One Day National Level Seminar on The Contribution of HH Sri Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar, in

"MAKING OF MODERN MYSORE"

ISBN - 978-93-5391-579-7

Organized By Dept. of History BB.E.T.E.T SSADATHUNNISAADATHUNNISA DDEGREEEGREE CCOLLEGEOLLEGE FFOROR WWOMENOMEN Bismillah Nagar, Bannerghatta Road Cross, Bangalore - 560 029.

BRIEF NOTE on B.E.T. SADATHUNNISA COLLEGE Bismillah Nagar, Bangalore - 29.

BET Sadathunnisa College (Degree women's college), established in 1998, afliated to Bangalore Central University, Minority Institution and managed by BISMILLAH EDUCATIONAL TRUST has been in the forefront for providing value based Quality Education. The college is recognized under section 2(f) of the UGC Act 1956 and is NAAC accredited and also ISO 9001:2015 certied institution Our College strongly believes in blending the wisdom of traditional education with a practical knowhow, utilizing contemporary best practices in education. Our students are equipped with a rm theoretical foundation and relevant skill sets to put theories into practice. A one year Certicate course in Kannada Language is a value added courses (Skilled Development Education) offered along with regular degree programmes. The College is afliated to Bengaluru Central University. The college has a well -equipped library with access to online resources, latest informational software with Wi-Fi Network. It has a Food Court .Our college encourages a quest for knowledge that is rooted in an ethical understanding of the world that we inhabit and this enthusiasm for learning along with a desire to evolve into socially responsible beings is reected not only in the academic atmosphere but is also visible in the eld of extra-curricular activity.

We hope that by the time our students leave the gates of this institution they are enriched not just with factual and theoretical knowledge but also with the condence of fearlessly walking down the path of truth. The college and the college faculty too, in turn, continue to learn from students. We have tried to evolve with the inputs every batch of students brings to us by renewing and renovating programmes connected with academics, extracurricular, sports and NSS. Teachers are also involved in guiding students in various research and innovation projects.

1 BOARD OF TRUSTEES

Mr.
R.
Roshan
Baig
Chairman

Mr.
Abdul
Muheeb
Mr.
Shaik
Umar
Working
chairman Vice
chairman

Mr.
S.
Mahaboob
Mr.
Mohammed
Saifulla Vice
chairman Hon.
Secretary

Mr.
J.
Shafiulla
Mr.
G.R.
Riyaz
Ahmed
Hon.
Treasurer Joint
secretary

Mr.
K.M.
Mujeeb
Ahmed
Mr.
Siddiq
Pasha
Joint
secretary Internal
Auditor

Mr.
Abdul
Jabbar
Mr.
Mohammed
Kareemuddin
Trustee Trustee Mr.
Syed
Abdul
Latheef
Mr.
S.K.
Shakeel
Ahmed
Trustee Trustee Mr.
Irshad
Ahmed
Mr.
Farooq
Ahmed
Trustee Trustee

TEACHING STAFF

Prof.
Sumaiya
Fathima M.Com,
M.Phil,
(Ph.D)

Dr.
Niloofar
Mirza
Ms.
Ayesha
B.B


M.A, NET, Ph.D M.B.A

Ms.
Nasreen
Taj.
M


Mrs.
Iffath
Jahan
M.Com,
B.Ed M.A
(Urdu),
M.Ed

Ms.
Shabana
A
Lakkundi

Ms.
Neha
Banu
M.A
(
Hindi) M.Com

Ms.Tabassum
Ms.
Sadiya
Begum.
R M.Com M.A
(
History) Mrs.
Alliya
Naaz

Mrs.
Gogula
Raj.
R

M.A
(Eng) MCA Mrs.
Ashita Mrs.
N
W
Raviathul
Baseria

MCA
MBA Mrs.
Nabeela
Afreen Mrs.
Aysha
Thasneem

M.Com M.A
(Economics)
B.Ed

2 HON. SECRETARY'S MESSAGE

As a Hon. Secretary of this institution I have the sole aim and intention of realising the dreams of taking this institution to greater and greater heights.

