DOCSLIB.ORG

Raman Spectroscopy for Quantitative Analysis in the Pharmaceutical Industry

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Raman Spectroscopy for Quantitative Analysis in the Pharmaceutical Industry J Pharm Pharm Sci (www.cspsCanada.org) 23, 24 - 46, 2020 Raman Spectroscopy for Quantitative Analysis in the Pharmaceutical Industry José Izo Santana da Silva de Jesus1, Raimar Löbenberg2, Nádia Araci Bou-Chacra1 1.Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Professor Lineu Prestes Av 580, Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 2.Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Pharmacy & Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Received, July 24, 2019; Revised, October 27, 2019; Accepted, January 3, 2020; Published, February 27, 2020. ABSTRACT - Raman spectroscopy is a very promising technique increasingly used in the pharmaceutical industry. Due to its development and improved instrumental versatility achieved over recent decades and through the application of chemometric methods, this technique has become highly precise and sensitive for the quantification of drug substances. Thus, it has become fundamental in identifying critical variables and their clinical relevance in the development of new drugs. In process monitoring, it has been used to highlight in-line real-time analysis, and it has been used more commonly since 2004 when the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) launched Process Analytical Technology (PAT), integrated with the concepts of Pharmaceutical Current Good Manufacturing Practices (CGMPs) for the 21st Century. The present review presents advances in the application of this tool in the development of pharmaceutical products and processes in the last six years. _______________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION solvents; it is easy to use, and the analyses can be without any preparation, even penetrating primary Raman and Krishnan discovered Raman packaging, such as polymeric materials and spectroscopy in 1928, and this technique has gone transparent glasses. In addition, portable types of several breakthroughs between the 1930s and equipment are available, and the analytical results 1950s. Currently, it is one of the leading analytical can be obtained in seconds (1,8). techniques among spectroscopies (1–3). This Therefore, this review presents the advances of technique, based on light scattering during Raman spectroscopy application in the quantitative monochromatic radiation exposure to samples, analyses in the product development cycles and as involves molecular vibration of the chemical a tool in process analytical technology (PAT). structures of a substance (1,4). The monochromatic laser beam illuminates the Main variants of Raman spectroscopy samples resulting in scattered light, from photon- In addition to the conventional Raman dispersion molecule interactions. Each photon occurs in a phenomenon, several studies, over recent decades, different vibrational mode, and this frequency have made possible the discovery of other events, difference refers to the separation of the vibrational which allowed the development of several variants energy level of the molecules. The dispersion of this spectroscopy (1,4,6). The difference signals origins from the inelastic movement frequency of incident radiation and the intensity of between the incident monochromatic radiation and the dispersion signals originates Stokes and anti- vibrational molecular motions, providing a unique Stokes lines, as shown in Figure 1. These signature for each substance (1,4–6). phenomena define the basic principle for the In the pharmaceutical industry, Raman variants presented in Table 1 (5,9). The spectroscopy is an excellent tool for identifying instrumental versatility of Raman spectroscopy counterfeit drugs (1,7). In addition, it is suitable in includes interferometric dispersive systems, single product development and the real-time monitoring channel multichannel detection systems, and of productive processes through Process Analytical microscope coupled systems (Table 1). Several Technology (PAT), according to the current laser systems are available for concepts of Pharmaceutical Current Good ________________________________________ st Manufacturing Practices (CGMPs) for the 21 Corresponding Author: Nádia Araci Bou-Chacra, Century (1,8). Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Raman spectroscopy has essential advantages University of São Paulo, Professor Lineu Prestes Av 580, due to its non-invasive feature; it does not use Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; E- mail: [email protected] 24 J Pharm Pharm Sci (www.cspsCanada.org) 23, 24 - 46, 2020 A. Vibrational energy levels E1 Stokes Rayleigh Anti-Stokes Virtual energy levels Energy Vibrational energy levels E 0 B. Rayleigh Stokes Anti-Stokes Intensity 1000 0 - 1000 Wavenumbers/cm-1 Figure 1. Energetic transitions involved in Raman scattering, A. More intense (blue shifted) Stokes bands, and less intense (orange shifted) anti-Stokes bands. Rayleigh line to higher wavenumbers (green shifted), without bands of Raman spectra, B. excitation and filtering units for spectral Conventional Raman spectroscopy requires