Otto Neurath's Visual Politics

DOCUMENT/INTRODUCTION

oTTo neurATh’s VisuAl PoliTics An inTroducTion To “PicToriAl sTATisTics folloWing The ViennA MeThod” JOHaN FreDeriK Hartle

Otto Neurath (1882–1945) was an activist on many fronts, a pedagogue and agitator for social change, whose work bore witness to some of the most dramatic ruptures in the fi rst half of the 20th century. His interests lay not only in intellectual knowledge, but in producing the social conditions for its development, distribution, and employment. According to Elisabeth Nemeth, Neurath’s organizing ability was what especially helped him to establish the renowned Vienna Circle of philosophers as a group with more or less well-defi ned programmatic positions.1 That programmatic approach often led to criticism for an overly technical understanding of politics with strong inclina- tions toward social engineering (a suspicion most famously voiced by Otto Bauer, the left-wing thinker of Austrian Marxism).2 But it was also an approach through which Neurath sought to apply his own theoretical positions in practice, beginning with his attempts to turn his experiences with the war economy (that is, with the successful state- organized attempts at dealing with the scarcity of goods) into collec- tivization programs and modes of planned economy (in both Saxony and Bavaria, where Neurath was a minister for planned economy in

1 Elisabeth Nemeth, Otto Neurath und der Wiener Kreis: Revolutionäre Wissenschaftlichkeit als Anspruch (Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 1981), 11. 2 Günther Sandner, Otto Neurath: Eine politische Biographie (Vienna: Zsolnay, 2014), 134.

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100 a r t m a r g i n s 6 : 1 stimulus of the painterly distracts,” he claimed. distracts,” painterly of the stimulus “The element of images: “painterly” the dismiss programmatically to tended and image’s an iconic ambiguities), call (what we might reducedinformation to sheer be cannot that image of an qualities aesthetic on those from focusing abstained Neurath representation, on emphasis diagrammatic his In case. extreme an marks position antecedent. a significant as seen be Neurath’s can workof which research cultural of fields new phenomena, developing image into of scholarship importance the sized empha strongly has discourse academic world, that of the parts other Bildwissenschaften on around and discussions to the contributor early an as seen be can Method Neurath’s Vienna image, of the semiotics of the understanding nascent to the tribution of con its because especially and but also culture, visual ahighly with engagement diagnostic of this Because age. visual increasingly an in times of the mood general the expressed images Neurath’s in interest well. as education up school in taken quickly but it was education, for adult primarily method the possible. He as developed parently trans and clearly as about society data to communicate designed signs of visual toavocabulary develop tried that statistics of visual program 5 4 Man. of Descent The Darwin’s vonCharles and Humboldt’s Cosmos accompanied Alexander that illustrations botanical and cartographic the by inspired deeply 7 6 possible by avoiding all aesthetic or pictorial rhetoric. or pictorial aesthetic all possible avoiding by as clearly as to convey information iconicity, aiming minimal and transparency for maximal strives that strategy a diagrammatic extent, to alarge thus, is Method Neurath’s Vienna world the of text. in them one find as would of information, or bearers “signatures,” as images as by W. by as well as Bredekamp, Horst and Boehm, Gottfriend Belting, Hans like scholars by strongly advanced been has decades, two about for on going been has which development, This Burke. Christopher and Eve Matthew Ed. 35. 33, 2010), Press, Hyphen (London: Autobiography AVisual Isotype: to Hieroglyphics From Neurath, Otto (Bielefeld: Transcript, 2012) 20, 30f. 20, 2012) Transcript, (Bielefeld: Paradigmas senschaftlichen bildwis neuen eines Perspektiven Diagrammatik: der Kunst Die Schmidt-Burkhardt, Astrit Document. following the from those except mine, are translations all below, and Here 60. here 1991), 57–62, Schriften gische bildpädago Gesammelte in Tatbestände,” sozialer Darstellung “Bildliche Neurath, Otto Within the vast range of such discussions, however, Neurath’s discussions, of such range vast the Within a offered of pedagogy Method” “Vienna his called What Neurath J. T. Mitchell and Georges Didi-Huberman. Georges and T. Mitchell , ed. Rudolf