852 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HO.USE January 21· CAMBRIDGE, MASS., January 27, 1955. CONFIRMATIONS we seek and sense the guiding presence Senator WAYNE MoRsE: and sustaining power of Thy divine Continue to resist the Formosan resolu­ Executive nominations confirmed by the Senate January 27, 1955: spirit. tion. It should permit a preventive war. Inspire us with a resolute determina­ Good luck. DJi:PARTMENT OF COMMERCE CHARLES TALBOT. tion to consider and support fearlessly Philip Alexander Ray, of California, to be those policies and actions which we hon­ General Counsel of the Department of Com­ PHILADELPHIA, PA., January 27, 1955. merce. estly believe are well pleasing unto Thee. Senator WAYNE MORSE, NATIONAL MEDIATION BOARD Help us to keep in high visibility the United States Senate: Leverett Edwards, of Oklahoma, to be a glorious assurance that being girded with Congratulations on your stand. Sober the shield of faith and the breastplate· thought needed before Senate action. member of the National Mediation Board NATALIE B. KIMBER. for the term expiring February 1, 1958. of righteousness we shall be able to de­ INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION fend ourselves against all the forces NEW YoRK, N. Y., January 27, 1955. Kenneth H. Tuggle, of Kentucky, to be an of evil. Senator WAYNE MoRSE, Interstate Commerce Commissioner for the Hear us in the name of the Captain Senate Building, Washington, D. C.: term of 7 years expiring December 31, 1961. of our Salvation. Amen. Thank you for your deep concern for peace Everett Hutchinson, of Texas, to be an as evidenced by your position against pre­ Interstate Commerce Commissioner for the The Journal of the proceedings of ventive or other war in current discussions remainder of the term expiring December 31, yesterday was read and approved. on China. 1958. BENJAMIN SEGAL, M. D. FEDERAL MARITIME BOARD MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT G. Joseph Minetti, of New York, to be a RICHMOND, IND ., January 27, 1955. member of the Federal Maritime Board for A message in writing from the Presi­ Senator WAYNE MoRSE, the remainder of the term expiring June 30, dent of the United States was commu­ Senate Office Building: 1958. Congratulations on stand against Formosa nicated to the House by Mr. Tribbe, one Ben H. Guill, of Texas, to be a member of of his secretaries. resolution. Urgent U. N. negotiate cease the Federal Maritime Board for the re­ fire. mainder of the term expiring June 30, 1957. THOMAS and PATRICIA BASSETT. MARGARET KNOLLENBERG. UNITED STATES COAST GUARD MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE CARRIE LANE CHARLES. The following-named persons for appoint­ A message from the Senate, by Mr. ELEANOR ZELLIOTT. ment to the grades indicated: EDITH WILDMAN. Carrell, one of its clerks, announced that To be lieutenants effective December 10, 1954 the Senate had passed a bill of the fol­ Charles B. Williams BOSTON, MASS ., January 27, 1955. lowing title, in which the concurrence J ay A. Small, Jr. of the House is requested: Senator WAYNE MoRsE, Alexander D. Holman, Jr. United States Senate, S. 145. An act to amend the wheat market­ Washington, D. C. To be lieutenants (junior grade) effective ing quota provisions of the Agricultural Ad· DEAR SENATOR MORSE: Keep Up good fight December 10, 1954 justment Act of 1938, as amended. against Formosa resolution. It is not com­ Walter F. Condon The message also announced that the mitting political suicide. Rudolph V. Cassani GUST A BLAINE NISSEN. Senate had adopted the following reso­ To be li eutenant (junior grade) lution (S. Res. 44) : NoRwooD, MAss., January 27, 1955. John Robert O'Connor Resolved, That the following-named Senator WAYNE MoRSE, UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE Members be, and they are hereby, elected Senate Office Building, Washington, The following candidates for appointment members of the following joint committees D. C.: in the Regular Corps, subject to qualifica­ of Congress: Your remarks on TV program today con­ tions therefor as provided by law and regu­ Joint Committee on Printing:· Mr. HAYDEN, cerning President's proposed resolution ex­ lations, to be effective date of acceptance: of Arizona; Mr. GREEN, of Rhode Island; and ceptionally clear. I trust Senators will heed Mr. JENNER, of Indiana. your warning and vote for HuMPHREY and To be seni or assistant surgeons Joint· Committee of Congress on the Li· KEFAUVER amendments. Kenneth W. Momeyer, Jr. brary: Mr. GREEN, of Rhode Island; Mr. E. ROSALIND ScHULTZ. Len H. Andrus MANSFIELD, of Montana; Mr. GORE, of Tennes· see; Mr. BARRETT, of Wyoming; and Mr. To be assistant surgeons McCARTHY, of Wisconsin. SHAWANO, WIS., January 27, 1955. Allen C. Pirkle Senator MoRsE, John F. Lee, Jr. The message also announced that the Senate Office Building, Washington, Senator from Maryland, Mr. BuTLER, and D. C.: To be surgeons the Senator from North Carolina, Mr. Admire your views. Let this not be a William L. Ross, Jr. ERVIN, be appointed members of the spineless Senate. Roger L. Black M. E. BLACK. Board of Visitors to the United States To be senior assistant sanitary engineers Merchant Marine Academy. Lawrence C. Gray The message also announced that the RECESS Melvin W. Carter Senator from Rhode Island, Mr. PASTORE, Shinji Soneda and the Senator from Connecticut, Mr. The PRESIDING OFFICER. In ac­ To be scientist ' PURTELL, be appointed members of the cordance . with the previous order, the Colvin L. Gibson Board of Visitors to the United States Senate will stand in recess until 11 Coast Guard Academy. o'clock tomorrow morning. To be senior sanitarian Thereupon, at 7 o'clock and 42 minutes Maurice E. Odoroff p. m. the Senate took a recess, the recess To be veterinarian RECESS being, under the order - previously Samuel Abramson entered, until tomorrow, Friday, January The SPEAKER. The House will stand 28, 1955, at 11 o'clock a. m. To be nurse officer in recess subject to the call of the Chair. Marie F. Hansel · Accordingly (at 12 o'clock and 3 min­ utes p. m.) the House stood in recess NOMINATION • • .... II subject to the call of the Chair. Executive nomination received by the HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Senate January 27, 1955: • JOINT MEETING OF THE TWO DIPLOMATIC AND FOREIGN SERVICE . THURSDAY, JANUARY 27, 1955 HOUSES OF CONGRESS TO HEAR John Sherman Cooper, of Kentucky, to AN ADDRESS BY PRESIDENT PAUL be Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipo­ The House met at 12 o'clock noon. E. MAGLOIRE, OF HAITI tentiary of the United States of America to The Chaplain, Rev. Bernard Braskamp~ India, and to serve concurrently and with­ D. D., offered the following prayer: The SPEAKER of the House of Repre­ out additional compensation as Ambassador sentatives presided. Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Almighty God, in this moment of wor­ At 12 o'clock and 15 minutes p. m. the United States of America to Nepal. ship and quiet waiting upon Thee, may Doorkeeper announced the Vice Presi- 1955 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD- HOUSE 853 dent and the Members of the United of the scene, each detail of which is mul­ the young Haiti, we have not always been States Senate. tiplied on every side, creating a pano­ regarded with the warm feelings of The Vice President took the chair at rama of irresistible charm, one is left friendship which have been so evident the right of the Speaker, and the Mem­ speechless. The newcomer half closes to us here today. bers of the Senate took the seats re­ his eyes, seeking refuge in his thoughts. Haiti's struggle for independence was served for them. But a majestic light suddenly blazes a long and arduous one. During that The SPEAKER. On the part of the forth, dazzling him. Bartholdi's colossal struggle it was necessary to destroy its House the Chair appoints a.s members statue, the generous gift of France, entire economy, build the Citadelle La­ of the committee to escort His Excellency stands out against the dark background Ferriere, and affirm by the use of arms the President of Haiti into the Chamber, of the sky, holding the beaconlight that its unshakable will to obtain its free­ the. gentleman from Massachusetts, Mr. shines, like a great star, above the vast dom. Later, the necessity of paying McCoRMACK, the gentleman from Massa­ harbor: Liberty, lighting the world. heavy indemnities to France further re­ chusetts, Mr. MARTIN, the gentleman [Applause.] tarded development. A great step for­ from South.Carolina, Mr. RICHARDS, and This is how the United States first ward was taken when your great Presi­ the gentleman from Illinois, Mr. CHIPER­ appeared to one of our greatest writers dent Abraham Lincoln became the first FIELD. and thinkers, Antenor Firmin, who in his to recognize Haitian independence. The VICE PRESIDENT. On the part remarkable book, Mr. Roosevelt, Presi­ Since that time Haiti has continued to of the Senate, the Chair appoints as dent of the United States, and the Re­ stride forward and has endeavored by members of the committee of escort, public of Haiti, published in 1905, con­ every means at its disposal to forge po­ the Senator from Kentucky, Mr. CLEM­ sidered it his patriotic duty to make the litical and economic future worthy of its ENTS, the Senator from Massachusetts, Americans known to the Haitians and proud people. Mr. SALTONSTALL, the Senator from the Haitians to the citizens of your great Although world leaders such as Charles Rhode Island, Mr. GREEN, and the Sen­ country. His boundless admiration for Sumner, William King, Senator Borah, ator from Wisconsin, Mr. WILEY. all those pioneers who, as your history and many others have shown an ac­ The Doorkeeper announced the Am­ unfolded, built, stone by stone, the solid tive interest in Haiti, it was not until bassadors, Ministers, and Charges structure that was to become in the 20th Franklin Delano Roosevelt took office d'Affaires of foreign governments who century the citadel of all free peoples, that the relations of cordiality and fra­ entered the Hall of the House of Repre­ inspired those immortal pages in which ternity, which alone can make our sentatives and took the seats reserved he exalted the heroic virtues that enabled hemisphere strong, really came into be­ for them. our two nations to become the first inde­ ing. The good-neighbor policy, put into The Doorkeeper announced the Chief pendent states in the New World. practice in 1934 by the withdrawal of Justice and the Associate Justices of the [Applause.] In that great book Firmin the Marines from Haiti, inspired great Supreme Court of the United States, proclaimed his faith in the destiny of an confidence of the Haitians and all peo­ who entered the Hall of the House of America where all the nations of the ples of the Americas in the United Representatives and took the seats re­ hemisphere, united in brotherhood, States. It is this policy, happily con­ served for them. would work side by side as good friends tinued by President Dwight D. Eisen­ The Doorkeeper announced the mem­ toward the establishment on this earth hower, which enabled the Americas to bers of the President's Cabinet, who of the gospel of universal peace and con­ present a united front against aggres­ entered the Hall of the House of Repre­ cord, so beautifully expressed in the Dec­ sion during the last war, a united front sentatives and took the seats reserved laration of Independence of 1776, the im- which is maintained in the United Na­ for them. , mortally humane precepts of which, tions and at all international confer­ At 12 o'clock and 30 minutes p. m. the rather than the valiant captains, led the ences for the defense of the free world. Doorkeeper announced His Excellency American soldiers to final victory on the [Applause.] In San Francisco and Cha­ the President of Haiti. battlefields of Saratoga and Yorktown. pultepec the greatness of soul and al­ His Excellency the President of Haiti, [Applause.] truistic spirit that have always charac­ escorted by the committee of Senators These self-evident truths, which es­ terized the American people, who have a and Representatives, entered the Hall of tablished the inalienable rights of all deep respect for individual liberty, were the House of Representatives and stood men to life, liberty, and the pursuit of fully revealed. Haiti takes pride in hav­ at the Clerk's desk. [Applause, the happiness, brought from Savannah to ing been one of the first links in this Members rising.] our land by such men as Beauvais, Lam­ unbroken chain of the union that now The SPEAKER. Members of the bert, Pinchinat, and Henri Christophe, comprises the American states. She Congress, I have the high privilege and putting weapons into the hands of Book­ placed all the resources of her soil at the great honor of presenting to you man, Biassou, and Jean-Francais, pro­ the disposal of her good friend, substi­ the President of the Republic of Haiti. ducecl heroes of the stature of Toussaint tuting for regular crops those urgently [Applause, the Members rising.] L'Ouverture, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, needed for the war effort. Haiti will and Alexandre Petion, who passed the never regret these sacrifices, which it ADDRESS OF .HIS EXCELLENCY, sacred torch on to Francisco Miranda, voluntarily undertook in order that there Simon Bolivar, O'Higgins, and San Mar­ inight be more brotherhood, solidarity, PAUL E. MAGLOIRE, PRESIDENT tin for the greater glory of mankind. and understanding in the relations be­ OF THE REPUBLIC OF HAITI [Applause.] tween the nations. In the face of the The PRESIDENT of Haiti. Mr. Presi­ However, despite the identity of views threat of international communism, the dent, Mr. Speaker, Members of the Sen­ and thoughts that formed the basis of Republic of Haiti, at the side of your ate and House of Representatives, ladies all the efforts of the men of good will country, has taken active steps to elim­ and gentlemen, I am deeply grateful for of our hemisphere, it was with a certain inate all traces of communism within its the opportunity to visit Washington as reserve that, for more than a century, country, because it is firmly convinced a guest of President Eisenhower and for the eldest of the American nations that democracy is the only form of gov­ the·privilege of addressing the Congress looked upon its younger sisters. Even ernment that favors the full expression of the United States. It has been an the famous declaration of December 2, of the individual. [Applause.] honor for me and for Madame Magloire 1823, better known as the Monroe Doc­ Since the United States has demon­ to come here and we are looking forward trine, which was intended to serve as a strated its will to cooperate closely with to visiting some of the cities and institu­ bulwark to the new South American the American Republics and has taken tions which symbolize the historical, po­ states and to safeguard their independ­ numerous steps toward that end-es­ litical, and economic traditions of the ence, tended to arouse suspicion and did tablishment of the Export-Import Bank, United States and its people. not evoke sentiments of confidence initiation of the point 4 program, and so As one enters the magnificent harbor among our various peoples. Notwith­ forth-a great hope is becoming a real­ of New York toward evening, when the standing the individual manifestations ity, and that era is beginning to dawn beauty of the American coastline reveals of sympathy on the part of certain when all our nations will unite their ef­ itself in the most fairylike of settings, American philanthropists toward our forts toward putting into practice the one is filled with an admiration which no great Toussaint L'Ouverture, and the humanitarian principles set forth in the words can express. Overcome by the in­ proofs of friendship shown by the Bos­ Constitution of the United States. No tensity of emotion aroused by the beauty ton and New York merchants toward doubt, from time to time clouds darken 854: -CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE January 27 this atmosphere of confidence. We often ginning of the present admjnis.tration, have . died. - [Applauser the Members complain of insufficient aid while dis­ these small republiGs to a certain extent rising.] tant countries receive considerable bene­ are seeing the handicaps to their evolu­ At 1 o'clock and 7 minutes p.m., His fits. But we believe that our destiny is tion in the American community disap~ . Excellency the President of Haiti, ac­ closely linked to that of the great Amer­ pear. Such projects as those underway companied by the committee of escort, ican democracy for better or for worse. in my country i.n the ,Aftibonite V.alley, retired from the Chamber. Like various members of the same fam­ which have been made possible by loans The Doorkeeper escorted the invited ily living in different cities, we feel the from the Export-Import Bank and which guests from the Chamber in the follow­ ]oys and sorrows that come to each of will reclaim thousands and thousands of ing order: us, and we are obligated to help one hectares of land and raise the standard The Members of the President's Cabi- another. Therefore, we believe strongly of living of the whole population of those net. · that despite the divergent views ex­ regions, represent for us the most effi­ · The Chief Justice and the Associate pressed at the Rio Conference, the agree­ cient weapon for fighting communism. Justices of the Supreme Court of the ments reached there will result in bene­ To be sure, we have taken legal measures United States. fits to all the countries of the hemi­ to prevent not merely the extension but The Ambassadors, Ministers, and sphere. [Applause.] the very manifestation among us of this Charges d'Affaires of foreign govern­ Our visit to the United States, which pernicious doctrine. We believe, how­ ments. has afforded us the privilege of being ever, that only the establishment in Haiti welcomed by one of the most brilliant of decent conditions of life for our masses JOINT MEETING DISSOLVED soldiers of the 20th century and at the will make them immune to these the­ same time gives us the honor of being ories. Since I took office as President, The SPEAKER. The Chair declares the guest of the Senate and the House we have undertaken an extensive pro­ the joint meeting of the two Houses now of Representatives in joint session, is a gram for the liberation of the Haitians; dissolved. new proof of the closeness of the rela­ we have, with our limited means, eon­ Thereupon (at 1 o'clock and 9 minutes tions between our two nations. The structed schools, clinics, and workers' p. m.> the joint meeting of the two people of Haiti, who follow with interest housing projects. Although the recent Houses was dissolved. President Eisenhower's personal efforts hurricane which struck our country has The Members of the Senate retired to to eliminate prejudices of all sorts which forced us to limit our efforts consider­ their Chamber. constitute handicaps to the mutual ably, we are determined to continue the understanding which is our common task, trusting in the great solidarity AFTER RECESS objective in this hemisphere, are very which the United States demonstrated optimistic with respect to the future of on that occasion. We are assured of be­ The reeess having expired at 2 o'clock these relations: In his merciless fight ing able to do so, for the competent p. m., the House was called to order by against the nefarious ideology which the agencies of your country have ·already the Speaker. forces of evil try by every means to favorably received the steps we have establish on earth, President Eisenhower taken to the end that satisfactory solu­ has shown that he is of the lineage of tions might be found for all our vital PRINTING OF PROCEEDINGS those eminent Americans, true citizens problems. We are also confident of the Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I of the universe, whose acts throughout favorable disposition of the Members of ask unanimous consent that the pro­ the history of this marvelous country this Congress, which has always shown ceedings during the recess be printed in aimed less at the greatness of the United much interest in the cause of my coun­ the RECORD. States than at the triumph of those fun­ try. I hope my presence among you in. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to damental truths without which man this memorable session will strengthen the request of the gentleman from cannot attain his goals. [Applause.] the spirit of good will which has existed Massachusetts? His efforts to arrive at international con­ here for so long. [Applause.] There was no objection. trol and utilization of atomic energy for The numerous expressions of sym­ peaceful purposes have already won him pathy which have been given us tes­ the gratitude of all those who are con­ tify to your desire to continue this good­ NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE cerned about the future of the human neighbor policy through which the Amer­ FOR AERONAUTICS- MESSAGE race. The understanding he has found ican nations, more and more united, will FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE both on the part of Members of Con­ constitute a living example of the pos­ UNITED STATES (S. DOC. NO. 1) gress and of his fellow citizens and the sibility of the establishment throughout The SPEAKER laid before the House unreserved approval of his efforts by all the world of that peace which the United the following message from the Presi­ free peoples and by all those who aspire States has been seeking for decades. dent of the United States, which was to be free, makes him the most authori­ During the past few months we have read, and, together with the accompany­ tative spokesman of a civilization which seen many evidences of your concern for ing papers, -referred to the Committees refuses to fall into the chaos into which Haiti's welfare. The dramatic arrival on Armed Services and Interstate and a degrading materialism is trying to drag of the aircraft carrier Saipan on the day Foreign Commerce, and ordered to be it, which denies to man any rights as after a disastrous hurricane struck our printed: an individual. southern coast was instrumental in re­ His past achievements on the field of lieving the suffering of hundreds of our To the Congress of the United States: battle preserved the independence of the people. Subsequent aid in the form of In compliance with the provisions of great and small nations of Europe, of food and medical supplies from the t:"le act of March 3, 1915, as amended, Asia, and of the Americas. As Chief of American Government, from the Red establishing the National Advisory Com­ State of a Nation which has from the Cross, and other public and private agen­ mittee for Aeronautics, I transmit here­ day of its birth been the most perfect cies will long be remembered. It will with the 40th annual report of the Com­ example of the value of a democratic soon be my pleasure, as a token of Haiti's mittee covering the fiscal year 1954. government, he seeks to guarantee the appreciation, to decorate members of the DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER. right to life of those states whose every United States Armed Forces and the air­ THE WHITE HousE, January 26, 1955. existence is threatened today. [Ap­ craft carrier Saipan in recognition of plause.] In this tribute of gratitude their services. [Applause.] which the Americas owe President Eisen­ In thanking you, Mr. President, Mr. ADJOURNMENT OVER hower for his fruitful efforts, I am happy Speaker, Members of the Senate and Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I to join my voice to that of all the coun­ House of Representatives, for your spe­ ask unanimous consent that when the tries of this hemisphere, particularly the cial attention, we beg you to accept with House adjourns today it adjourn to meet underdeveloped countries in ;which pov­ all the gratitude of the people and the on Monday next. erty constitutes a fertile field for .the Government of Haiti our sincere wishes The SPEAKER. Is there objection to development of· the noxious germs of for the ever-increasing greatness of the the request of · the gentleman from communism. Thanks to the assistance United States and the triumph of the Massachusetts? which has been intensified since the be- ideals for which so many of her sons There was no objection. 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 855 COMMISSION ON INTERGOVERN­ Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Speaker, I have The passage of H. R. 587 will clarify MENTAL RELATIONS just received unanimous consent to ad­ the situation and provide for the or­ Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I dress the House on Monday for 30 min­ derly termination of some of the war-· ask unanimous consent for the imme­ utes, and the purpose will be to speak on time benefits now enjoyed by veterans, diate consideration of the bill (H. R. a joint resolution which I have intro­ without denying to those persons already 2010) to amend the act of July 10, 1953, duced today following the resolution of in the Armed Forces their just claim for which created the Commission on Inter­ the Pennsylvania Bar Association and of all existing benefits. Its cost is mate_. governmental Relations. the committee on un-American activ­ rial, but cost is not consequential when The Clerk read the title of the bill. ities of the American Bar Association. the good name of this Government in The SPEAKER. Is there objection to My resolution provides that there be its relations with its service personnel the request of the gentleman from Mas­ created a commission comprised of and veterans is concerned. Members of the House and of the Sen­ sachusetts? ate and of the American Bar Association There being no objection, the Clerk FAILURE TO OFFER AMERICAN read the bill, as follows: and of certain learned American so­ cieties, with the chairman appointed by FARM COMMODITIES ON WORLD Be it enacted, etc., That subsection (c) of section 3 of the act of July 10, 1953, entitled the President, for the purpose of making MARKETS AT COMPETITIVE "An act to establish a Commission on Inter­ available curricula, textbooks, and other PRICES governmental Relations," is hereby amended necessary documents and material to be Mr. WHITTEN. Mr. Speaker, I ask to read as follows: made available to the school system of unanimous consent to address the House " (c) The Commission, not later than June America, if they see fit to so use it, to for 1 minute. 1, 1955, shall submit to the President for expose and teach to the American stu­ tra n smittal to the Congress its final report, The SPEAKER. Is there objection to dents just what communism is or is not. the request of the gentleman from including recommendations for legislative This information will in no way entail action; and the Commission may also from Mississippi? time to time make to the President such the interference by this Government There was no objection. earlier reports as the President may request with the American school system. Quite Mr. WHITTEN. Mr. Speaker, I have or as the Commission deems appropriate." the contrary, But I think the time has asked to extend in the RECORD a copy ·Of SEC. 2. Section 6 of such act of July 10, come when this matter should be the speech which I made to the National 1953, is hereby amended to read as follows: brought to the attention of and taught Agricultural Limestone Producers Asso­ "TERMINATION OF THE COMMISSION to the future students of this Nation by ciation at its annual meeting this week. "SEC. 6. The Commission shall cease to the responsible and through the respon­ I have asked for this time to point out exist at the close of business on June 1, sible American way. that this speech and the hearings from 1955." In my speech on Monday I will develop which it quotes was made at a time when Mr. HAYS of Arkansas. Mr. Speaker. my thinking on this resolution in detail. the members of the Committee on Ways I offer an amendment. I point out now, however, that the ma­ and Means are considering the extension The Clerk read as follows: terial to be utilized is to come only from of the Reciprocal Trade Act. Amendment offered by Mr. HAYs of Ar­ testimony taken under oath before con_. It is admitted by the Secretary of Ag­ kansas: gressional committees or executive riculture that American farm commodi­ Page 1, line 7, strike out "June 1" and agencies so that only factual material ties are not offered on world markets at insert "June 30." will be made use of. competitive prices. It raises a very se­ Page 2, line 7, strike out "June 1" and The resolution is entitled "to provide rious question as to whether the Presi­ Insert "June 30." for a commission to make available in­ dent or the Government should be per­ The amendments were agreed to. formation as to the basic differences be­ mitted to lower tariffs and allow foreign The bill was ordered to be engrossed tween the theories and practices of the articles to come in when that same Gov­ and read a third time, was read the third American way of life and the theories ernment follows a practice and policy of time, and passed, and a motion to re­ and practices of atheistic communism." holding back American farm commodi­ consider was laid on the table. ties and not even offering them in world trade. I believe this speech will be of GI EDUCATIONAL BENEFITS interest to many who have not realized SIGNING OF ENROLLED BILLS Mr. SIKES. Mr. Speaker, I ask unan­ the Government has billions of dollars Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I imous consent to insert my remarks at worth of farm commodities only because ask unanimous consent that notwith­ this point in the RECORD. it will not sell them. standing the adjournment of the House The SPEAKER. Is there objection to until Monday next the Clerk be author­ the request of the gentleman from ized to receive messages from the Sen­ Florida? SPECIAL ORDER GRANTED ate and that the Speaker be authorized There was no objection. Mr. REED of Illinois asked and was to sign any enrolled bills and joint reso­ Mr. SIKES. Mr. Speaker, today the given permission to address the House lutions duly passed by the two Houses House will have an opportunity to con­ on Monday next for 15 minutes, follow­ and found truly enrolled. · sider a bill to provide that persons serv­ ing the legislative program and any spe­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to ing in the Armed Forces on January 31, cial orders heretofore entered. the request of the gentleman from Mas­ 1955, may continue to accrue educational sachusetts? benefits under the Veterans Readjust-· There was no objection. ment Assistance Act of 1952. It will be INVESTIGATION BY COMMITTEE ON presented by our distinguished colleague ARMED SERVICES. SPECIAL ORDER GRANTED the gentleman from Texas [Mr. Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Mr. Speaker, Mr. FLOOD asked and was given per­ TEAGUE], who has led so many worth­ by direction of the Committee on Rules, mission to address the House for 30 min­ while fights for the Nation's veterans. I call up House Resolution 112 and ask utes on Monday next, following any He and his great Committee on Veter­ for its immediate consideration. special orders heretofore entered. ans Affairs are due the thanks and com­ The Clerk read the resolution, as fol­ mendations of the House for their forth­ lows: right action in speedily bringing this COMMUNIST EXPOSURE Resolved, That effective from January 3, measure to the ftoor. 1955, the Committee on Armed Services, act.. Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Speaker, I ask I doubt that there will be opposition ing as a whole or by subcommittee, is au­ unanimous consent to address the House to this measure. It is fair and right that thorized and directed to conduct a full and for 1 minute and to revise and extend my it preserves an implied contractual ob­ complete investigation and study of all mat­ ters- remarks. ligation entered into by this Govern­ (1) relating to the procurement, use, and The SPEAKER. Is there objection to ment with the personnel of its Armed disposition of materiel, equipment, supplies, the request of the gentleman from Forces for educational and other bene-· and services, and the acquisition, use, and' Pennsylvania? fits, which since have been terminated disposition of real property, by or within the There was no objection. by Presidential directive. Department of Defense; 856 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE January 27 (2) relating to the· military and civilian part of the House Armed Services Com­ low them to the letter. We have and personnel under the jurisdiction of the De­ mittee was put in effect in the 82d we will avoid duplications in investiga­ partment of Defense; tions. We will confine our investiga­ (3) involving the laws, regulations, and Congress; it was carried through the 83d directives administered by or within the De­ Congress on the same basis. tions to the number required to effec­ partment of Defense; We have found it to be an important tively do our job on the Armed Services (4) involving the use of appropriated. and arm of our committee and indispensable Committee and we will do it within the nonappropriated funds by or within the to the proper discharge of our respon­ budget allotted to us. Department of Defense; and sibility. Because of the powers which This last Congress, notwithstanding ( 5) relating to scientific research and de­ are conferred on us, we will be able to the tremendous amount of work done, velopment in support of the armed services. The committee shall report to the House obtain information and to move effec­ we were able to turn back $39,245 of the (or to the Clerk of the House if the House tively and promptly to solve the many appropriation allotted to us. It is, in is not in session) as soon as practicable dur­ problems presented to us because of the my opinion, good management; but I ing the present Congress the results of its magnitude of defense expenditures. believe it conforms to the spirit and in­ investigation and study, together with such I will not recite the results of the tention of the House in conferring this recommendations as it deems advisable. investigation subcommittee. But, act­ authority upon us. I believe it is proof For the purpose of carrying out this reso­ ing always within bounds prescribed by that we will merit your continued con­ lution the committee or subcommittee is au­ thorized to sit and act during the present the chairman, and as they are defined in fidence. Congress at such times ·and places within this resolution, our committee has been Mr. ALLEN of Illinois. Mr. Speaker. or outside the United States, whether the able to do a magnificent job for the Con­ I have nothing to add to what my chair­ House is in session, has recessed, or has ad­ gress and for the armed services. man has said, and I know of no one in journed, to hold such hearings, and to re­ Published reports have often been re­ opposition to this resolution. quire, by subpena or otherwise, the attend­ ferred to on the floor of the House: they Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Mr. Speaker. ance and testimony of such witnesses and are available for all to read. I move the previous question. the production of such books, records, cor­ respondence, memoranda, papers, and docu­ I have only to tell you that in the last The previous question was ordered. ments, as it deems necessary. Subpenas may Congress an independent examination of The resolution was agreed to, and a be issued under the signature of the chair­ our records showed the subcommittee motion to reconsider was laid on the man of the committee or any member of the had actually saved in excess of $200 mil­ table. committee designated by him, and may be lion. We have exposed attempted influ­ served by any person designated by such ence peddling with a salutary effect. PROBLEMS OF SMALL BUSINESS chairman or member. There are many other matters of an ad­ Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Mr. Speaker. ministrative nature which did not have Mr. THORNBERRY. Mr. Speaker, by a monetary value which have been ip­ direction of the Committee on Rules, I I yield 30 minutes to the gentleman from call up House Resolution 114 and ask Illinois [Mr. .ALLEN]. vestigated and settled by our Investi­ gating Subcommittee. for its immediate consideration. Mr. Speaker, this is a resolution to con­ The Clerk read the resolution, as tinue the investigative powers of the In the 82d Congress the investigating Committee on Armed Services. power was exercised over a period of 16 follows: In accordance with the policy an­ months. During that time we presented Resolved, That, effective January 3, 1955, there is hereby created a select committee nounced a few days ago with respect to reports on 27 subjects, resulting in incal­ to be composed of 11 Members of the House these investigating committees, the culable savings to the Government and of Representatives to be appointed by the committee has undertaken to define with improvement in administration. Speaker, 6 from the majority party and 5 some more particularity the jurisdiction In the 22 months of investigations in from the minority party, 1 of whom he shall of the investigations that may be con­ the 83d Congress there were 26 reports designate as chairman. Any vacancy occur­ ducted by that committee. I may say on major inquiries and 179 of minor im­ ring in the membership of the committee that the Committee on Rules considers portance produced by the subcommittee. shall be filled in the manner in which the original appointment was made. this one of the most important investi­ The continuance of the investigative The committee is authorized and directed gatory powers the Congress has with function is, therefore, of tremendous to conduct a study and investigation of the respect to this particular committee. importance to the successful operation problems of all types of small business, exist­ Members will recall the fine work that of our committee, and it is of transcend­ ing, arising, or that may arise, with particu­ has been done by the Committee on ent importance to the taxpayer. I think lar reference to (1) the factors which have Armed Services in keeping check in the I can properly say that the exercise of impeded or may impede the normal opera­ years gone by on the vast expenditures this function, as it has been administered tions, growth, and development of the po­ tentialities of small business; (2) the of the Armed Services. I know that that in the 82d and 83d Congresses, has won administration of Federal laws relating committee has saved the Treasury hun­ the admiration and respect of every specifically to small business to determine dreds of millions of dollars in reducing member of the committee and every whether such laws adequately serve the expenditures and has saved, I thinl{, un­ person with whom the subcommittee has needs of small business; (3) whether Govern­ told millions in the mere fact that we dealt. ment agencies adequately serve and give due did have a watchdog over the huge ex­ We have always operated under rules consideration to the problems of small busi­ penditures of the various armed services ness; (4) whether priorities and preferences of procedure. They have been widely established and allocations made by the departments. read, approved, and copied. Most of the Federal Government with respect to scarce Therefore, I hope that this resolution rules of our investigating subcommittee materials adequately serve the needs of small may have the unanimous support of the have been adopted by the Senate in the business; and ( 5) methods of solving the House. last few days. We have always had special problems of small business arising Mr. HEBERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask present a majority member and a minor­ by reason of the existing national emer­ unanimous consent that the gentleman ity member when any subcommittee ge~cy: Pro"vided, That the committee shall not invade any subject matter under active from Georgia [Mr. VINSON] may extend action was taken. In the entire time investigation by any standing committee of his remarks at this point in the RECORD. there has never been occasion for the the House. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to minority to disagree with actions taken The committee may from time to time the request of the gentleman from or conclusions reached. submit to the House such preliminary re­ Louisiana? I propose in this Congress to continue ports as it deems advisable; and prior to the There was no objection. and operate this investigative function close of the present Congress shall submit to the House its final report on the results Mr. VINSON. Mr. Speaker, this res­ on the same plane with the same effec­ of its study and investigation, together with olution will confer necessary investiga­ tiveness that it has operated in the 82d such recommendations as it deems advisable. tive powers upon the Armed Services and 83d Congresses. We need it to do Any report submitted when the House is not Committee. In this resolution we have our work. We need it as an arm of our in session may be filed with the Clerk of spelled out the exact subjects which we committee when so much money is the House. need to investigate. We want to define involved in defense appropriations. For the purposes of this resolution the for the information of the House and all We fully agree with the policy of the committee, or any subcommittee thereof, is authorized to sit and act during the present concerned the specific fields in which we Rules Committee. Our resolution de­ Congress at such times and places, whether shall inquire. fines exactly what we propose to do. or not the House is sitting, has recessed, or The addition of a continuing staff sub­ We have sound rules of procedure. has adjourned, ·to hold such hearings, to committee, having subpena power, as a Every witness knows them and we fol- require the attendance of such witnesses CON-GRESSIONAL RECORD-·- HOUSE 851 and the production of such books, papers. Mr. -Speaker;. I rise ·to urge the adop­ Mr. O'NEILL. A1; I said, as the gen­ and documents, and to take such testimony, tion of the House Resolution 111 whieb tleman knows, this is emergency legis­ as it deems necessary. Subpenas may be issued under the signature of the chairman will make in order .. the consideration of lation. of the committee or any properly designated the bill lawyers, 36,000 ministers--representing veterans for the loss of time in pursuing do because the original Korean bill did all major religious faiths-17,000 writers their civilian careers, and I saw also in not provide for this extension of privi­ and journalists, 438,000 television and this great program a trend toward what lege. radio repairmen, 711,000 mechanics, I have always considered a great dell)o­ Mr. ADAIR. The gentleman is correct, 383,000 construction workers, 288,000 cratic ideal-namely, giving to every and I appreciate his comment. metalworkers, 138,000 electricians, 83,000 citizen in this Republic the opportunity As has been heretofore said, this meas­ barbers and beauty culturists, 83,000 po­ to rise just as high in life as his or her ure has been approved by everyone who licemen and firemen, 45,000 bakers and capacity will permit. It is tragic that has made a study of it. It is approved meatcutters, 61,000 printers and type­ many of our young people possessed of by the President. It is approved by the setters, 76,000 dressmakers and tailors, superior minds cannot find it possible to Veterans' Administration. It is approved and hundreds of thousands of others in pursue higher education because of in-:" by the Bureau of the Budget, and by many fields. come limitations. This great program of various veteran organizations, as well as Various statistical studies have proved educational benefits under the GI bill by many Members of Congress who ap­ that the educational benefits of the GI has certainly not been perfect, it has not peared before the committee. bill have helped raise not only the edu­ opened the doors of education to the Therefore, Mr. Chairman, I strongly cational, but the income levels of the extent that we would like for it to do, recommend that the House do pass this veterans and other citizens of our great but it has presented a superb oppor­ important legislation. Republic. The average male veteran to.: tunity to many. This opportunity has I yield back the balance of my time. day has completed high school and has been gladly accepted by millions of our Mr. TEAGUE of Texas. Mr. Chair­ gone ahead for some college work, while young men and women. . maJn, I yield 5 minutes to the gentleman on the other hand, the average male Now, Mr. Chairman, I feel that those from Florida [Mr. MATTHEWS]. nonveteran in the same age bracket has who are in the service now, or those who Mr. MATTHEWS. Mr. Chairman, I been able to finish just a little more than are serving in the Armed Forces as of intend to vote for H. R. 587 and I hope 2 years of high school. I know that·one January 31, 1955, should be permitted to this bill passes the House unanimously. reason for this difference in educational receive their full entitlement under the I wish to congratulate the chairman of achievement has been, and the Census educational benefits' provisions of the our Committee on Veterans' Affairs for Bureau has so stated, "The advantages GI bill of rights. This will be accom­ making it possible for the House to vote of educational privileges under the GI plished if Congress passes H. R. 587. on this bill this early in the session of bill." It has been estimated that those Many members of the Committee on Vet­ the 84th Congress. Mr. Chairman, dur­ who have had educational training under erans' Affairs felt that this bill did not ing the hearings on H. R. 587, I was im­ the GI bill are paying approximately $1 go far enough. Several members of the pressed with the unanimity of all who billion more each year in Federal income committee stated that since the tragic spoke concerning the bill in their favor­ taxes, or if you want to regard it in an­ development of recent days, we will have able comments about the educational other way, within the next 15 years they to reexamine the future of this great benefits that our veterans have received will have paid for the -entire program. program, and make other changes. under the Veterans' Readjustment As­ Now, Mr. Chairman, these facts relate There will be some who disagree in the sistance Act of 1952, and under previous to this program as of June 22, 1954. As particulars of the changes. I cannot legislation for veterans of World War II. of today, I think we could mention even see, however, how many of us, realizing This week, the Administrator of Vet­ additional outstanding accomplishments the great benefits of this program, and erans' Affairs, Mr. H. V. Higley, appear­ under this program. You will recall analyzing the fact that the costs will be. ing before the Committee on Veterans' that in the number of professional men repaid in greater incomes with their cor­ Affairs, spoke of his belief in the educa­ and women who have been trained under responding taxes, and in further recall­ tional program which has been made this progtam as of June 1954, there were ing that many of our young men and available to our veterans. Mr. Higley 450,000 engineers. Many of us in Con­ women in the service now have enlisted told the committee that before he had gress are worried about the number of voluntarily because they have felt that studied this program that frankly he was engineers that Russia is training today by so doing they would not only be serv­ somewhat in doubt about its benefits, in comparison with the training of en­ ing their country, but they would receive but that after seeing its operation he gineers in our own country. In this age the educational benefits that have here­ was very enthusiatically in favor of this of nuclear power, certainly the profes­ tofore accrued to veterans of the Korean splendid program. sion· of engineering is vital. I believe emergency and World War II, could vote I should like to quote from a release that if it were not for the educational against this bill. I believe that the quick of the Veterans' Administration of June benefits of the GI bill that we today passage of H. R. 587 will be most help­ 22, 1954, concerning the educational and would be suffering even more seriously ful to the morale of thousands of young training benefits of this so-called GI than we are from a shortage of engi­ men and women who are now in the bill. In that report the Veterans' Admin­ neers. Without this program we would service, and who are anticipating the istration revealed that more than have fewer doctors, nurses, scientists, opportunity to pursue their education as 7,800,000 World War II veterans, half of lawyers, ministers, and many others in they had envisioned upon their entry all who served during the war, trained the professional and nonprofessional into the service. under the GI bill over the past 10 years. fields. Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. Of the total, 2,200,000 attended colleges Mr. Chairman, my profession is edu­ Chairman, I yield such time as he may and universities; 3,500,000 went to cation. Before becoming a Member of desire to the gentleman from New Jersey schools below the college level; 1,400,000 Congress, all of my adult life-with the [Mr. WOLVERTON). took on-the-job training; and 700,000 exception of 4 years spent in military Mr. WOLVERTON. Mr. Chairman, I enrolled in institutional on-the-farm service-was spent in the field of educa­ commend the distinguished gentleman, training, a combination of classroom tion. When I was released from active chairman of the Committee on Veter­ work and practical experience on the service in 1946, I returned to my posi­ ans' Affairs and the members of that farm. Included in the below oollege tion at the University of Florida, where committee, for bringing this legislation total are 150,000 veterans who were given serving in an administrative capacity as so speedily before the House. The adop­ the chance to learn to read and write director of the Florida Union, and later tion of the bill now before us, H. R. 587, in accelerated grade school classes for as director of alumni affairs, I could is one that should be adopted if we are to adults. America's veterans have trained observe at first hand hundreds of vet­ do full justice to our servicemen .now erans who were pursuing college careers serving in our military forces. fCJr nearly every occupation at which man . . 862 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE January 27 The report filed by the Committee on erans now in the service as· a result of investment in the great future of our Veterans' Affairs states that the necessity the President's proclamation. country. for this legislation arises from the fact This proclamation was necessary Mr. Chairman, I yield back the balance that the President's proclamation gov­ under Public Law 550, 82d Congress, and of my time. erning eligibility of personnel in the consequently made it necessary to act Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. Armed Forces for various wartime bene­ quickly to extend veteran educational Chairman, I yield such time as he may fits issued on January 1, 1955, among benefits beyond January 31, 1955 in order desire to the gentleman from New York other things, ended the accumulation to give those eligible for these benefits [Mr. KEATING]. of any additional education and training who are now in the Armed Forces. Mr. KEATING. Mr. Chairman, this time under Public Law 550 of the 82d The veteran educational benefits has measure, introduced by your distin­ Congress known as Veterans' Readjust­ been a great help in building up the guished chairman, deserves the immedi­ ment Assistance Act of 1952. economy of the Nation and providing ate consideration which you are giving This law, as limited by the proclama­ the young men who have served in the it. I certainly commend the speed with tion, provides that a veteran in the serv­ Armed Forces with the required educa­ which the Committee on Veterans' Af­ ice on or after June 27, 1950-commence­ tion to better their way of life and de­ fairs has brought this measure before us. ment of Korean conflict--shall be en­ velop their talents. I believe that if H. R. 587 is not titled to 1% days of education or train­ President Eisenhower favors the pas­ promptly enacted, a serious injustice ing for each day of service prior to Feb­ sage of this bill and I am confident that may be worked on members of our Armed ruary 1, 1955, with a maximum of 36 practically all Members of the House Forces who have enlisted or entered months of education or training. Thus, also favor it. service with a view to earning educa­ under the proclamation a veteran serv­ Let us be as fair with our Korean vet­ tional benefits after they finish their ing from October 1, 1954 and until Oc­ erans as we were with World War II tours of duty. I know, of course, that tober 1, 1956, would be entitled to only veterans and let us give those who are nothing could have been further from 6 months of education and training, in­ now in the Armed Forces an equal op­ the President's intention when he pro­ asmuch as the time he served after Jan­ portunity to obtain an education. The claimed the end of the Korean emer­ uary 31, 1955, would not yield him any veteran will be all the better for it. gency. This is a small incidental to the additional education or training. I urge a favorable vote by all Mem­ great step of putting our war-weary Na­ The bill reported by the committee bers of the House on House Resolution tion-at long last--squarely on a peace­ provides that a serviceman may accu­ 587. time footing. There is not a man in mulate additional time after January Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. Washington who is more deeply inter­ 31, 1955, if he is in the service on that Chairman, I yield 5 minutes to the gen­ ested in the members of our Armed date, ending on the date of his first dis­ tleman from California [Mr. TEAGUE]. Forces than the President, and I am sure charge or release from active service Mr. TEAGUE of California. Mr. that he will act as quickly in approving after January 31, 1955. The adoption of Chairman, I am very happy to speak in this measure as I hope we shall be able this bill will result in providing the max­ behalf of such a worthy cause. to act in passing it in both Houses of imum entitlement of 36 months' educa­ H. R. 587, which will provide that per­ Congress. tion or training, and, thereby preclude sons serving in the Armed Forces on We must keep faith with the splendid any injustice being done to members of January 31, 1955, may continue to ac­ young men and women who are giving our Armed Forces presently serving. crue educational benefits was, of course, good years of their lives to keep our Na­ The hearings conducted by the com­ given a full hearing before the Commit­ tion strong. mittee left no doubt that many persons tee on Veterans' Affairs, of which I am a · But in this case, there is something entered the service with the expectation member. I am convinced by the testi­ else as well. I have never missed an op­ that they would have an opportunity to mony there intr-oduced that passage of. portunity to speak up in wholehearted acquire the full education and training this bill is a matter of considerable support of the educational benefit pro­ benefits provided by law now in effect. urgency. gram that was initiated with the first To prevent an injustice the bill now be­ There are several hundred thousand so-called GI bill. I do not think I could fore us has been introduced and should men and women now serving in the say too much in praise of the concept be adopted. Armed Forces who will be directly af­ behind that program .. After all, when There have been many provisions en­ fected. Many of these young people vol­ you take these good years, between, say, acted into law that have been very bene­ unteered for service and interrupted 18 and 22 or 23, from young people, you ficial to our servicemen upon their re­ their education partially in reliance on are selecting years that are possibly the turn to civilian life. The provision that their understanding that, when they had most important of all to them, in terms was made to provide means for their ed­ completed their service to their country, of their own development and prepara.. ucation and training after completing they could resume their advanced school­ tion for later life. military duty is one of the most impor­ ing with help from the Federal Govern­ Our country has no choice. Those are tant. It has enabled many young men ment, which help in some measure would the years we need. But there is no way to obtain a higher degree of education compensate them for contributing sev­ to return them, and there is no way to and training than would have been eral years out of their lives. compensate for taking them merely by otherwise possible. In my opinion it con­ I feel that this investment in the edu­ the payment of money, the assurance of stitutes one of the most valuable bene­ cation of veterans is money well spent. job status and that kind of thing. fits available to a serviceman. The great Many educators have told me that stu­ I have always felt that the nearest number who have availed themselves of dents coming to them under the GI bill approach to a valid quid pro quo, the it upon leaving military service is clear of rights have an added seriousness of best possible return that we can make, evidence that it is so recognized by our approach. In this day of critical short­ was in the form of extended educational servicemen. There is a duty upon our age in the field of technicians of all sorts opportunities. The most meaningful part to continue its availability to our this is extremely important-to our future. thing we can say to a young person servicemen, and I shall so vote. The All of these young people were and are leaving military service is, "Here is a meritorious character of the bill now r ~ ady to serve our country with or with­ helping hand to prepare you for civilian before us, that will continue this ·bene­ out a GI bill of rights. Nevertheless, for life in the best possible way; we hope you fit, entitles it to have unanimous ap­ men and women now in service it is not will end up at least as well off as if you proval. fair to cut off these education benefits had been able to stay in sch::ol; we hope, Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. upon which they have relied. To do so indeed, that you will be better off, better Chairman, I yield such time as he may would be to rescind a contract of the trained, better fitted for citizenship, desire to the gentleman from California United States Government. From the more able to achieve the goals you seek, [Mr. McDoNoUGH]. testimony before the committee, it is because of this program." Mr. McDONOUGH. Mr. Chairman, I clear that the President has endorsed the Because of this deep feeling on my congratulate the Committee on Veterans' objective of H. R. 587. part, I urge that, under no circumstances, Affairs for acting so expeditiously on the I earnestly urge my colleagues in this we let the present educational benefit timely legislation, House Resolution 587. honorable body to vote to enact this bill provisions lapse and I think it likely that It would be unfortunate and very unfair into law. To do so is not only to affirm later in th~ session I may be back spon­ to deny educational benefits to thosa vet- a mo'ral obligation but to make a sound soring or supporting legislation to make 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 863 this great program even broader -and surely breaking faith with those boys Veterans' Affairs for reporting to the more widely available to our young who have been called to carry on our :floor, H. R. 587. I was a member of the people. national defense to withdraw these bene­ Veterans' Affairs Committee during the Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. fits from those who have already entered 81st Congress, which recommended to Chairman, I yield 3 minutes to the gen­ the service with the understanding that the House very important legislation for tleman from New York [Mr. FmoJ. they would earn these rights. the benefit of our servicemen. Mr. FINO. Mr. Chairman, I am happy I supported this bill wholeheartedly in The termination date as contained in to join my colleagues on the Committee committee when we held 2 days of hear­ the present law would preclude a certain on Veterans' Affairs in supporting this ings on it. Incidentally, this is one of segment of our servicemen from receiv­ needed legislation. the few measures I have seen introduced ing benefits which we provided. The This is a simple but yet important bill for veterans which has the support of the enactment of this bill will have the effect which deserves the full support of every President and most of his Government of extending the educational program Member of Congress. departments. for 2 years from the present terminal The support of this humane legislation As I have already stated to the press, date of January 31, 1963. This would will serve notice on our young men pres­ I think that the Congress should go even mean that the date for educational train­ ently in the service of this country that further into the problems brought about ing would be extended to January 31, the promise we made to them will not be by the President's proclamation ending 1965. forgotten. the Korean emergency on January 31. I trust that the House today will give Unless we act now, the educational This is only one of them, for this procla­ its unanimous approval to this measure. benefits of our servicemen will be termi­ mation ended all wartime benefits for Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. nated next Monday. This, to say the those who serve after that date. There Chairman, there are no more requests least, would be unfair and unjust. Many is some feeling prevalent that educa­ for time on this side, but I would just of these boys interrupted their educa­ tional rights should continue after that like to reiterate that I believe the Presi­ tions in order to enter the service of our date for all men who are drafted or who dent today is studying granting further country. They were told that their in­ serve their country involuntarily. I have benefits to the veterans. It is obvious terrupted educations would be resumed not made up my mind entirely on this from the debate that there are omis­ upon discharge or release. question, but I would like to see it ex­ sions, particularly in view of the emer­ The continued education of these boys plored thoroughly, and I believe that the gency and the seriousness of the situa­ is as important to us as it is to them. gentleman fTom Texas [Mr. TEAGUE], who tion we are in today. We are practically Let us not at this time renege on our heads our Committee on Veterans' Af­ in a war at the moment. The least that promise. Let us not at this time dis­ fairs, shares this opinion. However, the we can do is to try in some way to com­ courage educational training. Let us bill at hand is the most urgent, for the pensate the men that we draft into the support this legislation in the interests deadline is upon us and will probably be service of the country, men who give up of justice and fairness. Let us keep a passed before this bill is enacted into their business, their ways of life, their bright future open to these boys upon law. professions, by pa::;sing this bill. The discharge or release from active service Of less importance insofar as speed is President in his proclamation stated after Monday. concerned are hospitalization entitle­ that he would study adding further ben­ I am happy to note that President ment, housing, pension, mustering-out efits after the cutoff date. Eisenhower agrees with the purpose and pay, automobiles for amputees, and other COMMITTEE ON VETERANS' AFFAIRS, scope of this legislation and is in favor of wartime benefits which are affected by HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. the proclamation. I would like to see the continuing this humanitarian program. PROCLAMATION TERMINATING CERTAIN I trust that this bill will pass unani­ entire picture explored and investigated VETERAN BENEFITS mously. thoroughly to determine the policy of the The proclamation of tHe President issued Mr. TEAGUE of Texas. Mr. Chair­ Government toward a veteran of service on January 1, 1955, will have the effect indi­ man, I yield 5 minutes to the gentleman in these times, which are not actual cated below: from Louisiana [Mr. LoNG]. times of war, but definitely a state of Basic service period: Korean service, by the Mr. LONG. Mr. Chairman, I want to preparedness, promoting a feeling of in­ terms of the proclamation, has been officially say that I consider this bill, H. R. 587, stability and insecurity on the part of set as on or after June 27, 1950, and through the most urgent piece of legislation to be our young men on whom the Nation January 31, 1955. must depend for its protection. Education and training: Public Law 550 of made necessary by the recent Presi­ the 82d Congress authorizes 1 ¥:! days of edu­ dential proclamation terminating war­ As an example of the emergencies we cation or training for each day ·of service time benefits for those who served in the are constantly facing, I point out to you performed during this basic service period Korean crisis. the trouble which is now going on in with a maximum of 36 calendar months of As has been explained by other able China and in which this Nation is in­ entitlement. The proclamation means that members of the Committee on Veterans' volved. It is not yet a full state of war, no additional eligibility may be accumulated but for all intents and purposes the youth under this law after January 31, 1955, and Affairs, the President's proclamation, persons first entering service after such date among other things, ends next Monday, of our Nation is being called upon for acquire no eligibility for the benefits. The January 31, the accrual of educational defense exactly the same as in wartime. proclamation also ends eligibility for train­ benefits for those soldiers and sailors Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. ing under the vocational rehabilitation laws. who are already in the service. Many of Chairman, I yield such time as he may Compensation: Today disabled veterans of these servicemen have gone into the desire to the gentleman from Nebraska the Korean conflict are entitled to service­ service within the past few months and [Mr. WEAVER]. connected disability compensation ranging Mr. WEAVER. Mr. Chairman, I from $17 per month for a 10-percent disabil­ have therefore been able to earn only a ity to $181 per month for total disability. few days of education time, which means wholeheartedly endorse and concur in In certain severely disabled cases special little or nothing to them. But the the remarks of the gentleman from rates may go as high as $420 per month. Any sad part of it is that these same Louisiana [Mr. LoNG], as well as the veteran who has a service-connected disabil­ men joined up with the full understand­ other gentlemen who have spoken in be­ ity as a result of service after January 31, ing and promises of recruiting officers half of this bill. There has never been 1955, will be entitled, as a peacetime veteran, for the armed services that they would a time in the history of our country but to 80 percent of the rates mentioned previ­ that the veteran has stepped forward ously. Certain presumptions of service con­ be able to earn their full educational nection in chronic disease cases will not be rights. Under the Korean GI bill of to help us preserve our way of life. I available to veterans separated from service rights, the Congress provided that an in­ think it behooves every single one of us after January 31, 1955. After that date dividual serving during the Korean as citizens and as Members of this great eligibility for service-connected death com­ emergency could earn 1 ¥:! days of educa­ body to support this bill 100 percent. pensation will also be on a peacetime basis, tion time for each day he spent in the Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. with rates based on 80 percent of the war­ service, or until a maximum of 3 cal­ Chairman, I yield such time as he may time rate. endar years of education is earned. It desire to the gentleman from California Pensions: Veterans of World War I, II, and Korea today are entitled under certain con­ take& him 24 months to earn the 3-year £Mr. ScuDDER], a former member of the ditions to non-service-connected disability maximum accrua1. Committee on Veterans' Affairs. pension at rates of $66.16, $78.75, or $135.45, I am sure that most Members of this Mr. SCUDDER. Mr. Chairman, I depending upon age, condition, and other body will agree with me that we are wish to congratulate the Committee on factors. Service after the date of January 864 CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD- HOUSE January 27. 31, 1955, will be considered peacetime, but per16d prescrihed by ·section 213 or-the act­ discharge rates,- etc., · the additionab cost; any veterans serving, for example, as little as limiting the time within which educa­ which would be attributable to H. R. 587 ,. as 1 day prior to the delimiting date and 89. tion or training may be afforded would be­ if enacted, cannot be predicted with pre­ additional days continuously thereafter will measured from the first discharge or release cision. Subject to this limitation, it is esti­ be eligible for non-service-connected disabil­ from active service after January 31, 1955, xn•ated that there would be no increase in di­ ity pens-ion under the existing laws. in these cases and would not be limited by rect benefit costs for fiscal years 1955 or 1956. Widows and children of veterans of the the presently applicable final closing date Thereafter, the additional direct benefit cost Korean conflict period (June 27, 1950, of January 31, 1963. However, in apparent would approximate the following amounts: through January 31, 1955) are eligible for recognition of the fact that, unless restricted ~ Fiscal year 1957, $25 million; fiscal year pension based upon the non-service-con­ this would permit long-service career per­ 1958, $60 million; fiscal year 1959, $90 mil­ nected death of such veterans. The basic sonnel to receive training at a remote time lion; fiscal year 1960, $90 million; fiscal year rate for a widow is $50.40 per month. This in the future, the bill would specify a final 1961, $70 million. The additional annual program will not be available to dependents terminal date of January 31, 1967, beyond costs for direct benefits attributable to the of persons first entering the service on or which no training could be provided for any proposed legislation could be expected to. after February 1, 1955. · · individual. This would, in effect, result in continue to decrease after fiscal year 1961. Automobiles: Veterans of exclusive service a 4-year extension of the life of the edu-. Additional administrative costs attributable after January 31, 1955, will not be eligible cation and training program. to enactment of the proposed legislation are for the benefits of Public Law 187, 82d Con­ "Under existing provisions, the governing expected to be approximately 4 to 5 percent gress, which provides $1,600 toward the pur­ terminal date, January 31, 1963, applies to of the additional costs cited above for direct chase of a specially equipped automobile for all persons discharged less than 8 years prior benefits with relative costs for administra­ service-connected veterans who have suffereq to that date irrespective of whether they tion increasing as the program draws to a· the loss or loss of the use of one or both had accrued maximum or merely partial en­ close. hands, or feet, or who are blind as defined. t itlement.- Accordingly, the proposed exten­ "The Bureau of the Budget has advised Hospitalization: No entitlement to VA. sion of the program to . January 31, 1987, that there is no objection to the submission hospitalization for non-service-connecte~ may present considerations differing from of this report to the committee. The Bu­ disabilities where the service of the veteran those involved in the primary objective of reau also advises that, subject to the com­ is solely after January 31, 1955. permitting accrual of additional entitle­ mittee's consideration of the question raised Insurance: The proclamation does not af­ ment for service continuing after January in the report concerning extension of the fect in any way provisions of Public Law 23 31, 1955. overall terminal date, enactment of legis­ which automatically insures any serviceman lation along the lines of H. R. 587 would in the amount of $10,000 while in active . "The committee may wish to weigh the fact that the Veterans' Administration would be in accord with the program of the Presi-' service. It is payable over a 10-year period dent." to beneficiaries defined in the law. thus be required to maintain a staff to ad­ minister the program for 4 additional years · Reported: In House, January 25, 1955; Housing: The issuance of the proclamation House Report 8. means that in order for a veteran to obtain along with the question of whether there a loan guarantee (maximum $7,500) the loan will exist any practical need for an exten­ JANUARY 26, 1955. must be made prior to February 1, 1965. So sion of time among those for whom the bill is primarily intended, bearing in mind Mr. Chairman, I ask unanimous con­ long as there is service prior to January 31, sent that all Members who have spoken· 1955, additional service to complete the re.. that in virtually all instances they will have may revise and extend their remarks. quired 90 days may be had after that date, if 4 or more years in which to take and com-. continuous. · plete their education or training if the The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection Mustering-out payments: Mustering-out ~xisting terminal date is retained." to the request of the gentlewoman from payments in the amount of $100, $200, or (NOTE.-Amendment ends training in ~assachusetts? $300, depending upon the length and place 1965.) There was no objection. of service will no longer be available to vet­ "The President's proclamation of January erans who serve exclusively after January 1, 1955, fixed January 31, 1955, as the ter­ Mr. TEAGUE of Texas. Mr. Chair­ man, I yield such time as he may desire 31, 1955. minal date governing eligibility of person­ 1 (Other possible results flowing from this nel in the Armed Forces for various vet­ to the gentleman from South Carolina proclamation, not within the jurisdiction .of erans' wartime benefits which had been [Mr. DORN]. the Committee on Veterans• Affairs, are authorized in connection with active service . Mr. DORN -Of South Carolina. Mr. omitted.) since the onset of the Korean conflict and Chairman, our committee has acted JANUARY 4, 1955. not merely for educational and vocational assistance. While each of the various laws promptly in reporting this bill to you. I wish to compliment our distinguished· COMMITTEE ON VETERANS' AFFAIRS, thus affected had separate provisions au­ HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. thorizing the President, or the Congress, to chairman, Mr. TEAGUE of Texas, for his determine the date which ended their ap­ Untiring efforts in getting this bill before ACCRUAL OF EDUCATION TIME AFTER JANUARY plicability to future servicemen, the Presi-. \IS today. 