purification. Typically, the characteristics of the high sample concentration and it is affected by devices vary depending on the size and relative fluorescence. FT-Raman can resolve such spectral cost of its components and accessories (5). interference (11). Furthermore, fluorescence The diversity of the types of device interference also can be reduced by exciting the configurations allows amplifying the sensitivity of near infrared laser sample as Nd-YAG at 1064 nm the technique and allows a variety of applications, (5). ranging from the quantification of drug substances For samples at low concentrations, Resonance in tablets and mixtures of powders to multiplex Raman Spectroscopy (RRS) increases the samples (3,10–17), samples in low concentrations scattering sensitivity. In such cases, the samples (18,19), molecular traces (20–22), samples inside must have electronic transitions close to the laser packs (23) and materials in nanometric scale line´s frequency. Thus, the incident radiation (Table 1) (24,25). frequency coincides with an electronic transition of 25 J Pharm Pharm Sci (www.cspsCanada.org) 23, xxx - xxx, 2020 the molecule, and as a result of this combination, a (PLS) method (10,38,39), described by Wold in more intense Raman spectrum is obtained (18,19). 1966 (40). Furthermore, for multicomponent In the Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy matrices, classical least squares (CLS), alternating (SERS), the sample is adsorbed on a colloidal least squares (MCR), principal component metal surface or by nanostructures such as regression (CRP), and principal component nanotubes typically made of gold (Au), silver (Ag) analysis (PCA) are commonly used (41). or copper (Cu) (20–22). This approach improves For the development of the calibration models, the intensity of signals and also extinguishes carefully selected representative samples should be fluorescence. used, which generally require qualification by Another variant, the Tip-enhanced Raman independent reference analytical procedures (36). spectroscopy (TERS), provides high chemical The selection of these models depends on the type sensitivity for surface molecular mapping with a of data and analytical objectives. In some cases, to nanoscale spatial resolution (24,25). This variant achieve better precision of the quantitative method, may help researchers to characterize and to it is necessary to compare several multivariate develop nano-based strategies in innovative models. Thus, it is possible to detect errors and therapy. Furthermore, Micro-Raman presents a allow selecting the appropriate model (41–43). wide area of illumination, which allows In 2015, the FDA (48) released the Analytical overcoming the challenges of quantifying Procedures and Methods Validation for Drugs and polymorphic mixtures (14). Biologics Guidance for Industry. This guidance All these variants were carefully developed was harmonized with ICH to complement the aiming to overcome the limitations of the guidance Q2(R1) Validation of Analytical conventional Raman spectroscopy. By using Procedures: Text and Methodology (49). The chemometric treatments, it is possible to improve guidelines provide the validation criteria to achieve analytical models for the quantification of drugs a successful calibration model to support the substances and excipients in multicomponent quantitative analysis in pharmaceutical formulas (10,16,26), as presented in Table 1. applications. According to these official documents, to Raman calibration model define a robust calibration model for quantification The interpretation of a complex spectrum of it is required the evaluation of the different sources samples requires the use of chemometric of variability and includes them in the samples. calibration models. Chemometrics is the use of These variabilities must be identified to predict and mathematical and statistical methods in chemical control them during method validation and routine data, allowing the acquisition and extraction of application (36). essential information regarding the components of The performance characteristics for the the formulation, as shown in Figure 2 (27). For this, spectroscopic methods is similar to the it is necessary to apply a univariate or multivariate conventional ones and include the evaluation of analysis. accuracy, precision (repeatability and intermediate The univariate analysis contemplates alone precision), specificity, linearity,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Primena Statistike U Kliničkim Istraţivanjima Sa Osvrtom Na Korišćenje Računarskih Programa
