International Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension Vol. 6(2), pp. 405-416, September, 2020. © www.premierpublishers.org. ISSN: 2167- 0432

Research Article

Evaluation of Production and Processing of Cow Milk in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas of Gondar District, Northern

Mulu Demlie1, Mitiku Eshetu2, Samson Leta3 1Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Oda Bultum University, Chiro, Ethiopia 2Department of Animal and Range Science, College of Agriculture, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia 3Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia

The objectives of the study were to assess milk production performance and production constraints, milking and processing practices in urban and peri-urban areas of Gondar district, Northern Ethiopia. A total of 6 potential Kebels (Peasant associations) were selected purposively, namely Sayena -sabiya, Azezo Teklehaymanot and Mariam Deber from Peri-urban and Maraki, Ledeta and Gebrial Ketema from Urban areas. About 180 respondents who have dairy cows and produce milk were selected randomly from the total households. The average milk yield of local and crossbreed cows was 2.32 and 7.99 liters per cow per day, respectively. The major constraints of milk production in the study area were feed shortage, shortage of land, disease, low milk yield of local cows and lack of market access. About 82.78% of respondents practiced milk processing in to different milk products. In general, in Gondar district the demand for milk and milk products consumption was high but the milk yield of dairy cows cannot satisfy this demand, due to shortage of feeds and other related factors. Therefore, further work is needed to improve feed resources available to alleviate feed shortage in the study area.

Keywords: Processing, Production, Urban and peri-urban

INTRODUCTION

Ethiopia has the largest livestock population in Africa, with and milk products in urban areas. Rural household dairy an estimated population of 60.39 million cattle, 31.30 production system includes pastoralists, agro-pastoralists, million sheep, 32.74 million goat, 2.01 million horses, 8.85 and mixed crop-livestock producers. The system is not million donkeys, 0.46 million mules, and 1.42 million market oriented and most of the milk produced in this camels and 56.06 million poultry. Out of the total cattle system is only for home consumption. The level of milk population, the female cattle constitute about 54.68% and surplus is determined by the demand for milk by the 45.32% male with 98.24% local breeds, 1.54% hybrid and household and its neighbors, the potential to produce milk 0.22% exotic breeds. A total cow milk production for the in terms of herd size and production season, and access country was about 3.1 billion liters with the average to a nearby market (Mebrate et al. 2019). lactation period of about six months and average daily milk yield per cow is about 1.37 liters (CSA, 2018). *Corresponding Author: Mulu Demile, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Oda Bultum In Ethiopia, milk production systems can be categorized University, Chiro, Ethiopia. E-mail: into rural household, urban and Peri-urban production [email protected] 1Co-author: Mitiku Eshetu, E- systems (Kassa, 2019). Urban and peri-urban systems are mail: [email protected] 2Co-Author: Samson market oriented and make use of the high demand for milk Leta, E-mail: [email protected]

Evaluation of Production and Processing of Cow Milk in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas of Gondar District, Northern Ethiopia Demile et al. 406

Milk and milk products are economically important farm et al. (2016) and production, handling, traditional commodities and dairy farming is an investment option for processing practices and quality of milk in Bahir Dar milk smallholder farmers. Milk is used for rearing calves and shed area was reported by Asaminew (2007).but still there children, and the surplus is soured for making different is the gap in the Amhara region in general and in Gonda`r fermented milk products. The major ones include: Ergo, district in particular. Therefore; the objectives of this finding Ayib, butter, Nitirkibie (melted butter or ghee), Arera were to assess cow milk production and processing (defatted sour milk, a by-product of butter-making and a practice in Urban and peri-urban areas of Gondar district. raw material for Ayib-making) and Aguat (whey). Most of the milk produced in the country is accordingly processed on-farm using traditional technologies that are generally MATERIALS AND METHODS not effective and efficient (Tsehay, 2001). Description of the Study Area Milk production is an important part of the farming system in north Gondar Zone in general, and in Gondar district in The study was conducted in Gondar district, north Gondar particular. The area has potential for milk production and Zone of Amhara Regional State, which is located 730 kms milk products. Even if the area has potential for production Northwest of Addis Ababa, it is a city and separate Woreda of milk and milk products, slim is known about the existing in Amhara Regional state, Ethiopia. It is located at12°36′N dairy production and processing practice. In order to Latitude and 37°28′Elongitude with an elevation of 2133 design relevant research that outfit to the area, it is meters above sea level. Gondar district contains 12 urban essential that researchers understand the existing and 11 peri-urban Kebels. The annual average situations. For the research to be effective and to meet the temperature is 19.1°C and average monthly temperatures need of the farmers and to devise appropriate vary by 4 °C. In the winter time records indicate that the development interventions, identification of problems and temperature during day reach 27.3°C while it falls to10.7°C understanding of the existing dairy production and during night. During summer average high temperature is processing in the area are vital. Furthermore, inquiry 23°C, while the average low temperatures is 13°C. Total regarding the feasibility of the emerging dairy cooperatives annual Precipitation averages 1161 mm. The predominant and identifying the problems and opportunities for the production system in these areas is mixed crop-livestock success of these cooperatives is an important area of farming and cattle are the most important livestock species study that need due attention. Handling, processing and reared in the area. Gondar had a total population of marketing of cow milk in urban and peri urban area of 207,044, of whom 98,120 were men and 108,924 women Dangila Town was reported by Bekele et al. (2015), (CSA, 2009). Production, Processing and Handling of Cow Milk in Dawa Chefa District, Amhara Region was reported by Kefyalew