I am happy with what the seminar came out with. Only a few colleges get an opportunity to hold a seminar of this eminence and content. I congratulate every resource person, all the participants and the staff of the College for making it a grand success. I am happy with the lasting contribution of the Seminar by publishing the Seminar papers. My heartfelt thanks to the Editorial team especially for their support and hard work. Since its inception, BET is moving towards the heights of education and serving the society with quality education.

My sincere thanks to Prof. K.R. Iqbal Ahmed, former-Vice Chancellor, Moulana Azad National Urdu University for taking great efforts in organizing this seminar and making it a grand success. Thanks and sincere appreciation is also due to the members of the IQAC with special reference to Mr. Syed Tahsin Ahmed (KAS Retd.) for his valued services. The Seminar also fulls one of the guidelines of NAAC. Delegates from other institutions participated in the Seminar and actively took part in the deliberations. Our team of Trustees assures to encourage such endeavours in the future also.

Happy Reading

Mohammed Saifulla Hon. Secretary

3 PRINCIPAL'S MESSAGE

I record my sincere gratitude to the resource persons of all the sessions for accepting our invitation, contributing greatly and making the seminar quiet informative and productive. I thank the core members of IQAC and my staff without whose help, support and cooperation this seminar would not have been a grand success. I profusely thank all the delegates for their active participation throughout the seminar and this has greatly contributed to the success of the seminar. At BET we provide an atmosphere to our students for multifaceted development where students are encouraged to channelize their potential in the pursuit of excellence. I thank the members of the managing committee for having provided a conducive atmosphere for our teachers and students to learn and succeed. I wish the best of fortune, peace and prosperity to all those who contribute to the noble task of spreading education and its manifest qualities, aims and objectives.

Prof. Sumaiya Fathima Principal

4 EDITORIAL TEAM

Dr.NiloofarMirza Mrs.AyeshaTasneem Ms.SadiyaBegum M.A,Ph.D M.A,B.Ed M.A (History)

It gives us immense joy and pleasure to present the proceedings of One Day National Seminar "Making of Modern Mysore" organized by Department of History. Our special thanks to the Management, IQAC team for providing an opportunity of holding the seminar in the premises of our college .We all are fortunate enough for being the part of the seminar, hope these proceedings containing the report of the seminar and the papers will be of great academic value for scholars and common readers. We also thank the entire IQAC Team for this successful interactive endeavour and exhorted to make such seminars a part of their academic routine. Editorial Team

5 BRIEF PROFILE OF DR. PRAMODA DEVI WADIYAR WHO INAUGURATED THE SEMINAR “MAKING OF MODERN MYSORE" ORGANISED IN CONNECTION WITH CENTENARY CELEBRATIONS OF HH SRI JAYACHAMARAJENDRA WADIYAR ON NOVEMBER 4TH 2019

Born on 27th October 1953 to Smt. Puttarathnammani and Sri Venugopal Raj Urs from the Bettada Kote family of the erstwhile princely state of Mysore. Science Graduation from Sharada Vilas College, Mysore and Post Graduation in Hindi from the University of Mysore. On 2nd February 1976 married HH Sri Srikanta Datta Narasimharaaja Wadiyar, son of HH the Maharaja Sri. Jayachamaraja Wadiyar and Maharani Smt Tripurasundarammanni of yadu dynasty which has a past glory of over six centuries as rulers of Mysore kingdom.

After the demise of HH Sri Srikanta Datta Narasimharaaja Wadiyar on 10th December 2013, Smt. Pramoda Devi Wadiyar despite her personal loss has had to shoulder responsibilities of high magnitude under tremendous pressure as HH Sri Srikantadatta Narasimharaja Wadiyar had left behind a tough legacy to live up to. Indeed, it was not an easy task to ll the void in public consciousness. However, she took the task in her stead with the divine blessings of almighty, elders & well-wishers besides being guided by the spirit of her husband. The strong nature of her personality coupled with progressive outlook, talent, intelligence and skills equipped her to make a mark and succeed in her endeavour to carry forward the tradition.

Her strength of will & character, perseverance and the ability to ght adversities helped her to take the 600 year legacy forward. Public at large witnessed with high adoration and evoked strong feelings about the impeccable way of conducting the Royal ceremonies by Smt. Pramoda Devi Wadiyar in the recent past.