    UNIVERZITET U BEOGRADU MATEMATIČKI FAKULTET Dušica V. Gavrilović Primena statistike u kliničkim istraţivanjima sa osvrtom na korišćenje računarskih programa - Master rad - Mentor: prof. dr Vesna Jevremović Beograd, 2013. godine Zahvalnica Ovaj rad bi bilo veoma teško napisati da nisam imala stručnu podršku, kvalitetne sugestije i reviziju, pomoć prijatelja, razumevanje kolega i beskrajnu podršku porodice. To su razlozi zbog kojih želim da se zahvalim: . Mom mentoru, prof. dr Vesni Jevremović sa Matematičkog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu, koja je bila ne samo idejni tvorac ovog rada već i dugogodišnja podrška u njegovoj realizaciji. Njena neverovatna upornost, razne sugestije, neiscrpni optimizam, profesionalizam i razumevanje, predstavljali su moj stalni izvor snage na ovom master-putu. Članu komisije, doc. dr Zorici Stanimirović sa Matematičkog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu, na izuzetnoj ekspeditivnosti, stručnoj recenziji, razumevanju, strpljenju i brojnim korisnim savetima. Članu komisije, mr Marku Obradoviću sa Matematičkog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu, na stručnoj i prijateljskoj podršci kao i spremnosti na saradnju. Dipl. mat. Radojki Pavlović, šefu studentske službe Matematičkog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu, na upornosti, snalažljivosti i kreativnosti u pronalaženju raznih ideja, predloga i rešenja na putu realizacije ovog master rada. Dugogodišnje prijateljstvo sa njom oduvek beskrajno cenim i oduvek mi mnogo znači. Dipl. mat. Zorani Bizetić, načelniku Data Centra Instituta za onkologiju i radiologiju Srbije, na upornosti, idejama, detaljnoj reviziji, korisnim sugestijama i svakojakoj podršci. Čak i kada je neverovatno ili dosadno ili pametno uporna, mnogo je i dugo volim – skoro ceo moj život. Mast. biol. Jelici Novaković na strpljenju, reviziji, bezbrojnim korekcijama i tehničkoj podršci svake vrste. Hvala na osmehu, budnom oku u sitne sate, izvrsnoj hrani koja me je vraćala u život, nes-kafi sa penom i transfuziji energije kada sam bila na rezervi.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Hyperspectral Imaging and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Determine Nitrogen and Carbon Concentrations in Wheat
    remote sensing Article Comparison of Hyperspectral Imaging and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Determine Nitrogen and Carbon Concentrations in Wheat Iman Tahmasbian 1,* , Natalie K. Morgan 2, Shahla Hosseini Bai 3, Mark W. Dunlop 1 and Amy F. Moss 2 1 Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia; Scopus affiliation ID: 60028929; [email protected] 2 School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; [email protected] (N.K.M.); [email protected] (A.F.M.) 3 Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; s.hosseini-bai@griffith.edu.au * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is an emerging rapid and non-destructive technology that has promising application within feed mills and processing plants in poultry and other intensive animal industries. HSI may be advantageous over near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as it scans entire samples, which enables compositional gradients and sample heterogenicity to be visualised and analysed. This study was a preliminary investigation to compare the performance of HSI with that of NIRS for quality measurements of ground samples of Australian wheat and to identify the most important spectral regions for predicting carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations. In total, 69 samples were scanned using an NIRS (400–2500 nm), and two HSI cameras operated in Citation: Tahmasbian, I.; Morgan, 400–1000 nm (VNIR) and 1000–2500 nm (SWIR) spectral regions. Partial least square regression N.K; Hosseini Bai, S.; Dunlop, M.W; (PLSR) models were used to correlate C and N concentrations of 63 calibration samples with their Moss, A.F Comparison of spectral reflectance, with 6 additional samples used for testing the models.
    [Show full text]
  • Construction of a Neuro-Immune-Cognitive Pathway-Phenotype Underpinning the Phenome Of
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 20 October 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0239.v1 Construction of a neuro-immune-cognitive pathway-phenotype underpinning the phenome of deficit schizophrenia. Hussein Kadhem Al-Hakeima, Abbas F. Almullab, Arafat Hussein Al-Dujailic, Michael Maes d,e,f. a Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Kufa, Iraq. E-mail: [email protected]. b Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq. E-mail: [email protected]. c Senior Clinical Psychiatrist, Faculty of Medicine, Kufa University. E-mail: [email protected]. d* Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; e Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; f IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, PO Box 281, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia. Corresponding author Prof. Dr. Michael Maes, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand 1 © 2019 by the author(s). Distributed under a Creative Commons CC BY license. Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 20 October 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0239.v1 https://scholar.google.co.th/citations?user=1wzMZ7UAAAAJ&hl=th&oi=ao [email protected]. 2 Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 20 October 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0239.v1 Abstract In schizophrenia, pathway-genotypes may be constructed by combining interrelated immune biomarkers with changes in specific neurocognitive functions that represent aberrations in brain neuronal circuits. These constructs provide insight on the phenome of schizophrenia and show how pathway-phenotypes mediate the effects of genome X environmentome interactions on the symptomatology/phenomenology of schizophrenia.