Haller and Robin Kinross (Vienna: Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky, Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky, (Vienna: Kinross Robin and Haller Rudolf , ed. 4 5 . In Germany, along with with along Germany, . In 6 He instead conceived He instead 7 - - - - - Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/ARTM_a_00168 by guest on 25 September 2021 variations in width, size, volume, or location can affect one’s reading. is often the case when symbols are compared eachwith other and where be presented directly, without the “irritations” of proportions, changing as ceived to meet in a projected vanishing point. In way,this information can spective, but rather in an isometric fashion, in which parallels are not con Method, objects are not reproduced according to the ofrules linear per or scale changes, but because they multiply. Moreover, in the Vienna and form, which can be understood at first sight notbecause their size have become famous and can be seen in the illustrations accompany illustrations the in seen be can and have become famous and professions, classes which social different of figures standardized to represent workers, forms or the human as (such representations graphical different across asign’s meaning on and maintaining tency on He consis therefore value great placed purpose. this serve could that vocabulary development of avisual the required language pictorial comprehend mean.” they “what intellectually) purely words, abstractly, other (in to “unoptically” force viewer the they mind, his in because, diagrams abstract all rejected Neurath aconsequence, possible; as as quickly as to conveydesire information a implied communication of visual program His Method. Vienna the in contours gained and signified, signifier between proximity mum ( of Vienna Economy City of the and of Society Museum of the foundation for the 1924, work, in 9 8 to form social contexts and habitsof and reception. contexts social to form helped also they as from museums, derived part large in was images of readability the that implied this GWM, at the practice For own his habits. and contexts social by however, predetermined is extrapolation, Such possibilities. of a heuristic number carries which signifier, the from extrapolated is he argued, Meaning, images. for understanding conditions practical the emphasized context museum To the Neurath institutions. cultural innovative most onecity’s of GWM), the hereafter gogische Schriften gogische bildpäda Gesammelte Kinross, and Haller in Hieroglyphen,” “Statistische Neurath, Otto Circle Vienna the and Neurath Otto on Studies Austrian Circle: Vienna Forgotten the covering Redis in Representation,” Pictorial-Statistical of Theory “Neurath’s Müller, H. Karl Neurath’s interest in developing a unified and comprehensive aunified developing Neurath’s in interest The Vienna Method implies the use of symbols of the same size for and maxi sign, self-explicating for ideally an Neurath’s striving his foundin be can of Neurath’s method origin historical The , ed. Thomas E. Uebel (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1991), 241f. Kluwer, (Dordrecht: Uebel E. Thomas , ed. , 40–50, here 44. here , 40–50, Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsmuseum und Gesellschafts- 9 8

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102 a r t m a r g i n s 6 : 1 differences between and even within other forms of language. forms other within even and between differences and nuances avoid cultural would the that comprehensibility universal to contemporaryecho science. In 1931, idea formulated Neurath this in sought Following ViennaStatistics the Method,” pedagogy pictorial his 12 12 11 10 period. war inter the in Democrats Social Austrian of the politics cultural the in role playedaparticular workers, which broader of Austrian education of the part as seen be should program Neurath’s oneOn level, visual S E Purified internationally.” used upon one to be day called perhaps is that language ofments apictorial ele are they interest, our to stimulate designed pleasantries visual “are not to Neurath, according figures,” “These strategy. about political not incidentally, also, but is technique, pedagogical on good focused inherently is language pictorial auniversal Such Document). the ing of logical positivism.” of logical version on a“popular based language we have now auniversal noted, to develop, as distraction, and it of ornament ridding by and, language) visual case, this (in language to simplify attempt philosophical eral