Study area

Figure 1: Map of study area

Evaluation of Production and Processing of Cow Milk in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas of Gondar District, Northern Ethiopia

Study Population observed in our study is greater the value (5.26) reported in Yabello district of region, Ethiopia (Ahmed, The target sample population was the households who 2013). However, the mean household size observed in this own milking cows and produce milk. The livestock study is less than values found by Asaminew (2007) and population of the district is estimated to be 29,987 cattle, Gatwech (2012). The majority of the respondents’ ages 12,299 sheep, 4836 goats, 5816 donkeys, 613 horses and was in the range of 46-60 years, which was greater than 116 mules (Gondar Agricultural office, 2016). average age (40.74 years) of respondents in Gambella (Gatwech, 2012). Most (68.9%) of the households were Sampling and Sampling Procedure illiterate followed by read and write (31.1%).The

Before commencing the actual study, preliminary survey educational status of respondents in the study area was was conducted to gather information relevant to the study. illiterate and read and writes with the proportion of 68.90 Both secondary and primary data sources were used. and 31.10%, respectively. Ahmed (2013) reported similar Primary data sources were household heads and dairy educational status of respondents in Yabello district of cooperatives in the study areas. The secondary data Oromia region, Ethiopia. sources were taken from Agricultural offices, from Gondar woreda and other relevant sources. Table 1. Family size, age category and educational status of household The sampling units were households keeping lactating Variables Urban Peri-urban Overall mean dairy cows. Based on the preliminary study a total of 6 (N=90) (N=90) (N=180) potential Kebels (Peasant associations) were selected Family 6.51 5.82 6.17 purposively based on cattle population i.e kebeles which size(mean) has high cattle population were selected. From peri-urban Age distribution 3 Kebels (Peasant associations) were selected namely, (%) Sayena-sabiya, Azezo-tekelehayemanot and Mariyam- 15-30 yr of age 15.60 7.80 11.70 Deber and 3 kebels (Peasant associations) from urban 31-45 yr of age 26.70 28.90 27.80 namely, Maraki, Ledeta and Geberial ketema kebeles; 30 46-60 yr of age` 35.60 40.00 37.80 respondents were selected from each kebels. A total of >60 yr of age 22.20 23.30 22.80 180 respondents who engaged in cattle production were Educational selected randomly from the six selected kebels with a status of HH simple random technique and individually interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. List of households Illiterate % 47.80 90.00 68.90 of the selected Kebels were obtained from Kebele officers, Read and write % 52.20 10.00 31.10 and Agricultural extension officers. N=number of Respondents; yr=years; HH= Household

Data Collection Herd Structure

Data collection was conducted from September to The mean cattle holdings per household in the study November 2016. Semi-structured questionnaire was used area were 15.55 as presented in Table 2. The mean to collect the primary data. The secondary data were cattle number in this study was greater than the collected directly in the recorded documents. The survey number and composition of cattle owned by the was focused on milk production performance, milk smallholders the value (13.03) reported in Sululta and processing and constraints of milk production in the study Wolmera districts (Mustefa, 2012). areas. Table 2. Herd size and composition per household Statistical Analysis Type of Urban(N=90) Periurban(N=90) Overall cattle N Mean±SD N Mean±SD mean Data collected during the survey were analyzed using (N=180) Statistical Package for Social Pregnant 70 2.27±1.89 51 1.88±0.88 2.11 Sciences version 16 (SPSS). The analyzed data were Lactating 90 2.38±1.36 90 2.07±0.96 2.22 presented in the form of descriptive statistics like tables, Dry cow 14 1.43±0.51 32 1.75±0.88 1.65 figures, mean, percentage and frequency. Heifers 60 1.83±0.80 63 1.98±0.83 1.91 Bull 39 1.92±2.07 68 1.49±0.76 1.64

