Unraveling Cajal's View of the Olfactory System
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Cell Migration in the Developing Rodent Olfactory System
Cell. Mol. Life Sci. (2016) 73:2467–2490 DOI 10.1007/s00018-016-2172-7 Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences REVIEW Cell migration in the developing rodent olfactory system 1,2 1 Dhananjay Huilgol • Shubha Tole Received: 16 August 2015 / Revised: 8 February 2016 / Accepted: 1 March 2016 / Published online: 18 March 2016 Ó The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The components of the nervous system are Abbreviations assembled in development by the process of cell migration. AEP Anterior entopeduncular area Although the principles of cell migration are conserved AH Anterior hypothalamic nucleus throughout the brain, different subsystems may predomi- AOB Accessory olfactory bulb nantly utilize specific migratory mechanisms, or may aAOB Anterior division, accessory olfactory bulb display unusual features during migration. Examining these pAOB Posterior division, accessory olfactory bulb subsystems offers not only the potential for insights into AON Anterior olfactory nucleus the development of the system, but may also help in aSVZ Anterior sub-ventricular zone understanding disorders arising from aberrant cell migra- BAOT Bed nucleus of accessory olfactory tract tion. The olfactory system is an ancient sensory circuit that BST Bed nucleus of stria terminalis is essential for the survival and reproduction of a species. BSTL Bed nucleus of stria terminalis, lateral The organization of this circuit displays many evolution- division arily conserved features in vertebrates, including molecular BSTM Bed nucleus of stria terminalis, medial mechanisms and complex migratory pathways. In this division review, we describe the elaborate migrations that populate BSTMa Bed nucleus of stria terminalis, medial each component of the olfactory system in rodents and division, anterior portion compare them with those described in the well-studied BSTMpl Bed nucleus of stria terminalis, medial neocortex. -
“Physiological Characterization of Chemosensory Mechanisms in Mice”
“Physiological characterization of chemosensory mechanisms in mice” Von der Fakultät für Mathematik, Informatik und Naturwissenschaften der RWTH Aachen University zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer Doktorin der Naturwissenschaften genehmigte Dissertation vorgelegt von Master of Science Lisa Marie Moeller aus Schwelm Berichter: Universitätsprofessor Dr. rer. nat. Marc Spehr Universitätsprofessor Dr. rer. nat. Frank Müller Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 03.11.2014 Diese Dissertation ist auf den Internetseiten der Hochschulbibliothek online verfügbar. I Content 1. Introduction 1 1.1 The main olfactory system 1 1.1.1 Anatomical structure and cells of the main olfactory epithelium 2 1.1.1.1 Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) 3 1.1.1.2 Sustentacular cells (SCs) 5 1.1.2 Physiological properties of OSNs 7 1.1.2.1 Signaltransduction in OSNs 7 1.1.2.2 Adaptation mechanisms 8 1.1.2.3 The physiological role of Ca2+ 9 1.2 The accessory olfactory system 10 1.2.1 Anatomy of the AOS 10 1.2.2 Chemoreceptors in the VNO 11 1.2.3 Physiological properties of VSNs 13 1.2.3.1 Signaltransduction in VSNs 13 1.2.3.2 Physiological role of Cl- 14 1.2.4 Pheromones and behavior 15 1.3 Mitochondria 17 1.4 Voltage-gated ion channels 19 Aims 23 2. Materials and Methods 24 2.1 Chemicals 24 2.2 Solutions 25 2.3 Consumables 27 2.4 Equipment 28 2.5 Software 30 2.6 Mouse strains 30 Methods 31 2.7 Animal and tissue preparation 31 2.7.1 Acute coronal MOE slices 31 2.7.2 Acute coronal VNO slices 31 2.7.3 En face preparation of the VNO sensory epithelium 32 2.7.4 Dissociation -
Distinct Representations of Olfactory Information in Different Cortical Centres
