NATUURHISTORISCH MAANDBLAD 111 Beschouwd Worden. Daar Toch

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NATUURHISTORISCH MAANDBLAD 111 Beschouwd Worden. Daar Toch NATUURHISTORISCH MAANDBLAD 111 beschouwd worden. Daar toch zit deze soort i n Op 6-10-'38 werd ik verrast met de vondst te de Fluweelen grot bij den uitloop eener orgelpijp. Maastricht van beide bijensoorten : retusa 9 en Hierna doet de Voorzitter nog de volgende me- aestivalis $ . Bij 't omspitten van tuingrond waren dedeelingen : ze dien dag te voorschijn gekomen in Biesland ; Nogmaals Xylocopa violacea L. beide exemplaren zijn mooi gaaf. Hoezeer deze b ij thans ingeburgerd is in Maas- tricht, blijkt wel uit het feit dat ik haar dezen zo- mer herhaaldelijk waarnam in den Museumtuin, PARASITISME BIJ PHORIDEN terwijl Pater van Waesberghe S.J. alhier op 20, door 23 en 24 September 1.1. telkens één exemplaar ving in den tuin der Paters Jezuieten. Ze vlogen hier H. SCHMITZ SJ. op de insectenplant bij uitnemendheid : Buddleia. In October 1937 werd in de Maas te Eijsden De stelling, dat bepaalde Phoridenlarven para- eene Chineesche Wolhandkrab, Erio- sitisch in andere insecten huizen, werd reeds voor cheir sinensis gevangen, 't Beestje kwam toen da- meer dan honderd jaren geopperd. Men vindt haar delijk terecht in 't Natuurhist. Museum te Maas- het eerst bij Meigen 1830, die zich op Bouché be- tricht, waar het in een aquarium en gevoed met roept, daarna bij Hartig (1837), bij Westwood pieren voorspoedig leefde tot 27 September 1938. (1840), bij Rondani (1860), bij Assmuss (1865), Toen toch ging 't dood, ofschoon het den dag van bij Brischke (1867), en betreft o.a. soorten, die te voren nog ettelijke wormen had naar binnen thans onder de namen Megaseiia rufipes Meig., gespeeld. Pseudacteon [ormicarum Verrall, Phalacrotophora Waar dit het eenige exemplaar was, hetwelk fasciata Fallen en Borophaga incrassata Meig. be- we ooit in gevangenschap konden waarnemen, we- kend zijn. Deze Phoriden zouden bij de volgende ten we bij ondervinding niet, of we een haast vol insecten parasiteeren : Lepidoptera {Phora sphin- jaar, dat we deze krab in bezit hadden, moeten gicides en heracleéllae Bouché = Megaseiia rufi- beschouwen als een langen of korten levensduur pes) , Coleoptera (M. rufipes en Ph. fasciata), mie- voor zoo'n dier in dergelijke omstandigheden. We ren {Pseudacteon) en honingbijen (B. incrassata). meenen ons echter te herinneren 'ns ergens gehoord Van andere Phoriden werd waargenomen, dat of gelezen te hebben dat Eriocheir sinensis 't maar hunne larven van doode insecten en lijken van vele eenige maanden in gevangenschap uithoudt. andere dieren, ook van menschelijke lijken, verder Dat dieren het, mits ietwat goede verzorging, in paddestoelen en andere rottende stoffen leven. in gevangenschap lang kunnen uithouden, bewij- Vreemd is de wijze, waarop Th. Becker, de eerste zen de Land- of Vuursalamanders, Salamandra monograaph van de familie Phoridae, in 1901 de maculosa in 't Museum. tot op dien tijd gedane waarnemingen samenvat. Eén huist hier al van af 10 Sept. '24, een an- Hij zegt, dat uit de vroegere publicaties •hervor- dere sinds 2 April '27. Als volwassen dieren kre- geht, dass die Phoridenlarven im allgemeinen in gen wij ze toen uit de buurt van Geulle-Bunde. den Leibern anderer Insekten schmarotzen, eben- Den 17 April 1928 schonk een Landsalamander sogut in lebendigen Exemplaren als in toten Lei- in 't Museum 't levenslicht aan een 13-tal jongen, bern, auch in faulenden Substanzen. Aus allen die toen voorspoedig opgroeiden en waarvan de diesen Angaben und Berichten... kann man ent- meesten geschonken werden aan vrienden en be- nehmen, dass eine bestimmte Art nicht an ein kenden. Wat er van de aldus naar wijd en zijd bestimmtes Wohntier oder an eine besondere Nah- verspreide familie terecht is gekomen, weet ik niet. rung gebunden ist ; es sind die verschiedenartig- De twee, welke wij voor 't Museum behielden, sten Ernahrungsverhaltnisse bei einer und dersel- verkeeren nog altijd in blakenden welstand. Ook ben Art beobachtet worden". deze salamanders worden uitsluitend gevoed met Wat Becker daar zegt, is alles behalve een cor- pieren. recte weergave der tot 1900 waargenomen feiten. Van 't in 't palaearktische gebied zoo overrijke Zijn laatste zin geldt eigenlijk alleen maar van bijengeslacht Anthophora • er zijn vandaar min- Megaseiia rufipes : alleen van de larven van deze stens 300 soorten bekend • kennen we er in Ne- soort was beweerd, dat zij nu eens als parasiten derland tot nog toe slechts een achttal. dan weer als saprophagen waren waargenomen. Twee daarvan zijn Anthophora retusa L. en A. Veel juister is de korte opgave van J. Th. Oude- aestivalis Pz. De eerste was in onze Museumcol- mans in de Nederlandsche Insecten (1900) blz. lectie vertegenwoordigd door twee 2 9 gevangen 586 : •Larven in meer of minder vergane organi- te Brunssum door den heer A. Gielkens, 