFORMANCE MEASURES ......................................................................................................................... 45 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................................... 46 List of Tables Table 1 Structure of Public Administration in Poland ..................................................................... 4 Table 2 Schedule of development of Water Management in Poland ............................................. 23 Table 3 Voivodship Share in the Warta River-Basin ..................................................................... 35 Table 4 Comparison of the RWMA in Poznań with the rest of Poland. ........................................ 36 Table 5 Characteristics of the Voivodships in the Warta Basin..................................................... 39 List of Figures Figure 1 Map of Poland (Internet).................................................................................................... 1 Figure 2 GDP and Household expenditure in Poland (billion USD) between 1990 and 2001. ....... 2 Figure 3 Comparison of Poland’s and total OECD per capita GDP between 1990 and 2001. ........ 2 Figure 4 Volume indices of GDP and Household expenditure in Poland between 1990 & 2001.... 3 Figure 5 Water Independence expressed as the share of water resources generated within some European countries. ........................................................................................................... 7 Figure 7 Water Intake Per GNP Unit (m3/GNP unit US$1,000).................................................... 12 Figure 8 Water Consumption in Poland (million m3/year)............................................................ 13 Figure 9 Wastewater Discharge in Poland (million m3)................................................................. 14 Figure 10 Territorial responsibilities of respective RWMAs .......................................................... 24 Figure 11 Organization Scheme of the Ministry of the Environment. ............................................ 32 Figure 12 A diagram of links relevant in water management in Poland ......................................... 33 Figure 13 Drainage basin of the Warta River.................................................................................
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    7th Study Conference on BALTEX, Borgholm, Sweden, 10-14 June 2013 Improved tools for river flood preparedness under changing risk - Poland Zbigniew W. Kundzewicz Institute of Agricultural and Forest Environment, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland and Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany - Changing flood risk in Poland - Improved tools for river flood preparedness - Changing flood risk in Poland - Improved tools for river flood preparedness River flooding in Poland River flooding is the most destructive natural peril in the Baltic Sea Basin in general and in Poland in particular. Flood risk and preparedness became matters of broad concern, following the dramatic floods in Poland in 1997 and 2010, when dozens of people were killed, national flood losses reached the level of billions of Euros and the topic made it to cover stories. Floods in PL, May-June 2013 IAHS Special Publication 10 (April 2012) ISBN ISBN 978-1- 907161-28-5 (Paperback); 516 + xvi pages 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Source: et al. (2012) Kundzewicz Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Increasing number of large floods, according tothedata in 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 y = 0.3123x + 2.46 y = 0.2608x + 0.33 R R 2 2 = 0.4339 = 0.6012 Magnitude=>5 Severity=>1.5 Trend in number of days with precipitation in excess of 30 mm, and (b) trend in maximum 5-day precipitation, 1971–2002 (after Lorenc & Olecka, 2006). Catastrophic floods of regional extent in Poland: from 1946 to 1970; from 1971 to 1990; from 1991 to 2010; from 1946 to 2010.