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Oxen 8 4.00±2.92 74 2.19±0.78 2.37 Female 60 1.65±0.84 65 1.37±0.57 1.50 Household Characteristics calve Male 80 1.46±0.72 74 1.42±0.59 1.44 Table 1 shows household characteristics in the study area. calve The mean family size per household in the study area was Total 16.94 14.15 15.55 6.17 persons. The mean family size per household N = number of respondents; SD = Standard Deviation

Evaluation of Production and Processing of Cow Milk in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas of Gondar District, Northern Ethiopia Demile et al. 408

Husbandry Practices consistent with the practice in other parts of the country (Asaminew, 2007; Solomon, 2004; Alganesh, 2002) where Labor and cattle husbandry female members of the household undertake milking. On the other hand, processing and sale of dairy products was Table 3 shows the division of labor among family members mainly the jobs of women in both areas. Sale of live with respect to cattle husbandry in urban and peri-urban animals was mostly undertaken by men, but stall feeding areas. In urban areas, hired labors were mainly of animals were performed mostly by children and hired responsible for herding cattle whereas in peri-urban areas labor in both areas herding of cattle was mainly done by children. In both areas milking was done by both men and women. This is

Table 3. Responsibilities of family members in animal production in urban and peri-urban of the study area (percentage of total respondents). Responsible family members Activity Men % Women % Children % Hired labor % Urban area(N=90) Herding 8.88 3.33 34.44 53.33 Milking 45.56 43.33 6.67 4.44 Processing - 90 4.44 4.44 Barn cleaning 2.22 35.56 48.89 13.33 Sale of dairy product 26.67 66.67 6.67 - Sale of animal 94.44 5.58 - - Stall feeding 15.56 3.33 51.11 30 Peri-urban area(N=90) Herding 13.33 4.44 51.11 31.11 Milking 34.44 24.44 11.11 30 Processing - 98.33 1.67 - Barn cleaning 4.44 30 23.33 42.22 Sale of dairy product 12.94 72.94 7.06 7.06 Sale of animal 97.78 2.22 - - Stall feeding 25.56 4.44 23.33 46.67 N=number of respondents

Feeds and feeding season (Table 5). Out of the total respondents, 81.67%

The major feed resources for dairy cattle in the study areas Table 4. Feed resources (percent of total were grazing, hay and crop residues. Generally, residues respondent) in the study areas from cereals such as, teff straw, barely straw, wheat straw, Feed resources Urban Peri-urban Overall maize stover and sorghum stover form the basal diets of (N=90)% (N=90)% mean the animals (Table 4). Majority of the urban and peri-urban (N=180) dairy farmers in the study area use combinations of Both Crop residue 66.67 8.89 37.78 different feed resources based on availability. In the urban and hay areas, the dominant feeding system was stall-feeding Only Hay 2.22 - 1.11 (zero grazing) whereas the majority of the respondents in Only crop residue 25.56 - 12.78 peri-urban areas use semi-grazing system. This result Both hay and 1.11 - 0.56 agrees with the report by Ike et al. (2005) where 95% of improved forage dairy farms in the urban and 92.1% of peri-urban farms use Natural pasture, hay 4.44 85.56 45.00 zero grazing and semi-grazing respectively in and around and crop residue Awassa town. This indicates that there is shortage of land Crop residue, hay, - 4.44 2.22 in urban areas for the production of natural pasture for improved forage, grazing purpose. The use of improved forages is not natural pasture satisfactory in the study areas. Both natural pasture - 1.11 0.56 Feed shortage occurred both in dry as well as in wet and crop residue season; however, the shortage was severe during the dry N=number of respondent Evaluation of Production and Processing of Cow Milk in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas of Gondar District, Northern Ethiopia

encountered seasonal food shortage in the study areas. together with the family members. The purposes of To overcome the seasonal shortage of feed, communities housing in the study areas were to protect cattle from have developed their own coping mechanisms. The extreme weather conditions and from theft. Cattle housing respondents practice feed conservation in the form of hay systems found in this study were similar with the housing and also store stack of crop residues and by feeding system reported by Zelalem (2010) and Asaminew (2007) different palatable leaves, such as chebeha (Ficus who reported that 80.4% of the respondents used house thonningii), wanza (Cordia Africana) and other palatable type barn in central highland of Ethiopia. The study trees. In this study area about 85.56% of respondents give conducted by Saba (2015) indicated that all of the farmers supplementation for their dairy cows. Agro-industrial by in the Adea Berga and districts of West Shoa Zone product (wheat bran, bean bran, oil seed cake and brewery used housed type barn for their cows and milking in the grain) and local beverage by product (Attela) were the feed house. which were supplemented.