31, 1955 dent in· the exercise of his discretion deter­ . We believe that this bill extending. l-1. R. 587 mined upon January 31, 1955, as the appro­ educational benefits to our service men Title: To provide that persons serving in priate uniform terminal date. and women is right, just, and in the. "It is important to note that the Presi­ the Armed Forces on January 31, 1955, may national interest of the United States. continue to accrue educational benefits dent's authority with regard to the edu­ under the Veterans' Readjustment Assist­ cational and vocational assistance program I believe that we are under a moral obli­ ance Act of 1952, and for other purposes. was strictly limited to discretion in fixing gation to the men and women who re­ Mr. TEAGUE of Texas. Introduced and re­ a single terminal date. Once this overall cently entered the Armed Forces. Many ferred January 5, 1955. date was determined, the question of any, of them joined the services with the un-· Analysis: President's proclamation of Jan­ special consideration for persons in the group derstanding that they would get the uary 1, 1955, terminating certain wartime contemplated by the present bill was beyond educational benefits. We cannot let benefits, ended the accrual of additional the scope of the Executive proclamation and them down now. The morale of our education or training under Public Law 550, becomes an appropriate subject for legisla­ 82d Congress, for service performed after tive consideration. · · Armed Forces is very esseential to the January 31, 1955. This bill permits the "In the light of the singular situation. security of our country. We must main­ veteran to continue to accrue education and which exists as to educational and voca­ tain this high morale. One step in that training time after that date until the date tional assistance and the further fact that direction is to pass this bill immediately of his first discharge or release from active a large number of the persons who would and overwhelmingly. service. Maximum amount of training is be relieved by the bill undoubtedly have · Our nationa! income is reaching a new set at 36 months; all training must end by related their future plans to the expectation January 31, 1965. · of receiving this important readjustment alltime high. To obtain volunteers and Digest of report (Veterans• Administra­ aid, it is my view that enactment of legis­ to draft men from a more lucrative civil­ tion): lation to allow persons in the service on ian occupation without guaranteeing to "It should :le noted that the bill would January 31, 1955, to accrue entitlement to them these benefits would be unwise and retain the requirement that for purposes of education and training prior to their first most unfair. The men and women serv­ basic eligibility a person must have entered release or discharge from active service on ing America • today are peace forces. service on or prior to January 31, 1955. The or after that date is justified. It is be­ They are rendering just as great a serv­ privilege which it would establish of per­ lieved that this primary objection of H. R. ice in preventing war as our young men mitting persons in service on that date to 587 would not depart from the basic prin­ accrue additional educational entitlement ciple of the President's proclaination or cre­ ~nd young women did in fighting to win by reason of service continuing after that· ate a precedent for extension of the other World War II and the Korean war. The date would be subject to the present maxi­ laws numerated therein. national emergency grows ever more mum of 36 months entitlement to educa­ "In view of uncertainty regarding some acute. We must encourage our forces tion and training. The bill would have an of the factors involved, such as plans of to stand firm and extend to them every added distinctive feature in that the 8-year veterans discharged in the future, future privilege possible. This bill will go a 1955 - ·--- CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 865 long way toward serving notice to our bill-now .under. consideration, the l'lglit · It is urijust to discriminate against the young men and women all over the world to accumulate entitlement would have· men now serving in the Armed Forces. that we are backing them up wfth every· ceased after January 31, 1955, regard· We have an obligation to them and we means at our command. Our program : less of the date of enlistment. must fulfill it. We cannot deny them of making available to veterans ·educa. Doubtless, many men and women were the same rights and privileges and bene. tional benefits in the past has been on: encouraged to e-nlist by these inaccurate fits which others in our armed services the whole a remarkable success. representations. Others who graduated have enjoyed in the past. The United ­ It is a good investment in the future from high school last spring, anxious to States is known throughout the world of America. The income of the· Federal discharge their military obligation be·· for its generosity in rewarding its young Government will grow with the increas· for entering college or embarking upon a men and women for their sacrifice in ing income of veterans promoted by our vacation, voluntarily interrupted their service to their country. Let us keep up GI trairung program. This policy will careers and enlisted under a promise that good record. It is a boon to these pay for itself many times ove;r in the· that, in partial compensation for. this y.oung people, but in the long run the years to come. I hope and believ-e that sacrifice, the Government would help to country as a whole gains from their this House and the other body will pass finance their education or training for education and experience derived this bill without any opposition. ' a period up to 36 months under the stat- through these benefits. Mr. AYRES. Mr. ·chairman, I com- utory formula of 1% days entitlement I therefore urge you to vote in favor mend the gentleman from Texas [Mr. for every day's service. To repudiate of this bill, H. R. 587, and to continue the TEAGUE], chairman of the Committee on this promise, held out as an inducement· educational benefits to our men in the Veterans' Affairs, for having expedited to voluntary enlistment, would be to Armed Forces. H. R. 587. The bill is necessary if we break faith with our service personnel.. Mr. ELLIOTT. Mr. Chairman, I am are to give the benefits promised to our The bill before the committee will pre­ supporting H. R. 587 which provides that veterans. serve the integrity of that promise and persons serving in the Armed Forces on I have introduced H. R. 2962 which the good faith of our Government. I am January 31, 1955, may continue to accrue provides that persons who serve in the pleased to learn that the President has educational benefits under the Veterans' active military, -naval, or air service of lent his endorsement to the measure. Readjustment Assistance Act of 1952. the United States during the period be·· Mr. QUIGLEY. Mr. Chairman, I Inasmuch as the President's proclama· ginning February 1, 1955, and ending on_ support H. R. 587. I do so because I tion of January 1, 1955, fixed January 31, . the date the induction of individuals into believe -the Congress must keep the 1955, as the terminal date governing the Armed Forces ends shall be ex· faith. Thousands upon thousands of· eligibility of personnel in the Armed· tended, with limita:tions, certain bene· men and women have enlisted in the Forces for various veterans' benefits fits presently available to wartime vet- Armed Forces upon the supposition that which had been authorized in connection erans. by so doing they would receive certain with active service since the beginning It is my feeling that we must continue educational benefits; benefits which they of the Korean conflict, I believe it is nee. certain benefits to peacetime draftees: felt had been promised by the Congress essary that we enact legislation to allow I feel confident that the able chairman -of the United States. persons in the service on January 31, will schedule hearings on this important Unless H. R. 587 is passed these thou- 1955, to accrue entitlement to education rna tter in the near future. sands of men and women in our armed and training prior to their first release Mr. POFF. Mr. -Chairman, I think it services will look upon the Congress as or discharge from active service after should be made plain again that Presi~ a body which reneges. We cannot allow that date. dent Eisenhower has not, with some this to happen. The solemn word of the Undoubtedly, many of our Nation's malicious forethought, arbitrarily can- Congress must be kept. young men and women have made plans· celed -all of the Korean veterans' bene- When we vote on this bill, a little while in the service to use this readj.ust- · fits. His January 1, 1955, proclamation later this afternoon, I shall be casting ment aid at the time they leave the serv. · was only the terminal action ori~Hnally my second vote. My first vote, cast on ice. It is only fair that we keep faith· contemplated by the ·organic law which the so--called Formosa resolution, was with them and continue to let them ac· brbught this program into being. It cast with many misgivings. I am pleased crue education and training benefits as merely represents the dividing line be- to vote affirmatively on H. R. 587 with­ set forth in the Veterans' Readjustment· tween wartime and peacetime service as out any misgivings. Act of 1952. related to the Korean war. Mr. ANFUSO. Mr.· Chairman, I am ' H. R. 587 retains the requirement that . I was gratified to hear the distin· wholeheartedly in favor of the bill, H. R. for purposes of eligibility a person must guished chairman of the Committee on 587, which provides that persons serv· have entered service prior to January Veterans' Affairs corroborate the merits ing in our Armed Forces on January 31, 31, 1955, and the bill further retains the of the President's courageous action by 1955, may continue to earn educational maximum amount of training at 36 informing us that he had been consider- benefits until their discharge or until months. Terminal date of all training is ing legislation to effect the same result they have accrued the maximum of 36 set at January 31, 1965. as the President's proclamation. . months entitlement. Certainly, the tremendous acceptance In announcing his proclamation, the that has been accorded our original GI President had no authority to act selec· When the President issued a procla- bill of rights and the subsequent Korean tively with respect to the different types mation designating January 31 of this conflict bill makes it imperative that we of benefits. His authority extended only year as the date of termination of the continue this program of education and to the naked responsibility of selecting Korean emergency period, he also de· creed the end of educational benefits training for our discharged veterans. the dividing line which would be appli- permissible in this period to the· men in The values of this program have been cable to all benefits indiscriminately. our Armed Forces. I consider this an many, both to the individual receiving Of course, the establishment of this · t· t ·the training and to the Nation. dividing line affected different benefits mjus Ice 0 these young pe-ople who have interrupted their -careers and their I know of no area that has profited in different ways according to the differ· schooling in order to serve in defense of more from these laws than the Seventh ences in the nature of the benefits them- our country and our way of life. Congressional District of Alabama. selves. Unavoidably, the proclamation It is my opinion that as lorig as it is Evidences of the value of the program affected education and training benefits abound in better methods of farming, in an undesirable and inequitable man- necessary for us to retain the draft as farm diversification to include milk, ner. Inde-ed, it would appear that the a means of building. up our military beef, egg, and broiler farming. total effect was unanticipated and un- forces for the security of this Nation, it The program has opened new doors of comprehended by many people. Accord- is also fitting and proper to extend to Opportunity to our veterans. Thou­ ing to my information, recruitment om- the men serving in these forces the priv· sands of them have finished college and cers have been encouraging young men ilege and the opportunity to receive the have taken their place in the business, to enlist before January 31, 1955, the educational benefits. These benefits professional and commercial life of our effective date of the proclamation, in should continue if for no other reason area. order to be eligible for education and than to serve as a stimulant for the As stated above, I am happy to vote training benefits;- whereas, in the ab- future and a chance to make up for lost for this bill and I hope it will be passed sence of positive legislation, such as the opportunities. · practically wlthout oppositlon. Mr. CI--55 866 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE January 27 Chairman, I think we should extend the The SPEAKER. Under the rule, the Metcalf Reed, Ill. Thompson, La. Miller, Calif. Reed, N.Y. Thompson, benefits of the bill to all those veterans previous question is ordered. Miller, Md. Reuss Mich. whose enlistments follow January 31, The question is on the amendment. Mills Rhodes, Ariz. Thompson, N.J. 1955. We are living in a very unsettled The amendment was agreed to. Minshall Rhodes, Pa.. Thompson, Tex. Mollohan Richards Thornberry age, as has been so dramatically illus­ The SPEAKER. The question is on Morano Riehlman Tollefson trated by the events of this week. When the engrossment and the third reading Morgan Riley Trimble we call a young person into the service of the bill. Moss Rivers Tuck we automatically interrupt his oppor­ Moulder Roberts Tumulty The bill was ordered to be engrossed Multer Robeson, Va. Utt tunity to educate himself. The men and and read a third time, and was read the M rray, Ill. Robsion, Ky. Vanik women of our Armed Forces are playing third time. Murray, Tenn. Rodino Van Pelt a great role in the times in which they Natcher Rogers, Colo, Vel de The SPEARER. The question is on Nelson Rogers, Fla. Vinson live. They are entitled to a restoration the passage of the bill. Nicholson Rogers, Mass. Vorys of their lost educational opportunities. Mr. LONG. Mr. Speaker, on that I Norblad Rogers, Tex. Vursell Mr. ASHLEY. Mr. Speaker, under O'Brien, Til. Roosevelt Walter demand the yeas and nays. O'Brien, N. Y. Rutherford Watts leave to extend my remarks in the The yeas and nays were ordered. O'Hara, Til. Sadla.k Weaver REcoRD, I herewith submit a statement in The question was taken; and there O'Hara, Minn. Schenck Westland support of H. R. 587, to provide that per­ O'Neill Scherer Wharton were-yeas 366, nays 0, not voting 68, as bsmers Scott Whitten sons serving in the Armed Forces on follows: Ostertag Scrivner Wickersham January 31, 1955, may continue to accrue [Roll No.4] Passman Scudder Widna.ll educational benefits under the Veterans' . Patman Seely-Brown Wier Readjustment Act of 19·52. YEAS-366 Patterson · Selden Wigglesworth Abbitt Crumpacker Heselton Pelly Sheppard Williams, MiE>s. H. R. 587 recognizes the ex post facto Abernethy Cunningham Hiestand Perkins Short Williams, N.J. nature of the Presidential proclamation Adair Curtis, Mass. Hill Philbin Shuford Williams, N.Y. of January 1, 1955, which arbitrarily Addonizio Curtis, Mo. Hillings Phillips Sieminski Willis Albert Dague Hinshaw Pilcher Sikes Wilson, Calif. abrogates as of January 31, 1955, the Alexander Davidson Hoeven Pillion Siler Wilson, Ind. right of men and women now in military Alger Davis, Ga. Hoffman, Til. Poage Simpson,Pa.. Winstead service, or about to enter service, to Allen, Calif. Davis, Wis. Hoffman, Mich. Poff Sisk Withrow Allen, Ill. Dawson, Utah Holifield Polk Smith, Kans. Wolcott participate in the benefits of the Korean Andersen, Deane Holmes Powell Smith, Miss. Wolverton bill of rights. H. Carl Delaney Holt Preston Smith, Va.. Wright It hardly need be pointed out that Andresen, Dempsey Holtzman Price Spence Yates August H. Devereux Horan Priest Springer Young young men and women entering the Andrews Dies Hosmer Prouty Sullivan Younger Armed Forces prior to the President's Ashley Diggs Huddleston Quigley Talle Zablocki January 1 proclamation did so, at least Ashmore Dingell Hull Rains Teague, Calif, Zelenka Aspinall Dixon Hyde Ray · Teague, Tex, in part, on the basis that the benefits Auchincloss Dodd Ikard Reece, Tenn. Thomas Avery Dollinger promised by our Government were real Jackson NOT VOTING--68 and concrete. Plans were made on this Bailey Dolliver Jarman Baker Dorn, N.Y. Jenkins Anfuso Dondero Mumma basis which most assuredly affected the Baldwin Dorn, S.C. Jennings Arends Donohue Norrell course of tens of thousands of American Barden Dowdy Johansen Ayres Donovan O'Konski lives. Barrett Doyle Johnson, Calif, Bolton, Fountain Pfost Bass, N.H. Durham Johnson, Wis. Oliver P. Fulton Ra.baut ·I support H. R. 587 because it recog­ Bass, Tenn. Eberharter Jonas Bosch Gamble Radwan nizes that the American people, through Bates. Edmondson Jones, Ala. Buckley Griffiths Rees, Kans. their Government, insist upon keeping Baumhart Elliott Jones. Mo. Burdick Gwinn Rooney Beamer Ellsworth Jones, N.C. Bush Halleck St. George faith with the men and women upon Becker Engle Judd Carnahan Hand Saylor whom our country depends for its na­ Belcher Evins Karsten Carrigg Hess Schwengel tional security. Bell Fallon Kean C'eller Hope Sheehan Bennett, Fla. Fascell Kearney Chase James Shelley . Mr. TEAGUE of, Texas. Mr. Chair­ Bennett, Mich. Feighan Kearns Chatham Jensen Simpson, Dl. · man, there are no further requests for Bentley Fenton Keating Chiperfield Kelly, N.Y. Smith, Wis. Berry Fernandez Kee C'hudoff King, Pa. Staggers time. Betts Fine Kelley, Pa.. Clark Latham Steed The CHAIRMAN. Under the rule, the Blatnik Fino Keogh Clevenger McConnell Taber bill is considered as having been react Blitch Fisher Kilburn Coudert McGregor Taylor Boggs Fjare Kilday Davis, Tenn. · Madden Thomson, Wyo. for amendment. No amendments are in Boland Flood Kilgore Dawson, Til. Miller, Nebr. Udall order to the bill except amendments of­ Bolling Flynt King, Calif. Denton Miller, N.Y. VanZandt fered by direction of the Committee on Bolton, Fogarty Kirwan Derounian Morrison Wainwright FrancesP. Forand Klein Veterans' Affairs. · · Bonner Ford Kluczynskl So the bill was passed. The Clerk will report the committee Bow Forrester Knox The Clerk announced the following Bowler Frazier Knutson pairs: amendment. Boykin Frelinghuysen Krueger The Clerk read as follows: Boyle Friedel Laird Mr. Donovan with Mr. Arends. Bray Garmatz Mr. Staggers with Mr. Coudert. On page 2, line 22, strike out "1967" and Landrum Brooks, La. Gary Lane Mr. Anfuso with Mr. Halleck. Insert "1965." Brooks, Tex. Gathings Lanham Brown, Ga. Mr. Fountain with Mr. Oliver P. Bolton. Gavin Lankford Mr. Celler with Mr. Carrigg. The committee amendment was Brown, Ohio Gentry LeCompte agreed to. Brownson George Lesinski Mr. Chatham with Mr. Chase. Broyhill Gordon Lipscomb Mr. Chudoff with Mr. Clevenger. _ The CHAffiMAN. Under the rule, the Buchanan Granahan Long Mr. Madden with Mr. Dondero. Committee rises. Budge Grant Lovre Mr. Shelley with Mr. Sheehan. Accordingly the Committee rose; and Burleson Gl'ay McC'arthy Mr. Carnahan with Mr. Van Zandt. Burnside Green, Oreg. McCormack Mr. Buckley with Mr. Taber. the Speaker having resumed the chair, Byrd Green, Pa.. McCulloch Mr. WILLIS, Chairman of the Committee Byrne, Pa. Gregory McDonough Mrs. Kelly of New York with Mr. Hess. Byrnes, Wis. Gross McDowell Mr. Morrison with Mr. Derounian. of the Whole House on the State of the Canfield Gubser Mcintire Mr. Denton with Mr. Hand. Union, reported that that Committee, Cannon Hagen McMillan Mr. Donohue with Mr. King of Pennsyl­ having had under consideration the bill Carlyle Hale McVey vania. Cederberg Haley Macdonald Mrs. Pfost with Mr. McGregor.

"That Is precisely the sort of question we for it to co~e to you." In the course of the or become dependent upon trade with will not answer here," he said dryly, "because last World War, "going where the disease is" Communists. someone might read into it a hint that we entailed going to North Africa and Italy have already made up our minds on the during the campaigns there, ·vif!iting the ·- But I have also been impressed, value of the vaccine. There are three al­ Caribbean bases, and traveling to the Pacitlc shocked, and saddened by the effect of ternatives: that the vaccine is effective, that theater of action. For this work he was foreign trade on some of our vital, it is ineffective, or that it is partially effec­ awarded the Medal of Freedom, an honor wealth-producing domestic ·industries. tive. I think you can figure out the im­ bestowed by the Army on civilians who have There is misery in the coalfields of West plications of each conclusion for yourself." rendered distinguished service in foreign Virginia. Lead and zinc miners in Utah But Dr. Francis is more than willing to talk theaters of operation. used up their unemployment compensa­ about the experiment itself. The need for Except for his absence during the war, he tion months ago and the mines now op­ so large an experiment, he says, is due to the has filled the post of chairman of the de­ nature of the disease. If the researchers had partment of epidemiology since 1941, carry;. erating must forgo development and ex­ been able to obtain a limited number of sub.:. ing a teaching burden in addition to his Te­ ploration in order to meet expenses. jects, all certain to contract polio in the near search work (Jonas Salk, the discoverer of I would like to speak about the situa­ future, they could have simply inoculated the polio vaccine is a former pupil). And tion of the domestic lead and zinc indus­ some of them and watched for results. By 2 years ago he was appointed Henry Russel try, because that is the one I am most repeating this experiment with a few addi­ lecturer, signifying the university's recogni­ familiar with. tional groups, it would have been relatively tion of his having ·achieved the highest dis­ · Two years ago on the floor of this easy to evaluate the effectiveness of the vac­ tinction in his chosen field of scholarship. cine in a short time. But the natural in­ His present job is a far from easy one, House, I stated that the trade policies cidence of polio is only about 1 person out and is made considerably more difficult by that were being followed were creating of every 1,000, even in epidemic areas; con­ the fact the it's-all-over-but-the-shouting boom towns in French Morocco and sequently, an enormous study population is attitude toward the vaccine has persisted, ghost towns in Utah. When it came required to give meaningful results. leaving th~ evaluation center to play the time to renew the reciprocal-trade agree­ Not all of the 1,830,000 children received role of wet blanket at the celebration of a ment, I testified in behalf of a measure the vaccine. Injections were given to 440,000 medical triumph. This feeling was intensi­ to put a sliding tari1I on the importation children, and another 210,000 received the fied when the National Foundation an­ placebo, a substance that looks like the vac­ nounced it was gambling $9 million on the of lead and zinc. cine but has no effect. The remainder of vaccine; ordering its preparation but with­ Members of the President's Cabinet the study population constitutes the control holding distribution until the vaccine is successfully opposed this measure. But, group. evaluated by the center. in arguing against a sliding tariff, Sec· CRISP AND VIGOROUS Thereafter, the reasoning of the impatient retary Dulles said that there were ade­ In his element here, and on nondangerous ran thus: If the National Foundation is quate protections already in the law for ground, Dr. Francis speaks crisply and vig­ willing to gamble that kind of money, the domestic industries oeing injured by orously, using the question as a springboard vaccine must be good. Why doesn't the trade concessions. to a general discussion. "This is more than center come right out and say so? He was referring to the escape-clause an empirical test," he says. "It is a test of This glib simplification of the matter ig­ an immunological hypothesis. That is, this nores the overwhelming complexities of such provision giving the President the is not just a matter of someone waking up a study. Even the first step in the process, right-upon recommendation of the Tar­ one morning and saying, 'Hooray! I've got a the diagnosis of a case of polio, is a dellcate iff Commission-to increase tarift's or .vaccine. Let ~ s test it.' . Tht;re is a vast body .and time-consuming operation. To be au.:. impose quotas on imports. of previous research behind this test. What .thenticated, a case requires the reports : of · Miners and mine operators took the is being tested is the immunological hypoth­ the attending physician, the physical ther­ Secretary of State at his word. Lengthy sis that killed polio antibodies can prevent apist, and the laboratories, in addition to a and expensive hearings were held by the the disease." clinical-epidemiological record. This takes Tariff Commission. Hundreds of pages Although Dr. Francis is more than willing time but it is nevertheless essential if the to discuss the evaluation program, the air conclusions of the evaluation center are to of expert testimony from both sides went of reserve sets in once more whenever he is be scientifically valid. And Dr. Francis is into the record. Government experts asked to talk about himself, a subject he .is determined that when the announcement on the Commission staff and the able notably reluctant to discuss. When he an­ is made it will be as accurate as the com­ commissioners themselves weighed this swers, chances are it is not with the re­ bined efforts of 20,000 physicians, 40,000 record. quested statement but with a declaration of registered nurses, 200,000 volunteer workers, They unanimously reported to the praise for the staff of the center. Dr. Robert 24 laboratories, and the highly trained sta­ President that the domestic lead and F. KoJ,"ns (on leave from his post as director tistical staff at the center· can make it. zinc industry was being seriously injured of the Bureau of Epidemiology and Commu­ Dr. Francis is making no rash promises as nicable Disease Control, New York State De­ to when the report will be released. "Some­ by foreign competition and that the pro­ partment of Health) is doing a magnificent time after the first of April" is as close as he visions of the escape clause should be in.:. job as deputy director of the evaluation pro­ will come to pinpointing the date. "To us, voked. gram, Dr. Francis says. And the men up­ the important thing is not just getting done How much of this testimony ever got stairs in charge of statistical operations are in a hurry, nor is it the mere size Of the to the President I have no way of know­ wizards when it comes to boiling down a experiment. The important thing is the ing. How many experts the White House vast mass of data to the elusive essence that complete accuracy and integrity of its con­ has on lead and zinc is also unknown to would provide the answer. This job is in clusions.'' the hands of Robert B. Voight, assisted by me. But I doubt that the executive budget could furnish the President with Morton Boisen. Both men are on leave from RECIPROCAL TRADE the United States Bureau of the Census. advisers with knowledge of the metal WORLDWIDE FAME Mr. DAWSON of Utah. Mr. Speaker, trade situation as extensive as that of While praising these highly trained ex­ I ask unanimous consent to address the the experts who testified before the Tar­ perts, Dr. Francis manages to convey the House for 1 minute and to revise and ex­ iff Commission. impression that he himself had simply wan­ tend my remarks. It occurs to me that there is something dered into the center one day, found an The SPEAKER. Is there objection to wrong with a setup which puts the deci­ empty desk in the director's otnce and pro­ the request of the gentleman from Utah. sion to change a trade agreement in the ceeded to occupy it--an impression denied There was no objection. hands of the same person who made it, by all the facts of his history. Mr. DAWSON of Utah. Mr. Speaker, when it later turns out the agreement Dr. Francis has a worldwide reputation in today I have introduced a bill which I was a mistake or is failing to work. the field of epidemiology and has won a list of honors longer than these pages could com­ firmly believe would help solve one of Many say that Congress has given the fortably hold. He was the first man to dis­ the major questions we are facing today. President unconstitutional power in even cover more than one type of influenza virus. That question is: allowing him to negotiate trade agree­ He won the 1947 Lasker award from the How far can we go toward a free-trade ments. I will not go that far. But to American Public Health Association for his policy without seriously ruining the those who believe that statement, the development of an influenza vaccine. He economy of the United States? measure I introduced today would en­ was given a large measure of credit for pre­ croach very slightly upon that unconsti­ ven ting an outbreak of influenza during I have been impressed with the testi­ World War II, like those deadly epidemics mony of the President and members of tutional power. among the troops in the First World War. his Cabinet on our need for an ever-ex­ Briefly, the purpose of the bill-which Dr. Francis explains his involvement with panding trade program. We must help gives the President all the authority he epidemiology by saying, "In order to study keep the economy of friendly, freedom­ requests to renegotiate reciprocal trade certain of the infectious diseases, you've got loving nations strong or be . prepared to pacts-would be to transfer to Congress to go where the disease is. You can't wait see them fall to Communists from within the final decision of what is to be done 1955 CONGRESStbNAL RE-CORD-- HOUSE 869- if-and only if-the Tariff Commission Following is a section by section analy­ the President. This recommendation finds a domestic industry is being seri-' sis in more detail of the new matter must be delivered to both Hou.Ses of Con­ ously injured. I desire at this point to additional to that in H. R. 1 which this gress on the same day, and it must be submit an explanation of the measure. legislation would incorporate into the delivered while the Congress is in session. WHAT THE NEW BILL DOES Reciprocal Trade Act. The present. law The findings must be specific and may First. Gives the President all the au­ is given first, followed by an account of include any of the following or a combi­ thority he requested to renegotiate trade how this procedure would be changed nation of any of the following: First, agreements. Incorporates all of H. R. 1. and a statement of the reasons for this permanent withdrawal of the trade con­ Second. Makes no change in the Presi­ change. ' cession; second, modification of the trade dent's authority to impose quotas and SECTION 6 concession; third, suspension of the con­ embargoes under section 22 of the Agri­ This section affects both the peril­ cession in whole or in part; and, fourth, cultural Adjustment Act. point and escape-clause procedures. limitation of the quantity of the product Third. Increases to seven the members The explanation of section 6 is divided which may be entered or withdrawn from on the Tariff Commission. into two parts dealing separately with warehouse for consumption-in other Fourth. Leaves the appointive power its effect on these two procedures. words a quota. on the Tariff Commission in the Presi­ PERIL POINT In the event the Tariff Commission dent with advice of Senate. Present law: Under the present law, finds that any or all of the above actions Fifth. Retains the same definition of the President is required to furnish the are necessary to protect a domestic in­ injury now in the existing sections of Tariff Commission with a list of all arti­ dustry, this finding goes into effect-un­ the law dealing with peril point and cles upon which the duties would be less vetoed by a majority of the Members escape clause. changed by a proposed trade agreement. of either House-after the first period of Sixth. Gives Congress the advantage This list must be presented to the Com­ 60 calendar days of continuous session of sharing Tariff Commission findings mission before negotiations begin. The of the Congress after the finding is re­ with the President by requiring the Commission is then required to hold pub­ ceived by both Houses. The act defines Commission to report to Congress the lic hearings and report back to the Presi­ "continuous session'' as one unbroken by results of its· investigations under the dent within 120 days on the extent to an adjournment sine die. It excludes peril-point provisions of the Tariff Act. which the duties can be changed without from the 60-day period any days in which Seventh. Makes Congress the final au­ causing serious injury to domestic indus­ there has been an adjournment of either thority of what action should be taken try. The President cannot act until House for more than 3 days. when the Tariff Commission after in­ after this 120-day period. Purpose: This section gives to Con­ vestigation and hearing reports that Proposed changes: All of the above gress the power to decide what action if existing trade agreements are working provisions of the present peril-point law any should be taken after the Tariff a serious injury to a domestic industry. are retained. The Tariff Commission in Commission by a majority vote finds that Eighth. Provides the machinery by addition is required to send a copy of its a trade agreement is injuring domestic which Congress can ·reject the Tariff recommendations to both Houses of Con­ industry. Either House has the power Commission recommendations for in­ gress. This report is for information reserved .to it to overrule the findings of voking the escape clause. purposes only. the Tariff Commission by a majority vote The new tariff bill gives the President of its membership. Purpose: The purpose of this amend­ everything he requests in his trade One of the major difficuities we now message. ment is to keep Congress informed as to face is that Congress has delegated to These include= the effect of proposed reciprocal trade agreements before they are entered into the President the power to set tariffs and First. A 3-year extention of the Recip- quotas. This measure does not take rocal Trade Act. · by the President. This is only consistent away that power. It does, however, take Second. Authority to negotiate tariff ­ with the delegation to Congress by the from the President the power of deciding reductions with other nations on a se­ Constitution of the power "to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and ex­ what action, if any should be taken after lective and reciprocal basis by not more the Tariff Commission finds that the than 5 percent per year in each of the cises." The present law only requires trade agreement set aside by the Presi­ next 3 years. · notification to Congress after an agree­ dent is injurious to domestic industry. Third. Authority to reduce by not ment has been entered into. In effect, Congress-not the Executive­ more than 50 percent the rates on prod­ ESCAPE CLAUSE would be the final judge of whether a ucts which are not now being imported Present law: The President, -either trade agreement is a mistake. It puts or which are being imported in negligible House of Congress, the Senate Finance an end to the present situation whereby quantities. Committee, or the House Ways and inaction on the part of the President Fourth. Authority to reduce any tariff Means Committee, or an injured party nullifies a finding of the Tariff Commis­ rates now in excess of 50 percent to 50 can require the Tariff Commission to sion. Since June 1951, the Tariff Com­ percent. make an investigation to determine mission has completed 51 escape-clause The bill, however, makes substantial whether domestic industry is . being investigations. In 12 of these cases, the changes in the theory and procedures threatened by trade concessions. This Tariff Commission recommended that under the peril-point and escape-clause investigation must be made within 9 the trade concession be modified to pro­ provisions of the Reciprocal Trade Act. months. The Tariff Commission's find­ tect domestic industry from serious in­ These changes are made by the addition ings then are reported to the President jury. In three of the cases, the 6-man of four new sections to H. R. 1-the in the form of a recommendation. Tariff Commission was evenly divided. original legislation embodying the Presi­ Within 60 days or sooner if the President What was the action of the President in dent's trade recommendations. takes action on the recommendation, an these 15 cases where the Tariff Commis­ Section 6 of the bill modifies peril­ identical report is sent to the Finance sion recommended action? He followed point and escape-clause investigations and procedures. Committee of the Senate and the House their recommendation in only five in­ Section 7 increases the membership of Ways and Means Committee. Under the stances and turned the Commission find­ the Tariff Commission from 6 to 7 and present law, the President is not required ings down in 10. If an industry can the length of their terms from 6 years to to follow the recommendations of the convince the Tariff Commission that it is 7 years. Commission. He may follow them, or being injured by an agreement nego­ Section 8 sets up the machinery not, as he sees fit. If he declines to fol­ tiated by the President, that industry whereby the Tariff Commission reports low them, however, he must report his should have the right to have its case its findings on peril-point and escape­ reasons to the Senate and House com­ finally determined by someone other clause hearings and specifies how these mittees within 60 days after receiving the than the President who is responsible reports are handled after being trans­ Tariff Commission's report. for the situation in the first place. What mitted to Congress. Proposed changes: The major change other body of Government is more quali­ Section 9 provides how pending cases made by the Dawson bill is to require the fied to make this final determination now awaiting action by the President Tariff Commission to make a definite than Congress in which the constitu-· shall be handled. recommendation to Congress rather than tional power to set tariffs rests? 870 CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD·-- ·libUSE January 27