LETTER doi:10.1038/nature09868 Distinct representations of olfactory information in different cortical centres Dara L. Sosulski1, Maria Lissitsyna Bloom1{, Tyler Cutforth1{, Richard Axel1 & Sandeep Robert Datta1{ Sensory information is transmitted to the brain where it must be behaviours, but is unlikely to specify innate behaviours. Rather, innate processed to translate stimulus features into appropriate beha- olfactory behaviours are likely to result from the activation of genetically vioural output. In the olfactory system, distributed neural activity determined, stereotyped neural circuits. We have therefore developed a in the nose is converted into a segregated map in the olfactory strategy to trace the projections from identified glomeruli in the olfactory bulb1–3. Here we investigate how this ordered representation is bulb to higher olfactory cortical centres. transformed in higher olfactory centres in mice. We have Mitral and tufted cells that innervate a single glomerulus were developed a tracing strategy to define the neural circuits that labelled by electroporation of tetramethylrhodamine (TMR)-dextran convey information from individual glomeruli in the olfactory under the guidance of a two-photon microscope. This technique labels bulb to the piriform cortex and the cortical amygdala. The spatial mitral and tufted cells that innervate a single glomerulus and is suffi- order in the bulb is discarded in the piriform cortex; axons from ciently robust to allow the identification of axon termini within mul- individual glomeruli project diffusely to the piriform without tiple higher order olfactory centres (Figs 1a–c, 2 and Supplementary apparent spatial preference. In the cortical amygdala, we observe Figs 1–4). Labelling of glomeruli in the olfactory bulbs of mice that broad patches of projections that are spatially stereotyped for indi- express GFP under the control of specific odorant receptor promoters vidual glomeruli. -
Comprehensive Connectivity of the Mouse Main Olfactory Bulb: Analysis and Online Digital Atlas
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 07 August 2012 NEUROANATOMY doi: 10.3389/fnana.2012.00030 Comprehensive connectivity of the mouse main olfactory bulb: analysis and online digital atlas Houri Hintiryan , Lin Gou , Brian Zingg , Seita Yamashita , Hannah M. Lyden , Monica Y. Song , Arleen K. Grewal , Xinhai Zhang , Arthur W. Toga and Hong-Wei Dong* Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Edited by: We introduce the first open resource for mouse olfactory connectivity data produced as Jorge A. Larriva-Sahd, Universidad part of the Mouse Connectome Project (MCP) at UCLA. The MCP aims to assemble a Nacional Autónoma de México, whole-brain connectivity atlas for the C57Bl/6J mouse using a double coinjection tracing Mexico method. Each coinjection consists of one anterograde and one retrograde tracer, which Reviewed by: Marco Aurelio M. Freire, Edmond affords the advantage of simultaneously identifying efferent and afferent pathways and and Lily Safra International Institute directly identifying reciprocal connectivity of injection sites. The systematic application for Neurosciences of Natal, Brazil of double coinjections potentially reveals interaction stations between injections and Juan Andrés De Carlos, Instituto allows for the study of connectivity at the network level. To facilitate use of the data, Cajal (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Spain raw images are made publicly accessible through our online interactive visualization *Correspondence: tool, the iConnectome, where users can view and annotate the high-resolution, Hong-Wei Dong, Laboratory of multi-fluorescent connectivity data (www.MouseConnectome.org). Systematic double Neuro Imaging, Department of coinjections were made into different regions of the main olfactory bulb (MOB) and data Neurology, David Geffen School of from 18 MOB cases (∼72 pathways; 36 efferent/36 afferent) currently are available to Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. -
Vocabulario De Morfoloxía, Anatomía E Citoloxía Veterinaria
Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) Servizo de Normalización Lingüística Universidade de Santiago de Compostela COLECCIÓN VOCABULARIOS TEMÁTICOS N.º 4 SERVIZO DE NORMALIZACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) 2008 UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA VOCABULARIO de morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria : (galego-español- inglés) / coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río, Servizo de Normalización Lingüística ; autores Matilde Lombardero Fernández ... [et al.]. – Santiago de Compostela : Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, 2008. – 369 p. ; 21 cm. – (Vocabularios temáticos ; 4). - D.L. C 2458-2008. – ISBN 978-84-9887-018-3 1.Medicina �������������������������������������������������������������������������veterinaria-Diccionarios�������������������������������������������������. 2.Galego (Lingua)-Glosarios, vocabularios, etc. políglotas. I.Lombardero Fernández, Matilde. II.Rodríguez Rio, Xusto A. coord. III. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística, coord. IV.Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, ed. V.Serie. 591.4(038)=699=60=20 Coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río (Área de Terminoloxía. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Autoras/res Matilde Lombardero Fernández (doutora en Veterinaria e profesora do Departamento de Anatomía e Produción Animal. -