Neurath’s gen identifies also statistics of pictorial Method Vienna the time, same At the Austria. broader, conservative within island an like isolated city socialist-governed Vienna,” of the “Red foci political key three the with solidarity in stood ultimately that away in education and short for “International System of Typographic Picture Education.” System of Typographic Picture forshort “International was which “Isotype,” renamed was statistics of pictorial Method Vienna the at GWM, department headgraphic of the 1929 also was after who Arntz, Gerd designer auspices of 1935, In the the under technique. name of theNeurath’s to Union.down It filtered Soviet even the and England, Netherlands, to the technique his to bring he as sought ing, oci here 49. here 1986): 47–58, 2(Autumn No. 3, Issues Design Isotype,” “Reading Lupton, Ellen 1993). Argument, (Hamburg: Wirkung ihre und Arbeiterkultur der Theorien Neurath–Gramsci–Williams: Apitzsch, Ursula by edited book the 1991), and Press, University Oxford (Oxford: 1919–1934 Culture Class Working in Experiment Vienna: Red Gruber, Helmut by study still-decisive the See 59. Darstellung,” “Bildliche Neurath, Otto Such internationalism was matched by Neurath’s extensive travel Neurath’s by extensive matched was internationalism Such As Neurath emphasized at the very beginning of “Pictorial of emphasized“Pictorial Neurath As at beginning very the a lis t Ped 11 nligh Neurath’s pictorial statistics focused on housing, health, health, on housing, focused statistics Neurath’s pictorial a gogics a gogics t en 10 12 Pictorial language could, in other words, offer other in could, language Pictorial m en t nd Visu nd : a l Posi t i v is m - - - - Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/ARTM_a_00168 by guest on 25 September 2021 15 14 February Uprising—the Austro-Fascist government took over. government 1931, In Austro-Fascist Uprising—the February SDAP’s the of the wake the defeat during when—in 1934, until tinued con programs Those health. and education, of living, areas the in cially espe programs, reform socialist far-reaching realized period interwar the SDAP the and during Vienna Red here. Both relevant very are (or SDAP), Workers Party Democratic Social its especially and Vienna, of Red politics The Second International. the during time, at the racy democ social Viennese of discourse political the in reflected was which of each of knowledge, institutions historic the in trust abasic and from value, freedom on of notions transparency, relied for universalism symbols. visual development of normalized the accompanied by to be had for him language pictorial a universal development why of is the which or self-evidence, visualization pure through of symbols, independently realized be could knowledge that interested in preserving facts facts interested in preserving following way:the “In its mostscience incarnation, modern is especially 13 13 fusedly) reproducesfusedly) thought. spoken sentence is understood (eitheras that image an clearly or con- Circle, Wittgenstein’s was at centerthe of one ofof most Vienna the the texts inspirational Tractatus relationships The knowledge in the between text. of in this image the acts) are models of worldthe was suggested by Wittgenstein’s concept idea cal (which images wouldthat includeas as well speech thoughts in words.”in one not should express pictures with express one can which “That writes, Neurath As for such. as representation asynonym as “image” the term use andnot does just representations, pictorial specifically or more images, on visual focuses Neurath as insofar Wittgenstein’s, and formtransparent of language. tance of structured a logically of world,the corresponds reinforcing importothe structure logical the Gesammelte bildp Gesammelte in Methode,” Wiener nach Bildstatistik der Weltbedeutung pädagogische “Die Neurath, Otto Tractatus the of critique athoroughgoing penned Neurath if even positivism, Viennese in realism of concept the concisely mirrors spective per This 1998). York: Dover, (New Logico-Philosophicus Tractatus Wittgenstein, Ludwig bildp Gesammelte Kinross, and Haller in Methode,” Wiener nach “Bildstatistik Neurath, Otto This was a fundamentally political position to take. Neurath’s drive Neurath’s drive to take. position political afundamentally was This Neurath’s empiricism is in fact even more exacting than than more even exacting fact in is Neurath’s empiricism a are, as a whole, as representational, described whereby the dagogische Schriften dagogische 15 We should note, however, that Neurath did not believe not We believe did note, should however, Neurath that Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus , 180–90, here 180. here , 180–90, a dagogische Schriften dagogische 14 visually The logical structure of language thereby of language structure logical The .” 13 The very concept very The of image the . , 240–43, here 243. here , 240–43, . The epistemologi. The - - -