SEC.l'ION 'I SEC~ETARY OF DEFENSE CHARLES vatlon practices, together with other perti­ nent factors, provides the means for deter­ Present law: The present Tariff Com­ E. WILSON mining 1! imports are necessary and the ex­ mission has 6 members appointed for 6· Mr. BRAY. Mr. Speaker, I ask unan­ tent to which imports are desirable to sup­ year terms by the President by and with imous consent to address the House for 1 plement our oil supplies on a basis which the consent of the Senate. minute and to revise and extend my re­ will be sound in terms of the national econ­ Proposed change: Under the new pro­ marks. omy and in terms of conservation. posal, the membership would be in­ "The implementation of an import policy, The SPEAKER. Is there objection to therefore, should be flexible so that adjust­ creased to 7 and the terms lengthened to the request of the gentleman from ments may readily be made from time to '1 years. The bill adequately provides Indiana? time. for a smooth transfer from the 6- to 7- There was no objection. "Imports tn excess of our economic needs, year term. Mr. BRAY. Mr. Speaker, it is un­ after taking into account domestic produc­ Purpose: It is necessary if Congress is fortunate that a remark made by Secre­ tion in conformance with good conservation to have the finai decision on escape­ tary of Defense Charles E. Wilson before practices and within the limits of maximum clause recommendations that these rec­ efficient rates of production, will retard do­ the House Armed Services Committee mestic exploration and development of new ommendations be definite and have the yesterday has been misinterpreted. oil fields and the technological progress in backing of a majority of the Tariff Com­ The remark to which I refer was his all branches of the industry which is essen­ mission. It would be impossible for reference to the Formosa problem as tial to the Nation's economic welfare and either House to act if the Commission "just a ripple." To one who was present security." divided 3 to 3 as has been the case 3 and heard the entire statement there On July 24 the National Petroleum Coun­ times in the past. The law still reserves could be no just criticism of that re­ cil further defined its policy on petroleum to the President the power of appoint­ imports with the following statement: mark; however, when taken out of con­ "Fair and equitable relationships should ment with consent of Senate. text it could have a far different mean­ obtain between total imports of crude oil SECTION 8 ing than that which was intended. This and its products and total demands for oil New section: This section sets up the remark by Secretary Wilson was made in the United States during periods of excess procedure by which the Tariff Commis­ in response to a question as to the ad­ availability of domestic oil for United States sion's recommendations are handled in visability of changing the general long­ consumption." term planning for national defense These statements reflect the oil industry's Congress. It is a procedure very simi­ current policy position on oil imports. - lar to the method used in the Reorgani­ because of recent developments in For­ Domestic-oil producers have never been zation Act. It provides that the Com..; mosa. There has been a great demand, of the opinion that all petroleum imports mission's findings shall be referred to the and justifiably so, that our country have should be eliminated. They have been of Finance Committee in the Senate and a sane long-term defense policy capable the opinion that some fair and equitable the Ways and Means Committee in the of meeting our defense needs, yet a relationship should be maintained between House. Provision is made to discharge policy that would not cripple America's the total volume of oil imported and the economic system and standard of living demand for petroleum products in this coun­ the recommendation from committee if try. During the period 1935-41 total imports the committee has not reported the res­ which has made us so strong. It is evi­ supplied 5.5 percent of the domestic ma1·ket. olution within 10 days after receiving it. dent that if we change our entire defense This percentage declined slightly to 4.8 per­ Priorities of motion are defined and de­ policy as the result of every threat or at cent during the World War II years, 1942-45. bate limits set in this section. every change in world conditions, we Following World War II there was a rapid Purpose: As in the Reorganization Act, would be wrecking the long-term defense increase in the share of the domestic market special rules must apply for legislation effort which is so essential to our safety. supplied by imports and the ratio averaged The threat may be in Formosa today 10.3 percent in the 1946-51 period. It has that becomes effective in the absence of gone up even further since that time averag­ action by Congress. The language in and in another location tomorrow, and ing almost 14 percent in 1953 and 1954. this section is necessary for the law to Secretary Wilson instead of being criti­ Volume-wise total imports averaged only be constitutional. Amendments to the cized should be commended for adhering ·181,000 barrels daily in the 1935-41 period. Tariff Commission's specific report are to a defense policy that does not change The war years, 1942-45, were only slightly forbidden because the amendment would every time the Kremlin barks. higher averaging 209,000 barrels daily. In require signature of the President and the postwar period, however, imports have thus the plan would be defeated. The increased tremendously, averaging 611,000 NATIONAL OIL POLICY barrels daily in the 1946-51 period ahd going automatic discharge is to insure Mem­ over the million-barrels-per-day level in bers of a chance to reject the Commis­ Mr. WICKERSHAM. Mr. Speaker, I 1953. Total imports in 1954 will average sion recommendation. ask unanimous consent to address the about 1,065,000 barrels daily. SECTION 9 House for 1 minute and to revise and ex­ The most disturbing thing about this tend my remarks and include extraneous whole matter, however, is the outlook for New law: Provides that the new pro­ matter. · 1955. Just a few days ago the major im­ cedure of transferring decision on es­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to porting companies filed schedules with the cape clause from President to Congress the request of the gentleman from Texas Railroad Commission indicating the shall become effective simultaneous with amounts which they plan to import during Oklamoma? the first 5 months of 1955. Based on these approval of the act. All pending cases There was no objection. figures, oil imports during these 5 months upon which the President has neither Mr. WICKERSHAM. Mr. Speaker, I will average about 1,240,000 barrels daily. made a decision or reported to Congress would like to quote some information This amounts to an increase of more than would be submitted to Congress as pro­ from the text of an article written by 150,000 barrels daily or about 15 percent vided above. Mr. H. B. Fell, of Oklahoma, relative to over the same 5 months of 1954. The more optimistic petroleum economists in the the natural resources of the United United States anticipate about a 5-percent States: gain in United States consumption next year. EXTENSION OF REMARKS Six years ago the National Petroleum I cite these figures to indicate the rapid Council outlined a set of principles which it strides which imports are making in taking Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. deemed essential to a national oil policy. over domestic markets and to illustrate the Speaker, if the chairman of the Commit­ The National Petroleum Council is an official failure of the importing companies to play tee on Veterans Affairs, the gentleman oil industry body appointed by the Secretary the 'game in accordance with the rules which from Texas [Mr. TEAGUE] did not secure of the Interior for the purpose of advising they themselves helped to make and unani­ permission to include as a part of his the Government on petroleum matters. Its mously agreed upon. remarks the report on the bill just passed membership represents all branches of the To dispel any doubts which may exist petroleum industry and includes the heads as to the ability of the domestic petroleum continuing GI training benefits, I ask of all of the leading importing companies. industry to supply the needs of this coun­ unanimous consent that I may have that With regard to petroleum imports this try, and to clearly show that imports are permission. council unanimously agreed upon the fol­ now supplanting domestic production, I The SPEAKER. Is there objection to lowing statement which is quoted from its would like to cite some figures with regard the request of the gentlewoman from report dated July 13, 1949, entitled "A Na­ to the domestic industry's productive ca­ tional Oil Policy for the United States": pacity. A report of The Independent Pe­ Massachusetts? "The availability of petroleum from do-' troleum Association's Productive Capacity There was no objection. mestic fields produced under sound conser-· Committee dated May, 1954, estimated the 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 871 total productive capacity in the United nary work is time.. consuming and involves land Forest. It involves 750,000 acres in States of crude oil and natural gas liquids the expenditure of tremendous sums o! other eastern forests which are pur· at 8,669,500 barrels daily as of January 1954. money. The Committee forecast that this capacity There is probably no commodity more chased forests, paid for by all of the would increase to 9,105,000 barrels daily by vital to our defense than petroleum. Ade· people, and with mineral rights out· January, 1955 which would indicate an aver· quate supplies within our own borders are standing in many cases. Other owners age capacity in the United States during the a must if we are to maintain any semblance and operators have asked permission to year 1954 of 8,888,000 barrels daily. Actual of real security. strip, and they are awaiting the outcome production during 1954 averaged about 7 We do not believe that our foreign trade of the instant case. If the Kentucky million barrels daily. This would indicate in nonstrategic materials or products should firm is permitted to strip, the way will be an average shut-in or idle capacity in the be developed or expanded at the expense of United States during 1954 of almost 2 mil­ an industry so vital to our national defense paved for the ultimate destruction of the lion barrels daily. I might add that the and economic well being as is the petroleum national forests in Kentucky, Virginia, IPAA forecast for January 1955 is deemed industry. and West Virginia, and other areas. to be rather conservative as many more I therefore urge this committee to adopt The administrative decision rendered wells were actually drilled in 1954 than and support, in the national interest, a rec­ by the Secretary of Agriculture will set were anticipated at the time the report was ommendation to the United States Chamber a precedent. If the decision permits made. It is generally agreed within the in­ of Commerce, which would be consistent with the existing and recorded policy of the oil stripping, the results will be of incal­ dustry that the shut-in capacity through· culable damage. Watersheds will be en­ out much of 1954 was in the neighborhood of industry in this country, and would assure 2 million barrels daily• • the continued existence of a strong domestic dangered, streams will be polluted with To pin-point the effects of these excessive oil producing industry which is vital to our chemicals and silt deleterious to fish life. oil imports on individual areas of the coun· Nation's security. surface erosion will be severe, and un­ try I would like to discuss the situation sightly scars will be created to perma· briefly as it exists in Texas and Oklahoma. nently mar the beauties of Nature. In Texas, for example, in the month of THE DEVASTATION OF OUR NA· I hope that the decision by the Sec.. September, oil producers on the average were TIONAL FORESTS BY STRIP MIN­ retary of Agriculture will be one which actually producing at the rate of only 65.5 percent of their maximum efficient rate of ING will be in the best interests of our na­ production. If the production .which is not Mr. BYRD. Mr. Speaker, I ask unan· tional forests and the people of America prorated is eliminated from the figures, those imous consent to address the House for who own them. I am inserting a copy wells which are subject to proration were 1 minute, to revise and extend my re­ of my correspondence to Secretary Ben· producing at only 54 percent of their maxi­ marks, and include extraneous matter. son in which I have tried to call his mum efficient rate. Production in Septem­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to attention to the potentialities involved. ber, however, was drastically curtailed so I exhort the Members of this House to let's look at the current month of January. the request of the gentleman from West read it carefully. Even with the increased rate of production Virginia? • JANUARY 25, 1955. in January the total State will produce at There was no objection. The Honorable EZRA TAFT BENSON, less than 80 percent of its maximum effi­ Mr. BYRD. Mr. Speaker, I wish to Secretary of Agriculture, cient rate and the prorated wells at a lit­ take this opportunity to call to the atten­ Department of Agriculture, tle over 70 percent. tion of this House a matter of very great Washington, D. C. In Oklahoma a similar situation exists. importance. Some time ago the Forest MY DEAR MR. SECRETARY: This corre• In September the State as a whole was pro­ spondence is with reference to the forth­ ducing at only about 70 percent of its maxi­ Service acquired surface rights in 47,000 & coming administrative decision which will mum efilcient rate and the prorated wells at acres of land from the Stearns Coal be rendered in the Stearns strip-mining only 51 percent. In January Oklahoma as a Lumber Go. in Stearns, Ky. The tradi­ case upon which hearings are scheduled on whole is producing at only about 75 percent tional method of mining coal, at that January 27 at Stearns, Ky. As a Representa· of its maximum efficient rate and the pro­ time, was by underground or drift min­ tive of the State of West Virginia, a State rated wells at only 62 percent. ing. A method of strip mining known containing thousands of acres of national The effect of oil imports can readily be as rim cutting was subsequently devel­ forest land, I urge that the application to seen on the economies of States like Texas oped, and the Stearns firm recently ap­ strip for coal in the Cumberland National and Oklahoma where the State governments, plied to the forest supervisor of the Forest be rejected. I preface my corre· school systems, and general economic well­ spondence by taking the position that it is being are so dependent on the revenues de­ Cumberland Forest for permission to imperative that the application be rejected,. rived from the production of oil and gas. strip the property, but was refused. The and the following paragraphs will set forth Domestic oil producers fully recognize the supervisor maintained that the mineral the reasoning upon which my position is value of our trading with other countries reservations in the deed did not provide founded: and believe it should be encouraged if it can for removal of the coal by stripping the By way of developing my subject, perhaps be done without injury to essential domes­ surface. The applicant appealed to the a brief recapitulation of the primary facts tic industries. Regional Forester and was again refused in the case should be made. It is my under­ Trade policy must take into consideration standing that the Forest Service purchased the differences between the various commod­ a permit, with the result that a final ap­ 47,000 acres in the south end of the Cumber· ities in trade. Strategic materials in trade peal has been made by the Stearns Coal land from the Stearns Coal & Lumber Co. are of a special character. As a nation, we & Lumber ·Co. to the Secretary of the several years ago, surface right s being trans­ cannot trade oil as we do butter. An overall · Department of Agriculture. ferred to the former, and the mineral rights national policy must be based on defense Pending the rendering of a decision, an remaining in the latter. At the time the needs as well as trade needs. advisory group has been selected to study Government acquired the surface rights, the Reciprocity in trade is also important. the case, and to submit recommendations traditional method of mining coal was by The illusion of reciprocity is not enough. In upon which the Secretary might base his underground or drift mining. This method the case of oil, for example, this Nation buys was envisioned as applicable at the time. oil from such countries as Saudi Arabia and conclusion. The consultants selected Subsequently, however, a method of strip Kuwait, without any hope of selling them were Mr. R. C. Wilhelm, a businessman mining known as con tour mining or rim comparably valuable goods. with extensive experience in strip min­ cutting has been developed and is now em~ A completely uninhibited trade policy ing; Dr. Samuel T. Dana, retired dean of played to remove the outer rim of coal seams. would result in the ultimate destruction of the Michigan University School of For­ Some time ago, Mr. Stearns applied to the some of our most essential extractive indus­ estry; and Mr. Charles P. Taft, a Cin­ Forest Supervisor of Cumberland Forest for tries. These industries are controlled by cinnati lawyer. These 3 men are con­ permission to strip the property, but was nature, not by the production line and there turned down. The supervisor maintained are practical natural limits past which they ducting a hearing today in Stearns, Ky., that the mineral reservations did not carry cannot expand in order to compete with after which they will submit recommen­ the right to strip. The applicant appealed extractive industries overseas. Assembly· dations to the Secretary of Agriculture. to Regional Forester Charles L. Tebbe and line domestic industries can lower produc­ I have written to the Honorable Ezra was again refused a permit. A final appeal tion costs and compete in world trade simply Taft Benson, requesting that the appli­ by the Stearns Coal & Lumber Co. has been by expanding manpower and machines. cation by the Stearns Co. be rejected. made to your office, and I am informed that Extractive industries are not so fortunate. The matter is of no personal interest to you have requested an advisory group to You can't simply put on another shift and study the case and to submit recommenda· double your production in the petroleum me, but the long-term public interest tions upon which you might base your deci­ industry. The search for oil involves count­ demands that national forest lands be sion. The consultants selected were Messrs. less geological studies and years of prelimi· protected from devastation by stripping, R. L. Wilhelm, of St. Clairsville, Ohio; Samuel nary work and analysis before a well is 'The issue in the Stearns case is not con­ T. Dana, of Ann Arbor, Mich.; and Charles drilled in an unproven area. This prelimi- fined to the 47,000 acres in the Cumber- P. Taft, of Cincinnati. I have corresponded 872 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE January 27 with Mr. Taft requesting to be heard on this gahela National Forest, differed primarlly 1n running mto mine refuse. The camp is now matter, and he has very graciously offered the fact that one group fiowed from undis· developing plans to build a water supply to let me appear at the hearing or submit a turbed watersheds while the second group reservoir on a small side stream at a cost of statement in writing. Inasmuch as I have drained watersheds disturbed by rim cutting between $10,000 and $12,000. Iio information or factual data directly per· for coal. A summarization of the data (d) In N.icholas County, the county seat taining to the Stearns case, however, I have· shows: town of Summersville secured water from decided that it is best to appeal to you with Production in streams from Pounds per Muddlety Creek for its 460 users. Contam­ a presentation of facts which, in my opinion, · disturbed watersheds: surface acre ination from strip-mining forced the town to are worthy of consideration in the process of Fish food organisms______7. 58 construct filtration beds at a cost of $30,000, arriving at a decision which will be so far· Fish------2.29 or $65 per capita. reaching as the one about to be rendered. Production in streams from undis­ (e) Among the chief water uses are the Mr. Taft, Mr. Wilhelm, and Dr. ;Dana are be· turbed watersheds: sport and relaxation furnished by 128 miles ing supplied with copies of this communica· · Fish food organisms ______39. 02 of fishing streams; the recreation enjoyment tion. of clear, pure water; and the potential in­ The question raised in the Stearns case is Fish------17.1 vitation to those seeking pure water for in­ of the most serious consequence, not only to (a) On the Gauley study, the differences dustrial uses. All of these values would the Cumberland National Forest but also to shown stem largely from siltation damage. be destroyed by the extension of strip-min­ other eastern forests which are purchased Due to the extremely low sulfur content of ing as now planned. forests with mineral rights outstanding in the rim-cut Sewell coal in West Virginia, (f) The river waters of Williams, Cran· many cases. These are public lands in Ken· acid pollution was a minor factor. However, berry, and the North Fork of C'herry, com· tucky, Virginia, and West Virginia, bought in summarizing this work, a pollution report prising nearly 300 , miles of yearlong ·live and paid for by all of the people and admin­ submitted by the Fish and Wildlife Service streams of which 128 miles are fine trout istered by a public agency charged with the in November 1954, states: "Addition of silt to habitat, are an invaluable boon to the pea. responsibility for their care and manage­ streams in the Monongahela National Forest ple of West Virginia and the country at ment. has resulted in decreasing the biological pro­ large. The fact that these watersheds are The issue involved in the instant case is ductivity of recipient streams. Any expan­ in public ownership for the enjoyment of very important as it relates to the Mononga­ sion of pollution in this or any other form all is significant in the light of mounting hela National Forest in my own State. It should not be permitted." populations, increased posting of private affects all or portions of three undisturbed (b) Additional studies on two of the same property, and accelerated public interest in watersheds in the Gauley district of the for­ streams to determine the amount of silt out-of-doors pursuits. Nowhere in the est; namely, the Williams, the Cranberry, and carried from disturbed and undisturbed land State of West Virginia, and at few places in the North Fork of Cherry Rivers. These are shows the following total sediment load for the East, can be found an area of such size among the few fine pristine streams in West 2 months: and potentiality for recreational enjoyment, Virginia today and, for that matter, in the Disturbed: 1,016 tons per square mile and the use of pure water for domestic and East. About 162,000 acres of national forest drainage area. industrial supplies. In these watersheds, land and 128 miles of main fishing streams Undisturbed: 29 tons per square mile good protection and management have been are involved. I mentien this area specifically drainage area. teamed with the recuperative process of na­ because application to strip mine in these (c) A composite picture refiecting meas­ ture until restoration from an earlier era of watersheds was made by the Rich-Sewell urements on a total of 4 streams showed the rapid exploitation of timber prior to public Ceal & Coke Co., and on November 17, 1953, following siltation effects during a 2-month ownership is an accomplished fact. It is the company was informed, after thorough period: necessary only to view tlle mountains, the investigation on the ground, that it would Disturbed: 1,595 tons per square mile slopes, and the clear streams, and to know be in the best interests of the people to limit drainage area. aomething of past history, to appreciate the the removal of reserved coal to only those Undisturbed: 78 tons per square mile strides that have been made. These invest· methods set forth in the reservations or ex­ drainage area. ments in protection, management, and con­ ceptions in the deed conveying the surface 5. No terrain that is so altered can fully servative harvest are beginning to pay off to the United States which do not include serve the purposes for which it was acquired in a variety of public benefits. These center stripping. There are over a quarter million by the people of the United States. The around good watershed management and its acres in the Monongahela National Forest Weeks Act authorized the purchase of such corollary of sustained yields of pure water. underlain with reserved coal. lands for the protection of watersheds at the The upheaval of the earth itself from strip The State of West Virginia came to the headwaters of important streams. The ef­ mining in such an area is entirely incom­ same conclusion with regard to strip mining fects of strip mining are in opposition to this patible with the public interest. in Kumbrabow State Forest and permanent­ and to the concomitant values in scenery, The foregoing facts will explain why I ly enjoined the owner of the reserved coal recreation, and timber production. look upon the Stearns case as being of the beneath the forest from removing it by this Parhaps it is best that your attention be utmost importance. I summarize by stating method. One could scarcely do less than directed at this time, to the following facts and reemphasizing certain points, as follows: take a similar position with respect to the concerning some of the damage which would 1. Short-term advantages to the local Monongahela National Forest. result from strip mining if permitted in the economy may be gained from stripping, but There are several points that I would like Monongahela National Forest. consideration should be given to long-term to lay before you which deal with the issue 1. Pure waters leaving the Williams, public interests. in Kentucky and West Virginia. Cranberry, and the North Fork of Cherry 2. Chemical pollution and siltation will 1. Access to the reserved coal is not denied. Rivers serve to dilute the pollution and sil­ be dumped in some of the finest live streams 2. I am told that, in both instances, the tation from mine wastes which render the in the East, streams which contribute much right to remove coal by stripping is not held Gauley River below the national forest unfit to sportsmen and recreationists, to busi· to be inherent in the reservations in deeds to for domestic, municipal, or industrial use nesses and towns. Siltation by itself, even the United States. Permission to strip, without costly plants and treatment. without chemical pollution, is deleterious to therefore, becomes a matter for administra­ (a) The water supply of 5,500 people liv­ fish life. tive determination. ing in Richwood comes from the North 3. Watersheds are endangered. 3. The effects of strip mining or rim cut­ Fork of Cherry R iver. Chlorination is the 4. In the strip-mining process, the cost of ting in mountainous terrain cannot be satis­ only treatment given. City officials estimate equipment is great, the number of people factorily repaired even at great cost. With · that, if the North Fork is subjected to ex­ employed per production unit is small, and multiple coal seams, one above the other, as tensive. strip-mining, water supply improve­ they are mostly heavy machine operators. much as 10 percent of the surface is disturbed ments costing $250,000 or $45 per capita will Hence, the extent to which stripping could and the vertical headwalls run for miles be necessary. compensate for reduced deep-mine employ­ along the mountain sides following the coal (b) The town of Cowen has a water supply ment would be quite small and temporary, outcrops. These with the attendant over­ coming from Gauley River. Due to mine and small justification for great damage to burden cast down the slope form scars that pollution and siltation, the town is now de­ permanent values. are permanent. veloping plans to draw water from Williams 5. There is no justification for opening the 4. Siltation of streams has a marked effect River for its 1,000 users. If strip-mining national forests to stripping based upon a upon fish life. The West Virginia Conserva­ follows on Williams River the town will not need for coal. Coal resources are virtually tion Commission, the United States Fish and have greatly improved its water supply. unlimited, and the coal industry is presently Wildlife Service, and the United States For­ (c) Webster County 4-H Camp Caesar, suffering from lack of markets for its product. est Service have collaborated during the past which accommodates up to 300 people, drew 6. In strip mining, unlike drift mining, year in studying paired streams to determine water for its swimming pool from Gauley the surface is removed from the coal and not the impact of strip mining on the production River. Following strip-mining operat.ions up­ only is the mined area completely destroyed of fish and fish food organisms_ Periodically, stream, the camp constructed filter beds in but additional surface is required for spoil throughout a full year, samples were taken order to maintain a pool suitable for swim­ and · overburden. The average surface de­ from the paired streams which are similar ming. This proved inadequate. and the struction (in the general area of the in drainage area, fiow, and most other char· camp explored the Williams River as a source Monongahela National Forest) at the pres­ acteristics. The streams, located on or ad­ of supply. This in turn was abandoned on ent time is 1.8 acres for each acre of coal jacent to the Gauley ranger district, Monon- account of cost and the probability of again removed. Furthermore, interruption of the 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 873 water table on high contours decreases the One cannot help but remember, Mr. have been forgotten by much of the world productivity of the land on a much larger Speaker, the words with which Charles and we are puzzled and saddened. On area. Dickens began The Tale of Two Cities: 7. Soil and surface erosion would naturally the other hand remembered all too well be severe since 1.8 times the area mined is It was the best of times, it was the worst is our policy of national security, which laid bare and steeper slopes are created. of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was has emphasized primary reliance upon 8. By destroying the surface on 1.8 times the age of foolishness; it was the epoch of armaments and military bases capable of the area mined, unsightly and permanent belief, it was the epoch of incredulity; it being used to ward off, if that is possible, scars are created. was the season of light, it was the season the threat of aggression from our inner 9. Healthy watersheds, conservation of top of darkness; it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair; we had everything citadels-and also capable of being used soil, pure water, and adequate timber re­ for delivery of the bomb. The warm serves are absolutely necessary to our Na­ before us, we had nothing before us; we were tion in peace and in war. In the light of all going direct to heaven, we were all going glow of good will which first greeted our the present tense world situation, and with direct the other way. Nation's generosity and friendship has every indication that such an unsettled and become more and more diffused by the dangerous international situation may con­ Would not one have believed, Mr. spectre of massive retaliation. Para­ tinue to exist indefinitely, it is of the great­ Speaker, that this was a description of phrasing Wordsworth's famous line: est necessity that every action be taken to the period in which we live? Were his "The bomb is too much with us, late and safeguard these elements which are so neces­ comparisons directed to our present age, soon." The world does not relish the sary to our Nation's security. Dickens might have added that it was a thought of atomic war. While we be­ 10. The issue in the Stearns case is not most simple time, it was a most perplex­ confined to 47,000 acres; in reality, it involves lieve in and declare our peaceful intent, ing time; it was a time of potential while we desire and preach that men 750,000 acres. Other owners and operators peace, it was a time of potential war. It have asked permission to strip, and they are shall live in harmony with one another, awaiting the outcome in this case. The was a time when there was a vision of that swords shall be beaten into plow­ long-term public interest demands that the mankind moving toward the loftiest age shares and men practice war no more, application ·for permission to strip national in the history of civilization through unfortunately the world seems not to forest lands be rejected. peaceful uses of the atom; it was a time have forgotten Hiroshima. I apologize for the length of this letter. when the shadow of a mushroom-shaped Its length can only be justified in the light While we once enjoyed a monopoly in cloud hung heavy over the prospect of the knowledge and manufacture of of the importance of the decision which will extinction of the civilization which man emanate from your office in connection with had laboriously wrought for centuries. atomic weapons, we are no longer its the Stearns case. I have no personal inter­ sole possessors. All indications point to est in the matter. I speak as a representa­ The memory of that cloud is impor­ a successful thermonuclear blast by the tive of millions of people, not only in my tant, Mr. Speaker, because this year Soviet Union fully 6 months prior to our State but also in others, who are not in a marks the lOth anniversary, if it can be first test of a fusion-type nuclear de­ position to speak for themselves. The de­ called .that, of the birth of that cloud­ vice. Although the Soviet Union may cision you are about to render will set a of man's use against his fellowman of precedent. I hope and believe that it will ba recognized as the aggressor in the the destructive capacity of atomic en­ pushing and pulling which character­ be a precedent favoring the welfare of Amer­ ergy, for it was in August of 1945 that ica and future generations. izes contemporary relationships between Respectfully yours, the early morning stillness of the large nations, the world seems to believe that ROBERT C. BYRD, Japanese city of Hiroshima was shat­ the United States is the nation most to Member of Congress. tered by the most terrible single explo­ be feared in dealing with this latest sion in human history. The incredulity instrument of devastation, because of with which the pilot of the bomber Enola our professions of preeminence in the PROPOSED ATOMIC REACTOR FOR Gay witnessed the fiery envelopment of a ffiROSffiMA, JAPAN field of atomic energy and because of the metropolitan center marked the opening identification of the atom with the bomb. The SPEAKER. U:Qder previous order scene of what has become the new life Much of the world knows of no other of the House, the gentleman from IU.inois and death drama of our age. us3 of the atom at the present time. [Mr. YATEs] is recognized for 30 The atom brought a speedy termina­ The shroud of secrecy which originally minutes. tion to World War II, and there began an w.as woven to protect the atom's use for Mr. YATES. Mr. Speaker, I have in­ all too brief period marked by the fervent military purposes has not been lifted suf-­ troduced today a bill to construct in the hope that we were on the verge of wit­ ficiently to disclose the progress being city of Hiroshima, Japan, through the nessing the achievement of a lasting made in adoption of the atom for peace. cooperative efforts of the Governments foundation for world peace. We looked We have done much too good a job in of the United States and Japan, an to the organization of the United Nations selling our atomic might, with unex­ atomic power reactor dedicated to the as a body in which all the peoples of the pected and undesired results. advancement of peace and progress by earth would be represented, a body which This picture in people's minds was not producing power for industrial purposes. would be dedicated to the encourage­ softened by the extensive tests of ther­ I have done so because I believe it is ment of individual freedom for all peo­ monuclear devices conducted by the necessary that we place primary em­ ples and the elimination of war as a phasis upon our intention that the atom United states in the Pacific last spring. means of settling disputes. We envi­ The first of these, held on March 1, shall be used in the cause of peace rather sioned a world ruled by the orderly proc­ than for the destruction which war proved to be not only an awesome dem­ esses of law in which disputes between onstration; it was an event of special brings. nations would be subject to settlement in We Americans know that our funda­ political importance which we cannot the same manner as disputes between fully comprehend, as well. Had it not mental objective is peace. Ever en­ individuals. shrined in our hearts is the ancient been for the poor fishing to the north, prayer: "Grant us peace, Thy most pre­ Today such goals seem much more dis­ the Fukuryu Maru, a small Japanese cious gift, 0 Lord." We know that we tant. The fraternal spirit which marked vessel, might never have ventured into want no aggrandizement, we want no the opening session of the United Na­ the vicinity of the testing area. Had imperialism, we want no colonialism. tions has been all but shattered in a not the winds from the explosion blown We want only to be permitted to live out mounting accumulation of controversies radioactive ash over that section of the our lives without fear and without with the Soviet Union, its Eastern Euro­ ocean where the crew of the ship were aggression, and to cooperate with like­ pean satellites, and Communist China. trying to increase their catch of tuna, minded peoples everywhere in this quest The beneficence and sympathetic under­ the March 1 explosion, which was twice for mankind's eternal dream. standing which we believe to be high its predicted power, would have re­ This is our goal-and yet, earlier this among our fundamental national traits, mained, for years perhaps, a terse an­ week this House passed a resolution and which led us to seek to relieve the nouncement by the Atomic Energy Com­ which has been described by the chair­ economic plight of nations torn by war mission that a test had been successfully man of the Foreign Affairs Committee as and to help underdeveloped countries at­ made. But the fishing was poor to the one which, while it is not a declaration tempt ·to eliminate poverty, eradicate north, and the winds that day were a of war, m ight very well lead to it. That disease, and achieve the fullest use of bit hazardous. resolution is now being debated by the their resources, at a cost of billions of Suddenly, the sailors were startled by Senate. dollars to our taxpayers, now seems to a high ball of ftame in the distance and 874 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE January 27 a deafening noise. Minutes later a pe­ pectations in its use can hardly be too Hiroshima and Nagasaki remains so vivid, culiar white dust began to sift down broad, why should we not share it for construction of such a power plant in a the benefit of mankind? country like Japan would be a dramatic and upon their craft, their nets, their hands, Christian gesture which could lift all of us their hair. One man, following the nat­ Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Speaker, will the far above the recollection of the carnage of ural tendency to taste, touched some of gentleman yield? those cities. A nuclear reactor in the Land it to his tongue; another, thinking it Mr. YATES. I yield. of the Rising Sun, built by Americans and would make a unique souvenir, tucked Mr. FLOOD. I have discussed this out of American resources, would be a lasting some of it away in a small bag under his matter recently with the distinguished monument to our technology and our good pillow. In several weeks the ship re­ gentleman from Illinois, and I know how will. One of our reactors in Japan would go deeply he feels on this world-shattering a very long way toward nullifying what has turned to port, and several of the crew, been lost at Dien Bien Phu and Geneva. feeling ill, reported to the hospital. problem. I would like to poi _t out it is In this way we would be giving substance to Soon the cause and nature of their con­ particularly opportune in the House to­ the Divine Comma d that we forgive our dition became clear, and all23 were