As Patron and President of Sri Jayachamaraja Urs Education Trust she was instrumental in developing and transforming it as successful Educational Institution, catering to the students from rural background and economically weaker section of the society. In the capacity as Chairperson of Sri Jayachamarajendra Art Gallery Trust, she has

6 undertaken repairs and renovation works of Jaganmohan Palace where an Art Gallery is housed in order to preserve the art objects for posterity. She has passion towards art and architecture and takes interest in designing. She is closely associated with Wadiyar Centre for Architecture at Mysore.

The University of Mysore conferred on her D.litt Doctorate along with H H Dalai Lama during 2016.

She has recently authored a 'Foundation' titled 'H H Sri. Srikantadatta Narasimharaja Wadiyar Foundation' in order to promote Heritage and Culture by setting up a 'Wadiyar Heritage Center'in Mysore.

Smt. Pramoda Devi Wadiyar is the Chairperson and Managing Director of M/s Wadiyar Investments Pvt. Ltd., Sri Venkateshwara Real Estate Enterprises Pvt. Ltd., and Mahishuru Royal Heritage Hotels, Palaces, Resorts & Spas Pvt., Ltd., B.E.T. SADATHUNNISA DEGREE COLLEGE FOR WOMEN Affiliated to Bengaluru Central University Bismillahnagar, Bannerghatta Road, Bangalore - 560029. NAAC Accredited, ISO Certified 9001-2015, Included Under Section 2(f) of UCG Act 1956

B.A History, Economics, B.Com Political Science As Per BCU Syllabus

BBA ADMISSIONS As Per BCU Syllabus BCA OPEN As Per BCU Syllabus FOR THE NEW ACADEMIC K.C.C. SESSION Certificate Course Skill Development in Kannada Language Courses Research Center FOR MORE DETAILS CONTACT M.: 99803 40172, 96200 60782 Email : [email protected], Website :www.betdegreecollege.com

7 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sl
No. TITLE PAGE
NUMBER

1 Report
on
One
Day
National
Level
Seminar
10 About
The
Seminar 2 Introductory
talk
by
Mr.
K.R.
Iqbal
Ahmed,
former-vice
13 chancellor,
Moulana
Azad
National
Urdu
University. Key
Note
Address
on
the
Occasion
of
Sri
Jayachamaraja
Wadiyar's
Birth
Centenary
Celebrations 3 Prof.
B
Sheik
Ali
16 Former
Vice
Chancellor,
Mangalore
and
Goa
Universities Making
of
Modern
Mysore
During
Maharaja
Sri
Jayachamaraja
Wodeyar 4 19 Prof.
Sabiha
Masroor
Former
Principal,
Abbas
Khan
Degree
College
The
Role
of
HH
Sri
Jayachamarajendra
Wodeyar
in
the
Making
of
Modern
Mysore” Dr.
Shaheena
Bano
5 21 Assistant
Professor,
Department
of
History, Maharani
Arts,
Commerce
and
Management
College,
Bangalore. Contribution
of
Mysore
Maharajas
Towards
Education Dr.
Haseen
Taj, 6 Professor
and
Dean, 25 Department
of
Education, Bangalore
University.

Contribution
of
Sir
Mirza
Ismail
in
the
Making
of
Modern
7 Mysore
by 34 S.
TAHSIN
AHMED
(KAS
Retd.)

Musical
Contribution
of
the
Maharaja
Jayachamarajendra
Wadiyar
of
Mysore
State Dr.
Mahesh
V.
Chaudhari 8 Assistant
Professor, 39 Deptt.
Of
History, Government
Arts
and
Science
College,
Jambughoda Dist-Panchmahal,
Gujarat

8 Jayachamaraja
Wodeyar-
A
Multi-Faceted
Personality Ms.sadath
Sultana 9 45 Lecturer,
Department
Of
History Abbas
Khan
Degree
College
For
Women,
Bangalore.