Plume Dynamics Structure the Spatiotemporal Activity of Mitral/Tufted Cell Networks in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb
ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 30 April 2021 doi: 10.3389/fncel.2021.633757 Plume Dynamics Structure the Spatiotemporal Activity of Mitral/Tufted Cell Networks in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb Suzanne M. Lewis 1*, Lai Xu 1, Nicola Rigolli 2,3, Mohammad F. Tariq 4, Lucas M. Suarez 1, Merav Stern 5, Agnese Seminara 3 and David H. Gire 1* 1 Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, 2 Dipartimento di Fisica, Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Genova, Universitá di Genova, Genova, Italy, 3 CNRS, Institut de Physique de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France, 4 Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, 5 Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States Although mice locate resources using turbulent airborne odor plumes, the stochasticity and intermittency of fluctuating plumes create challenges for interpreting odor cues in natural environments. Population activity within the olfactory bulb (OB) is thought to process this complex spatial and temporal information, but how plume dynamics Edited by: impact odor representation in this early stage of the mouse olfactory system is unknown. Shaina M. Short, The University of Utah, United States Limitations in odor detection technology have made it difficult to measure plume Reviewed by: fluctuations while simultaneously recording from the mouse’s brain. Thus, previous Andreas Schaefer, studies have measured OB activity following controlled odor pulses of varying profiles or Francis Crick Institute and University frequencies, but this approach only captures a subset of features found within olfactory College London, London, United Kingdom plumes. Adequately sampling this feature space is difficult given a lack of knowledge Shawn Denver Burton, regarding which features the brain extracts during exposure to natural olfactory scenes. -
Special Issue “Olfaction: from Genes to Behavior”
G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Editorial Special Issue “Olfaction: From Genes to Behavior” Edgar Soria-Gómez 1,2,3 1 Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; [email protected] or [email protected] 2 Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain 3 IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain Received: 12 June 2020; Accepted: 15 June 2020; Published: 15 June 2020 The senses dictate how the brain represents the environment, and this representation is the basis of how we act in the world. Among the five senses, olfaction is maybe the most mysterious and underestimated one, probably because a large part of the olfactory information is processed at the unconscious level in humans [1–4]. However, it is undeniable the influence of olfaction in the control of behavior and cognitive processes. Indeed, many studies demonstrate a tight relationship between olfactory perception and behavior [5]. For example, olfactory cues are determinant for partner selection [6,7], parental care [8,9], and feeding behavior [10–13], and the sense of smell can even contribute to emotional responses, cognition and mood regulation [14,15]. Accordingly, it has been shown that a malfunctioning of the olfactory system could be causally associated with the occurrence of important diseases, such as neuropsychiatric depression or feeding-related disorders [16,17]. Thus, a clear identification of the biological mechanisms involved in olfaction is key in the understanding of animal behavior in physiological and pathological conditions. -
Psichologijos Žodynas Dictionary of Psychology