    [Show full text]
  • Predicting Plant Species Richness and Vegetation Patterns in Cultural Landscapes Using Disturbance Parameters
    Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 122 (2007) 446–452 www.elsevier.com/locate/agee Predicting plant species richness and vegetation patterns in cultural landscapes using disturbance parameters C. Buhk a,*, V. Retzer b, C. Beierkuhnlein b, A. Jentsch a a Disturbance Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany and Bayreuth University, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany b Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, Universita¨tsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany Received 1 August 2006; received in revised form 22 February 2007; accepted 27 February 2007 Available online 24 April 2007 Abstract A new methodological framework for plant diversity assessment at the landscape scale is presented that exhibits the following strengths: (1) potential for easily standardizable sampling procedure; (2) characterization of disturbance regime; (3) use of selected disturbance descriptors as explanatory variables which probably allow for better transferability than site specific land use types—for example, to evaluate the emerging use of energy plants that pose novel management challenges without historic precedence to many landscapes; (4) analysis of quantitative and qualitative aspects of plant species diversity (alpha and beta diversity). For data analysis, a powerful regression method (PLS- R) was applied. On this basis, after further validation and transferability tests, a practical tool for the development and validation of effective agri-environmental programmes may be developed. # 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Agri-environmental programmes; Alpha diversity; Beta diversity; Fichtelgebirge; Land use; Disturbance; Pattern analysis 1. Introduction paid per ha of arable land or grassland managed, and are no longer subsidized according to the quantity of certain goods The EU Sustainable Development Strategy, launched by produced or land use activity maintained.
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry with Supervised Learning for The
    Use of Pyrolysis Mass Spectrom etry with Supervised Learning for the Assessm ent of the Adulteration of Milk of Different Species ROYSTON GOODACRE Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, Dyfed, SY23 3DA, U.K. Binary m ixtures of 0± 20% cows’ m ilk with ewes’ m ilk, 0± 20% raphy;3,4 (2) electrophoretic methods including gel elec- cows’ m ilk with goats’ m ilk, and 0± 5% cow s’ m ilk with goats’ m ilk trophoresis 5,6 and isoelectric focusing;7,8 and (3) immu- were subjected to pyrolysis m ass spectrom etry (PyMS). For an alysis nological-based methods such as agar-gel immunodiffu- of the pyrolysis m ass sp ectra so as to determ ine the p ercentage sion,8± 10 immunoelectrophore sis,11 immunodotti ng,12 adulteration of either caprine or ovine m ilk w ith bovine m ilk, par- 13 tial least-sq uares regression (PLS), p rincipal com ponents regression haemagglutination, and various methods based on the 14± 16 (PCR) and fully intercon nected feed-forward ar ti® cial neural net- enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). works (ANNs) were studied. In the latter case, the w eights were Pyrolysis mass spectrometry (PyMS) is a rapid, auto- m odi® ed by u sing the stan dard b ack-prop agation algor ith m , and mated, instrument-based technique that permits the ac- the nodes u sed a sigm oidal squ ash ing function. It was fou nd that quisition of spectroscopic data from 300 or more samples each of the m ethods could be u sed to provid e calibration m odels per working day.
    [Show full text]
  • IMPROVEMENT of MS BASED E-NOSE PERFORMANCES by INCORPORATION of CHROMATOGRAPHIC RETENTION TIME AS a NEW DATA DIMENSION Cosmin Burian
    IMPROVEMENT OF MS BASED E-NOSE PERFORMANCES BY INCORPORATION OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC RETENTION TIME AS A NEW DATA DIMENSION Cosmin Burian ISBN: 978-84-694-0293-1 Dipòsit Legal: T-202-2011 ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tesisenxarxa.net) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX. No s’autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR (www.tesisenred.net) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. No se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al resumen de presentación de la tesis como a sus contenidos.