A
Maharaja
With
Passion
For
Music Ms.
Sadiya
Begum.R 10 Assistant
Professor,
Dept
of
History,














































48 BET
Sadathunnisa
Degree
College
for
Women,
Bengaluru. Maharaja
as
Patron
of
Music Ms.
Fatha
Begum,
11 50 Lecturer,
Al
Ameen
Arts,
Science
and
Commerce
College,
Bangalore

B.E.T COMPOSITE PU COLLEGE FOR GIRLS (Aided) Bismillahnagar, Bannerghatta Road, Bangalore - 560029. Recognised by Government of Karnataka, Minority institution ISO 9001:2015-Certified College code - AS-221 ADD ON COURSES: SSIONS CET COACHING CLASSES ADMI KANNADA CERTIFICATE COURSE EN VALUE ADDED EDUCATION OP ME FIRST CO NS ON URDU LEARNING CLASSES DMISSIO S A RVE BASI FIRST SE COMPUTER LEARNING CLASSES SKILL DEVELOPMENT CLASSES OPTIONAL OFFERED : PCMB, HEBA, EBACs, HEPS LANGUAGES OFFERED : ENGLISH & URDU / HINDI / KANNADA MEET YOUR ADMISSION COUNSELORS ON YOUR FINGER TIPS Mrs. Syeda Nazia Hussain : 99000 15055 Mrs. Sayera Uzma : 81059 66448 Ph.: (080) 4146 6334 Email : [email protected], Website: www.betinstitutions.org

9 REPORT ON ONE DAY NATIONAL LEVEL SEMINAR On “Making of Modern Mysore” Prof. Sumaiya Fathima Principal BET Sadathunnisa College

In connection with centenary celebrations (1919-2019) of His Highness Sri Jayachamrajendra Wodeyar, the twenty-fth Maharaja of Mysore, from 1940 until the monarchy was abolished in 1950 was organized by Department of History.

The Seminar was organized on 4-11-2019 as an IQAC initiative in connection with the Centenary Celebrations of HH Sri Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar to make students aware of the history and the legacies of the past to get a retrospective view of such incidents. History connects things through time and encourages its students to take a long view of such connections. A National Seminar was therefore organized by the Institution guided by Dr K.R Iqbal Ahmed, former Vice Chancellor, Maulana Azad National Urdu University (MANUU).

The proceedings of the Seminar are now published as a book with ISBN 978-93-5391-579-7. OOD facility was made available to those attending the Seminar from the Regional Director of Collegiate Education vide. No. PÁ²E/ ¥ÁæPÀ¨ÉA/ DA-1/ CPÁ¤ / 2019-20 Dated : 22-10-2019

The programme commenced with soulful invocation of Almighty and Naath recitation by Sadiya Anjum, student of V Sem, BBA. Mrs. Syeda Nazia Hussain delivered a profuse and soulful welcome address and felicitations to the guests of honour. Prof K.R Iqbal Ahmed spoke about the Seminar and the topic chosen along with the achievements of HH Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar, who was an exceptional ruler and able administrator whose pioneering contribution as a noted philosopher, musicologist, political thinker and philanthropist will be remembered for times to come.

Prof B. Sheik Ali prominent historian and former Vice Chancellor, Goa and Mangalore Universities bestowed the honour to us by delivering the keynote address on this momentous occasion. Mufti Iftikhar Ahmed Qasmi, President Jamiat Ulema, Karnataka lauded the seminar and the topic and congratulated the institution for the initiative taken in conducting such a high prole Seminar in remembering and acknowledging the contributions of HH Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar. It is important to remember elders who have made a huge impact to our society and this seminar aims at highlighting the important contributions of his HH and raise awareness for today's' generations, Mufti ikhar also spoke on Oneness in Humanity and Humanity is above all religions. Just being

10 a good human being denes you everywhere. Humanity means caring for and helping others whenever and wherever possible. Above all to understand another person's problem and realize the situations they are in and be considerate.

Mr. Mohammed Rizwan Nawab, BBMP Corporator Gurappanapalya ward in his speech commended the overall development work in the eld of education, humanity and society with secular principles by the Wadiyars and always command respect from people. It is the golden day in the history of Jayanagar Gurappanapalya and in the history of BET institution, the wonderful memories of the presence of Her Highness Dr. Pramoda Devi Wadiyar will always be cherished and recalled the fond memories of his childhood when he had met Maharaja who was playing cricket for combined universities south zone, and appreciated the management and staff for their dedication and who always have played important role in keeping safer, healthier and cleaner environment.