ANGLŲ–LIETUVIŲ KALBŲ PSICHOLOGIJOS ŽODYNAS ENGLISH–LITHUANIAN DICTIONARY OF PSYCHOLOGY VILNIAUS UNIVERSITETAS Albinas Bagdonas Eglė Rimkutė ANGLŲ–LIETUVIŲ KALBŲ PSICHOLOGIJOS ŽODYNAS Apie 17 000 žodžių ENGLISH–LITHUANIAN DICTIONARY OF PSYCHOLOGY About 17 000 words VILNIAUS UNIVERSITETO LEIDYKLA VILNIUS 2013 UDK 159.9(038) Ba-119 Apsvarstė ir rekomendavo išleisti Vilniaus universiteto Filosofijos fakulteto taryba (2013 m. kovo 6 d.; protokolas Nr. 2) RECENZENTAI: prof. Audronė LINIAUSKAITĖ Klaipėdos universitetas doc. Dalia NASVYTIENĖ Lietuvos edukologijos universitetas TERMINOLOGIJOS KONSULTANTĖ dr. Palmira ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ REDAKCINĖ KOMISIJA: Albinas BAGDONAS Vida JAKUTIENĖ Birutė POCIŪTĖ Gintautas VALICKAS Žodynas parengtas įgyvendinant Europos socialinio fondo remiamą projektą „Pripažįstamos kvalifikacijos neturinčių psichologų tikslinis perkvalifikavimas pagal Vilniaus universiteto bakalauro ir magistro studijų programas – VUPSIS“ (2011 m. rugsėjo 29 d. sutartis Nr. VP1-2.3.- ŠMM-04-V-02-001/Pars-13700-2068). Pirminis žodyno variantas (1999–2010 m.) rengtas Vilniaus universiteto Specialiosios psichologijos laboratorijos lėšomis. ISBN 978-609-459-226-3 © Albinas Bagdonas, 2013 © Eglė Rimkutė, 2013 © VU Specialiosios psichologijos laboratorija, 2013 © Vilniaus universitetas, 2013 PRATARMĖ Sparčiai plėtojantis globalizacijos proce- atvejus, kai jų vertimas į lietuvių kalbą gali sams, informacinėms technologijoms, ne- kelti sunkumų), tik tam tikroms socialinėms išvengiamai didėja ir anglų kalbos, kaip ir etninėms grupėms būdingų žodžių, slengo, -
Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Nasal Conditions: a Review of Current Evidence ISAO SUZAKI and HITOME KOBAYASHI
in vivo 35 : 1409-1417 (2021) doi:10.21873/invivo.12393 Review Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Nasal Conditions: A Review of Current Evidence ISAO SUZAKI and HITOME KOBAYASHI Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan Abstract. The nasal epithelium expressing enriched Organization (WHO) (2). COVID-19 has rapidly spread all angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2), the key cell entry over the world with over 92.5 million cases and has killed receptor of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 more than 2.0 million people worldwide as of January 2021. (SARS-CoV-2), could serve as the first barrier to protect the The pandemic of COVID-19 has greatly impacted several airway from viral infection. Recent studies have aspects of the clinical field of otolaryngology, including demonstrated that higher viral loads were detected in the infection prevention and patient management of both nasal cavity than the pharynx in coronavirus disease 2019 inpatients and outpatients. It has been confirmed that risk (COVID-19) patients, and otolaryngologists should carefully factors impacting the severity of COVID-19 included consider infection prevention in clinical practice for the comorbidity of malignant tumors, chronic obstructive treatment of nasal conditions. Moreover, several studies have pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, liver disease, indicated that anosmia is one of the clinical characteristics obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and of COVID-19, but the precise prevalence and mechanism immunosuppression after transplantation of organs, as well remain unclear. Thus far, comorbidity of allergic rhinitis and as older age and smoking, compared to healthy persons (3- chronic rhinosinusitis do not seem to be a major risk factor 11). -
Non-Neural Expression of SARS-Cov-2 Entry Genes in the Olfactory Epithelium Suggests Mechanisms Underlying Anosmia in COVID-19 Patients
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.25.009084; this version posted March 28, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Non-neural expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory epithelium suggests mechanisms underlying anosmia in COVID-19 patients David H. Brann*1, Tatsuya Tsukahara*1, Caleb Weinreb*1, Darren W. Logan2, Sandeep Robert Datta1,3 1Harvard Medical School Department of Neurobiology, Boston MA 02115 USA 2Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK 3Corresponding Author *These authors contributed equally to the manuscript bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.25.009084; this version posted March 28, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Abstract Recent reports suggest an