hos­ day, following the -momentous vote of enemies, and we would demonstrate to a ·pitalized in Tokyo. this House on the resolution dealing with grim, skeptical, and divided world that our Last fall one of these men died. The the President's powers this week and it interest in nuclear energy is not confined to other 22 are now suffering from various is difficult for me to imagine a more weapons. aftereffects, the future results of which timely speech or a more important sub­ Subsequent .to Commissioner Murray's are a matter of.some controversy. Re­ ject than my colleague, the gentleman eloquent plea, Mr. John J. Hopkins, pres­ cently a $2 million settlement of claims, from Illinois, is favoring us with at this ident of the General Dynamics Corp., involving the men themselves and vari­ time. the firm which constructed the world's ous fishing interests which suffered from Mr. YATES. I thank the gentleman first atom powered sub, the Nautilus, the drop in the fish market, was made for his statement. joined with him in urging the sharing of by our State Departm nt with Japan. We can offer to the peoples of the the secrets of the peacetir.le uses of the Perhaps, with this act, tl1e file in the world new hope and new life through atom with the other nations of the world. case was marked "closed" in the Depart­ tangible evidence of the fact that atomic This is what Mr. Hopkins said: ment of State. It was not marked energy can be a force for good, rather We are now dimly beginning to·realize that "closed" in Japan, where resentment than evil, consecrated to the life of under the impact of the atom the old math­ runs deep that the Japanese should once man rather than to his destruction. And ematical standards, the laws of physics again have become victims of the bomb. in· the case of Japan, what more con­ which in earlier years we were taught to I frequently wonder whether we have crete expression can we furnish of our think immutable, the established concepts not become so susceptible to Soviet friendship for the peoples of Japan than of space, time, and dimension, are faulting saber rattling, that we fall easy prey to our desire to help erase the searing scars and folding-and forming again. The atomic revolution is already molding our Moscow's design that we not be identi­ which the war-born atom brought to world, and if we are not fluid enough to fied as a nation seeking peace. Each them than to make available the miracle pour ourselves into the changing shape of Soviet threat brings with it a corre­ of the atom fashioned in peace .and de­ economic things to come we are-as a major sponding and more belligerent response signed to help them overcome a harsh economic power, as the world's industrial on our part. They have professed peace, disposition of nature's resources? l-eader-through, done for, dead. And dead as have we--but for some reason, per­ We are a people of peace. Securing and done for industrially also means dead haps 'an overglorification of the bomb, peace involves risk, even the risk of war . and done for militarily. • • • itself. If our motives to defend the peace If we do not use industrial atomic energy if one can use that phrase--the world to increase the living standards of under­ takes lightly the magnificent message through such a resolution be susceptible developed and P<;>litically unstable nations, which President Eisenhower delivered to to misunderstanding, certainly there can if we fail to recognize that by so doing we the United Nations last year, when he be no misgivings in the action proposed can create vast new world markets for our said: in the bill I have filed today. I thinlc it products, if we are slow to accept the eco­ It is with the book of history, and not is well that this reactor directed toward nomic, social, and political changes the in­ with isolated pages, that the United States the use of atomic energy for peaceful dustrial atom is bringing about--we shall will ever wish to be identified. My country pursuits should be constructed in the have doomed ourselves to an inferior com­ wants to be constructive, not destructive. place which first felt the destructiveness petitive position, very much second to the It wants agreements, not wars, among na­ Soviet Union and even to Communist China of the bomb. with its unlimited cheap labor. • • • tions. It wants itself to live in freedom, and Mr. Speaker, I am not the originator in the confidence that the people of every Nations which are poor in natural re­ other nation enjoy equally the rig}:lt of of this proposal. I wish I were, but that sources, nations whose resource are poorly choosing their own way of life. • • • So my honor goes to the distinguished and very distributed with reference to their popula­ country's purpose is to help us move out of able Commissioner of the Atomic Energy tion centers, nations now emotionally and the dark chamber of horrors into the light, Commission, Thomas E. Murray, who politically unstable, could become our in­ to find a way by which the minds of men, first broached it in his speech to the in­ dustrial equals and unfriendly competitors the hopes of men, the souls of men every­ through the use of atomic power reactors ternational convention of the United donated by Soviet Russia. where, can move forward toward peace and Steel Workers of America last Sep­ happiness and well-being. tember. Mr. Murray said, and I quote: Mr. Hopkins continued, and I quote: The President continued: Conscious as we are of America's right The potentials for an already industrial­ The United States seeks more than the intentions, we should also recognize that the ized but power-short nation such as Japan mere reduction or elimination of atomic ma­ United States must give by action and not by are far more startling. Between 1945 and terials for military purposes. It is not words alone, clear and tangible proof of our 1952 we gave Japan $2~ billion in non­ enough to take this weapon out of the hands determination to channel the energy of the military economic aid and credits. If it had of the soldiers. It must be put into the atom, as soon as possible, into peaceful and been possible to allocate an equivalent sum hands of more who will know how to strip constructive paths. Time is running out. for the installation by American industry of its military casing and adapt it to the arts industrial atomic reactors, Japan might have of peace. Mr. Murray continued: now in the neighborhood of 100 large sta­ The United States knows that if the fear­ We. know from experience that only with tionary atomic powerplants with an installed ful trend of an atomic military buildup can great difficulty can men in severe economic capacity of about 10 million kilowatts. be reversed, this greatest of destructive want be made to think of matters other than forces can be developed into a great boon, their own hunger. Our first imperative task Mr. Speaker, power is the blood of in­ for the benefit of all mankind. then is to use the atom to assist in the dustrial life. Cheap power offers the elimination of want where it exists and to possibility of providing benefits which Mr. Speaker, as a matter of fact, the forestall want where it threatens. It is clear will not only raise the standard of living United States is now in a position to ful­ to me that not only can we do this by devel­ of an impoverished people, but will in­ fill the promise implicit in the President's oping nuclear power but that in so doing we crease a nation's economic and political statement, and why should we not tell it can simultaneously enrich ourselves and the stability. Japan, a country about the to the world again and again? · The world both materially and spiritually. Many locations come to mind. But if I were to size of California, has arable land dynamics of peace require as much of make a choice, my choice would be ·Japan. amounting to only 17 percent of its total. us as those of war, and now that we pos­ Japan was the first and is still the only land !t has a population of 87 million people, sess a tool with such unbelievable pos­ which has been engulfed in the white flame mcreasing at the rate of 1 million per sibilities for good that our greatest ex- of the atom. Now, while the memory of year. With available farm land com- 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 875. pletely occupied, more poople are mov­ primed and our powder dry, as the grav­ less than they calculated in 1952.. Only God ing to the cities wherein industry must ity of the present situation. warrants, knows how much smaller this magic num­ expand' in order to permit them to live. but we must realize that this in itself ber will become in the next few years. Mike and its successors have placed in the hands Even an .expanded power development is not enough. If we insist on placing of man the dreadsome power of world de­ based upon present type electrical· gen­ undue emphasis on sheer military might, struction. eration will be inadequate for many we will be falling into a Communist trap · Following Mike, I took another trip. This years to come to provide necessary fu1- to identify the United States as a Nation time to Arco in Idaho. Here the Atomic fillment of Japan's power needs. An which looks to military rule, rather than Energy Commission has established a facil­ atomic reactor, occupying a small area peaceful persuasion as the basis for in­ ity to carry on a variety of atomic power ex­ and generating large quantities of power tern-a tiona! relationships. periments. For several years prior to my visit, there had been under design and con­ would be a logical answer to this prob­ I would like to hope, Mr. Speaker, that struction a large nuclear reactor-an atomic lem. it might be possible for the reactor to power engine. In contrast with Mike, it was But more important than these is the be named the McMahon reactor, after not an engine of mass destruction. In many message implicit in this gesture to the the late great Senator Brien McMahon, respects it could be likened to a controlled people of Japan. We would be telling of connecticut, who was one of the and safe version of Mike. Like Mike it was them for the first time in the potent pioneers in promoting the peaceful uses to play a tremendous role in scientific re­ language of the atom, that we in the of atomic energy. In a speech to the search. Although designed primarily for military purposes, if successful, it promised United States come in peace, not in war. other body on February 2, 1950, Senator a constructive counterpoint to atomic weap­ I am advised by Commissioner Murray, McMahon said: oneering. It, too, would usher in -a new era of the AEC, that construction of a nu­ At present, only one-third of the world's of atomic concepts and achievements. It clear power reactor in Japan would be 2,200,000,000 people receive enough food to would perhaps point to a solution of the feasible, practical, and advantageous. sustain life on a decent basis. The other world's atomic dilemma. Such a project, in the opinfon of Mr. two-thirds live continuously at a margin of Following years of planning, research, and construction, we were now ready for the first Murray, would be started this year and starvation. Mr. President, it is atomic en­ ergy that opens up the vision of expanding trial. I had the privilege of starting that completed-within a few years. Its cost material decencies until there is enough to plant-the prototype of the first submarine would depend upon the type of reactor go around for all, until every last hungry nuclear power unit. That epochmaking employed, as well as the power-potential mouth is filled. Perhaps, through the ex­ event took place on May 31, 1953. That plant on which the project would be based. penditure of a few extra tens of millions of at Arco continues to operate and has met, While we do not know, before decisions dollars we can conquer the riddle of photo­ and in some respects has exceeded, the fond­ on these and other factors are made, the synthesis and extract from the processes of est dreams of its designers. plant growth a means of multiplying many These two experiences-one in the far exact cost of constructing a power re­ Pacific and the other in the Idaho desert­ actor in Japan, we do know that a dupli­ times the world's food supply. Perhaps through atomic power for industry and agri­ are symbolic of the atomic age. Thus we cate of the Duquesne reactor now under culture we can transform the deserts of have on the one side, frustration and world construction in Shippingport, Pa., pro­ Africa, Asia, and the Americas into blooming destruction; on the other, creativity and a ducing upwards of 60,000 kilowatts crop-producing acres, and the arid hills of common ground for peace and cooperation. would cost approximately $45 million. the world into gardens. It is almost impos­ Between them they indicate the progress It must be recognized, however, that im­ sible to overestimate what all-out concentra­ that has been made in adapting the atom to provements in reactor technology offer tion upon atomic energy for peace might each of these two possible ends. For while the atom is far advanced in the weapons hope of considerable future reductions accomplish in terms of remaking and im­ proving the physical environment of man­ field, it is not yet very far down the road in present cost estimates. kind. to peace. Our most important task should I also have been assured by Mr. Mur­ be to correct this evergrowing and dan­ ray and others that the level of tech­ Mr. Speaker, life goes on even with gerous unbalance: All the multitudinous nology in Japan is more than adequate the threat of war hanging overhead and peaceful applications of atomic energy can for the construction and maintenance of the efforts to maintain peace must be be made to contribute toward peace. How­ such a project. We need only to be re­ constant and unremitting. The atom ever, the all important key, for the years must become identified with kilowatts, immediately ahead, is to develop nuclear minded that it is Japan which has pro- energy for the generation of electric power. - duced Dr. Hideki Yukawa, a world-re­ not killing; with balms for healing, not This requires that we develop that fabu­ nowned physicist who won a Nobel prize bombs for destruction. lous atomic furnace, the nuclear power re­ for his work. - Mr. Speaker, I have every hope that actor; a Vulcan's smithy where the energy .. The question may be raised by some the bill I have introduced today will help locked up in the atom can be released, in a of the wisdom ·of providing Japan with keep the ·peace. controlled manner, safely, steadily, surely­ in quantities measured only by our vision, a reactor which, should that nation ATOMIC ENERGY FOR PEACE courage, and leadership. ever be subjected to Communist rule, (By Commissioner Thomas E. Murray) To understand why the atomic power re­ could be used against the United States. Mr. President, members of the United Steel actor is so important a key we must remem­ I have discussed this matter with Mr. Workers of America, honored guests, ladies ber that there is an ever-growing demand Murray, as well, and have been assured and gentlemen, in 1952, on November 1, in for electric power. This is true not only in that the production of fissionable and the far Pacific, at Eniwetok, I participated our own country, where the demand for fusionable materials, both in this coun­ in the test of our first thermonuclear explo­ power is doubling every 10 years, but try and Britain, and in the U. S. S. R., sion. It was the forerunner of our present throughout the world. There are many has reached such a high point that one hydrogen bomb. Up to the time of Mike, regions where the shortage of power is al­ reactor, no matter what the wattage, which was the code name given to that his­ ready acute. So much so in fact that the toric explosion, scientists had been talking demands for electricity are increasing at could not possibly shift the balance of and calculating about creating a hydrogen a more rapid rate in some parts of the power one way or the other. Far from bomb. Many practical, technical questions world than in the United States. The na­ creating a military risk, this project had to be answered; soundly proposed scien­ tional well-being and security-of our Nation would contribute to the military strength tific doubts had to be resolved. It was hoped and indeed of all mankind-are so closely of Japan, and hence of all of free Asia. that Mike would go far in giving direction and increasingly tied up with energy and Moreover, it would put to the test the to scientific thinking in the hydrogen bomb power, that we cannot afford to leave dar-" blatant Soviet declarations about the field. Mike by surpassing expectations, mant this new atomic power source. I will willingness and ability of the U.S.S.R., hurled us into the hydrogen era. It was that not attempt to forecast the number of dec­ detonation which enabled scientists to esti­ ades that will pass until a shortage of con­ as Pravda said recently, ''to make atomic mate how many hydrogen bombs it would ventional fuels presents a serious world energy serve man.'' Atomic energy take to scatter to the four winds, in a matter problem. must indeed serve man, and it only re­ of secondS, the civilization it has taken man Certainly, this country has enough of the mains for the United States to demon­ centuries to put together. Before Mike, sci­ standard fuels to dispel sensational and strate that it is our intention to do ev­ entists discussed the possibility of world de­ unfounded fears of their impending scarcity. erything we can to see that it shall. struction through nuclear reactions. After There is no need for anxiety. Widespread We are losing sight of the fact that Mike, they knew that the possibility could obsolescence of conventional powerplants or 'be triggered into actuality. any serious disruption of labor and industry in this war-threatened world there are Other versions and improvements of Mike are not just around the corner. Be that as other weapons for conquest- than those have been developed and successfully tested. it may, we must be continually mindful that of a purely military nature. There is Scientists now know that the number of there do exist areas with a scarcity of con­ :r;o doubt that we must keep our weapons- Miltes needed for total world catastrophe is ventional fuels. Tliere are nations whe:;: e 876 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-_ HOUSE January 27 adequate electric power, so necessary for seeking the details of nuclear power tech­ However, to get on with the building o! improving standards of living, 1s now 1m~ nology. Very few of them now have the power reactors we must have a strong pro-: practicable, technically and financially. For background to take full advantage of such gram of Government support. I stress this many of these "have-not" nations nuclear technology. Many of these countries may because there is a widespread misconception power holds great promise, not <_>nly for the never have atomic power if first it will be concerning the speed with which nuclear future but today. . necessary for them to acquire the technical power. will become competitive with con­ C0nscious as we are of America's right in­ skills to design reactors and the supporting ventional power. Many optimistic state­ tentions, we should also recognize that th~ industries to manufacture them. But with ments have been made. Most of them are United States must give by action and not our help they can have atomic power. based on .the. erroneous assumption that by words alone, clear and tangible proof Let us now examine where the United the engineering problems have already been of our own determination .to channel the States stands today in the fi_eld of power solved, and lead to the equally wrong con­ energy of the atom, as soon as possible, into reactors. Except for the Arco installation, clusion that nuclear power is cheap and is peaceful and constructive paths. Time is which I have mentioned, there are no oper­ ours for the asking. The fact is we have running out. It .is as if there were a de• ating power reactors in this country. It is only· begun to solve the engineering prob­ layed time fuse in the ever-mounting stock­ true that we are investigating a number of lems. And the ultimate cost of nucl¢ar piles of Mikes both here and in Soviet different reactor types, each potentially ca7 power will depend very heavily on just how Russia. The mechanisms of delay in this pable of making significant nuclear contri­ these engineering problems are solved. We fuse cannot be trusted to last inde-finitely. , butions. But in assessing our accomplish­ just do not have. sufficient information to­ Recently Congress passed a ne_w Atomi~ ments, candor requires that we distinguish day to be able to calculate how much nu­ Energy Act. In setting forth ._ the funda~ between achievement a.nd promise. That is, clear power will really cost. But this should mental policies of our Government in the we must not ·identify these promising de­ not cause us to delay. Thomas A. Edison atomic field, the Atomic Energy Commission velopment programs with opera.ting reactors. never attempted to calculate the cost of elec­ is called upon to develop programs for pro­ Certainly our overall accomplishments in the tricity while trying to make a workable moting the general welfare and world peace. power reactor field do not rank as yet with electric generator. He and the other pio­ And President Eisenhower has pledged our the other outstanding achievements of Amer­ neers, like my own good father, knew that intention to carry out these two objectives. ican science and industry. Part--but only if they succeeded. the ~ost would take care Before the United Nations he s_olemnly prom­ part--of the reason has been our necessary of itself. Similarly a study of the poten­ ised that we will take the atom out of the preoccupation with improving and stockpil­ tialities of aviation following the · Wright hands of soldiers and adapt it to the arts ing atomic weap<:>ns. It must be admitted, brothers' famous Kitty Hawk flight would of peace. I can think of no quicker and more however, that we could have done more in have proven that the airplane had no eco­ concrete way of fulfilling the mandate of spite of Soviet intransigeance. nomic future. Henry Ford did not rush to the act, ·as well as the President's promise, Indeed, our one operating unit would not the economists before he decided to go into than to embark, now, while we still have be in existence today if it had not offered production of automobiles. time, on a vigorous program to develop great military promise. Financial support Our approach to the overall atomic power atomic ·electric power. for this Arco reactor would not have been problem should benefit from these experi­ Again on Labor Day the President re­ given except for .its possible military impor­ ences. We cannot today estimate the cost affirmed our intentions. He called for such tance. In this respect, the unit has fulfilled of atomic electric - power· from the new things as the formation of an international its promise by giving this country revolu­ Shippingport reactor. There will be no agency having control of fissionable mate­ tionary advantages in the propulsion of sub­ accurate figures until the plant is built and rials earmarked for peaceful use, the estab­ marines and other vessels. Although devel­ operating. Informed bids for supplying lishment of a nuclear training center for oped as. a military program the Arco reacto~ major units of this atomic plant in some friendly nations, and help·in the building of continues to give valuable information for cases varied as much as fivefold. How then foreign research-. reactors. .This J>rogram future industrial reactors. .In fact, if it had can one <;i4so-qss . int~lligentlY. t~e cost -of· should have universal support. But unless not been for the accomplishmEn1ts of .the atomic power at the present time? And yet this program is aggressively implemented, naval reactor program, our industrial power . reports continue to be published arguing years will pass before significant tangible effort would still be in the embryo stage. a 20-percent advantage for one design of worldwide results are realized. The imple­ Even our first major step toward industrial reactor .over . another. Again I say we just mentation needed is a persistent determined nuclear power, the Shippingport 60,000-kilo­ do not know. effort, backed by our manpower and our dol­ watt reactor, was only salvaged after much Because the economics of nuclear power lars to put atomic power plants into opera­ persuasion from an abandoned naval design. are so uncertain, it is unrealistic to expect tion, both here and abroad. The President broke ground for the Ship­ private industry to undertake, on a purely We have in this country a technology and pingport plant, near Pittsburgh, on Labor risk basis, anything like the effort that the industrial capability that is unsurpassed. Day. By his participation and his remarks world atomic power problem demands. If We have a wealth of courageous nuclear on that occasion, he gave impressive evidence our goal is electric power from the atom at scientists so indispensable and always ·so of the importance which he attaches to in­ an early date, the Government must con­ willing to assist once the need is made clear. dustrial nuclear power. - Significant as this tinue to play the major role for the imme-. Because of the magnitude of the job ahead, event is, however, we must recognize that the diate years. ahead. Only in this way can we· we l'!hould immediately increase the number fruits of this project will not be realized for make sure that this potentially giant indus-. of scientists presently engaged in atomic several years. try arrives soon enough to be of any assist­ power work. Our failure to go ahead on You can appreciate my concern for our ance in the attainment of peace. a broad, vigorous program will be inter­ atomic power future when I tell you that as A word of caution is in order. There are preted as a "dog in the manger" policy. It the Arco unit went into operation, much two basic types of reactors-one for the pri­ would be like saying, "We could have atomic of its design was out of date. However, mary purpose of producing power; the other electric power if we wanted it, but, unlike rapid obsolescence is characteristic of all for the primary purpose of producing plu-. the rest of the world, we do not need it today. healthy scientific and technological devel­ tonium, and with electric power only as a Therefore, its development can wait for eco­ opments. Take for example the aircraft byproduct. We have to decide on which type nomic and financial forces to move it ahead.'' industry. By the time any plane enters of reactor we should concentrate our scien­ -That is an attitude which must be resisted. wide operational service it is well on the tific talent, facilities, and fissionable mate­ To permit such a policy to prevail because way to being obsolete. It takes about 7 rials in the immediate future. Naturaily years from the ·time the design of a large certain segments of private industry, in order of budgetary or other limitations would be to reduce their risks, will favor the plutoni­ inconsistent with all that this Nation stands bomber is begun until the plane is in pro­ um plus power or dual-purpose approach. for. It would play into the hands of the duction. It was fortunate that we did not At first glance this so-called compromise Soviets. No one familiar with world tech­ wait 7 years after designing the B-47 be­ reactor seems to represent a reasonable nology has any doubt that today the Soviets fore beginning the design of the B-52. We course. But the Government already has in are capable of meeting the atomic electric should . adopt this same progressive tech­ operation and under construction sufficient . power challenge. The explosion of a hydro­ nique in the development of industrial facilities to supply present military require­ gen device by the Soviets in August 1953; power reactors. Today we are sure that the ments for weapons grade plutonium. Even as well as other evidences of their overall 60,000 kilowatt Shippingport reactor will if military requirements are increased it is nuclear progress, are clear indications of work. Tomorrow we should be building a highly unlilcely that the compromise route their ability in the atomic field. If the bigger and a better power reactor of the could be depended upon to meet firm mili­ U . S. S. R . should win the industrial power best design now available. tary requirements for the critical years just race, the price tag for nuclear power reactors I should like to emphasize the word ahead. Furthermore, it is not conceivable will be high. So high indeed that the pur­ "build." It is a meaningful word. Because that we woUld want to place such reactors, chaser will be forced to ·relinquish his birth­ in order to build well, one must discard all capable of producing weapons grade plu­ rights and civil liberties in exchange for impractical schemes and face facts. Where tonium, in foreign lands. We cannot allow nuclear electric power. This must not hap­ even small difficulties exist, one must over­ budgetary considerations, such as possible pen. What a tragedy it would be if world come· them. To neglect them as trivial is cheaper weapons materials, nor the lack of leadership in this field fell by default into to invite failure. Then, too, as a result of risk capital, to cause us to drag-our feet in Soviet hands. - l;>uilding, we add all that vast store of prac­ this most important nuclear power race. The "have-not" nations are anxious for tical knowledge that only comes-from put­ ' We lcnow from experience that only with atomic p<:>wer. They are not particularly ting a thing toget her and running it. great_ difficulty can men in severe economic 1955· CONGRESSIONAL ·RECORD- HOUSE 877 want be made to think of matters other than ship of 'the atom, which can be made the many have not, even when urged to do so. their own hunger. Our first imperative task richest of His material 'blessings. And he understands, too, that being mes­ then is to use the atom to assist in the elim­ m erized by bombs and bigness to the point ination of want where it exists and to fore­ [From the Christian Science Monitor of where power developme~t has been grossly stall want where it threatens. It is clear to Septemb.er 24, 1954) neglected, as he charged in his recent speech, me that not only can we do this by develop.:. is a shortsighted policy. MR. MURRAY'S PROPOSAL The time has come for a real effort to give ing nuclear power but that in so doing we (By Roland Sawyer) can simultaneously enrich ourselves and the the world a prospect of someting from the world both materially and spiritually. For WASHINGTON.-This dispatch is Written at om besides bombs. The President's plan example, while proceeding to fulfill our un­ particularly for readers in Japan and in of last December turned the light in this derstandings with Belgium to assist that America. Both are involved emotionally, direction. Chairman Lewis L. Strauss, of country in the building of its power. reactor morally, politically, and spiritually by the the AEC, has pledged to keep the light turned we could also proceed to build power reactors chain of events which began nearly 10 years on. And Mr. Murray is generating some in other foreign lands. Many locations come ago at Hiroshima. Then it was 77,000 Jap­ heat toward a greater effort than has yet to mind. But if I were to make a choice, anese who were first "engulfed in the white been shown. my choice would be Japan. Japan was the fiame of the atom." Now it is a single Jap­ His proposal to begin at Hiroshima is a first and is still the only land which has been anese, Aikichi Kuboyama, the seaman who goal the American people should not lose engulfed in the white fiame of the atom. has just perished from the effects of radia­ sight of. And the people of Japan, who Now, while the memory of Hiroshima and tion caused by the United States hydrogen have suffered most, would be among the Nagasaki remains so vivid, construction of bomb test at Bikini, March 1. first to enjoy the fruits of this greatest ma­ such a powerplant in a country like Japan Judging from reports out of Tokyo, the terial power that man now has, almost at his would be a dramatic and Christian gesture Japanese are almost as disturbed in time disposal. which could lift all of us far above the recol­ of peace by what has befallen the seaman, lection of the carnage of those cities. A who was a radio operator on a Japanese [From the Christian Science Monitor of nuclear reactor in the Land of the Rising fishing boat, as they were by what hap­ September 24, 1954] pened at Hiroshima in wartime. Sun, built by Americans and out of Amer­ CAUTION: H-BOMBS ican resources, would be a lasting monument At this very moment has come an idea which, if carried out, could do much to The United States has in the hydrogen to our technology and our good will. One bomb a weapon which could backfire dis­ of our reactors in Japan would go a very ameliorate the harshness of both events. A proposal has been made by Thomas E. astrously for American and western civiliza­ long way toward nullifying what has been Murray, a member of the United States tion unless even peacetime tests of its efficacy lost at Dien Bien Phu and Geneva. In this Atomic Energy Commission, that the and variations are skillfully handled. An way we would be giving substance to the American people, through their Govern­ indication of this is seen in the intense reac­ divine command that we forgive our ene­ ment, build and present to the people of tion which has swept over Japan following mies, and we would demonstrate to a grim, Japan an atomic reactor to produce elec­ the death of a fishing vessel crewman exposed skeptical, and divided world that our interest tric power. Mr. Murray suggests that the to radioactive dust from the H-bomb test at in nuclear energy is not confined to weapons. reactor be located in Hiroshima. Bikini last March. This reaction has been Let me add a final word of caution. The This "would be a dramatic and Chris­ building for months. roots of the so-called atomic dilemma are tian gesture which could lift all of us far The story of Aikichi Kuboyama and 22 embedded deeply in 2 mutually antag­ above the recollection of the carnage of other fishermen of the Lucky Dragon is one onistic but basic ideologies; 2 irreconcil­ those cities" (Hiroshima and Nagasaki). which has gone around the world. A con­ able concepts concerning man and his re­ "In this way," Mr. Murray went on, "we junction of events capped by what happened lation to God. Therefore, no matter how would be giving substance to the divine to this ill-starred fishing vessel 80 miles bountiful the material benefits derived from command that we forgive our enemies, and from the test site caused a barrage of criti­ the peaceful uses of the atom may prove to we would demonstrate to a grim, skeptical, cism of the United States which, if interna­ be, we cannot expect that they alone will and divided world that our interest in nu­ tional relations are important, · may have suffice to resolve this dilemma. A solution clear energy is not confined to weapons." caused America as much damage as if the in the material sphere alone can never be This idea seems to have splendor. It bomb had fallen on the American continent. more than a partial or tentative answer. ought to be given sufficient prominence in We do not agree with flamboyant declara­ Only in the realm of the spirit is man com­ the United States so that some such thing tions that the bomb tests never should have plete. Man's soul is what distinguishes him could be done. But it is unlikely that it been held. A great deal of hysteria has been from the brute. That is why the divine will be done unless the American people built up over the effects, stemming naturally founder of the Christian faith said: "Not by know of the idea and respond, and unless from the searing experiences of Hiroshima bread alone does man live." We are here that response is transmitted wit h some force and Nagasaki but fanned also, undoubtedly, today discussing energy. Prayer puts us in to the Atomic Energy Commission and the by Japanese Communists. direct contact with the greatest source of White House. Here seems to be an oppor:. The American response to the wave of fear energy in the universe. All of us, if we will, tunity to build a lasting monument to the which swept Japan should have been more can pray to God. good will in the United States toward the immediate, more tactful, and more indica­ I h ave posed today's atomic dilemma­ Japanese, which is substantial. All Presi­ tive of real concern. To be sure, the weap­ on the one hand world destruction-po­ dent Eisenhower would need to do, virtually, ons being tested were part of the defense of tential annihilation of man and civiliza­ would be to scratch a note on a pad on his Japan itself as well as of the United States tion-and on the other peaceful power re­ desk and the plan could be put into action. and the West. This point ought to have actors contributing to man's well being. It is true that the Japanese are not in greater significance to the Japanese since the While the masters of Soviet Russia are stock­ immediate need of atomic-electric power. evident explosion of a hydrogen-type bomb piling their "Mikes" of destruction, we must But the symbol of the atom returning to by the Soviet Union in the vicinity of continue to surpass them as indeed we are Hiroshima in a constructive role would ac­ Wrangel Island northeast of Japan. doing. But my message to you is that we complish two things. It would be a reminder But American officialdom could and should must do the one without neglecting the to Americans that the need for the United make it clearer, more emphatic, that the States to give much more priority to atomic­ United States regards such an incident as other. part of the unfortunate cost of the interna­ You, the United Steel Workers of Amer­ electric power than it has done, up to now, is very great. And it would be a reminder tional power struggle, that it is distressed ica, are recognized for your intelligent over injury to even one Japanese or Marshall leadership. Your participation in worth­ to the Japanese people--and to people every­ where--that there is a body of public opin­ Islander, that it is not only willing to pay while programs of relief and reconstruction, compensation to men and their families, but looking to the achievement of a workable ion in America which is far more enthusiastic about developing the atom for constructive that it is resolved to take measures to safe­ peace, are well known. Your constructive guard positively against any such misfor­ vision is perhaps nowhere better demon­ purposes than concentrating everlastingly upon how large bombs can be made. tunes if further tests of atomic