Cattle housing, facility and cleaning practices Table 6. Cattle housing and facilities in the barn in the study areas Housing conditions and facilities in the barn are shown in Variables Urban(N=90) Peri- Overall Table 6. The majority of the respondents in both areas % urban(N=90) mean(N=180) keep their cattle in a separate house. However, in peri- % % urban areas, Cattle are also kept in the same house Barn type together with the family members. The purposes of Separate 63.33 63.33 63.33 housing in the study areas were to protect cattle from house extreme weather conditions and from theft. Cattle housing Fenced 36.67 33.33 35.00 systems found in this study were similar with the housing barn system reported by Zelalem (2010) and Asaminew (2007) Family 0 3.33 1.67 who reported that 80.4% of the respondents used house house type barn in central highland of Ethiopia. The study Facilities in conducted by Saba (2015) indicated that all of the farmers the barn in the Adea Berga and Ejerie districts of West Shoa Zone Feed 0 18.89 9.45 used housed type barn for their cows and milking in the trough house. Both water 77.78 12.22 45.00

& feed

trough Table 5. Problems associated with feed resource in the study areas No 22.22 68.89 45.56 facilities Description Urban(N=90) Peri-urban Overall % (N=9)% mean N=number of respondents (N=180) In the present study all of the respondents did not use Do you bedding material (Table 7). Clean, dry and comfortable encounter feed bedding condition is important to minimize the growth of shortage? pathogenic microorganisms. Practices that expose the teat Yes 76.67 86.67 81.67 end to these organic bedding sources, wet and muddy No 23.33 13.33 18.33 pens increase the risk of occurrence of mastitis and milk When contamination (Ruegg, 2006). occur(months) Wet season 27.54 43.59 35.57 About 9.45% of the respondents clean the barn three times Dry season 72.46 56.41 64.44 a day, while 36.67% and 53.89% the respondents clean Do you the barn two times and only once per day, respectively. supplement? According to Saba (2015), most of the respondents (65%) Yes 87.78 83.33 85.56 in Adea Berga and Ejerie Districts of West Shoa Zone No 12.22 16.67 14.45 removed manure daily, while 35% removed three times a N=number of respondents week. Abebe et al. (2012) reported that about 47% of the respondents clean their barn three times a week in Gurage Cattle housing, facility and cleaning practices Zone, Ezha district.

Housing conditions and facilities in the barn are shown in Maintaining the sanitary condition of milking area is Table 6. The majority of the respondents in both areas important prerequisite for clean milk production (Zelalem, keep their cattle in a separate house. However, in peri- 2010). In this study about 21.11 and 62.22% of the urban areas, Cattle are also kept in the same house respondents in urban and peri-urban areas, respectively

Evaluation of Production and Processing of Cow Milk in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas of Gondar District, Northern Ethiopia Demile et al. 410

milk their dairy cows outside of the barn. According to Table 8. Pre-weaning feeding and weaning Godferey (2013) farmers milk their cows in open air that practice sin the study areas could exposure milk to contaminants from the Urban(N=90) Peri-urban(N=90) environment. Mbabazi (2005) also reported that farmers Descriptions % % overall mean milking their animals from undesignated poorly maintained Pre-weaning feeding milking shades/parlors predispose milk to contamination Bucket feeding 23.33 - 11.67 and spoilage. Partial Suckling 76.67 100 88.34 Weaning age (month)mean Local calves 8.76 10.89 9.83 Table 7. Bedding, frequency of barn cleaning and Crossbred calves 6.59 6.86 6.73 milking area of cows N=number of respondents Urban Peri-urban Overall Variables (N=90)% (90)% mean(N=180) Bedding - - No bedding 100.00 100.00 100.00 Milk Production Performance Frequency of cleaning barn Average milk yield of local and crossbreed cows per day Once a day 35.56 72.22 53.89 in the study area were 2.32 and 7.99 liters, respectively Twice a day 46.67 26.67 36.67 (Table 9).The reported average daily milk yield of local Three times a cows in the present study is lower than the value reported 17.78 1.11 9.45 day by Getu et al.(2009) and higher than the value reported by Place of Mustefa (2012) which were 2.5 and 1.88 liters in Wolmera milking and Sululta district, respectively. The reported average In the barn 57.78 28.89 43.34 daily milk yield of crossbreed cows in this study is lower than 11.9 and 11 litters/day reported by Getu et al. (2009) In the milking 21.11 8.89 15.00 and Saba (2015), respectively. In Dangila town the mean room daily milk yield of local breed cows in urban and peri-urban Out side 21.11 62.22 41.67 farms were 2.45 and 2.03 liters, respectively; while daily N=number of respondents milk yields of cross bred cows in the urban and peri urban

areas were 6.00 and 5.77 liter, respectively (Bekele et al., Calf rearing 2015).