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104 a r t m a r g i n s 6 : 1 racy with its unrelenting economic growth. unrelenting its with racy democ golden of social age the and healthcare, and of housing areas the in else before all Vienna, of successes Red to the plausibility its Proletariat”). the and “Statistics and Socialism” and “Statistics titled even are essays of his (two to document he sought which progress, of historical state general the with line in was statistics and pedagogics pictorial through 19 18 17 16 decline. were slowly facing 1933, in conditions published for when realization the its eventually was which Schools”), in Method Vienna the Following Statistics (“Pictorial Schule in der Methode Wiener nach Bildstatistik project, larger his by followed soon be it and would direction, this in developments early his one of was Method” Vienna the Following Statistics “Pictorial Indeed, well. as sphere education of to enterthe school hoped himself had Neurath particular, workers’ in and education general, in education adult in reputation of his debates. Because of political focus the became system school the to reform programs Democratic Social as time same at the schools, of secondary Montessori and anumber root in to take beginning were just education however, Neurath’s about ideas visual closed others. closed fore it also time same of at for progress, the some allowed kinds ism social city’s the while that awareness the alone let relations, property of more the solid reality addressing in impotence Democrats’ Social Viennese due to the partly was education popular and politics tural on emphasis cul massive The to believe. wanted Neurath than reliable were progress less of social strands general the period interwar the ing makes statistics the concern of the socialist proletariat!” socialist of concern the the statistics makes economy, planned for the anecessity are which Statistics successful! ajoy who are for are those “statistics Proletariat,” the and “Statistics Otto Neurath, “Statistik und Proletariat,” 78. Proletariat,” und “Statistik Neurath, Otto 53. Weltauffassung, Wissenschaftliche Hegselmann, See economy. aplanned of problems the with deal to capacity the with people provide would knowledge statistical that idea the was Neurath to specific Very Schriften bildpädagogische Gesammelte Kinross, and Haller in Proletariat,” und “Statistik 288–95; 1979), Suhrkamp, Empirismus logischer und Sozialismus Weltauffassung, Wissenschaftliche in Sozialismus,” und “Statistik Neurath, Otto method. apedagogical developing to contribution important most Neurath’s Circle Vienna Forgotten the Rediscovering Uebel, in Reformer,” School and Educationalist Adult Encyclopedist, Neurath: “Otto Stadler, Friedrich In both texts, Neurath believed that the transmission of social facts facts of social transmission the that believed Neurath texts, both In 17 Without doubt, Neurath’s hope in society-building owed Neurath’s doubt, Without society-building hope in , 78–84. 16 , ed. Rainer Hegselmann (Frankfurt am Main: Main: am (Frankfurt Hegselmann Rainer , ed. 18 As Neurath put it in Neurath As , 263. Stadler sees this as as this sees Stadler , 263. 19 Yet, dur even - - - - - Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/ARTM_a_00168 by guest on 25 September 2021 lation between personal income and tuberculosis, between the national culation of money and commodities, the ofactivity banks, etc.; the corre a within social body: the changes in the constellation of classes, the cir NeurathIn struggled. 