or thermo­ strated than by your keen interest in nu­ nuclear weapons are required. clear energy and its prospects for man's With the death of Aikichi Kuboyama, Mr. service. That is why I gladly accepted your Murray's proposal is especially timely and An affirmative declaration to that effect President's kind invitation to speak to you helpful. He is one of those few people in from the President or some other authorita­ today. For my 47'2 years of scanning the the United States Government who really tive high official would be very much in order nuclear panorama I am convinced-and I understands what the atomic age is all about. in Washington today. The statement would hope you agree--that the future of civiliza­ While this statement cannot possibly be commit the United States to finding an area tion and culture, and of humanity itself, proved, a reporter sees many indications in in which nuclear tests could be made with­ depends on our intelligent use of the atom. Washington that the dimensions and speed out hazard or arranging for exclusion of Now is the time for us to act on this con­ of potential destruction which atomic weap­ human beings from a much larger territory viction. Now is the time to marshal all ons have introduced are still dimly under­ than before, if such tests are to be continued. the titanic forces of American labor, science, stood by men in the highest echelons of the But this is virtually the obligation imposed and industry behind a determined effort to present as well as the past administration. already by a decent regard for the safety of 'Channel the power of the atom into the But Mr. Murray knows. He has witnessed others and the opinion of mankind. pathways of peace. For only in this way most of the great tests. He has taken the Possibly a safe region could be found in can we justify before God our steward- trouble to go and see for himself, whereas northern Alaska or arranged . for on the 878 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-- HOUSE January 27. Greenland ice cap or in Australia, where atom is bringing about-we shall have 1n cultural pattern, and without commen­ Britain held its atomic tests. I! any further doomed ourselves to an inferior competitive surate increases of food supplies. activities of the sort are contemplated in the position, very much second to the Soviet The result is that 1n typical underdevel­ Pacific it may well be advisable to ask the Union and even to Communist China with oped countries there is never a su.ffi.cient United Nations to · take part in the super~ its unlimited cheap labor. capital or manpower surplus to achieve com­ vision, since the island areas are held under Nations which are poor 1n natural re­ plete industrialization with its more static a U. N. strategic trusteeship. sources, nations whose resources are poorly population and more dynamic nutritional There is potential value in the recom~ distributed with reference to their popula­ curves. Not only do many underdeveloped mendation made by Thomas E. Murray, a tion centers, nations now emotionally and nations lack any but the most primitive member of the Atomic Energy Commission, politically unstable, could become our in­ forms of mechanical power but-due to poor that the United States should sponsor con~ dustrial equals and unfriendly competitors nutrition-they lack even effective muscle struction in Japan of an atomic reactor to through .the use of atomic power reactors power. generate electric power for peaceful purposes. donated by Soviet Russia. Third, many of the underdeveloped nations This would give important evidence of Amer~ The time has come, it seems to me, when possess valuable mineral resources which, ican interest in constructive as well as de~ American industrialists must coalesce inter­ because of insufficient capital and untrained structive uses of atomic fission. national policies and international programs and inadequate labor, remain idle while But the United States must also find ways into international actions. multitudes living above and around these to avoid giving an impression of casualness The energy and ability which has built resources are constantly on the edge of or callousness in its necessary tests of nuclear the American industrial civilization-the starvation. weapons. It is ironic that world sent.iment American standard of living-must now be Finally, World War II, which brought accepts Russian tests with much greater turned to those "have-not" nations of to­ about a general weakening of the great calm. America must cultivate an atmosphere day which want so desperately and deserve colonial powers such as Britain, France, Bel­ in which it will be better appreciated that so thoroughly to become the "will-get" na~ gium, and the Netherlands, permitted a gal­ -such tests on its part are for the security of tions of tomorrow. vanic upsurge of native idealism and na­ the free world. tionalism. High-minded native leaders vied SEEDS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION with the unscrupulous in seizing the oppor­ Since the inception of the industrial rev­ A PLAN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF lNTERNA~ tunity to exploit the obvious restlessness of olution in Europe and North America and TIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY UNDER THE LEADER~ the native masses; and often, in the well~ the consequent rise of living standards worn fashion of totalitarian dictators, SHIP OF AMERICAN INDUSTRY in the West, the peoples of the Asiatic, (By John Jay Hopkins) blamed the failure of their promises on that African, and South American continents now traditional villain-western imperial­ American businessmen are, and must be, have been exposed in varying degrees to the ism. Such situations, surcharged with the vitally concerned not only with specific in~ new society based upon machine technology. heat of emotional nationalism, were well dustrial problems of our own economy but At first, their countries were looked upon suited to the purposes and methods of the also with broad economic problems besetting as sources of raw materials and markets for Soviet Union. We have only to consider re­ the entire world. For all men and all nations finished goods by the rapidly expanding and cent and current events in China, Korea, and are now more closely interrelated than ever competitive nations of Western Europe and Indochina as ample evidence of their success. before. North America. In many instances they Yet in those have-not nations which are still Electronic communication, supersonic were the recipients of European or American independent of the Soviet yoke the same flight, limitless atomic power, and atomic capital which brought about partial indus­ problems remain. Indeed, as each year goes radiation are challenging traditional politi­ trial development, usually in the form of by exterior and interior political and eco­ cal concepts, expanding the economies of improved transportation, or in the extractive nomic pressures are being intensified. I nations, opening up vast new markets for industries such as mining, or the limited need not tell you that if these pressures astounding new products, and so preparing processing of raw materials. are not in some way relieved, there will be the way for world-wide and revolutionary This aspect of nineteenth century im­ explosions-or implosions--of disastrous vio­ social, economic, and political change. perialism, closely linked as it was with world lence. These oncoming changes and our conse~ politics and the specious doctrine of the A SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP quent urgent need to keep fluid in order to white man's burden, succeeded, among other master them impress me constantly with the achievements of dubious value, in generating It may be said that we have no need for truth of Spengler's vivid phrase, "rigidity the profound repugnance and emotional Asia's underprivileged millions; that they arc an economic liability which we can well 1s death." animosity toward the West which is our heri~ It is evident that the American industrial tage today. Yet, for all the abuses by the do without. Nothing could be more fal­ economy is the most powerful political fac­ imperialists, and there were many, they were lacious or so fraught with danger to our tor in the world today. It is the potent not the prime movers, but only the expe­ security and our way of life. To ignore the source of our military strength, our high diters of the inevitable. Sooner or later, the needs of these people is not only inhuman standard of living, our physical well-being. agrarian cultures of the world would have but most uneconomic and impolitic. We But with the advent of the atom many of begun to clamor for the higher living stand­ must not and, indeed, cannot abandon them to become instruments of Soviet Russia's­ the basic processes which support and moti~ ards so attractively displayed in the show vate our industrial mechanism are in immi­ windows of the West. Had there been no or Communist China's-aggressive military nent danger of obsolescence. imperial interlude, we would be surrounded and economic policies. The world's economic and political life, IMPACT OF THE ATOM still by hungry people anxious to emulate our ways, and frustrated perpetually by the like its organic life, the life of the sea, the We are now dimly beginning to realize extreme pressures of their partially agrarian, forest, and the prairie, is fundamentally a that under the impact of the atom the old partially industrial economies. symbiotic relationship-a mutual interde· mathematical standards, the laws of physics To say the best of ourselves, it is probable pendence, a mutuality of benefits as well as which in earlier years we were taught to that the cumulative effects of the brand of responsibilities. The American economy think immutable, the established concepts enlightened imperialism such as professed cannot be healthy and secure if the Asiatic, of space, time, and dimension, are faulting and practiced by us in the Philippines-and or African, or European, or South American and folding~and forming again. The by the British in later years in India--ac­ economy is unhealthy and insecure. atomic revolution is already molding our complished a great deal of useful work 1n Further, the world is uneasily poised be­ world, and if we are not fluid enough to pour planting the seeds of a future industrial tween an economically dominant industrial ourselves into the changing shape of eco­ economy. society and a numerically dominant agrarian nomic things to come we are--as a major economy which is striving to become indus~ economic power, as the world's industrial EXPLOSIONS AND IMPLOSIONS trialized. If industrial civilization survives leader-through, done for, dead. And dead Apart from imperialism, however, certain the current threat of world destruction, of .and done for industrially also means dead socio-economic factors are responsible in thermonuclear terracide, agrarian nations .and done for militarily. large part for the desperate shortages of with low living standards must aspire to in~ It is profoundly disquieting to read that power, food, water, shelter, clothing which -dustrialism. Therefore, it becomes a ques­ our Soviet rival has already passed us in the now characterize the agrarian nations. tion of whether these peoples, and we our­ industrial application of atomic energy. I First, exposure to western civilization selves in the long run, will enjoy industrial, hope that such reports are inaccurate, but it taught the leading classes in these· nations economic, and political freedom or whether is increasingly evident that the Soviet Union that the cheap power of the industrial city they and, eventually we, succumb to Soviet intends to use the industrial atom as an in~ automatically raises living standards over ~industrial, economic, and -political tyranny. strument of foreign policy along with-and agrarian levels. And over the years there It is fallacious to assume that a conquering perhaps in preference to--the military atom. has been diffused to all classes the · convic~ Soviet would keep a billion people in abject If we do not use industrial atomic energy tion that a western-type standard of living poverty. Although world communism is cer­ to increase the living standards of underde­ can be achieved only by a western-type tainly not motivated by moral considera­ veloped and politically unstable nations, if industrialization. tions, it is shrewdly aware that, given cheap we fail to recognize that by so doing we can Second, the improved health standards of power, ·today's underdeveloped areas and create vast new world markets for our prod­ partial or incomplete industrialization have hungry populations could prove to be tomor~ ucts, if we are slow to accept the economic, induced explosive . increases 1n population row's richest economic and political assets. social, and political changes the industrial with stagnant economies basically unaltered I present for your contemplation these words 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 879 of Mahatma Gandhi: "To the millions who best we knew how. But then we had only lands-and release valuable manpower from have to go without two meals a day the only dollars. Now we have atoms. fruitless subsi~tence farming. acceptable form in which God dare appear is Yet it is significant that over the 7-year What are the immediate, specific, economic food." period between 1945 and 1952, not quite $6 consequences of the international sharing The brilliant American geochemist, Harrl· billion, including military aid, went to Africa, of atomic reactors and reactor technology? son Brown, has written recently, "it seems the Near East, Far East, and Pacific Ocean Where would be the most feasible places likely that, given concerted efforts of both areas, with Japan and China alone receiv· to export atomic technology, fissionable rna~ the underdeveloped areas and the industrial­ ing well over half of the benefits. If we stop terials and components? How could they ized regions of the world, the standards of to consider that this covers the period of benefit American industry? These ques­ living of the underprivileged two-thirds of the Communist conquest of China and the tions, though difficult, are possible of solu­ humanity could be raised significantly in Korean war, when we were exporting large tion if we will equate calmly and in a posi· about 50 years, and standards of living char­ quantities of military supplies to these areas, tive fashion the factors of geography, eco­ acteristic of the industrialized West of today it can readily be seen that except for Japan nomics and mutual security. might be attained in an additional 50 years we have not set up any program of economic Generally speaking, atomic reactors now without resorting to totalitarian methods.'' aid which could stimulate the industriali­ being planned or built in the United States zation of Asiatic have-not nations. And fall into 4 categories: the research re­ AN ATOMIC MARSHALL PLAN we have just recently heard Mr. Yoshida sug• actors; the somewhat larger package reactor; Thus, I am led to make the following gest in Washington an economic aid program the propulsion reactor for submarine or ship proposal: of some $4 billion more to save Southeast or aircraft; and the large stationary power I propose that there be initiated forth· Asia. Note that he was not requesting direct reactor. The research reactor, as its name with-through concrete proposals by Amer­ aid for Japan but aid for the preservation of implies, is used primarily for experimental ican industry to our Federal Government-­ the Japanese rice bowl on which the life of or educational purposes, though it does pro~ a 100-year program for the financing, con· his country depends. duce limited quantities of valuable radioiso­ struction, and implantation of atomic reac­ Our foreign-aid program has been a short tope byproducts useful in industry, medicine tors in the power-short, food-short, water­ range one, dictated by necessity. It has and agriculture. Such a reactor is relatively short, life-short areas of the world. And heavily favored Europe over Asia, Africa, and inexpensive-ranging from several hundred that this be done by American private enter­ South America, and a sizable percentage of -thousand dollars to $3 million or so depend­ prise and the American Government working total outlays has been for military supplies. ing upon design as well as the amount of together with friendly national governments The types of nonmilitary assistance have laboratory and other facilities required­ and their own private enterprise groups. varied, but it is safe to generalize that most and can be produced in quantity. To those I propose the implantation now in un­ have aimed at propping the existing econ­ nations which possess modest technical ca· derdeveloped nations of what might be omy-to largely agrarian countries we sent pacities and an ultimate ambition for larger, termed atomic seed reactors-from which agricultural machinery, seeds, fertilizers, and more complex installation it would be in­ ever-widening ripples of agricultural, indus­ the like, in industrial nations we have pro­ valuable as a training device, a source of trial, physiological, and sociological benefits vided transportation and communications radioisotopes and as the pioneer in paving will spread. equipment, some heavy industrial compo­ the way for further nuclear power develop­ such seed reactors implanted by Ameri­ nents and other manufactured materials of ment. can industry and the American Government, a similar nature. THE BOON OF INDUSTRIAL ATOMIC ENERGY working together, would encourage the de­ Most thinking Americans would agree that Small power reactors which may cost from velopment in these vastly populated nations if the billions spent thus far have purchased about $1 million to $3 million could be par­ of indigenous industrialization-resulting even a temporary security for the free world, ticularly useful in bringing power to inacces­ in the creation of a billion-customer market they were well worth the spending. And in sible sites, where valuable minerals exist, but with a deep hunger for an American-type some nations, notably Great Britain, Italy, where costs of bringing in fuel for conven­ standard of living, and the gradually grow­ France, and West Germany, assistance was a tional powerplants would be prohibitive; for ing means to attain it. dire necessity. But the basic problem of setting up mountain top radio, TV, and radar This seeding of have-not nations with worldwide instability between industrial and warning networks; or for other military pur­ suitable atomic reactor projects could be agrarian economies remains. Nor can it be poses. Small power reactors could also prove achieved within the next 25 years by a well­ solved by conventional "dollar-stuffing," economically desirable in semi-industralized designed program to divert a very substan­ ."stop-gap" means which, with the advent of atomic energy, have lost much of any pre­ nations which lack sufficient reserves of fos­ tial part of present international economic sil fuels because they would provide nuclei aid from what has been an almost sterile, vious effectiveness. The only way out of the world's political, of power which would further develop indus­ nonself-perpetuating giveaway plan to what try, and also act as developers of nuclear would be a breeder-type repayment plan. social, and economic dilemma is to provide the power for agrarian nations to begin to technology. I believe that atomic reactors implanted in Large stationary reactor powerplants with such areas would go to work at once to industrialize, and for partially industrialized nations to industrialize completely. a power potential in the vicinity of 100,000 grow the real wealth out of which their to 600,000 or more kilowatts are still primi­ costs could be paid back. I think we must now face up to the fact that in the atomic age, dollars per se are no tive in respect to design and economics. But I do not represent to you that my asso­ longer power. In the atomic revolution now we know definitely that these huge power­ ciates and I have been able to much more sweeping away the world's conventional mil· plants will be of ultimate enormous value than begin the study and analysis of basic itary, economic, and political concepts the for all nations. data. Certain statistics, however, are thrown prime material power is the absolute power The three chief obstacles to constructing into significant relief when examined in the of atomic power. large atomic powerplants are cost, feasible light of a humanitarian program of mas­ locations, and the number of highly skilled sive atomic creation in contrast to the threat THE ATOMIC KEY TO WORLD STABILITY technicians and engineers required. A of massive atomic destruction. With the atom, mankind has finally se­ fourth problem to master is the satisfactory cured a key to power unlimited, and power development of reactor breeding techniques THE WAY OUT OF OUR DILEMMA is the prime mover of industrialization. The which is an ultimate goal but not necessarily In the last 6 years, between 1948 and enormous energy value contained in minute a vital one for foreign nations at the present 1954, due to the exigencies of the world quantities of fissionable materials means time. situation, the American people, through the that at least one formerly very high cost It is difficult to specify the exact cost of Foreign Operations Administration alone, item-a complex power, highway, and rail each reactor in the changing state of today's have sent abroad-in the form of manu­ transportation network-is not an absolute technology. A cost of roughly $250 per factured products, food supplies, and finan­ sine qua non to primary economic develop­ installed kilowatt of production capacity cial credits-the sum of $26,298,400,000. ment. With helicopters, huge flying boats, would seem to be a good achievable estimate Of this vast sum military assistance ac­ and the portable atomic reactor we appear of costs for a large powerplant. Thus a counted for over $10 billion and industrial now to possess the means readily to reach 100,000-kilowatt reactor would cost roughly and financial rehabilitation accounted for areas formerly inaccessible and to reverse the $25 million. In addition, costs of like mag- · over $15. billion. Europe received the lion's historic process of ground transportation nitude may be required for fuel reprocessing share of $22,2141400,000 with roughly the necessarily preceding power and communica­ facilities. Such costs, however, could be sub­ same ratios between military and economic .tion. Eventually, of course, extensive ground stantially modified by a number of complex aid. Latin America received but $83,800,000, transportation networks might very well be variables. of which $38 million was for military assist­ built, but these would be a gradual secondary · Of the principal have-not areas in the ance and nearly $46 million was for economic development. world to which nuclear power might bring a and financial aid. Radiating in concentric circles from atomic new industrial civilization, Asia. has the larg­ I certainly would not quarrel with the reactor nuclei, the rate of growth of a new est population potential, is the most under­ policy that has dictated such emergency mil­ industrial economy will be measured by the developed, has the most diversified problems, itary expenditures. I cannot cavil at the steady capital accretion which will result and is the most explosively nationalistic. Marshall plan's dollar grants for economic as atomic powerplants process valuable raw Asia is still the world's jewel, but, as the aid which h~ve been effective in Europe, materials-stimulate local skills-educate poet John Masefield so prophetically pointed though only temporarily so, and ·only par­ classes of technicians and engineers-irri­ out many years ago, no longer for traditional tially effective in Asia. We were doing the gate arid but potentially fertile agricultural reasons. The classical emerald-and-ruby 880 tONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE January 27 wealth of the Arabian Nights-the "ivory, What we have here, now, at our hand is a AN ECONOMIC CHAIN REACTION apes, and peacocks" of the antique world-is power so vastly benevolent, or so blackly These are just some of the more obvious of little .economic value now. malevolent, that decisions as to its use are areas which almost immediately could profit The real wealth of Asia is locked under the decisions not of persons but of peoples. from atomic power and where financing the deserts, in mountains-and mainly in the of nations. We could no more see atomic costs of reactors, technology, and fissionable billion people who hunger for food, for energy monopolistically controlled than we materials to the extent necessary is a justi­ equality, and for all that is implied in the could believe in the propriety, to say nothing fiable risk. We must view such investments term "American standard of living." The of the possibility, of a monopoly controlling not only as sources of direct profit for Amer­ key that will unlock the treasures of this the moon or staking a claim to the sun. ican industry, but even more importantly we fabulous continent--for its people and for The 100-year atomic-reactor program by must consider atomic energy as the last op­ the world-is atomic energy. Energy that is which the underdeveloped nations of the portunity we possess to create a stable world. relatively cheap; energy that is transport­ world would lift their own living standards, We must stake our future on the hope that able; energy that is constant; atomic energy "Operation Bootstrap" if you will, is broadly the atomic reactor will produce an economic that will enable this area of the world to economic, broadly political, and broadly chain reaction which, by establishing indus­ leapfrog the conventional fuel systems, the humanitarian. try in underprivileged nations, will in turn conventional communication systems, the It is right, therefore, that such a program give employment, permit the creation of sur­ conventional medical practices, the conven­ of sound economic investment-free of the plus capital for reinvestment and eventually tional agriculture of the 19th and early 20th unfortunate giveaway label so repugnant to raise living standards while decreasing pop­ centuries. Energy that will propel not only the giver and the receiver alike-should seek ulation pressure by natural means. Asia, but Africa, Free Europe, and Latin the participation of Government funds. Without considering the vast new industry America into the 21st century. The dividends, I believe, will more than re­ which the manufacture of reactors and their I believe that we Americans, in our great pay the investment: Dividends in security; powerplant components would create in the tradition of free enterprise and democratic dividends in improved standards of living United States, the technological and scien­ government, must grant to those free nations for our neighbors; dividends in new markets; tific and social benefits which would flow of the world who need it the boon of indus- dividends in better and hence more produc• from an international atomic "lend-lease" trial atomic energy. · tive human relations. We must doubly un­ program of this magnitude would indeed be FOUR BASIC STEPS TO TAKE derscore the fact that our purpose is to help incalculable. As I see it, there would be four basic steps underpowered nations to help themselves; A LONG PERIOD OF WORLD PEACE to be taken in the process of implanting in­ that we are dedicated to the fostering of The President of the United States recent­ dustrial atomic reactors in have-not nations that spirit of individual worth and integrity, ly asserted the world moral leadership of our by the American Government and American of mutual forbearance and understanding, Nation with his bold proposal to share our private enterprise. They are: without which any international program, atomic technology and resources with other 1. The atomic research reactor: I label however well-intentioned, is bound to fail. nations. The General Assembly of the this the "pioneer" reactor, because in a for­ Let me point out for you some of the United Nations is playing an important part eign environment it would begin the process world markets available through a mutually in fostering the President's farseeing policy. of raising industrial technical levels to the beneficial plan, under the leadership of But the Soviet veto power and Soviet harass­ point where in 5 or 10 or 15 years the econ­ American industry, such as I propose. ment preclude the harmonious working to­ omy of the country would support, or im­ From July 1, 1951, to May 1, 1954, we sent gether vitally necessary for the practical de­ proved technology would make possible, the to India and Pakistan a total of $78,828,000 velopment and use of industrial atomic }ndigenous development of a large station­ in economic aid. Allocated and obligated energy for underdeveloped nations by this ary power reactor. In the meantime, the but unspent funds total $91,188,000. I be­ organization. The practical development of research reactor-through its production of lieve that these sums should have been allo­ international industrial atomic energy can radioisotopes for medical and agricultural re­ cated, should have been obligated, and only come through the participation of our search, and for industrial measurement, ra­ should have been spent. private enterprise institutions. diation of plastics and other materials­ I do not know what proportion of these There is now, therefore, it seems to me, an would develop highly valuable industrial ex­ funds should still be spent under the exist­ opportunity and an obligation for us to as­ perience as a byproduct. ing concept of economic aid. I do suggest sert in a constructive, creative atomic energy 2. The portable atomic power reactor: The that even in terms of American dollars and program the wol'ld industrial leadership of ,Portable or "package" reactor might find its American construction costs and American the United States. first use in locations where there is now in­ 'Wage and salary rates that $170 million today · As recently as September 28 of this year, sufficient technical skill or industrial devel­ would buy, for India and Pakistan, between Dr. Lawrence Hafstad, the Director, Division opment to support an indigenous atomic 75 and 80 portable atomic power reactors­ of Reactor Development, United States power program. The package reactor, or 3 large stationary atomic reactors com­ Atomic Energy Commission, stated before . through its mobility and freedom from fuel plete with reprocessing plants producing the Atomic Indastrial Forum that "today, supply lines, could supply the initial seed of 300,000 kilowatts of electric power, and in­ we should be building atomic power plants. an industrial development in a have-not calculable quantities of radioisotopes for in­ We have passed the time when we can get nation with still undeveloped natural re­ dustrial, agricultural, medical, and biological along with paper studies and economic anal­ sources. research. If, under the convention of yses." Later in the same address, Dr. Hafstad 3. The large stationary power reactor: The counterpart funds, India and Pakistan declared: "In the international pool arrange. main objective of any reactor program, of should contribute equal amounts there ment • • • we can expect the European na­ course, would be the eventual development might be built 6 large stationary atomic tions to take an aggressive part. • • • So let of the large stationary power reactor-per­ power plants of '600,000 kilowatt capacity-or us not have any illusions about sitting on a. haps similar to but much larger than the between 150 and 160 portable package atomic vast store of information and controlling a 60,000 kilowatt pressurized water reactor be­ reactors. valve ·by which it flows to the rest of the ing developed now by Westinghouse for the The potentials for an already industrial­ world. If the undeveloped nations don't Duquesne Light Co. I say "perhaps" here ized but power-short nation such as Japan get help from this country, they will get it since the Atomic Energy Commission, as you are far more startling. Between 1945 and from Europe." may know, has set 'forth on a very large and 1952 we gave Japan $2,276 million in non­ And I might add, if they don't get it from very important 5-year plan for the develop­ military economic aid and credits. If it had Europe they will get it from the Soviet Union. ment of a number of different reactor de­ been possible to allocate an equivalent sum If we succeed in our 100-year international signs, many of which offer great promise. for the installation by American industry of atomic power program, we will have helped 4. The large-scale breeder reactor: The ul­ industrial atomic reactors, Japan might have to increase the standards of living, health, timate step, so far as we can see now, appears now in the neighborhood of 100 large sta­ and education of peoples abroad, and for to be the large-scale breeder reactor which tionary atomic power plants with an installed many succeeding generations yet unborn; we produces power and radioisotopes and breeds capacity of about 10 million kilowatts. It will have earned and made vital and lasting its own replacement fuel as well as fuel for is worth noting that Japan's total installed friendships; opportunities and outlets abroad . other reactors. The possibilities here are, capacity in 1952 was only 12 million kilo­ for American enterprises and products will obviously, infinite but are still so vast, so watts. All this without consideration of be created; we will have lifted a substantial nebulous that I do not feel qualified to dis­ thousands of mlllicuries of radioisotopes for burden from our treasury_; we will have a cuss them beyond this mention. basis for ever-increasing economic activity; industrial, medical, biological, agricultural, we will have proved and taught the sound­ TO HELP NATIONS HELP THEMSELVES chemical, and metallurgical applications. ness of the American free enterprise system; How could such a 100-year program be I cannot now, in these last few minutes, ~nd what is most important we may well have financed? So bold, and broad and unortho­ delineate for you the revolutionary possi­ finally discovered the only effective means of dox a program could not. of course, short bilities inherent in an atomic Marshall plan stopping the spread of communism. In of cartelization, be supported wholly by pri­ or perhaps more accurately an atomic lend­ short, if we succeed, we can look forward to vate capital. lease program for the Philippines, Malaya, a long period of world peace. · It is not merely ·a matter of money. Indonesia, Indochina, Thailand-or for the For these objectives no risk is too great, no Atomic energy cannot be equated or com­ African continent-or for Israel, Italy, Spain, price is too big. pared with any other previous manifestation Portugal, France-or ,for Latin America. I . I suggest that the leaders of American in­ of the physical world. leave the extrapolation to you. dustry immediately stimulate our Govern- 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 881. ment to the practical and effective pursuit of to the major oil companies whose names duce at capacity or at maximum ef­ the ideals and objectives set forth by Presi­ are well known. It is the thousands of ficiency and then another arm is letting dent Eisenhower before the United Nations. In the international scene as in the domes­ independent oil operators who are suf­ foreign products come in to compete tic, the task must not be performed by Gov­ fering and who are threatened with dis­ with them to the point where the do­ ernment alone. Nor should we industrial­ astrous consequences because of oil im­ mestic industry cannot produce in its ists-disciples of free enterprise and sworn ports from abroad. The situation is most efficient manner on account of antagonists of socialist monopoly control of peculiar, and what may appear an incon­ those regulations. the future prime source of power-expect, or sistency is reconcilable by the fact that I do not want to further trespass on allow, our Government to attempt alone to the importers of crude oil into the the gentleman's time other than to say meet this great challenge of the atomic age. Thus far, in respect to the worldwide in­ United states are a few of the United again that I think he is performing a dustrial atom, the voice of American industry States major oil companies, and not some real service in bringing this very per­ has been silent. foreign governments or citizens of for­ tinent and important information to I submit that such timidity is not an eign governments. Not only are the the Members of the House. American characteristic. major oil companies the importers of oil . Mr. BURLESON. The gentleman is but they are the owners and producers entirely correct and I appreciate very in foreign countries. 1'he oil import much his contribution. The gentleman PERSONAL EXPLANATION problem must be reviewed in the light of from Texas [Mr. IKARD] is a member of Mr. DENTON. Mr. Speaker, on roll­ these facts. the Ways and Means Committee. He is call No. 4 today on the bill H. R. 587, I The problem of oil imports is dramati­ intensely interested in this problem, I was absent on official business. Had I cally told by the record of year after know; he is thoroughly familiar with it. been here I would have voted for the year increases in imports which has oc­ We · have some argument among our­ passage of the bill. curred since World War II. Whereas selves as to who represents the largest prior to the war imports averaged about number of independent oil operators in 5 percent of domestic demand, today the world. For the benefit of those who SPECIAL ORDER GRANTED they represent about 15 percent. The might like to know, our districts lie side record of recent years is as follows: by side and we have a common problem. Mr. POWELL asked and was given It is really a matter of informing the permission to transfer to Wednesday people as to what the problem is. Our next the special order he had for today. Imports to Banels domestic domestic wells are capable of producing Mr. O'BRIEN of New York asked and daily demand all the oil that we need and a lot more. was given permission to address the Why are imports increasing? Are we House for 20 minutes on Thursday next, Percent short of oil in this country? Do we need following the legislative program of the 1935-41_------181, 000 5. 5 this foreign oil to supplement domestic day and any special orders heretofore 1942-45_------209,000 4.8 1946-51__ ------611,000 10.3 supplies? The answer to all these ques­ entered. 1952_------958,000 13.1 tions, Mr. Speaker, is "No." Our domestic 1953_------1, 050,000 13. 