    [Show full text]
  • All-In-One Multivariate Data Analysis and Design of Experiments Software
    Bring data to life Version 10.3 All-in-one Multivariate Data Analysis and Design of Experiments software Powerful multivariate Easy data importing Outstanding graphics, analysis methods and options with intuitive plots and interactive data design of experiments workflows and interface visualization tools “ “ Cutting through complex“ data This intelligent engine borders upon data sets to underlying structures... “mining, as it cuts through prediction and is simplicity itself classification problems 02 CAMO The Unscrambler® X The Unscrambler is much more intuitive“ and has “all the features I need plus more advanced methods than generalist statistical software Søren Bech, Head of Research, Bang & Olufsen The Unscrambler® X 03 CAMO Software for every industry For almost 30 years, The Unscrambler® has enabled organizations across many industries and research fields to improve product development, process understanding and quality control through deeper data insights. Pharmaceuticals Energy/Renewables Chemicals/Petrochem Automotive Agriculture Medical Devices Food & Beverage Electronics Pulp & Paper Engineering Mining & Metals Retail Oil & Gas Semi-conductors Manufacturing Marketing Research & Academia Aerospace 04 CAMO The Unscrambler® X Multivariate data analysis is a highly visual approach The Unscrambler® X is the only major multivariate data that helps you identify and understand patterns in large analysis software that includes a seamlessly integrated or complex data sets. Easily accessible raw data plots Design of Experiments (DoE) module, giving you a are a very useful tool in the analysis. powerful all-in-one tool for your data analysis needs. In the 3D Scatter Plot above, data from paper Multivariate analysis and Design of Experiments often go manufacturing is shown, where each of the samples hand in hand.
    [Show full text]
  • Consumer Perception of Wood Surfaces: the Relationship Between Stated Preferences and Visual Homogeneity
    J Wood Sci (2010) 56:276–283 © The Japan Wood Research Society 2010 DOI 10.1007/s10086-009-1104-7 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Olav Høibø · Anders Q. Nyrud Consumer perception of wood surfaces: the relationship between stated preferences and visual homogeneity Received: July 6, 2009 / Accepted: December 21, 2009 / Published online: March 23, 2010 Abstract Information about people’s preferences as to wood products and to building design and construction. wood products is of relevance to several decision makers in More knowledge about the appearance of wood can provide the forest sector. Studies revealing consumer preference competitive advantages for the forest industry and will also, provide information that can be used for marketing and if applied to the development of new products in accor- manufacturing of wood products, but these also provide dance with consumers’ needs and requirements, improve information of relevance to designers and decision makers consumer satisfaction and welfare. Preference studies are involved in building design and construction processes. Pre- also relevant from a psychological point of view. vious studies show that the overall harmony of the visual Results from previous preference studies indicate that surface is correlated with preference. In this study, per- people’s preferences are affected by product attributes. ceived visual homogeneity is modeled for fi ve copper- Brandt and Shook1 conducted a comprehensive review of impregnated and fi ve organic biocide-impregnated decking previous attribute research on forest products and con- materials with different visual quality. The models are cluded that consumers’ quality attributions with respect to based on visual variables. Homogeneity is a function of forest products can usually be ascribed to the visual and material-dependent variables (dry knots, knot shape, and tactile, i.e., tangible, properties of the wood.
    [Show full text]
  • Combining Multivariate Analysis and Pollen Count to Classify Honey Samples Accordingly to Different Botanical Origins
    SCIENTIFIC NOTE COMBINING MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS AND POLLEN COUNT TO CLASSIFY HONEY SAMPLES ACCORDINGLY TO DIFFERENT BOTANICAL ORIGINS Eduardo Corbella1, and Daniel Cozzolino2* A B S T R A C T INTRODUCTION This study reports the combination of multivariate Scientists in the food and beverage industries are techniques and pollen count analysis to classify hon- interested in identifying the main changes in proc- ey samples according to botanical sources, in sam- ess that may lead to a change in quality or compro- ples from Uruguay. Honey samples from different mises in any ingredient or finished products. Food botanical origins, namely Eucalyptus spp. (n = 10), authenticity issues in the form of adulteration and Lotus spp. (n = 12), Salix spp. (n = 5), “mil flores” improper description have been around for a long (Myrtaceae spp.) (n = 12) and coronilla (Scutia buxi- time. Recently, the demand for natural honey has folia Reissek) (n = 10) were analysed using Melisso- increased, consequently, methods to assure the au- palynology (pollen identification). Principal compo- thenticity of honey can be economically important. nent analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were used to classify the honey samples ac- Several factors contribute to the quality properties cordingly to their botanical origin based on a pollen of honey, such as high osmotic pressure, lower count. Honey samples of higher percentage (> 70%) water activity, low pH, and low protein content, of Eucalyptus, Lotus and Scutia pollen were 100% cor- among others (Anklam, 1998; Bogdanov, 1999). rectly classified, whilst samples from Myrtaceae spp. and Salix were 80 and 66% correctly classified, re- The authenticity of honey has two aspects, one re- spectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Download This PDF File