1925, he wondered how “to show what occurs complexity of social relations was one of the key problems whichwith vidual, societal facts and more abstract social relations. Grasping the empiriciststrictly epistemology: namely, how to make visible both indi spective of paradigm avisual and strictly against the background of a Brecht’s preferred case, poetry), case, Brecht’s preferred theater, or, in on narratives, epic were based or (which Brecht Lukács of models realist the Yet, unlike time. same the around formulated were that realism to social pertaining questions accompanied by is atic problem of this extent The contemporaries. Marxist his by addressed were that developments societal general of representation the the in problems inherent the with converging partly politics, of his aspect akey structures—was social but progress, also of social forms only developments—not social general Neurath’s ambition to document D 22 22 21 20 grammatic approach that bore its own potentials and problems. and potentials bore own its approach that grammatic slipped into the domain of the functional.” of the domain the into slipped has such as Reality institutions. about these nothing almost reveals AEG works or the Krupp Aphotograph of reality. the aboutever that less than says simple of reality’ ‘reproduction the complicated because become so has situation “The anutshell: in to describe was Brecht that atension with struggled positivism fact-based his that such of capital, logics deeper of the expression an successors—as moreto his Hegelian as Marx appeared—to merely visible The development. of social logics overarching of the construction the and relationality, and nature poral tem its reality, social of representing possibility the on heavily reflected had Marx convictions. epistemological baseline his have contradicted ocu Silberman (London: Bloomsbury, 2000), 147–99, here 164–65. here 147–99, 2000), Bloomsbury, (London: Silberman Radio and Film on Brecht in Lawsuit,” Threepenny “The Brecht, Bertolt 144f. 1996), Press, University Cambridge (Cambridge: Politics and Science between Philosophy Neurath: Otto Uebel, E. Thomas and Fleck, Lola Cat, Jordi Cartwright, Nancy see Marxism, For Neurath’s 1977). NLB, (London: Politics and Aesthetics Taylor, ed., Ronald see useful; very still are Books Left New by compiled texts the period, the during realism social on perspectives different the For understanding The The Vienna Method poses a similar question, albeit from the per Neurath identified as a Marxist, identified Neurath m en t ing t ing he N he one mp iric 20 Neurath chose a pictorial and dia and apictorial chose Neurath a 21 l however much Marxism may may Marxism however much 22 , ed. Marc Marc , ed. ------105

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106 a r t m a r g i n s 6 : 1 eral and his use of pictorial statistics in particular were adequate for in particular and eral usehis ofstatistics pictorial tions. Yet found sociological his that methodology in genstill - Neurath and representation for what it is not: complexitythe media of social because ita world was clearly mistakes view optimistic, That of facts represented, itself todisclose statistically progressively minded readers. world the that believed Neurath statistics. of would, facts if visual own ple as members of identity groups, motifs in his is one of returning the cesses.” promental particular through arewhich first constructed ultimately reality.empirical Neurath’s emphasizedanswer regulations and norms lay that interpret social the beneath manifest tures as such (e.g., class relations or relations of capital). capitalists, etc.) was thus meant to represent overarching social struc information. The simplified representation ofcharacters social (workers, of social realism—as the means to strive for a diagrammatic reduction of category typification—a that was also central to Lukács’sunderstanding legal relations, etc.) in an empirical, statistical way, using the concept of to address nonempirical relations (such as the movements of capital, birthrate and mortality?” social laws and social regulations. sciences, gavealso social Neurath much attention to identificationthe of German has longproblematic abeen highly German term groups identification ofethnic statistical The (or “races,”in which of observable structures. behaviorism—and tion ofsocial groups—of science. physical) forrelations shouldany of kind be crucial nonmetaphysical 27 27 26 25 24 24 23 That reduction still left open questionthe reductionThat still of how to depict and proceedings, 18–30. proceedings, conference 2009), Kunst, und Wissenschaft für Institut Vienna: 1–2, Kunst und schaft Wissen für Instituts des (Mitteilungen Pircher Wolfgang und Nemeth Elisabeth ed. Sozialwissenschaften den in Visualisierung der Techniken Piktogramme: Kurven, Tabellen, in Fakten,” sozialer Darstellungsinstrument und Beobachtungs- als Bildstatistik Neuraths We If Otto Tried’: Even Objects, Social Photograph Not Could Nikolow,“‘We Sybilla See 466. here 1981), 423–527, Schriften methodologische und Philosophische Gesammelte in Soziologie,” “Empirische Neurath, Otto 549. here Tempsky, 