Mrs. Sowmya Reddy MLA Jayanagar Assembly Constituency appreciated the management members of BET Institutions and how the institutions has grown from brick to brick consistently and taking education to a greater heights and also remembered one of the noteworthy occasion of celebration of Kannada Rajyothsava and expressed that she always treat this institution as her family. She highlighted the importance of history to know how things worked and history is an essence and fact about the past.

Dr Pramoda Devi Wadiyar expressed her gratefulness in inaugurating the seminar and the welcome that was accorded was unpredictable, and expressed her happiness for being a part of this inauguration and how the Maharaja was named after his revered grandfather HH Chamaraja Wadiyar X with the Sanskrit word "Jaya" or Victory in English prexed to the name in celebration of his birth coinciding with the end of the First World War and victory of the allied forces. Education is the process of imparting knowledge, values, skills and attitudes, which can be benecial to an individual. Education is only treasure that cannot be stolen. On the contrary, learning is the process of adopting knowledge. She congratulated the institution for imparting education to women so as to put them on solid foundations to become good citizens and she take pride being a woman and play an important role in development of families, communities and nation. One should always upheld unity in diversity and the goal of the nation should always be in promoting peace and history should always used for presenting facts and must not be distorted. When India won independence, the Maharaja was the rst among the rulers of India's princely states to accept the Instrument of Accession. The Maharaja signed it on 9th August, 1947 and the Union Government accepted it on 16th August. He is thus regarded as the icon of India's transition to democracy. His pioneering contribution to the unity and integrity of the newly independent nation will never be forgotten.

11 Mr. R Roshan Baig Former Minister and Chairman BET Institution gave his presidential remarks and spoke on HH Sri Jayachamrajendra Wodeyar's contribution in all spheres of public life and stated that it is a privilege to remember the contributions of the Wodeyars and how the Maharaja worked towards including people of all communities to be involved in administrative works and is the testimony of secular credentials in India.

The speakers were knowledgeable and dynamic and the take away material of the Seminar to the attendees was excellent, eminent persons from academia too were present in the audience. Inaugural session was anchored by Principal Mrs. Sumaiya Fathima. Dr Niloofar Mirza vice Principal thanked everyone for gracing the session with their presence. Special thanks to Mr. Abbas Khan, Managing Partner, M/s Amanulla Khan & Sons for all the support and logistics provided was expressed.

Technical session saw the delegates presenting various papers. Prof Sabiha Masroor, Former Principal, Abbas Khan Degree College for Women, Prof Asima Parveen, Principal Abbas Khan PG College and IQAC member Mr. Syed Tahsin Ahmed KAS (Rtd) were the Resource persons. Presentations were given by delegates on the topics chosen by them.

Eminent persons from the academia who were present applauded the Department's effort in organizing such a meaningful event.

Anchoring, welcome and vote of thanks for the technical sessions were done by the Conveners of the Seminar Ms. Sadiya Begum R. Komal Gupta and Ms. Shabana A Lakkundi respectively.

The Valedictory session was graced by Prof KR Iqbal Ahmed. Ms Shabana A Lakkundi thanked everyone including the team who made the arrangements, press and media persons, catering staff and also thanked the management for providing their support for the event. Special thanks to Mr. Mohammed Saifulla, Hon Secretary for his invaluable assistance and motivation. Above all a big thank you to God the Almighty for his grace which helped us to sail smoothly. Certicates were distributed to the delegates after the Valedictory session.

12 ABOUT THE SEMINAR INTRODUCTORY TALK

Prof. K.R. Iqbal Ahmed Former vice Chancellor MANUU, Hyderabad

Member of the royal family of erstwhile Mysore Kingdom Dr Pramoda Devi Srikantadatta Narasimharaja Wodeyar, internationally reputed Historian Prof B Sheik Ali, Chairman of BET SDC Governing Council, Mr R Roshan Baig Chairman BET Institutions, Smt Sowmya Reddy MLA Jayanagar Constituency, Mr Mohammed Rizwan Nawab Corporator Gurappanapalya ward, Resource persons, participants, media, invitees, friends, Ladies and Gentleman. Today we are here to participate in the One Day National Seminar on “Making of Modern Mysuru” in connection with centenary celebrations of His Highness Sri Srikantadatta Narasimharaja Wodeyar. It is a betting tribute to the benevolent King of Mysore.