30-5-'29. sche stoffen, enkele parasitisch". Jaren achtereen heb ik in de buurt van Maas- De zienswijze van Becker schijnt de reden ge- tricht naar retusa uitgekeken ; altijd tevergeefs. weest te zijn, waarom andere auteurs na 1900 Ook de heer Gielkens heeft haar niet meer terug- skeptisch staan tegenover het parasitisme van Pho- gevonden. riden in 't algemeen. Keilin schrijft in 1911 : ,,En Anthopora aestivalis Pz. is voor Nederland zoo effet, toutes les larves de Phora vivent aux dépens heel lang nog niet bekend en uiterst zeldzaam. des matières organiques, végétales ou animales, en De heer Maessen ving hiervan één S te Ambij, decomposition et tous les cas de parasitisme qu'on 19-4-'38, hetwelk hij welwillend afstond voor de a signalés jusqu'ici reposent sur des observations Museumcollectie. imprécises." (Feuille d. Jeunes Natur. 1911, blz. 112 NATUURHISTORISCH MAANDBLAD 150 ,,Phora maculata Meig. est-il parasite de Ge- rungen als echte Parasiten auftreten.... Rein prin- lechia maculatella Hübn. ?"). zipiell scheint es mir aber, als ob die Gesundheit Toen Keilin dit schreef, was echt parasitisme des Wirtstieres in folgender Hinsicht von Bedeu- al lang, ten minste van ééne myrmecophiele Pho- tung sein künnte. Erstens kann angenommen ride, bekend, n.1. van Apocephalus pergandei uit werden, dass ein Wirtstier einer gewissen Zer- Noord Amerika. Pergande had aan een beuken- setzung unterliegen muss, um von einer sapropha- stam een werkster van Camponotus pennsylvanicus gen Art mit Hilfe ihres Geruchssinnes entdeckt D. G. waargenomen, die zich geheel anders ge- zu werden. Zweitens kann man annehmen, dass droeg dan haar onrustige en bedrijvige soortge- der Gesundheitszustand des Wirtes auf die Mög- nooten. Zij was slaperig, bij aanraking loom en lichkeit des Parasiten, ihn mit Eieren zu belegen, onzeker in haar bewegingen en liet haar kopje einwirkt. Wie bekannt sind viele Raupen zu einem hangen. Pergande plaatste haar in een wijde flesch gewissen Grade imstande, sich durch Bewegungen om thuis uit te zoeken, wat den kleinen patient des Körpers gegen Parasiten zu wehren, die auf scheelde. Ettelijke uren later vond hij, dat het kopje sie Eier ablegen wollen. Sind sie aber krank und afgevallen was. Het onthoofde lichaam en ook de infolgedessen weniger beweglich, so fallen sie ihren losse kop maakten nog bewegingen ; maar het Feinden leichter zum Opfer. Schliesslich ist es auch bleek, dat de kopbewegingen van eene vliegen- wohl möglich, dass die Kutikula bei einer gesunden larve kwamen, die in die kop zat. 17 dagen later Raupe stark oder zah genug sein mag, um das leverde deze larve een wijfje op van eene tot dan Eindringen der Parasiten verhindern zu können." onbekende Phoridensoort, door Coquillett ter eere van Pergande als Apocephalus pergandei n.g. n.sp. (Zwei forstentomologisch wichtige Fliegen, in : Zeitschr. angw. Ent. XVIII 1931 blz. 672 ff.). beschreven (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. Vol. IV 1901 p. 497•501). Pergande keerde op het eind van Dat zijn zeker gezichtspunten, die onze aan- dezelfde maand September herhaaldelijk naar de dacht verdienen, en wanneer in hun licht de be- vindplaats terug en zag, hoe andere individuen richten over parasitisme van Phoriden uit de 19e van de door hem ontdekte Phoridensoort mieren eeuw bekeken worden, zullen zeker velen niet stand vervolgden en met haar vochten. Hij teekent ook kunnen houden voor den rechterstoel van de mo- aan, dat men op den grond rondom zulke boom- derne natuurwetenschap. stammen, die door Camponotus pennsylvanicus ,,Observations imprécises", zooals Keilin ze bewoond zijn, koppen van mieren in massa's ver- noemt, dat waren zij in vele gevallen. Een typisch spreid ziet liggen • allemaal slachtoffers van de voorbeeld hebben wij in het artikel van A. Schulz ,,ant decapitating fly", zooals Pergande haar in Zool. Anzeiger XXVIII 1904 blz. 42 f. •Dip- noemt. • Pergande's waarnemingen werden door teren als Ektoparasiten an südamerikanischen Tag- andere Amerikaansche entomologen herhaald, en faltern". De zakelijke inhoud daarvan ligt in het ook bleek, dat larven in mierenkoppen reeds 13 volgende : ,,Auf meinen Streifzügen in den sump- jaren vroeger in New Hampshire gevonden, maar figen Dickichten von Sao Joao bei der Hauptstadt toen niet tot imago geteeld waren. Belem do Para f and ich im April 1894 frischge- Dat Apocephalus pergandei een echte obligate fangene Exemplare von Morpho Achilies (L.) auf mieren-endoparasiet is, was derhalve bewezen. Het der Flügeloberseite haufig mit einigen kleinen Dip- zou een teeken zijn van eene zeker te ver gaande teren besetzt, die in dem Schuppenstaub förmliche kritische instelling, wanneer iemand nog meer be- Gange angelegt hatten. Gewiss rührte dies daher, wijzen en experimenten daaromtrent zou willen dass sie dort auch ihre Entwicklung durchgemacht eischen. hatten, dass also ihre
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