1981), 533–62, Schriften dologische metho und Philosophische Gesammelte in Physikalismus,” im “Soziologie Neurath, Otto Gesammelte bildpädagogische Schriften bildpädagogische Gesammelte Kinross, and Haller in Wirtschaftsmuseums,” und Gesellschafts- des “Darstellungsmethoden Neurath, Otto Gesammelte bildpädagogische Schriften bildpädagogische Gesammelte Kinross, and Haller in Wien,” in Wirtschaftsmuseum und “Gesellschafts- Neurath, Otto 24 26 In themethodological his reflections on conditionsthe of His social science His social methodology emphasized thus observa the , vol. 1, ed. Rudolf Haller and Heiner Rutte (Vienna: Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky, Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky, (Vienna: Rutte Heiner and Haller Rudolf ed. 1, , vol. , vol. 2, ed. Rudolf Haller and Heiner Rutte (Vienna: Hölder-Pichler- (Vienna: Rutte Heiner and Haller Rudolf ed. 2, , vol. 23 Neurath’s answer was, however paradoxically, 25 Yet he(literally insisted material also that , 1–17, here 1–2. here , 1–17, figures and contexts, “figures , 18–33, here 18. here , 18–33, 27 ), documenting peo ), documenting - - - - - , Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/ARTM_a_00168 by guest on 25 September 2021 cal. allegori highly remain always will relations and structures map social to attempts contemporary that emphasized consistently Jameson has economy. Fredric financial conditionsof aspeculative the under power economic and relations of capital complexity growing the with least problems, and not scenarios different confronted with are Method) Vienna references to the or without (with ofrepresentation society successors. to his left Neurath that problem of the part representations––are over visual or theater forms to favor Brecht and epic for Lukács analysis—reasons cultural and cal sociologi play into in more (interactions) explicitly relations and tives) (narra processes to bring Attempts of challenge. type same the with of Alice Creischer and Andreas Siekmann) Andreas and Creischer of Alice or work of of Lombardi the Mark (one think may reality of social phies cartogra and diagrams with to come to terms attempts contemporary Our developments. and structures overarching like facts, social pirical of representation nonem visual the to provide he struggled meant that to movements relations, and allusions than rather entities, of empirical Neurath’swithin result The was a conflict methodology. it, and for successivelythe movement and abstract speculative of capital. of circulation money “the andunderstanding commodities,” as he put 29 29 28 social progress, but also an act of will. act an but progress, also social and knowledge, technology, of representation scientific transparent of the act not an is just constructivism however, political stood, such world. under Properly uncertain increasingly an in ourselves to orient help us that constructivism of political models as understood if devices, 29 (London: Zero Books, 2014). Books, Zero (London: Century Twenty-First the for Economy the of Aesthetics An Absolute: the of Cartographies Kinkle, Jeff and Toscano Alberto see problem, this to approach recent For a more 347–60. 1990), Press, Illinois of University (Chicago: Nelson Cary and Grossberg Lawrence ed. Culture of Interpretation the and Marxism in Mapping,” “Cognitive Jameson, Fredric See 2016), 291–318. Diaphanes, (Berlin: Oppeln von Tido and Meltzer, Burkhard Künsten den in Wirksamkeit der Kritik Zur Ausstellen: in wart,” Gegen die und Isotype Methode, Wiener die Wirtschaftsmuseum, und Gesellschafts- Das Aufklärung: politische als “Kommunikationsdesign Hartle, Frederik Johan also See 2004). König, Walther Buchhandlung der Verlag Tun zum (Cologne: Arbeit der von Flucht zur Schritte Argentina: Ex their specifically see Siekmann, and Creischer of work For the 227–42. 3, No. 22, History Design of Journal Statistics,” and Design, Art, in Legacy The Isotype: and Arntz, “Neurath, Janssen, Wim see Neurath, to references For artistic Obviously, contemporary attempts to make sense of the visual visual of the sense to make Obviously, attempts contemporary Indeed, Neurath’s preference for immediately clear representations representations Neurath’s clear preferenceIndeed, for immediately Neurath’s pictorial statistics are nevertheless tremendously useful useful tremendously nevertheless are statistics Neurath’s pictorial 28 find themselves battling battling themselves find , ed. Kathrin Busch, Busch, Kathrin , ed. - - - - -

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