What is History? History is the quintessence of past experience. It is the record of the past experience & events. A presentation of happenings in the past. “A nation which forgets its past has no future”. We have to give a true picture of the History. We are living in the age of innovative questioning and reasoning. Hence we have to see History in the light of the spirit of inquiry and scientic temperament.

History is Past Politics. Today's politics is tomorrows History, Nowadays various attempts are being made to change the names of cities roads- lanes and by lanes ------

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13 The Honours that were conferred on him were: Ø Knight Grand crosses of the most Honourable Order of the Bath (GCB) in 1946. Ø Knight Grand Commander of the most Exalted Order of the Star of India (GCSI) 1945. Ø Doctor of Literature from the University of Queensland, Australia. Ø Doctor of Literature from Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu Ø Doctor of Law from Banaras Hindu University. Ø Doctor of Laws, honoris causa from the University of Mysore 1962. Ø Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship 1966

He was a good horseman and a tennis player. He was also well known for his marksmanship and was highly sought-after by his subjects whenever a rogue elephant or a man-eating tiger attacked their immediate surroundings. He was a connoisseur of both western and Carnac (South Indian classical) music and an acknowledged authority of Indian Philosophy. In one of his palaces he had a record library containing every imaginable recordings of serious music,

PÀ£ÀßqÀ, EAVèõï, gÁd¤Ãw ,CxÀð±Á¸ÀÛæªÀ£ÀÄß CzsÀåAiÀÄ£ÀªÀiÁrzÀ EªÀgÀÄ 5a£ÀßzÀ ¥ÀzÀPÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¥ÀqÉ¢zÁÝgÉ. dAiÀÄZÁªÀÄgÁdMqÉAiÀÄgÀÄ ²PÁjAiÀÄÄ DVzÀÝgÀÄ. ¸ÀAVÃvÀzÀ° è¥ÀjtÂwAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ºÉÆA¢zÀÝgÀÄ. MqÉAiÀÄgÀÄ ¥ÀlÖPÉÌ §A¢zÀÄÝ ¸É¥ÀÖA§gï 8 1940. «±Á®PÀ£ÁðlPÀªÀ£ÀÄß ¤«Äð¸À®Ä vÀªÀÄä gÁdvÀéªÀ£ÀÄß vÀåf¸À®Ä ¹zÀÞªÉAzÀÄ PÀÆqÀºÉýzÀÝgÀÄ. 1940-1947 ªÀgÉUɪÉÄʸÀÆgÀÄ ¸ÀA¸ÁÜ£ÀzÀCgÀ¸ÀgÁVzÀÝgÀÄ. ®°vÀPÀ¯ÉUÀ½U É¥ÉÇæÃvÁìºÀ ¤ÃrzÀÄÝ ¸ÀägÀtÂÃAiÀÄPÀgÀªÁVzÉ. “£ÀAvÀgÀdAiÀÄZÁªÀÄgÁdMqÉAiÀÄgï” JA§ UÀæAxÀªÀiÁ¯É JA§ AiÉÆÃd£ÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¤«Äð¹zÀgÀÄ. ªÉÃzÀ ,¥ÀÅgÁt, UÀæAxÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥Àæ¹zÀÞ¥ÀArvÀjAzÀ PÀ£ÀßqÀPÉÌ C£ÀĪÁzÀUÉÆAqÀÄ ¥ÀæPÀlªÁzÀªÀÅ. zÉñÀ-«zÉñÀUÀ½AzÀªÉÄʸÀÆgÀÄ CgÀªÀÄ£ÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß £ÉÆÃqÀ®Ä ªÀ®¸É§gÀÄvÁÛgÉ. DAiÀÄÄzsÀ¥ÀÇeÉ, «dAiÀÄzÀ±À«Ä, 10 ¢£ÀUÀ¼À PÁ®£ÀqÉAiÀÄĪÀ ¸ÀA¨sÀæªÀÄzÀ ¸ÀqÀUÀgÀ £ÉÆÃqÀ®Ä JgÀqÀÄ PÀtÄÚ ¸Á®ªÀÅ. EªÀjUÉ E§âgÀÄ ªÀÄqÀ¢AiÀÄgÀÄ- “¸ÀvÀå¥ÉæêÀÄPÀĪÀiÁj, wæ¥ÀÅgÀ¸ÀÄAzÀgÀªÀÄätÂÚ.” EªÀjUÉ 5 ªÀÄA¢ ºÉtÄÚªÀÄPÀ̼ÀÄ, M§â£ÉÃ¥ÀÅvÀæ “²æÃPÀAoÀzÀvÀÛMqÉAiÀÄgï”. MqÉAiÀÄgï CªÀgÀÄ vÀªÀÄä PÉÆ£É ¢£ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß zÉʪÀzsÁå£ÀzÀ°è vÀ°èãÀgÁUÀÄwÛzÀÄÝ ¸É¥ÀÖA§gï 23, 1974 ¨ÉAUÀ¼ÀÆj£À° è¤zsÀ£À ºÉÆA¢zÀgÀÄ.

Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar was the rst ruler to accede to merge his kingdom with the newly-formed Indian Union after the Indian Independence in 1947. He signed the Instrument of Accession with the Union of India on the eve of India attaining Independence in August 1947. The princely state of Mysore was merged with the Republic of India on 26 January 1950. He held the position of Rajpramukh (Governor) of the State of Mysore from 26 January 1950 to 1 November 1956. After the integration of the neighbouring Kannada- majority parts of the States of Madras and Hyderabad, he became the rst Governor of the reorganised Mysore State, from 1 November 1956 to 4 May 1964 and was the Governor of the State of Madras from 4 May 1964 to 28 June 1966. Jayachamarajendra Art Gallery, Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI) in Mysore and Mysore University were patronised by him. During the reorganisation of Mysore State in 1956, the Mysore University Act passed, which made the University an autonomous body. This has since been superseded by the Karnataka State Universities Act, 2000).

14 MqÉAiÀÄgÀ C©ü¥ÁæAiÀÄzÀAvÉ EA¢£À dUÀvÀÄ ÛL»PÀPÉ ÌºÉZÀÄÑ¨É¯É PÉÆqÀÄvÀÛzÉ. EzÀjAzÀ ±ÁAw ¸ÀªÀiÁzsÁ£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄgÉAiÀiÁVªÉ. UÉÆAzÀ®, C±ÁAw vÁAqÀªÀªÁqÀÄwÛªÉ. EAxÀ ¹ÜwAiÀÄ°è dUÀwÛUÉ ±ÁAwAiÀÄ ¨É¼ÀPÀ£ÀÄß ¤ÃqÀ§®ÄèzÀÄ ¨sÁgÀwÃAiÀÄ ¸ÀA¸ÀÌøw ªÀiÁvÀæ J®è ¥Áæ¥ÀAaPÀ WÀl£ÉUÀ¼À »AzÉ ¨sÀUÀªÀAvÀ£À C¨sÀAiÀÄ ºÀ¸ÀÛªÉÇA¢zÉ. CzÀÄ ¤zÉÃð±À£À ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸ÀªÀiÁzsÁ£ÀgÀÆ¥ÀzÀÄÝ. dUÀwÛUÉ £ÀA©PÉ ¤Ãr zsÁå£À ªÀÄvÀÄÛ zsÀªÀÄðzÀ CRAqÀ £ÀA©PÉAiÀÄvÀvÀÛéUÀ¼À ªÀĺÀvÀé¥ÀÇtð «ZÁgÀzsÁgÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ºÀj¹zÀÄÝ ¨sÁgÀvÀ. dUÀvÀÛ£ÀÄß «eÁÕ£À «AUÀr¹, «±Éèö¹, CtÄ-¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ JAzÀÄ «¨sÁV¹ £ÉÆÃqÀÄvÀÛzÉ ; ªÀiÁ£ÀªÀ£À£ÀÄß §ÈºÀwé±ÀézÀ ºÉÆgÀUÉ ¤°è¹ £ÉÆÃqÀ®Ä AiÀÄw߸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ. «±ÀézÀ MAzÉÆAzÀÄ CtĪÀÇ PÀÆqÀ §æºÀä£À ¨ÉÃgɨÉÃgÉ gÀÆ¥ÀªÉAzÀÄ w½zÀgÉ ªÀiÁ£ÀªÀgÀ°è ¥ÀgÀ¸ÀàgÀ WÀµÀðuÉUÉ CªÀPÁ±À«gÀzÀÄ. “gÀ¸ÀªÉÃd£À£À, «gÀ¸ÀªÉêÀÄgÀt, ¸ÀªÀÄgÀ¸ÀªÉÃfêÀ£À. JA§ÄzÀÄ MqÉAiÀÄgï zsÉåÃAiÀĪÁVvÀÄÛ.”gÁdQÃAiÀÄvÉ, DyðPÀvÉ. vÁAwæPÀvÉ, vÁQðPÀ ªÁzÀ ¸ÀªÀĸÉåUÀ½AzÀ ¥ÀgÀ¸ÀàgÀ ¸ËºÁzÀðvÉ PÀ¼ÀZÀÄwÛgÀĪÀ F ¸ÀªÀÄAiÀÄzÀ°è ¨sÁgÀwÃAiÀÄ «ZÁgÀzsÁgÉAiÀÄ CUÀvÀåvɬÄzÉ. ¸ÀAVÃvÀzÀ°è C¥ÁgÀ D¸ÀQÛ ºÉÆA¢zÀÄÝ4-5UÀAmÉ CgÀªÀÄ£ÉAiÀÄ°è ºÁqÀÄwÛzÀÝgÀÄ. MqÉAiÀÄgÀÄ 94 ¥ÀŸÀÛPÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß §gÉ¢zÁÝgÉ. J®ègÀÆ ¹AºÁ¸À£À¢üñÀgÁV ªÀĺÁgÁdgÁzÀgÉ MqÉAiÀÄgÀÄ CzÀ£ÀÄß vÀåf¸À®Ä ªÀĺÁgÁdgÁzÀgÀÄ.