    Control Theory and Informatics www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-5774 (print) ISSN 2225-0492 (online) Vol 2, No.1, 2012 The Trend Analysis of the Level of Fin-Metrics and E-Stat Tools for Research Data Analysis in the Digital Immigrant Age Momoh Saliu Musa Department of Marketing, Federal Polytechnic, P.M.B 13, Auchi, Nigeria. Tel: +2347032739670 e-mail: [email protected] Shaib Ismail Omade (Corresponding author) Department of Statistics, School of Information and Communication Technology, Federal Polytechnic, P.M.B 13, Auchi, Nigeria. Phone: +2347032808765 e-mail: [email protected] Abstract The current trend in the information technology age has taken over every spare of human discipline ranging from communication, business, governance, defense to education world as the survival of these sectors depend largely on the research outputs for innovation and development. This study evaluated the trend of the usage of fin-metrics and e-stat tools application among the researchers in their research outputs- digital data presentation and analysis in the various journal outlets. The data used for the study were sourced primarily from the sample of 1720 out of 3823 empirical on and off line journals from various science and social sciences fields. Statistical analysis was conducted to evaluate the consistency of use of the digital tools in the methodology of the research outputs. Model for measuring the chance of acceptance and originality of the research was established. The Cockhran test and Bartlet Statistic revealed that there were significant relationship among the research from the Polytechnic, University and other institution in Nigeria and beyond. It also showed that most researchers still appeal to manual rather than digital which hampered the input internationally and found to be peculiar among lecturers in the system that have not yet appreciate IT penetration in Learning.
    [Show full text]
  • The R Project for Statistical Computing a Free Software Environment For
    The R Project for Statistical Computing A free software environment for statistical computing and graphics that runs on a wide variety of UNIX platforms, Windows and MacOS OpenStat OpenStat is a general-purpose statistics package that you can download and install for free. It was originally written as an aid in the teaching of statistics to students enrolled in a social science program. It has been expanded to provide procedures useful in a wide variety of disciplines. It has a similar interface to SPSS SOFA A basic, user-friendly, open-source statistics, analysis, and reporting package PSPP PSPP is a program for statistical analysis of sampled data. It is a free replacement for the proprietary program SPSS, and appears very similar to it with a few exceptions TANAGRA A free, open-source, easy to use data-mining package PAST PAST is a package created with the palaeontologist in mind but has been adopted by users in other disciplines. It’s easy to use and includes a large selection of common statistical, plotting and modelling functions AnSWR AnSWR is a software system for coordinating and conducting large-scale, team-based analysis projects that integrate qualitative and quantitative techniques MIX An Excel-based tool for meta-analysis Free Statistical Software This page links to free software packages that you can download and install on your computer from StatPages.org Free Statistical Software This page links to free software packages that you can download and install on your computer from freestatistics.info Free Software Information and links from the Resources for Methods in Evaluation and Social Research site You can sort the table below by clicking on the column names.
    [Show full text]
  • A Complete Data Handling Package for NMR Metabolomics Bradley Worley University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected]
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Robert Powers Publications Published Research - Department of Chemistry 2014 MVAPACK: A Complete Data Handling Package for NMR Metabolomics Bradley Worley University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Robert Powers University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/chemistrypowers Part of the Analytical Chemistry Commons Worley, Bradley and Powers, Robert, "MVAPACK: A Complete Data Handling Package for NMR Metabolomics" (2014). Robert Powers Publications. 23. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/chemistrypowers/23 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Published Research - Department of Chemistry at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Robert Powers Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Articles pubs.acs.org/acschemicalbiology MVAPACK: A Complete Data Handling Package for NMR Metabolomics Bradley Worley and Robert Powers* Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States *S Supporting Information ABSTRACT: Data handling in the field of NMR metabolomics has historically been reliant on either in-house mathematical routines or long chains of expensive commercial software. Thus, while the relatively simple biochemical protocols of metabolomics maintain a low barrier to entry, new practitioners of metabolomics experiments are forced to either purchase expensive software packages or craft their own data handling solutions from scratch. This inevitably complicates the standardization and communication of data handling protocols in the field. We report a newly developed open-source platform for complete NMR metabolomics data handling, MVAPACK, and describe its application on an example metabolic fingerprinting data set.
    [Show full text]