Calf feeding, weaning and management practices in urban The overall average lactation length of local and crossbred and peri-urban areas of Gonder district is shown in Table cows in the study area were 7.98 and 9.13 months, 8. The majority of the respondents practiced partial pre- respectively. The overall average lactation length of local weaning feeding in the study area. However, 11.67% of and crossbred cows in the current study is lower than the the respondents reported that they practiced bucket milk result reported by (Adebaby, 2009) who reported 9.8 and feeding before weaning. Azage et al. (2001) reported that 10.1 months for local and crossbred cows in Burie district, in the traditional production systems where indigenous respectively. However, the average lactation length of cattle types are used, suckling should be a means of calf local cows is greater than the lactation length that indicated rearing method, which has to be encouraged. Another by Mustefa (2012) which were6.35 and9.72 months for report by Gebre Egziabher et al. (2000) indicated that calf local and crossbred cows in Sululta, and 6.16 and suckling resulted in higher milk yield and long lactation 9.68monthsin Wolmera district, respectively. length of the dam, higher pre-weaning gain of the calf, and higher weaning weight. Constraints to Milk Production The overall average weaning age of local calves was 9.8 months while for crossbred calves the average weaning The major constraints of milk production in the study area age was 6.7 months. The overall mean weaning age were feed shortage, shortage of land, disease, low milk reported for local calves in the present study is similar with yield of local cows and lack of market access in their order that reported by Ike et al. (2005) who reported 9.7 months of importance (Table 10). Therefore, to ease these for local calves in the urban and peri-urban area of problems integrated work should be done with the farmers, Awassa, Ethiopia. For the crossbred calves the values the extension workers and veterinarians from the Zonal were 6.7, this figure is higher than the report of Ike et al. and Woreda Offices of Agriculture and the researchers. (2005) who indicated 5.65 months for crossbred cows in Similar constraints are reported in other parts of the urban and peri-urban farms of Awassa. country (Dekamo and Kassa, 2016; Derese (2008).

Evaluation of Production and Processing of Cow Milk in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas of Gondar District, Northern Ethiopia

Table 9. Milk yield and lactation length of cows should be in good health during milking operation Variables Urban(N=90) Peri- Overall (Zelalem, 2010). urban(N=90) Mean(N=1 N Mean±SD N Mean±SD 80) To ensure clean milk production cleaning of the udder of Milk yield(lt)/day cows before milking is one of the most important hygienic Local 17 2.94±1.01 46 2.09±.78 2.32 practices. This is important since the udder of the milking breed cows could have direct contact with the ground, urine, cow dung and feed refusals (Zelalem, 2010). In this study about Crossbre 73 7.95±3.19 44 8.07±4.59 7.99 44.45% of respondents practice udder washing. On the d cow contrary Abebeet al. (2012) reported that all respondents lactation length in months did not use udder washing before milking in Gurage Zone, Local 17 7.59±0.71 46 8.13±1.22 7.98 Ezha district. But Haile et al. (2012) showed that 82.5% of breed the small size farm owning households in Hawassa city Crossbre 73 9.16±2.33 44 9.07±1.11 9.13 practice pre milking udder. In Shashemenia town71.79% ed of the household milk producers wash the teats and udder Lactation milk yield (lt) of the cows before milking (Teshome, 2013).In addtion the other study conducted by Mulisa et al. (2011) reported that Local 17 669.44±193.8 46 509.75±238.6 555.41 breed 8 2 58% of small dairy farms and 85.7% of medium dairy farms in Bishoftu town cleaned the udder of the cow with warm Crossbre 73 2184.66±110 44 2195.85±121 2188.46 water. ed 4.86 1.24

N=number of respondents; SD=Standard deviation Milking in dry condition significantly reduces bacterial

count. It is because no surplus water remains on the Table 10. The major constraints of milk production surface of the udder to drip into the milk and due to less in the study areas chance of discharge dirt and bacteria from udder, teats and Factor Urban (%) Peri-urban Overall mean (%) hands into milk (Islam et al., 2009). Wallace (2009) (N=90) (%) (N=180) reported that thorough cleaning of the udder followed by (N=90) drying with a clean cloth was effective in reducing the Disease 28.9 42.7 35.80 number of bacteria in milk contributed from soiled teats. Feed shortage 24.4 11.2 17.80 Low milk yield 15.6 23.6 19.60 In the current study, the use of towel to clean the udder of Lack of 4.4 16.9 10.65 cows is very limited (Table 11). The use of individual towel market and following essential cleaning practices during milking is important for the production of quality milk (Zelalem, Shortage of 26.7 5.6 16.15 2010). However, in this study about 85.56% of households land did not use towels for udder drying while only about, 5% of N=number of respondents the households used common towel.