7 wells are capable of producing all the oil 1954_ ------1, 063,000 13.7 RECIPROCAL TRADE AGREEMENTS we need and a lot more too. During the AND OIL IMPORTATIONS As of now there are about 1,235,000 past year the domestic oil industry has operated at about 75 percent capacity. The SPEAKER. Under the previous daily imports. About 25 percent of our producing ca­ order of the House, the gentleman from In addition, Mr. Speaker, we have pacity is idle. The domestic industry Texas [Mr. BuRLESON] is recognized for been losing our export market. Prior has been cut back until it now has 2 30 minutes. to World War II a substantial portion million barrels per day shut in. At the Mr. BURLESON. Mr. Speaker, the of United States production was sold same time, more and more imports come Committee on Ways and Means is now into the world market. But we are los­ in, absorbing the domestic market. If considering the extension of the so­ ing out steadily. As a result, whereas this is permitted to continue the domes­ called Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act. formerly we were a large net exporter, tic industry will be permanently weak­ I assume the measure will reach the floor today we are a very large net importer. emed and our Nation will become of this House for debate some time in This is a dangerous trend. It will lead unnecessarily dependent upon uncertain the very near future. I hope that H. R. inevitably to dependency on foreign foreign sources of supply. 2820, a bill I introduced a few days ago, sources for peacetime as well as wartime It is not uncommon to hear someone will be incorporated by the committee as needs. say that we do well to import crude oil an amendment to section 4521 of the Mr. IKARD. Mr. Speaker, will the in order to conserve our own reserves. Internal Revenue Code. gentleman yield? There is total fallacy in such reasoning. Historically, the south and southwest Mr. BURLESON. I yield to the gen­ In the first place, there must be an ex­ subscribe to the philosophy of free trade tleman from Texas. tremely active oil economy if new re­ as opposed to a protective tariff usually Mr. IKARD. Mr. Speaker, I would serves are to be found to replace that favored by the industrial areas of the like to thank the gentleman from Texas which we use each day. What do we north and east. Today, by reason of the for the very fine remarks he is making. mean by this? The unrefutable figures peculiar developments in our economy, I know of no one who is better equipped show that the small independent oil the situation has somewhat changed and and better informed on the problems operators ciiscover about 80 percent of the lines are not as clearly distinguish­ that face the petroleum industry. I all oil reserves. The independent oil able as they were in the earlier days of am one of those who favors strongly the operator cannot store the oil above our country. extension of the Reciprocal Trade Act ground to any great extent, nor can he and I intend to support that program. allow his well to stand idle. He must This may suggest that insofar as the But I do not feel that that belief is any­ produce the well 'in order to obtain in­ south and southwest are concerned, the where in conflict with the purposes that come to drill others. It is as simple as shoe may be on the other foot. How­ the gentleman speaks about. I know that. ever, I do not think this particularly that he will point out in his speech that · Now, Mr. Speaker, we from Texas true or that one who generally favors the there is a very critical situation develop­ usually contend that we have the biggest free or relatively unrestricted trade pat­ ing in the domestic industry and I am and best of everything. May I say here tern is inconsistent in favoring protec­ sure that he will probably touch on the that we have a lot of little things also. tion for those industries which not only fact that the petroleum industry is In this instance it is the many people in themselves suffer, but that the economic unique in that it cannot, in many parts the oil business who may be termed as health of which must be protected for of the country, compete freely because "small business". It is not a matter with the sake of national defense. some States have decided it is to the them of knowing where their next Cadil­ Mr. Speaker, in discussing the plight public interest to control the production lac is coming from, but rather, it is of the domestic oil industry by ·reason and to control in the public interest the where they can borrow the next 30 to 50 of excessive oil imports, I shall attempt activities of the petroleum industry. So thousand dollars to punch a hole in the to make clear that my references are to in effect one arm of the Government is ground in the hope that they will dis­ the independent oil operator as opposed saying to them that they cannot pro- cover oil. This is the problem of oil CI--56 882 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE January 27 business-this is the problem of the in­ imports to take over more and more of would much prefer to be able to solve dependent oil operator. the domestic market month after month. ·this problem without legislation. They In Texas, as in most of the oil-produc­ year after year, as has been taking place. have hesitated to appeal to the Federal ing States, we have a conservation pro­ I personally am concerned about the eco­ Government for any type of interven­ gram. Under this program wells are not nomic well-being of the independent oil tion. I personally wholly share that permitted to be produced inefficiently or producers in my district. I am person .. viewpoint. The less Federal Govern­ wastefully. The amount of oil that each ally concerned about the adverse effect ment intervention in these matters, as well may produce without waste is deter­ of excessive oil imports on the economy in many others, is, in my humble opin­ mined on an engineering basis. Under of my State of Texas and the economy ion, the more desirable. But the inde­ the State law, it cannot exceed that of the Nation as a whole. But the over .. pendent oil producers have now reached amount. In addition, the law provides riding consideration, and the one which the point of feeling desperately in need that in order to avoid unnecessary waste is paramount so far as Congress is con .. of help. As a last resort, they are now involved in storing oil above ground, cerned today, is the effect of imports appealing to Congress for relief. production should be related to the mar .. upon the national security. The Con.. Mr. Speaker, I think it is imperative ket demand for oil. The conservation gress of the United States has the re .. that some system of limiting oil imports programs of the oil-producing States are sponsibility for the national defense. be imposed by Congress in order that sound, and through the many years that That responsibility can not be relaxed. we not only have a healthy domestic oil they have been tried and tested we know Yet, as of now, the Congress is leaving economy, but, of greater importance, that a valuable natural resource is being this vital matter, insofar as it applies that we be secure by having ample sup­ used wisely and in a manner that con­ to petroleum, in the hands of a few im­ plies of petroleum within our own tributes greatly to the expansion and porting companies. Their natural im .. borders if and when we are again called development of our economy. In con.. pulse is geared to the economic welfare upon to oil a war machine. trast, foreign oil is produced without re .. of their stockholders. That is not the Because of these considerations I have gard to such conservation programs. proper repository for the responsibility introduced legislation which will limit Foreign oil is permitted to :flood the of our Nation's security. The time is oil imports to 10 percent of domestic de­ world markets. In the United States here when the Congress must recognize mand. This proposal does not bar all oil imports constitute an uncontrolled and its responsibility and take positive action imports. On the contrary, it provides a unknown factor, and the State officials to correct the dangerous course that we very generous quota. It would permit who are responsible for administering are now following. imports to continue in the large volume the State conservation laws are con.. The President of the United States has of approximately 800,000 barrels daily fronted with the impossible task of recognized this problem. A few months as compared with the average for the knowing what imports are going to be. ago he created the Cabinet Committee year of 1954 of approximately 1,060,000 The amount of imports is left entirely to on Energy Supplies and Resources Policy. barrels daily. This proposal recognizes the whims of the few large importing One of the matters which has been con­ that there is a place for some oil imports. companies. As a result, they constitute sidered by that committee has been the It recognizes the large investments of a threat to the sound and long-estab .. import problem. The committee has our American oil companies in places lished conservation programs of the on .. spent several months studying this prob­ around the world. It likewise recognizes pr_oducing States. lem and its findings should be forthcom .. that the countries where foreign oil is This gives in brief a part of the pic­ ing soon. It is hoped that this report produced need to export their petro­ ture of uncontrolled imports, insofar as will contribute to a solution, and an im­ leum products and that we are willing the independent operator is concerned, mediate one, of the problem of excessive to share in trade with them. It would and the effect on the States, but now let imports. not wreck the economy of our important us look at the effects on national defense. I know that many of the Members of and good neighbor Venezuela. In fact, In the first place, we are not short of the House also recognize this problem. it would not affect imports in Venezuela oil in the United States. It is not neces .. Particularly, I realize that the repre .. to any substantial degree. I would be sary that we depend on a foreign supply. sentatives from the great coal producing hopeful that the entire reduction in im­ And it is not wise for us to become de.. States of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, ports which would be brought about by pendent upon a foreign supply in peace .. Illinois, and the many others are aware my proposal would be through elimina­ time, because we thereby unavoidably of the injury that is being inflicted upon tion of Middle East oil, permitting West­ become dependent upon foreign oil in the domestic coal industry by imports of ern Hemisphere imports to continue at time of war. If we sacrifice the discov .. residual fuel oil. The coal industry, like current rates. In every respect a 10 per­ ery of new reserves in this country by petroleum, is a vital industry to the eco­ cent limit on imports is fair and rea­ the importation of crude oil from the nomic welfare of our country but par­ sonable. Middle East and South America, the do .. ticularly to the defense of our country. Mr. Speaker, I sincerely believe with mestic oil operations will, without a the deepest of conviction that the prob­ It is time that we face the grave situa­ lem of excessive oil imports is one which doubt, be reduced to a level that will tion created by excessive oil imports, make it necessary to depend on that demands the immediate attention of the from the viewpoint of both the domestic Congress. It goes beyond the economic same source from abroad to supply a oil industry and the domestic coal war machine. Now, someone may say well-being of any one industry or any industry. one segment or region of our economy. that if a national emergency should Mr. Speaker, the oil industry itself for arise and enemy submarines prevented It involves the availability of a vital mu­ the last 5 years has attempted to re­ nition of war. It involves the very heart the importation of foreign oil, we could solve this controversy over excessive oil then turn to our domestic reserves. It of our national defense. In view of the imports. The independent oil producers unsettled world conditions which face would be too late. ~he problem is not have appealed to the major importing us today, the Congress can no longer ig­ that simple. It requires a going and an companies to follow the established experienced organization to produce oil. nore its responsibility to meet this prob­ policy of supplementing rather than sup­ lem. I earnestly urge every Member of An oil operator, even a small one, cannot planting the domestic supply. But the organize himself into activity in a mat .. the House to give my proposal their im­ only result of these efforts has been more mediate and careful consideration. ter of days, weeks, or even months. He and more imports. · cannot do so, even to begin a search for It is not my intention to accuse the the elusive product deep underground. major oil companies of bad faith in these MINIMUM-WAGE LEGISLATION In addition, he stands the chance of efforts. Rather I would prefer to think The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under finding a new source of oil only once out that it is a difference in viewpoint and of nine attempts, and going broke in the previous order of the House, the gentle­ that the viewpoints will never be recon­ man from California [Mr. RooSEVELT] is process. ciled voluntarily. recognized for 20 minutes. Mr. Speaker, the domestic oil industry It has been the attitude of the oil Mr. ROOSEVELT. Mr. Speaker, will gradually dry up and we as a Nation industry generally, and particularly as twice, in recent weeks, the messages of will become more and more dependent on I know it from the standpoint of the the President of the United States to the uncertain foreign sources of oil if the independent operators as distinguished Congress have included sections urging Congress stands idly by and permits oil from the major companies, that they the passage of legislation broadening 195$ CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-- HOUSJ! 883 and ·amending upward the minimum is every need for bOld and adequate lages, mainly 'in the Southern States­ wage and other provisions of the Fair action. see page 57 of the President's Economic Labor Standards Act of 1938. This is not the time or occasion to Report-then let us join hands with the In the Economic Report of the Presi­ examine the details of the pro and con South, wherever we may come from, and dent, sent to the Congress on January of proposed legislation on this· subject, obliterate these sore spots. The farmers 20, his recommendation and reasoning but I would sincerely ask this House to were among the chief beneficiaries of an are to be found on pages 57, 58 and 59 remember and consider three fundamen­ expanding national income in the thir­ under the heading "Augmenting Low tal considerations. ties. I firmly believe they would be so • Incomes." Approaching two score Mem­ First, there have always been those again. But let us do it now. bers of this House have introduced bills who, in varying degrees of intensity, Third, and lastly, I would draw atten­ toward this purpose. have opposed any wage increases, using tion to the fact that these existing con- The desire to eliminate poverty and the philosophy voiced by the President . ditions are not top secret. They are low incomes certainly belongs to the when he said-and I quote: known, exploited, distorted, and · exag~ members of no single political party or A higher minimum might well cause lower gerated by the unrelenting foes of our group within it. But differences have production and substantial unemployment country. It is this kind of propaganda and will arise on the means, their scope in several industries, and-whether directly which has greatest etfect in Asia and in or indirectly-it would probably bring gen­ all areas where peoples are struggling and the speed of their application as erally higher prices in its wake. Such effects solutions to the problem. would make the gains of covered workers for self-improvement. It is to these differences that I ask the illusory, and they would lower the standard The sincerity and effectiveness of the earnest consideration of my colleagues. of living of uncovered low-wage workers. billions of dollars we, in this Congress, For the action of this Congress on mini­ will vote for foreign aid-military and mum-wage legislation will not only af­ As do most of you, I remember and economic-to bolster and win our allies, fect the lives of those directly and indi­ have a file of those who saw only chaos may be hopelessly lost if our basic de­ in the wage revolutions of NRA days. rectly conc~rned-amounting to millions termination-as evidenced by acts, not of Americans--but will also loom large Their fears were proven groundless then words-can be truthfully attacked. It is in the world-wide struggle between the by the proof of what improvements can not enough against this kind of an enemy forces of true freedom and those of com­ be wrought by Americans earning a that we have achieved a high standard of munistic human slavery. decent wage. living for most of our people. We can The President has stated that- I believe that a thoroughly convincing afford no Achilles heel. Our American A small and shrinking, but still significant case, based on established experience family must be proven to include every number of American families have cash in­ and present conditjons, can and will be one of those who live in the enjoyment, comes under $1,000 per family. By current made for far more effective action than and under the protection, of our free­ standards, most of them must be considered the President proposes. Indeed, some doms. poverty-stricken. These families are not of it can well be found by the facts concentrated in urban centers. They live recited in the Economic Report, where It is for these reasons that I ask your chiefly on small farms or in rural areas and it deals with corporate profits-on page consideration for the setting of far­ villages mainly in the Southern States. · 84-with the rise in hourly earnings­ higher goals than those given to us by Raising the incomes of this group should be on page 86-and with the stability of the President in his Economic Report. one of our continuing objectives. prices-on page 95. · I hope that mod­ Mr. TUMULTY. Mr. Speaker, will As with all of you, I rejoice that this is eration will not produce a whisper where the gentleman yield? one of our continuing objectives. a shout is needed. Mr. . ROOSEVELT. I am glad to yield It may well be that these conditions Secondly, although I have the highest to the gentleman from New Jersey. are widespread in the South, but there respect for the splendid and sound ob­ Mr. TUMULTY. May I presume on must be many of you who realize full jectives of the President-as expressed the gentleman to compliment him on his well that similar conditions are preva­ in his report-there is one passage which splendid address and upon his concern lent in nearly all parts of the United I believe to be erroneous in concept. I for the underfed and for those who need States. For example, in my State of hope this Congress will firmly reject it; help. I particularly feel that it is typi­ California; the Saturday, January 22, On page 58 there is this sentence: cal of a Roosevelt to become interested in that subject. The gentleman's speech edition of the daily newspaper, the Minimum wage laws do not deal with the Mirror, of Los Angeles, has this front­ fundamental causes of low incomes or has been one of eloquence and great page headline: "One Thousand Starving poverty. weight and great persuasion. I under­ in Fresno Area." stand the program which the gentleman When the Federal Reserve Board re­ The President had listed these on page advocates has been studied from the ports to me that there are some four to 57 as including "lack of education or skill, standpoint of practicality; has it not? four and one-half million families in our poor health, old age, or prolonged un­ Mr. ROOSEVELT. It certainly has. United States with incomes of less than employment.'' :I believe it is embodied in legislation $1,000 a year, I cannot agree that this The report itself states that 1,300,000 which will be considered by the proper is a small number. Even allowing for workers would increase their hourly pay committee of this House. a million single-person families in this by 9 cents if his suggestion of a 90-cent Mr. TUMULTY. I am glad to be a group, this means that if the average hourly minimum wage limit was accepted Member of this large audience that is family size includes 4 human beings, plus-to quote again-"some workers now before the gentleman. between 13 and 15 million Americans-­ now getting 90 cents an hour would prob­ Mr. ROOSEVELT. I thank the gen­ men, women, and children-are, as the ably receive wage increases to preserve tleman. President says, poverty stricken. And customary differentials." Ninety cents we must not forget those additional fam­ an hour for the usual 2,000 working hours ilies who do earn more than $1,000 per in a year is an annual wage of $1,800. THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY AND H. R. 1 year and still do not realize the level of Surely this is not an acceptable living The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. adequacy found to be necessary for a wage in the United States of our day. WICKERSHAM) • Under previous order of city worker's family budget by the Bu­ I would like to place myself beside the House, the gentleman from Georgia reau of Labor Statistics. those who will be grievously disappointed [Mr. FLYNT] is recognized for 20 The President urges the Congress to if we fall short of a goal which will add minutes. limit its action to an increase to 90 cents 9 million workers to the 24 million now . Mr. FLYNT. l\4r. Speaker, there is a an hour in the minimum wage and a covered by the Fair Labor Standards Act. certain portion of H. R. 1 which could gradual approach to the question of I find it hard to believe that there are have devastating effects upon the entire bringing substantial numbers of workers, many who do not realize that lack of economy of the Fourth District of now excluded from the protection of a education or skill, poor health, and un­ Georgia which sent me to Congress, to minimum wage, under its coverage. employment breed and fester on low the State in ·which I live, and to the But, Mr. Speaker, I have a strong con­ wages, lack of purchasing power, and the economy of the entire American textile viction that an excess of caution may loss of opportunity which poverty neces­ industry. Many citizens of this district produce too little and too late. There sitates. If these things are true on the and State are justifiably alarmed, and I is no excuse for radical action but there small farms or in rural areas and vil- share their apprehension. 884 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE January 2.1- I .refer, specifically; to that provision American mill.s use. In fact, Japan may the great mass production industries of of H. R. 1 which would authorize the even be ahead of tis 'in tliat their ma_. the United States were so much m:ore: President of the United States tO reduce chines are ~ newer because Japan's in~ efficient than foreign industries as .to be by 5 percent per year for 3 years the ex~ . dustry has been rebuilt from the ground immune to the dangers of unlimited for~ isting tariffs on foreign-made textile up with American money. And we eign competition. . I believe this to ·be goods, notwithstanding the absence of loaned them the money to do it; sent completely false in the case of textiles: such a recommendation from the Tariff them new machinery and showed them Why do exponents of this theory wish Commission and even notwithstanding how to duplicate ours. Further, the us to jam our heads in the sand when an adverse recommendation. When the Congress of the United States established refuting evidence clearly points out that economy of the textile industry is so a revolving fund of $150 million for them in the textile industry Japan obviously seriously threatened, I cannot in fair­ to purchase raw cotton. Thus the in­ can equal, or already has, the advantage ness to the men and women engaged in dustries of competing countries, rebuilt· over existing production efficiency in this industry in the Fourth District of and modernized with American funds, this country? Georgia remain silent any longer. are rapidly matching, if not already ex­ Mr. Speaker, the textile industry of I agree most heartily with the recent ceeding, the technical efficiency of the this country is fighting for its life. It testimony of the cotton-textile industry United States. has been fighting for its life under the before the Committee for Reciprocity We should also keep in mind that we existing low tariffs. To reduce tariffs Information in which it was stated that have no advantage over Japan or any further, to allow foreign labor to com­ the reciprocal trade program as pres­ other country in our supplies of raw ma­ pete with a great American industry ently set up in H. R. 1 could very well be terial. Cotton is available to foreign which employs more than a million an attack not only on the textile indus­ countries at the same prices as are paid people, yet which last year averaged less try but even on smaller business gen­ by American mills, owing to the low cost than 1 percent profit on sales, can shake erally. of ocean transportation. Therefore, the very foundations of the economy of At the outset here, I would like to go with manufacturing processes the same this Nation. on record that while I am basically for and the raw material the same, the wage Mr. Speaker, we are certain that those the idea of reciprocal trade, I emphati­ cost factor emerges as the only real area who drafted the provisions of H. R. 1 cally am not willing to stand idly by and of competition. In the United States and those who now support it in its see the wholesale sacrifice of the textile textile industry, as contrasted with other present form take the position which industry or the jobs of textile employees. major industries, labor costs run high­ they do inspired by the very highest of Unfortunately, as presently set up, the about 40 percent-in the manufacture of patriotic motives; but we feel that there United States foreign-trade program products. may be a pitfall of which the proponents could mean the surrender and devasta­ This leaves the wage differential as the of H. R. 1 may not be fully aware. It is only area of competition. And look at highly possible that under a 3-year ex­ tion of the American textile industry the difference-$1.30 in the United and the jobs of American men and States, 13.6 cents in Japan. How long tension of existing reciprocal trade women to foreign countries and alien can any small-business type of industria1 agreements, coupled with the power in peoples, and certain testimony hereto~ operation go on against such odds? the excutlve branch to drastically lower fore presented before the Ways and As the Griffin Daily News in my home import duties on textile products to or Means Committee indicates the belief by city of Griffin, Ga., editorially said re­ below the peril point, it is not impossible, some persons that the American textile indeed not improbable, that the Ameri­ industry is expendable. cently: can textile industry as we know it could The district which I have the honor The United States has rebuilt Japan. We be utterly destroyed within this 3-year had to fight and whip the Japanese and we perfod, and American textile employees to represent is one of the largest textile­ had to pay in lives and money. the price of producing districts in the Nation, but winning the war in the Pacific. Then when in all sections of this country may abso­ even if there were not a single cotton. the shooting war was over, the American tax­ lutely lose their means of livelihood and mill in the great State of Georgia, I p ayers have had to keep footing the bill for the abundant American way of life which would still oppose any_provision which rebuilding a former foe. We are in com­ they, together with the vast company would cripple or destroy any portion of plete accord with the policy of doing this. of Americans, now enjoy, the economic life of our country. It has been necessary not only from the Mr. Speaker, I remember well the Christian point of view but also, quite Here is the reason: The American frankly, from the self-interest point, because breadlines and soup kitchens of the tariff structure is at best a hodgpodge, we sorely need a strong Japan to help us early 1930's. I cannot remain silent and admittedly, with some resemblance to a keep communism from m aking further in­ fail to voice my opposition to the pro­ typical Rube Goldberg invention. If a roads in Asia, and to help protect our posi­ visions of pending legislation which reduction in cotton textiles duties brings tion and interests there. But it would not could very easily change thriving textile in more cheap goods from Japan and be fair or right to expect the people whose communities and cities into vast centers other countries, the people of the Fourth livelihoods come from the textile industry to of unemployment. I cannot sit idly sacrifice thei:y jobs or their pay , scales for District of Georgia and other textile pro­ the benefit of a former enemy. A st rong by while legislation is discussed and pos­ ducing districts will still have to pay America at home is even more important sibly will be enacted which would render tariffs, some high, some low, on other than a strong America abroad. jobless thousands of skilled men and materials and other items from the rest women who are engaged in this industry. of the world. And so will all Americans. For example, the list of cotton manu- It is imperative that we have some deft- Thus the people of Georgia and the other factures to be considered for tariff con- nite, specific assurance in the form of a States will be caught in the inextricable cessions in forthcoming trade negotia- committee amendment to the original position of paying high duties from part tions with Japan and other countries draft of H. R. 1, which would guarantee of the world and having to compete with comprises almost the entire production to the textile employees that they are wage rates which are as much as 10 times of the American cotton textile industry. not expendable and that they are not · lower than in our country. It includes the whole output of countable ever to be considered anything but first­ Some people say Americans do not cotton cloth, that is, cloth which can be class citizens standing on the bases of have to worry about foreign competition basically described by the number of equality of workmanship and character because we are so much more efficient. threads per inch and by yarn numbers. with any other economic group in this We must remember, however, that com­ In addition, the list includes many spe- Nation. we cannot for one moment petition here at home keeps textile mills cial cloths and a:r.ticles. Further, it submit to the proposition that the Amer­ at a peak of efficiency, Efficiency can­ covers the products of the industry's ican textile industry is expendable. we not be turned on and off at will. chief customers, such as finished or un- are not willing to sacrifice the American The United States textile industry op­ finished apparel, rugs and so on. textile industry to the preferment and erates within the American wage-cost Now, in preparing the public mind .for propulsion and acceleration of any other structure. Its efficiency is geared to the forthcoming tariff reductions the pro- industry or any other economic group peculiar requirements and to the vast nouncements of many Government in this country. size and variety of the American market. spokesmen, the reports of all official We ask rio special favors. We ask ·no However, spinning and weaving are commissions, the propaganda of all pri- benefits which are not accorded to other universal processes. Foreign countries vate free trade agencies, have combined industries and other groups but we do can and do use the same machinery that to persuade the American people that · demand the right to sit at the> first table 1955 ..... CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 885 along with·other major industries in this acquainted with but who ·are entitled to then be doing something that will great­ Nation. protection, so that we can have the privi­ ly endanger not only the textile indus­ The real problem of sick world trade is lege of supporting this reciprocal trade try-and that does not affect merely the in trade restrictions, inconvertible cur­ bill. . southland, because we have great tex­ rencies, and political embargoes. These Mr. FLYNT. I thank the gentleman tile industries in the New England constitute the problem. Viewing these for his comment. I should like to say States, as we have in Tennessee and component parts, we see the problem is' here---and I think my colleague from Kentucky and other sections of our not within the borders of our country, Georgia [Mr. FoRRESTER] and most of country. But it will not only endanger but without. the Members of this House will agree those vital industries, but it will endan­ There is no more reason to permit with me---that I do not believe that any ger the entire standard of living of our unrestricted access to Japanese cotton phase of American industry, or any phase American people. I know -that none of goods into the United States than to per­ of American economic life is expendable us want that to come to pass. mit unrestricted import of raw cotton to a corresponding group in any other I thank the gentleman for permitting. from Brazil, or dairy products from Den­ nation on earth. me to make these remarks. mark and Holland, or wheat and flour Mr. ASHMORE. Mr. Speaker, will Mr. FLYNT. I thank the gentleman from Canada, or nuts and fruits from the gentleman yield? from South Carolina [Mr. AsHMORE] and southern Europe. In each instance, Mr. FLYNT. I yield to the gentle­ I concur in his remarks. equally, there would be, in effect, the man from South Carolina. Mr. WILLIAMS of Mississippi. Mr. same type of attack on American em­ Mr. ASHMORE: I want to commend Speaker, will the gentleman yield? . ployment, incomes, investment, and the gentleman from Georgia [Mr. FLYNT] Mr. FLYNT. I yield to the distin· standards of life. who happens to represent the Fourth guished gentleman from Mississippi. I feel most strongly that Japan should District of Georgia, while I represent Mr. WILLIAMS of Mississippi. Un­ be encouraged in every possible way to the Fourth District of South Carolina. like the Fourth District of Georgia, restore her trade with her natural and It so happens that both of those dis­ which the gentleman represents, and the historic markets, and not be forced to tricts are large textile industrial dis­ Fourth District of South Carolina, which unload cheap-wage produced textiles in tricts. It has been said that my dis-· Mr. AsHMORE represents, the Fourth Dis­ the United States at the expense of Amer­ trict, the Fourth District of South Caro­ trict of Mississippi, which I represent, is ican labor and industry. · lina, contains more spindles than any not, relatively speaking, a large textile Mr. FORRESTER. Mr. Speaker, will other congressional district in the United district. But I can say this, that the the gentleman yield? States. I know that my predecessor used gentleman from Georgia [Mr. FLYNT] Mr. FLYNT. I yield to the gentleman to claim that and no one has ever dis­ has proven himself to be a very able · from Georgia. puted it. spokesman for the people he represents. Mr. FORRESTER. I want to compli­ I know that both the gentleman's sec­ To me, it is refreshing indeed to hear ment my brilliant friend and colleague tion of Georgia and mine have many, a speech made on the floor of this House upon his outstanding statement on a many tremendous textile industrial in the interest of an American enter­ subject which I feel sure the gentleman pJants . . I w~nt _ to say further tl)at the prise and in the interest of the American is as familiar with as any single ·Member letters that I am receiving from the· people-for a change. in this House. The gentleman was borri people back. home ·are not just froin the· · In my opinion, we are. going to have and reared in a section where he is bound employers, not just from the capitalist to face many more of these ·problems, to know the textile situation as well as side of this question; I am receiving similar to the one that is being faced any other man in the United State·s. letters from the man who works in the in the textile industry, simply because And, I am certain that his colleagues mill and the woman who works in the these fifty-odd billions of Marshall plan from Georgia are deeply indebted to him mill, the true laborers. • dollars are beginning to come home to for the expressi'ons that he has made. Very little labor in our section is or­ roost. Now, I would like to ask the gentleman ganized. The majority of it is not. But Not only the textile industry, but all this particular question. Is it not true these people depend on these industries throughout agriculture we find that we that substantially 100,000 laborers in the for their livelihood and they are vitally have in the past 10 years been subsidiz­ State of Georgia are dependent upon the interested and are fast becoming alarmed ing foreign production of these commod­ textile industry for their livelihood? over this situation. ities in competition with American Mr. FLYNT. That statement is sub­ Most of the people in my district, as I agriculture. In one of them, cotton, as I stantially true. And, I might add that do, believe in reciprocal trade. I voted understand it, we have just :finished ex­ they are directly employed in the textile for it in the past, but I also recognize the pending several million dollars in Pakis­ industry. fact that we can go too far with this tan to enable the people of Pakistan to Mr. FORRESTER. I would also like thing. We must have some protection grow cotton in competition with the to say to the gentleman that the tex­ for our home industries or else it will be people of the South and the West. To tile industry in Georgia and those 100,- too late to save them from the destruc­ me that just does not make good sense, 000 laborers are very alarmed over the tion that will naturally come about if especially when we have surpluses of provisions of H. R. 1, and we sincerely too much of foreign-made goods--that cotton piling up on us at home and we hope that some provision is going to is, cheaply made goods, as the gentleman are having to support the price of cotton be made to put it where we might be has so well indicated in his speech this and provide limited production of cotton able to support the bill. If the gentle­ afternoon-if too much of that sort of in the United States. I think it points man will yield to me further, I know textile product comes into our country. up the fallacy of attempting to sub­ the gentleman is aware of the agricul­ What then are our home people going to sidize competition all over the world. tural situation and I am afraid that do with the goods that they manufac­ Mr. FLYNT. I thank the gentleman agriculture is expendable, too, unless the ture? from Mississippi. committee handling H. R. 1 will give There win be no market for them sim­ Mr. DAVIS of Georgia. Mr. Speaker, consideration to the great danger that ply because, as the gentleman has so will the gentleman yield? section 22 of the Agricultural Act is clearly pointed out, these goods are made Mr. FLYNT. I yield to my colleague going to be abrogated by this proposed likewise on the best machinery the world from Georgia. legislation. I am . ~ure the gentleman produces. We gave a great deal of that Mr. DAVIS of Georgia. I want to will agree with me that if the textile machinery to Japan. The point is the compliment the gentleman from Georgia industry and agriculture are considered differential; the line of demarcation is on a very able speech on the subject of expendable, then we have lost our life­ the wage rate that those people get in· reciprocal trade and particularly for his blood of America. I want to throw those comparison with what our people work interest in the textile industry. things in, and I want to say that I share for, which is a living wage and in ac­ The gentleman's remarks indicate that the gentleman's viewpoint and I sin­ cordance with our higher standard of he has devoted much time and thought cerely hope that the committee will give living. to this most serious problem. This is a us legislation taking care of agriculture What if we permit this low tariff to serious problem to many people in ·my and, I might add, taking care of' the. come into effect and we permit these im­ district, the Fifth Congressional District other industries in other sections o{ the ports of fQreign-made goods to a point of Georgia. While of course all of us United States which we are not so well greater than they are now? We will realize the need for reciprocal trade, and 886 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- ~ HOUSE January 27. we realize that trade-is a two-way street, have a high hourly earning in the tex­ Mr. DoRN of South Carolina. - at the same time provision must be made tile industry. I would like at this point Mr. EDMONDSON and to include extra- to take care of Ameriean industries. Un­ {or t~e ~ECORD t~ show what the rates neous matter. less provision is made to take care of the are for November 1954, starting with Mr. FINO. textile industry, if there are permitted to some of the highest. These are the gross Mr. KEARNEY. be sent into this country floods of foreign hourly earnings, The figures are as fol­ Mr. BENTLEY and to include the text of textile material, many of our textile mills lows: a speech, notwithstanding that it will will be forced to curtail their products November 1954: exceed two pages of the RECORD and is and some of them shut down. All of this Connecticut------·------~- $1. 