association between COVID-19 and altered olfactory function. Here we analyze bulk and single cell RNA-Seq datasets to identify cell types in the olfactory epithelium that express molecules that mediate infection by SARS- CoV-2 (CoV-2), the causal agent in COVID-19. We find in both mouse and human datasets that olfactory sensory neurons do not express two key genes involved in CoV- 2 entry, ACE2 and TMPRSS2. In contrast, olfactory epithelial support cells and stem cells express both of these genes, as do cells in the nasal respiratory epithelium. Taken together, these findings suggest possible mechanisms through which CoV-2 infection could lead to anosmia or other forms of olfactory dysfunction. -
COVID 19-Induced Smell and Taste Impairments: Putative Impact on Physiology
fphys-11-625110 January 20, 2021 Time: 15:54 # 1 REVIEW published: 26 January 2021 doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.625110 COVID 19-Induced Smell and Taste Impairments: Putative Impact on Physiology Nicolas Meunier1, Loïc Briand2, Agnès Jacquin-Piques2,3, Laurent Brondel2 and Luc Pénicaud4* 1 Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France, 2 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS UMR6265, INRAE UMR 1324, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France, 3 Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital, Dijon, France, 4 STROMALab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS ERL 5311, Inserm U1031, Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France Smell and taste impairments are recognized as common symptoms in COVID 19 patients even in an asymptomatic phase. Indeed, depending on the country, in up to 85–90% of cases anosmia and dysgeusia are reported. We will review briefly the main mechanisms involved in the physiology of olfaction and taste focusing on receptors and transduction as well as the main neuroanatomical pathways. Then we will examine the current evidences, even if still fragmented and unsystematic, explaining the disturbances and mode of action of the virus at the level of the nasal and oral cavities. We will focus on its impact on the peripheral and central nervous system. Finally, considering the role of Edited by: Georges Leftheriotis, smell and taste in numerous physiological functions, especially in ingestive behavior, we Université Côte d’Azur, France will discuss the consequences on the physiology of the patients as well as management Reviewed by: regarding food intake. Christopher von Bartheld, University of Nevada, Reno, Keywords: COVID 19, taste, smell, feeding behavior, physiopathology United States Kathleen S. -
Canine Olfaction: Physiology, Behavior, and Possibilities for Practical Applications
animals Review Canine Olfaction: Physiology, Behavior, and Possibilities for Practical Applications Agata Kokoci ´nska-Kusiak 1, Martyna Woszczyło 2, Mikołaj Zybala 3 , Julia Maciocha 1 , Katarzyna Barłowska 4 and Michał Dzi˛ecioł 2,* 1 Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, ul. Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warszawa, Poland; [email protected] (A.K.-K.); [email protected] (J.M.) 2 Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland; [email protected] 3 Institute of Biological Sciences, Doctoral School, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, ul. Konarskiego 2, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland; [email protected] 4 Department of Biotechnology and Nutrigenomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrz˛ebiec,05-552 Magdalenka, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: Dogs have an extraordinary olfactory capability, which far exceeds that of humans. Dogs’ sense of smell seems to be the main sense, allowing them to not only gather both current and historical information about their surrounding environment, but also to find the source of the smell, which is crucial for locating food, danger, or partners for reproduction. Dogs can be trained by humans to use their olfactory abilities in a variety of fields, with a detection limit often much lower than that of sophisticated laboratory instruments. The specific anatomical and physiological Citation: Kokoci´nska-Kusiak,A.; features of dog olfaction allow humans to achieve outstanding results in the detection of drugs, Woszczyło, M.; Zybala, M.; Maciocha, explosives, and different illnesses, such as cancer, diabetes, or infectious disease.