Milking Practices Containers used for milking and processing of dairy products In this study area all of the respondents practiced hand milking. About 100 and 92.22% of the respondents in Table 12 shows the different containers used for urban and peri-urban areas, respectively milk their cows milking and processing of dairy products in the study two times a day, while 7.78% of the respondents in peri- area. Gourd is the major container used for milking urban area milk their cows only in the morning Table 11. and churning in the study area. The gourd used for Majority of respondents reported that they wash hands and different purposes differ in size. The small size gourd vessels before milking. However, dipping of milker’s used for milking is called girera (traditionally “kill”)while fingers into the milking vessel and moistening teats of the the larger size gourd used for churning is called cows to facilitate milking is practiced in the study area. This “gurna”.Plastic containers are also used for milking in practice may allow microbial contamination of the milk the study area (Table 12).Majority (57.23%) of the from the milker’s hand and thus should be discouraged. respondents in the study area use plastic container for About 4.45% of the respondents in the study area did not milking. The majority of the respondents both in urban wash their hands during milking, However in Adea Berga and peri-urban area use gourd churn. and Ejerie Districts of West Shoa Zone, about 69.4% of dairy producers washed their hands before milking while On the contrary Minale and Yilkal (2015) indicated that the rest 30.6% did not wash their hands (Saba, 2015).The about 70.68% of the respondents in Chencha district milker is an important source of milk contamination. used clay pot. Dekamo and Kassa (2016) indicated Therefore, keeping good personal hygiene and milkers that the majority of dairy producers in Kaffa and Sheka Evaluation of Production and Processing of Cow Milk in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas of Gondar District, Northern Ethiopia

Demile et al. 412

zones used traditional churning material called clay In Jikawo woreda of Nuer zone, Gambella region, pot while the rest used wooden ‘Kill’, both wooden kill farmers used different types of milk handling and clay pot and plastic material. As reported by equipment for milking and storage such as traditional Sintayehu et al. (2008) in Shashemenia– Della area, milking equipment (gourd) with different types and size about 92% of urban producers used plastic milk for churning, milking and storing of milk and milk utensils and about 43.3% of the rural producers used product, plastic jar, jug and nickel (Yien, 2014). Abebe clay pot and plastics, while few (12.5%) farmers used et al. (2013) reported that all farmers in Ezha district of locally made grass utensils. Gurage Zone used plastic jars as milking utensil.

Table 11. Milking frequency and milking procedure in the study areas Urban(N=90) Peri-urban(N=90) Overall mean(N=180) Variables % % Milking frequency Morning and evening 100 92.22 96.11 Morning only - 7.78 3.89 Milking procedure Washing hands and 100 91.11 95.56 vessels Do not wash hand - 8.89 4.45 Udder washing before 60 28.89 44.45 milking Do not wash udder 40 71.11 55.56 Use of towel Use of individual towel 17.78 1.11 9.45 Use of collective towel 6.67 3.33 5.00 No use of towel 75.56 95.56 85.56 N=number of respondents

Table 12. Containers used for milking and processing of dairy products in the study areas Percent of total respondents Containers Urban Peri-urban Overall mean (N=90) (N=90) (N=180) milking churning milking churning Milking Churning Plastic containers 87.78 18.33 26.67 - 57.23 9.17 Girera 12.22 - 73.33 - 42.78 - Gurna - 70 - 77.52 - 73.76 Clay pot - 8.33 - 22.47 - 15.40 Churner - 3.33 - - - 1.67 N=number of respondents

Cleaning and smoking milk processing vessels in different parts of Ethiopia (Haile et al., 2012). The study conducted by Yien (2014) indicated that in Jikawo woreda The plants that are used for cleaning and smoking milk of Nuer zone, Gambella region, farmers usually used vessels are indicated in Table 13. All of the respondents sponge, ashes, grass leaves, and any locally available practice washing the utensils used for milking and materials to clean their milk handling equipment’s. The processing of milk. Most of the respondents in urban area most common plant leaves used for washing milk vessels clean the milk vessels by Ajax (household utensil washing in urban and peri urban area of Dangila town were, bsana detergent), but in peri-urban area the most common leaf (Croton macrostachyus) and nacha leaf depending on cleaning technique were warm water together with plant their availability (Bekele et al., 2015). leaves of Dodonea angustifolia (kitikita),Calpurnia aurea (zegeta),Olea Africana (woyera),Cucumis ficifolius Terminalia brownii (Abalo), Calpurniaaurea(zegeta) and (Yemeder enboye),Asparagus africanus (Yesetekeste)and Dodonea angustifolia (keteketa) were the most frequently finally rinsing with cold water. It has been reported that used plant species for smoking milk vessels in the study washing milk and milk products handling vessels with plant areas. The procedure for smoking milk vessels in this leaves as well as smoking them with tree stems is common study area were washed and turned upside down on a