59 estimated by the Public Printer to cost ~assachusetts ______1.47 $180. will mean loss of jobs and curtailment of New Hampshire______1. 41 earnings of American citizens, all of Rhode Island______1. 53 Mr. WHITTEN and to include a speech. whom in my district need this employ­ AJabama ______1.22 Mr. PHILBIN. ment. Cieorgia ______1.22 So I compliment the gentleman on ~aryland______1. 50 LEAVE OF ABSENCE the thought he has given to this most ~ississippL______1. 24 serious problem, and reiterate what he North Carolina______1. 26 By unanimous consent, leave of ab­ South Carolina______1. 29 has said, that provision must be made to Tennessee ______1.23 sence was granted to Mr. FouNTAIN (at take care of the textile industry in deal­ Virginia ______1.34 the request of Mr. DuRHAM), for today, ing with this reciprocal trade subject. on account of official business. Mr. FLYNT. I thank my colleague So that we can in no way cope with from Georgia. the competition of the hourly earnings, Mr. LANE. Mr. Speaker, will the gen­ let us say in Great Britain where it is SENATE BILL REFERRED tleman yield? 45.4 cents and in Italy 24 cents and in A bill of the Senate of the following Mr. FLYNT. I yield to the gentleman Japan 11.9 cents. title was taken from the Speaker's table from Massachusetts. In other words, the Members must and, under the rule, referred as follows: Mr. LANE. I, too, wish to join my readily understand that with our high S. 145. An act to amend the wheat market­ colleagues on this side of the House in hourly earning rate in our textile indus­ ing quota provisions of the Agricultural Ad· congratulating the gentleman on his try here in the United States, we can in justment Act of 1938, as amended; to the very able remarks in reference to re­ no way compete with the low wage that Committee on Agriculture. ciprocal trade. I feel it is one of those is paid in these other countries. So ·subject matters that will be of most im­ that if we allow those textiles to come ADJOURNMENT portance to this session of Congress; in into this country in competition with our fact, I think it will be one of the most textiles, there will be nothing for us to do Mr. ROOSEVELT. Mr. Speaker, I important of all of the subject matters except to go out of the textile business. move that the House do now adjourn. we will consider in this Congress. In conclusion, may I reiterate what The motion was agreed to; accordingly I am pleased to join with the gentle­ I said in my opening remarks. I com­ (at 5 o'clock and 8 minutes p. m.), un­ man in his remarks in reference to re­ pliment the gentleman in bringing this der its previous order, the House ad­ ciprocal trade and its effect on the tex­ to our attention again, and I know that jom·ned until Monday, January 31, 1955, tile· industry. I am aware of the fact so far as the North and South are con­ at 12 o'clock noon. that ordinarily we from the North are cerned, on the subject of textiles, we will be united and we hope to do our best to feuding with those in the South that EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. enjoy the textile industry at the present have something done to regain our own time, but at this particular time I am domestic textile industry. Under clause 2 of rule XXIV, executive pleased to join my colleagues from the Mr. FLYNT. I thank my friend, the communications were taken from the South in saying that we who represent gentleman from Massachusetts. Speaker's table and referred as follows: industries that have enjoyed textiles in Mr. Speaker, the cotton-textile indus­ 332. A letter from the Administrator, Gen­ the past and hope to keep on enjoying try has been fiat on its back in competi­ eral Services Administration, transmitting them in the future want to tell the Con­ tive world markets for a long time. It the annual report on the administration or has struggled bravely and against seem­ functions of the General Services Adminis­ gress that it is of great importance at tration for the fiscal year ending June 30, this time, more than ever in the history ingly insurmountable odds. 1954, pursuant to the Federal Property and of the United States, that we protect Mr. Speaker, the textile industry is Administrative Services Act of 1949, as this industry. This is an industry that very near the breaking point. Congress amended; to the Committee on Government I suppose gives more work to more peo­ has it in its power to break it or to pre­ Operations. ple than any one of the other industries. serve it. 333. A letter from the Secretary of the Air As the gentleman well knows, coming It is the duty of the Congress of the Force, transmitting a draft of proposed legis­ from a textile industry, and as the pre­ United States to protect this basic indus­ lation entitled "A bill to amend section try so vital to so many Americans and to 2680 (j) of title 28 of the United States vious speakers have well ~tated, at the Code so as to permanently exclude claims present time the textile industry is a the economy of our Nation, and abso­ arising out of combatant .activities or war­ sick industry. We are struggling, we lutely indispensable in times of national like operations"; to the Committee on the are trying to keep our head above water emergency. Judiciary. as best we can. If we are going to have Let us harbor the hope that our for­ 334. A letter from the Secretary of Com­ any more imports from Japan, Great eign economic policy may find its guid­ merce, transmitting a report of the activities Britain, Italy, or any other countries it ance in world realities and let us exer­ relating to providing war-risk insurance and will make it so much harder for us. At cise the courage and the political sagac­ certain marine and liability insurance for the ity to carry through to those solutions American public, covering the period as of the present time many of our factories December 31, 1954, pursuant to Public Law are· idle. which are basic and enduring. 763, 81st Congress; to- the Committee on If the death knell sounds for the Amer­ I have the honor to represent a section ~erchant ~ine and Fisheries. of the United States that is perhaps ican textile industry or any other Amer­ 335. A letter from the Secretary of the hit harder than any other section. We ican industry, large or small, never send Treasury, transmitting a draft of proposed are classified, according to the Bureau to know for whom the bell tolls-it tolls legislation entitled "A bill to amend the act for thee. of April 29, 1941, to authorize the waiving of Labor Statistics, in a 4-F classifica­ of the requirement of performance and pay­ tion. That is, our section has more un­ ment bonds in connection with certain Coast employment than all but a few other EXTENSION OF REMARKS Ciuard contracts"; to the Committee on the areas in the United States. So we are By unanimous consent, permission to Judiciary. in a serious situation, and we will be extend remarks in the REcoRD, or to re­ 336. A letter from the Chairman, United in a worse situation if we allow these vise and extend remarks, was granted to: States Civil Service Commission, transmit­ textiles further to come into this coun­ ting a draft of proposed legislation entitled Mr. HOLTZMAN. "A bill to adjust the rates of basic compen­ try. I dare say the gentleman in his Mr. GARMATZ. sation of certain officers and employees of remarks covered the hourly earnings in Mr. RooSEVELT and to include a procla­ the Federal Ciovernment; to authorize the the textile industry and, as you have mation by the Ukrainian Congress Com­ President to establish the maximum number well stated, we here in the United States mittee. oi positions under section 505 of the Classi- 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 887

:fication Act, and for other purposes"; to under the direction of the Secretary Df the increasing the diversion of water from Lake the Committee on Post Office and Civil Army, to test on a 3-year basis the effect ·of Michigan into the Illinois Waterway, and for Service. increasing the diversion of water from Lake other purposes; to the Committee on Public 337. A letter from the Assistant Secretary Michigan into the Illinois Waterway, and for Works. of the Treasury, transmitting a report by the other purposes; to the Committee on Public By Mr. MACK of Illinois: Coast Guard showing the number of om­ Works. H. R. 3223. A bill to authorize the State of cers above the rank of lieutenant command­ . By Mr. MURRAY of Illinois: Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago, er receiving flight pay for the period from H. R. 3213. A bill to autho;rize the State of under the direction of the Secretary of the July 1, 1954, to December 31, 1954, pursu­ Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago, Army, to test on a 3-year basis the effect of ant to Public Law 301, 79th Congress; to under the direction of the Secretary of the increasing the diversion of water from Lake the Committee on Armed Services. Army, to test on a 3-year basis the effect of Michigan into the Illinois Waterway, and for 338. A letter froin the Attorney General, increasing the diversion of water from Lake other purposes; to the Committee on Publio transmitting a draft of proposed legislation Michigan into the Illinois Waterway, and for Works. entitled "A bill to further amend section 20 other purposes; to the Committee on Public By Mr. PRICE: of the Trading With the Enemy Act, relat­ Works. H. R. 3224. A bill to authorize the State of ing to fees of agents, attorneys, and repre­ By Mr. McVEY: . Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago, sentatives"; to the Committee on Interstate H. R. 3214. A bill to authorize the State of under the direction of the Secretary of the and Foreign Commerce. Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago, Army, to test on a 3-year basis the effect of under the direction of the Secretary of the increasing the diversion of water from Lake Army, to test on a 3-year basis the effect of Michigan into the Illinois Waterway, and for PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS increasing the diversion of water from Lake other purposes; to the Committee on Public Michigan into the Illinois Waterway, and for Works. Under clause 4 of rule XXII, public other purposes; to the Committee on Public By Mr. GRAY: bills and resolutions were introduced and Works. H. R. 3225. A bill to authorize the State of severally referred as follows: By Mr. KLUCZYNSKI: Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago, By Mr. REED of New York: H. R. 3215. A bill to authorize the State of under the direction of the Secretary of the H. R. 3202. A bill to continue until the Illinois and the San t ary District of Chicago, Army, to test on a 3-year basis the effect of close of June 30, 1958, the suspension of under the direction of the Secretary of the increasing the diversion of water from Lake certain import taxes on copper; to the Com­ Army, to test on a 3-year basis the effect of Michigan into the Illinois Waterway, and for mittee on Ways and Means. increasing the diversion of water from Lake other purposes; to the Committee on Public By Mr. ALBERT: Michigan into the Illinois Waterway, and for Works. H. R. 3203. A bill to authorize construc­ other purposes; to the Committee on Public By Mr. DORN of South Carolina: tion of a highway crossing over Lake Texoma, Works. H. R. 3226. A bill to amend the Social Red River, Tex., and Okla.; to the Committee By Mr. BOWLER: Security Act to provide that, for the pur­ on Public Works. H. R. 3216. A bill to authorize the State of pose of old-age and survivors insurance By Mr. BOYKIN: Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago, benefits, retirement age shall be 60 years; H. R. 3204. A bill to provide that one float­ under the direction of the Secretary of the to the Committee on Ways and Means. Ing ocean station shall be maintained at all Army, to test on a 3-year basis the effect of By Mr. HOLTZMAN: times in the Gulf of Mexico to provide storm increasing the diversion of water from Lake H. R. 3227. A bill to prohibit members of warnings for States bordering on the Gulf Michigan into the Illinois Waterway, and for the Armed Fprces from bringing certain fire­ of Mexico; to the Committee on Merchant other purposes; to the Committee on Public arms into the United States; to the Com­ Marine and Fisheries. Works. mittee on Armed Services. H. R. 3205. A bill for the relief of the city By Mr. GORDON: By Mrs. KELLY of New York: of Mobile, Ala.; to the Committee on the H. R. 3217. A bill to authorize the State of H. R. 3228. A bill providing that there shall Judiciary. Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago, be equal pay for equal work for women; to By Mr. CRETELLA: under the direction of the Secretary of the the Committee on Education and Labor. H. R. 3206. A bill authorizing a prelimi­ Army, to test on a 3-year basis the effect of By Mr. ~ACHROWICZ: nary examination and survey of the New increasing the diversion of water from Lake H. R. 3229. A bill to provide for the repre-:­ Haven Harbor and Long Island Sound, from Michigan into the Illinois Waterway, and for sentation of indigent defendants in criminal the Hammonasset River to the Housatonic other purposes; to the Committee on Public cases in the district courts of the United River, coastal and tidal areas, for thes pur­ Works. States; to the Committee on the Judiciary. pose of determining possible means of pre­ By Mr. YATES: By Mr. NORRELL: venting damages to property and loss of H. R. 3218. A bill to authorize the State of H. R. 3230. A bill to amend the rice mar­ human lives due to hurricane winds and Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago, keting quota provisions of the Agricultural tides; to the Committee on Public Works. under the direction of the Secretary of the Adjustment Act of 1938, as amended; to the By Mr. DODD: Army, to test on a 3-year basis the effect of Committee on Agriculture. H. R. 3207. A bill to amend the Reorgan­ increasing the diversion of water from Lake By Mr. POAGE: ization Act of 1949, so as to authorize either H. R. 3231. A bill to amend section 102 (a) House of Congress to disapprove specific pro­ Michigan into the Illinois Waterway, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Public of the Agricultural Trade Development and visions in reorganization plans transmitted Assistance Act of 1954, so as to eliminate by the President; to the Committee on Gov­ Works. By Mr. HOFFMAN of Illinois: the requirement that privately owned stocks ernment Operations. reported thereunder be replaced from Com­ By Mr. DOLLINGER: H. R. 3219. A bill to authorize the State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago, modity Credit Corporation stocks; to the H. R. 3208. A bill to amend and revise the Committee on Agriculture. laws relating to immigration, naturalization, under the direction of the Secretary of the By Mr. QUIGLEY: nationality, and citizenship, and for other Army, to test on a 3-year basis the effect of increasing the diversion of water from Lake H. R. 3232. A bill to amend the Agricul­ purposes; to the Committee on the Judiciary. tural Adjustment Act of 1938 to exempt By Mr. DORN of South Carolina: Michigan into the Illinois Waterway, and for certain wheat producers from liability under H. R. 3209. A bill to amend the Railroad other purposes; to the Committee on Public the act where all the wheat crop is fed or Retirement Act of 1937, as amended, and for Works. used for seed on the farm, and for other other purposes; to the Committee on Inter­ By Mr. SHEEHAN: purposes; to the Committee on Agriculture. state and Foreign Commerce. H. R. 3220. A bill to authorize the State of By Mr. RADWAN: By Mr. O'BRIEN of Illinois: Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago, H. R. 3233. A bill to amend title 18 of the H. R. 3210. A bill to authorize the State of under the direction of the Secretary of the United States Code, so as to make it a Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago, Army, to test on a 3-year basis the effect of criminal offense to move or travel in inter­ under the direction of the Secretary of the increasing the diversion of water from Lake state commerce with intent to avoid prose­ Army, to test on a 3-year basis the effect of Michigan into the Illinois Waterway, and for cution, or custody or confinement after con­ increasing the diversion of water from Lake other purposes; to the Committee on Public viction, for arson; to the Committee on the Michigan into the Illinois Waterway, and for Works. Judiciary. other purposes; to the Committee on Public By Mr. BOYLE: By Mr. ROGERS of Colorado: Works. H. R. 3221. A bill to authorize the State of H. R. 3234. A bill to provide that persons By Mr. DAWSON of Illinois: Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago, who served overseas during World War I, H. R. 3211. A bill to authorize the State of under the direction of the Secretary of the World war II, and the Korean confiict with Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago, Army, to test on a 3-year basis the effect of certain eleemosynary or charitable institu­ under the direction of the Secretary of the increasing the diversion of water from Lake tions rendering services to the Armed Forces Army, to test on a 3-year basis the effect of Michigan into the Illinois Waterway, and for shall be eligible for burial in national ceme­ increasing the diversion of water from Lake other purposes; to the Committee on Public teries; to the Committee on Interior and Michigan into the Illinois Waterway, and for Works. Insular Affairs. other purposes; to the Committee on Public By Mrs. CHURCH: By Mr. SELDEN: Works. H. R. 3222. A bill to authorize the State of H. R. 3235. A bill to provide for adjust­ By Mr. O'HARA of Illinois: Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago, ments in the lands or interests therein ac­ H. R. 3212. A bill to authorize the State of under the direction of the Secretary of the quired for the Demopolis lock and dam, Ala­ Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago, Army, to test on a 3-year basis the effect of bama, by the reconveyance of certain lands 888 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE January 27 or interests therein to the former owners By Mr. GREEN of Pennsylvania: By Mr. EDMONDSON: thereof; to the Committee on Public Works. H. R. 3250. A bill making an appropriation H. Con. Res. 59. Concurrent resolution cre­ By Mr. STEED: for the prosecution of the Delaware River ating a joint committee to investigate H. R. 3236. A bill to amend the Trade Channel deepening project, as heretofore drought conditions and the drought pro­ Agreements Extension Act of July 1, 1954, authorized by law; to the Committee on gram; to the Committee on Rules. so as to assure the availability of materials Appropriations. By Mr. REED of Illinois: essential to national security; to the Com­ H. R. 3251. A bill to amend the Fair Labor H. Con. Res. 60. Concurrent resolution to mittee on Ways and Means. Standards Act of 1938 to establish a $1.25 invite the Chief Justice of the United States By Mr. THOMPSON of New Jersey: minimum hourly wage, and for other pur­ to address a joint session of the 84th Con­ H. :q._ 3237. A bill to amend the Fair Labor poses; to the Committee on Education and gress at each regular session thereof; to the Standards Act of 1938 to establish a $1.25 Labor. Committee on Rules. minimum hourly wage, and for other pur­ By Mr. HESELTON: By Mr. BONNER: poses; to the Committee on Education and H. R. 3252. A bill providing relief against H. Res. 118. Resolution authorizing the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fish­ Labor. certain forms of discrimination in interstate By Mr. WICKERSHAM: transportation; to the Committee on Inter­ eries to conduct studies and investigations H. R. 3238. A bill to extend the time with­ state and Foreign Commerce. relating to certain matters within its juris­ in which claims may be presented to the By Mr. HOLT: diction; to the Committee on Rules. Indian Claims Commission; to the Commit­ H. R. 3253. A bill to amend section 6 of tee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Public Law 874, 81st Congress, so as to pro­ By Mr. YOUNG: vide for the continued operation of certain MEMORIALS H. R. 3239. A bill to provide for the ter­ schools on Marine Corps installations; to the mination of Federal supervision over the Committee on Education and Labor. Under clause 4 of rule A."'XXI, memo­ property of certain colonies of Indians in By Mr. LAffiD: rials were presented and referred as the State of Nevada and the individual mem­ H. R. 3254. A bill for the establishment of follows: bers thereof, and for other purposes; to the the United States Commission on the Aging By Mr. FORAND: Resolution of the Rhode Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. and Aged; to the Committee on Education Island General Assembly memorializing Con­ By Mr. ABBITT: and Labor. gress to enact legislation for the creation of H. R. 3240. A bill to amend section 348 of By Mr. LESINSKI: Federal disaster insurance; to the Commit­ the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938, as H. R. 3255. A bill to amend the Classifica­ tee on Banking and Currency. amended, so as to permit the making of pay­ t ion Act of 1949; to the Committee on Post Also, resolution of the Rhode Island Gen­ ments under the Soil Conservation and Do­ Office and Civil Service. eral Assembly memorializing Congress to en­ mestic Allotment Act to producers who har­ By Mr. MASON: act legislation to increase the Federal mini­ vest wheat in excess of acreage allotments H. R . 3256. A bill to amend section 723 of mum-wage rate; to the Committee on Edu­ but not in excess of amounts permitted to the Internal Revenue Code; to the Commit­ cation and Labor. be marketed without payment of marketing tee on Ways and Means. By the SPEAKER: Memorial of the Legisla.­ penalties; to the Committee on Agriculture. By Mr. METCALF: ture of the State of Rhode Island memorial­ By Mr. BARTLETT: H. R. 3257. A bill to amend the Wildlife izing the President and the Congress of the H. R. 3241. A bill relating to income-tax Restoration Act (16 U. S. C., sees. 669-6691) United States to enact legislation to in­ refunds for the taxable year 1949; to the by providing that the amount of money crease the Federal minimum-wage rate; to Committee on Ways and Means. currently in the Federal aid to wildlife res­ the Committee on Education and Labor. By Mr. BOSCH: toration fund shall be available for use H. R. 3242. A bill to amend section 32 of during the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1955, the Trading With the Enemy Act of 1917, defining "wildlife restoration project" and as amended, so as to permit the return for other purpose~:;; to the Committee on PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS under such section of property which an Merchant Marine and Fisheries. By Mr. RHODES of Pennsylvania: Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private alien acquired, by gift, devise, bequest, or bills and resolutions were introduced and inheritance, from an American citizen; to H. R. 3258. A bill to provide for the desig­ the Committee on Interstate and Foreign nation of substitute rural carriers to act as severally referred as follows: Commerce. rural carriers pending appointments of reg­ By Mr. ANFUSO: By Mr. BRAY: ular rural carriers to fill vacancies in rural H. R. 3262. A bill for the relief of Rabbi H. R. 3243. A bill to amend the Trade routes; to the Committee on Post Office and Hersch Low and Mrs. Sara Low (nee New­ Agreements Extension Act of July 1, 1954, Civil Service.- man); to the Committee on the Judiciary. so as to assure the availability of materials By Mr. SCO'I"I': By Mr. BOSCH: essential to national security; to the Com­ H. R. 3259. A bill to provide that Mikveh H. R. 3263. A bill for the relief of John G. mittee on Ways and Means. Israel Cemetery, in Philadelphia, Pa., shall Duenges; to the Committee on the Judi­ .H. R. 3244. A bill to provide for the distri­ be a national shrine; to the Committee on ciary. bution of certain surplus food commodities Interior and Insular Affairs. By Mr. BUCKLEY: to needy persons in the United States, by By Mr. TEAGUE of Texas: H. R. 3264. A bill for the relief of Zelda use of a food-stamp plan; to the Committee H. R. 3260. A bill to convey by quitclaim Szklanka and her son, Eliezer Szklanka; to on Agriculture. deed, certain land to the county of Hill, Tex.; the Committee on the Judiciary. H. R. 3245. A bill to provide a method for to the Committee on Public Works. By Mr. BURLESON: protecting the domestic sheet glass industry By Mr. BOYKIN: H. R. 3265. A bill for the relief of Angela. against injury caused by imported sheet H. R. 3261. A bill to provide for adjust­ Sfounis and Alkista Sfounis; to the Commit­ glass; to the Committee on Ways and Means. ments in the lands or interests therein ac­ tee on the Judiciary. By Mr. DAWSON of Utah: quired for the Demopolis lock and dam, Ala­ By Mr. CURTIS of Missouri: H. R. 3246. A bill to extend the authority bama, by the reconveyance of certain lands H. R. 3266. A bill to confer jurisdiction of the President to enter into trade agree­ or interests therein to the former owners upon the Court of Claims to hear, determine, ments under section 350 of the Tariff Act of thereof; to the Committee on Public Works. and render judgment upon certain claims of 1930, as amended, and for other purposes; By Mr. HYDE: Roger W. Evans and Jamerson C. McCor­ to the Committee on Ways and Means. H. J. Res. 179. Joint resolution authorizing mack; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. DORN of New York: the Secretary of the Interior to make studies By Mr. DAVIDSON (by request): H. R. 3247. A bill to provide for the erec­ to determine what the Federal Government H. R. 3267. A bill for the relief of Lorenzo tion of a suitable monument at the grave of can do to assist the coal industry to develop Cesare Caprioglio; to the Committee on the Samuel Chester Reid, a naval hero of the new markets, and to protect shutdown mines Judiciary. War of 1812 and the designer of the flag of from deterioration; to the Committee on In­ By Mr. DORN of New York: the United States; to the Committee on terior and Insular Affairs. H. R. 3268. A bill for the relief of Comdr. House Administration. By Mr. YATES: George B. Greer; to the Committee on the By Mr. GARMATZ: H. J. Res. 180. Joint resolution to provide Judiciary. H. R. 3248. A bill to amend title 9, United for the construction of a nuclear power re­ By Mr. FEIGHAN: States Code, entitled "Arbitration", so as to actor in Japan; to the Joint Committee on H. R. 3269. A bill for the relief of Eugenia. provide for correction of defects and omis­ Atomic Energy. Gierik; to the Committee on the Judiciary. sions in the present law regulating arbitra­ By Mr. WICKERSHAM: H. R. 3270. A bill for the relief of Giuseppa tion, for judicial review of questions of law H. J. Res. 181. Joint resolution to grant the Arsena.; to the Committee on the Judiciary. arising in arbitration proceedings, and for State of Oklahoma consent to sue the United By Mr. FRAZIER: other purposes; to the Committee on the States in the United States Court of Claims; H. R. 3271. A bill for the relief of John Judiciary. to the Committee on the Judiciary. Lloyd Smelcer; to the Committee on the By Mr. GRAY: By Mr. ALBERT: Judiciary. H. R. 3249. A bill to authorize the Com­ H. Con. Res. 58. Concurrent resolution cre­ By Mr. GARMATZ: modity Credit Corporation to process food ating a joint committee to investigate H. R. 3272. A bill for the relief or Edgar commodities for donation under certain drought conditions and the drought pro­ Arved Polberg; to the Committee on the acts; to the Committee on Agriculture. gram; to the Committee on Rules. Judiciary. 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 889 By Mr. GRANAHAN: H. R. 3282. A bill for the relief of Mrs. By Mr. WICKERSHAM: H. R. 3273. A bill for the relief of Terence Adela Mantilla Manibog; to the Committee H. R. 3291. A bill for the relief of Fred­ Byrne; to the Committee on the Judiciary. on the Judiciary. erick D. Stalford; ro the Committee on the By Mr. GUBSER: By Mr. McCORMACK: Judiciary. H. R. 3274. A bill for the relief of Martin H. R. 3283. A bill for the relief of Joaquim Wunderlich Co.; to the Committee on the T. Lopes; to the Committee on Judiciary. Judiciary. By Mr. MACHROWICZ: PETITIONS, ETC. By Mr. HYDE: H. R. 3284. A bill for the relief of Christos H. R. 3275. A bill for the relief of Richard Ioannou, also known as Chris Johnson; to the Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions Raffo Hanson; to the Committee on the Committee on the Judiciary. and papers were laid on the Clerk's desk Judiciary. H. R. 3285. A bill for the relief of Frank and referred as follows: By Mr. JENNINGS: Morettin or Frank Francesco Morettin; to 67. By Mr. CANFIELD: Petition of the H. R. 3276. A bill for the relief of George the Committee on the Judiciary. New Jersey State Bar Association that the E. Bergos (formerly Athanasios Kritselis); By Mr. MAGNUSON: benefits of the social-security program be ex­ to the Committee on the Judiciary. H. R. 3286. A bill for the relief of Alf An­ tended to include the members of the legal By Mr. KING of California: dreassen Maberg also known as Alf Ander­ profession on an optional basis; to the Com­ H. R. 3277. A bill :for the relief of Juan son; to the Committee on the Judiciary. mittee on Ways and Means. By Mr. MULTER: . Ysais-Martinez; to the Committee on the 68. By Mr. SMITH of Wisconsin: Petition Judiciary. H. R. 3287. A bill for the relief of Olga of protest from Hansen Glove Corp., Mil­ By Mr. KIRWAN: Rubin Donn Barnes; to the Committee on waukee, Wis., that H. R. 1 would have very H. R. 3278. A bill for the relief of Antonio the Judiciary. adverse effect on its industry and in com· Bianco; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. SMITH of Wisconsin: munities in Wisconsin where they have By Mr. KLEIN: H. R. 3288. A bill for the relief of Szjena H. R. 3279. A bill for the relief of Anthony Peison and David Peison; to the Committee factories; to the Committee on Ways and Barbato; to the Committee on the Judiciary. on the Judiciary. Means. H. R. 3280. A bill for the relief ot Vin­ By Mr. TEAGUE of California: 69. Also, petition of protest from the cenzo Scarso; to the Committee on the H. R. 3289. A bill for the relief of Jose president of the Amity Leather Products Co. Judiciary. Zavala-Rivera; to the Committee on the of West Bend and Sturgeon Ba.y, Wis., that By Mr. LIPSCOMB: Judiciary. passage of. H. R. 1 would be detrimental to H. R. 3281. A bill for the relief of Herbert By Mr. VORYS: interests of 750 employees in State of Wis­ Roscoe Martin; to the Committee on the H. R. 3290. A bill for the relief of Barbara. consin; to the Committee on Ways and Judiciary. Starrett; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Means.

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS

Ukrainian lndep!ndenc:e Day of light in the Ukraine indicating there is drought catastrophe in my own State any genuine independence. The barbarians of the Kremlin see to it that there is no such of Oklahoma and the pitiful failure of EXTENSION OF REMARKS light. our existing drought-relief program to ()F' Fortunately, however, neither the tyrants meet adequately the emergency which of Moscow, nor their minions in the Ukraine, we face. HON. PAUL A. FINO can exti:nguish the spirit of freedom and of It is offered against a background of OF NEW YORK independence which all liberty-loving long-range weather predictions which IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Ukrainians claim as their birthright. As point to another dry year in 1955. long as that noble spirit is. kept alive, as Thursday, January 27, 1955 long as the ideal of national freedom is cher­ It is offered against a background o.! ished by the Ukra.inians, no dictatorships or declining farm income throughout the, Mr. FINO. Mr. Speaker, under leave tyranny can rob the Ukrainians of their real Nation, even as we face an administra­ to extend my remarks in the RECORD, I independence-the independence of their tion farm program which is aimed include therein my statement in observ­ souls and hearts. As long as they possess directly at further depressing of farm ance of Ukrainian independence Day: th.is, they will nevel" give up their resistance prices. to the Red tyrants. UKRAINIAN INDEPENDENCE DAY As I pointed out in my speech to the Ukrainians constitute the largest nation­ The Ukrainian Congress Committee of America has done excellent work in keeping House on January 20, we have 18 ality group, with the exception, of course, States-and 944 counties within their of the Russians, in the sprawling Soviet em­ alive Ukrainian hopes for the recovery of pire. It is only under compulsion that these their freedom. On this Ukrainian Independ­ boundaries-which are today classified ence Day, I wish you all success in your in­ as drought emergency areas. 40 million hardened and sturdy tillers of the spiring endeavors. soil are subject. to the Communist rulers of Literally hundreds of thousands of the Soviet Union. Even with all the harsh­ farm families are today on direct food ness of the Red regime, the Ukrainians re­ relief throughout the Nation, the victims sist it whenever they can. of relentless drought and the tragic The Ukraine is the breadbasket of Russia. What's Wrong With Our Present Without the Ukraine's abundant harvest, it failure to provide an adequate drought: would be almost impossible to feed the people Drought Program 1 relief program. of the Soviet Union. The leaders of Russia, I want to submit to you G. summary of Czarist as well as Communist, know the the reports which I have been receiving agricultural importance of this rich black­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS for some time concerning the operation soil area. For that reason they robbed the OF of the Benson drought program. Ukrainians of their national independence, annexed their beloved and richly blessed HON. ED EDMONDSON Most of the ideas and opinions ex­ country, and have since 1920 considered it OF OKLAHOMA pressed are the ideas and opinions of men who know the drought program a Soviet. Socialist Republic. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES To call the Communist regime in the best, because they are living with it, in Ukraine a republic is, as we know so well, Thursday, January 27, 1955 the drought area of Oklahoma. a farce. The independence which the . From letters and messages received in Ukraine attained at the end of World War I Mr. EDMONDSON. Mr. Speaker, and unfortunately was forced to lose in 1920, along with colleagues in both Houses my office, from farmers, ranchers, county was real, was genuine national independence,. of the Congress, I am today introducing agents, and others, I submit this report whereas the euphonious republic which a concurrent resolution calling for a on our drought ptogram. the Kremlin claims the Ukraine is today, is complete study and investigation of I hope there are reasonable explana· nothing but a sham. It is a downright false­ drought conditions in the United States tions and answers for some of the pro· hood, a gross distortion of the accepted gram's failures-but I doubt that there meaning of the word, to call the Ukraine of for the purpose of preparing plans and today, or any country dominated by the So­ programs for their alleviation. are. viet Union, a republic. This resolution is offered against a I would prefer that some of the charges It is, of course, most unfortunate that background of increasingly disturbing are not completely accurate-but I am since 1920 there has been not a single gleam news concerning the gravity of the afraid that they are.