Evaluation of Production and Processing of Cow Milk in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas of Gondar District, Northern Ethiopia

burning plant to make sure entrance of smoke in to the milk churning sour milk (Ergo) which has been collected over a vessel. Respondents mentioned that, the purpose of few days and allowed to ferment naturally. Some of smoking is to facilitate fermentation, to bring good taste or (1.67%) the respondents made butter by churning the aroma to the dairy product and to increase the shelf life of cream by electric churner. All of the respondents reported milk and milk products. This report is consistent with the that during churning time they do not use wooden stick report of Asaminew (2007) and Derese (2008) who (locally called mesbekia) for breaking and mixing the curds reported similar practices in Bahir Dar milk shed area and of ergo, due to the high temperature of the area. This high East Shoa Zones of Oromia region, respectively.Similar to temperature facilitates the breakage of curds and this study,about 43.2% of the producers in Hawassa used formation of butter. When sufficient amount of milk is different plants such as (Eucalyptus globules, Ocimum collected, it is transferred to a churner made of gourd hardiense, Rutachalepensis, Cymbopogan martini and (gurna), clay pot or plastic container. Then the milk is Agave sisalena) to fumigate before and after use of milk churned until butter granules are formed. Finally, they and milk products (Haile et al., 2012). open the churn, skim off the butter and washed with cold water.

Table 13. Plants used for cleaning and smoking of The gourd churn used in the area is hanged on a tripod milk utensils (locally called mekehal) and swung back and forth. When Urban Peri- Overall using clay pot and plastic container the churn is placed on (N=90) urban mean a pad on the floor and rocked it back and forth until milk fat (N=90) (N=180) is recovered in the form of butter. According to farmers’ Purpose Scientific % % % practice the breakpoint, i.e., the point when butter start to name name form is detected by inserting a grass stick into the churn Abalo Smoking Terminalia through a vent on the neck of the churn. If there are small brownie 95.55 38.88 67.22 butter grains adhering to the surface of the grass stick, the Zegeta Smoking breakpoint has reached. Furthermore, the breakpoint of and Calpurnia 35.55 57.77 46.66 butter recovery is also known through change in the sound cleaning aurea made while churning. In Kaffa and Sheka Zones, majority Wanza Smoking Cordia 1.11 - 0.56 (47.9%) of dairy producers used traditional churning Africana material called clay pot while the rest used wooden ‘Kill’ Woyera Smoking and plastic material (Dekamo and Kassa, 2016).The and Olea 3.33 3.33 3.33 results of Bekele et al (2015)showed that clay pot is the cleaning Africana only churning material used both in the urban and the peri Kega Smoking Rose 3.33 3.33 3.33 urban of the Dangila district. abyssinica Kitikita Smoking Dodonea Butter preservation and angustifoli 2.22 32.22 17.22 cleaning a L.f. Butter preservation methods in the area are shown in Agame Smoking Carissa - 1.11 0.56 Table 14. About 21.22% of the respondents preserve spinarum butter using different spices to extend its shelf life. The Yemeder Smoking method used to add spice into butter is, first the butter is enboye and Cucumis - 8.88 4.44 immersed with the watery residue of Zingebile (Ginger), cleaning ficifolius Nechishinkurt (Garlic) and Abish (Fenugreek) then allowed Yesetekest Smoking Asparagus to stay for one day. Then, it was washed with water. e and africanus - 8.88 4.44 Finally, the remaining spices made into powder and mixed cleaning thoroughly with the butter. Butter made as such is used Gerawa Cleanin Vernonia either for home consumption or sale. Similar practices g amygdalin - 2.22 1.11 were followed in eastern Wollega (Alganesh, 2002); in east a Shoa Zone of Oromia region (Lemma, 2004) and in Bahir N=number of respondents Dar and Mecha district (Asaminew, 2007) to preserve butter.

Milk Processing In the study area the respondents also reported that they preserve butter by using different methods such as by Butter making putting the butter in cool place, refrigerator, by smoking and washing the milking vessels properly, but 16.76% of In the study area 17.22% of the respondents did not make the respondents did not use any preservation method. As butter because they prefer to sell whole fresh milk, but reported by Abebe et al. (2013), the major spices used for 82.78% of the respondents made butter mostly by butter preservation in Ezha district of the Gurage zone

Evaluation of Production and Processing of Cow Milk in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas of Gondar District, Northern Ethiopia

Demile et al. 414 were Koserete (Ocimumhardiense), Korerima respondents (17.78%) reported that they did not make (Aframomum angusti-folium), Tikurazmud (Nigella sativa) ayib. In urban area 15.25% ofrespondents used cheese for and Abish (Trigonela fenum). both sale and consumption. Buttermilk, which is a by- product of the butter making process, is the raw material used for cottage cheese making; the buttermilk is placed Table 14. Butter preservation methods in the study on a clay pot and warmed on slow fire. After cooling, the areas whey is drained off. This procedure of Ayib making is Method Urban(N=90) Peri- Overall consistent with the reports of many authors in Ethiopia % urban(N=90) mean (Lemma, 2004; Asaminew, 2007). In the current study the % (N=180)% respondents reported that buttermilk is used for family Spices 23.33 19.10 21.22 consumption, marketing and cottage cheese making. On Refrigerator 10 - 5.00 the other hand, the whey obtained is either used for family Put in cool - 12.36 6.18 consumption or given to animals (such as cat, dog and place calf). Smoking and 50 47.12 48.56 washing milking Table 15. Spices used during ghee making vessels Amharic Botanica Scientific Urban Peri- Overall Put in clean - 4.50 2.25 name l name name (N=90 urban means container ) % (N=90 (N=18 Do not use 16.67 16.85 16.76 ) % 0) any method Irid Turmeric Curcuma 68.75 N=number of respondents domestica 52.5 60.63 Korerima Korerim Aframomum Ghee making and utilization a korarimao 41.67 36.25 38.96

In the study area the respondents used ghee for selling Nechishink Garlic Allium 53.17 66.25 59.71 and for home consumption, but about 28.88% of the urt sativum respondent did not make ghee. Ghee is prepared from Zekakibe Basil Ocimum spp. 22.92 20.00 21.46 butter. The butter is heated over a low fire to melt. Heating Tenadam Rue Ruta 25.00 30.00 27.50 and stirring continue until foam are formed and a clear graucolence liquid is obtained. After heating the butter, spices are Nechiabos Bishop’s Trachysperm added to import good aroma and taste. Then the clay or uda weed um ammi 14.58 13.75 14.17 other container that used to prepare ghee is removed from Dimbillael Coriand Coriandrumsa 14.58 27.50 21.04 the fire and allowed to cool. Finally, the liquid is filtered er tivm through sieve or piece of cloth into a container. Similar Keishinkurt Onion Allium cepa 18.75 23.75 21.25 procedures have also been reported by other authors in Mekimeko Spinach Rumex a Ethiopia (Kefyalew et al., 2016; Asaminew, 2007). Rhubarb 4.16 3.75 3.96

Different spices are used during ghee making. The Zingebile Ginger Zingiber 43.75 51.25 47.50 different types of spices used in study areas are shown in officinale Table 16. The major spices in this study areasthat used for Abish Fenugre Trigonella ghee making were Fenugreek, Turmeric, Garlic, Ginger ek foeniculum 60.42 67.50 63.96 and Korerima. Nechishinkurt (Allium sativum), Zekakibe N=number of respondents (Ocimum spp.), Mekimeko (Rumex a), Zingebile (Zingiber officinale) and Irid (Curcuma domestica) were the major spices used for ghee making in the urban and peri urban CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS of Dangila district (Bekele et al., 2015). The ingredients Milk production in urban area of Gondar district seemed to that are used to prepare ghee in Dawa Chefa District were be in transition to market oriented smallholder system with Aswanseed (trachyspermumami), Rue (Rutagraveolence) some level of inputs and some opportunities for market Turmeric (curcumadomestica), garlic (Alliumsativum), linkage, while in peri-urban areas the milk production was Abish (Fenugreek), cardamom (Aframomumkorerimao), subsistence type of production. Milking and processing ginger (Zingiber officinale) and black cumin (Nigellasativa) practiced in the study area are mostly based on traditional (Kefyalew et al., 2016).It is common in the study area that types, performed unhygienically. Smallholder dairy ghee is used during cooking wot (Ethiopian traditional farmers who have no access to well organized milk storing stew) and eating raw meat. and processing technologies rely on traditional measures Cottage type cheese (Ayib) making and utilization of cleaning their milking and milk processing equipment and the addition of certain plant materials to their products Most of the respondents (82.22%) in the study area which shall increase the shelf life, and in turn may induces reported to make Ayib from cows’ milk, but some of the health risks.

Evaluation of Production and Processing of Cow Milk in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas of Gondar District, Northern Ethiopia

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Ethiopia use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, 141p. provided the original author and source are cited. Evaluation of Production and Processing of Cow Milk in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas of Gondar District, Northern Ethiopia