Descent from monarchy and days in democracy Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar was the rst ruler to accede to merge his kingdom with the newly-formed Indian Union after the Indian Independence in 1947. I congratulate to all the members of the Management for organizing a National Level Seminar on Making of Modern Mysore ( in connection with the centenary celebrations of HH Sri Jayachamrajendra Wodeyar) highlighting the achievements and contributions of Maharaja and the Maharaja will always be remembered as a great social reformer, modernist and lover of equality and justice. B.E.T. INSTITUTIONS B.E.T. Sadathunnisa Degree College for Women B.E.T. Composite PU CollegeFor Girls B.E.T. Sufia High School B.E.T. English Nursery and Higher Primary School (Bismillah Nagar, Bangalore - 29.) B.E.T. English Nursery, Higher Primary and High School (Madina Nagar, Bangalore.)

15 KEY NOTE ADDRESS ON THE OCCASION OF SRI JAYACHAMARAJA WODEYAR'S BIRTH CENTENARY CELEBRATIONS

Prof. B Sheik Ali Former Vice Chancellor, Mangalore and Goa Universities

His Highness Sri Jayachamaraja Wodeyar has contributed much not only to Mysore state but also to the nation and humanity at large. Posterity would surely cherish his thoughts and actions on social, economic, educational, cultural and constitutional problems of the day. He was a philosopher king whose thoughts and actions brought peace, prosperity and happiness to the subjects of his state. The aristocracy of his intellect was such that he wished to unite the old world of thought into the new world of action. The sublimity of his soul was such that he reflected a lot on the principles of social conduct propagated by the great religions of India. He was a statesman of ideas who insisted on the imperative need for a change in our outlook to adjust ourselves to the developing conditions of the times. He was a poet of mind who imagined India should be foremost in the comity of nations to teach humanity, the gentleness of mature mind and the unifying and pacifying love for human beings. He was deeply religious in believing what his ancestor Sri Chamaraja Wodeyar had said:

“Remember that you belong to a nation intensively religious, whose life from early morning till night is filled by a firm belief in the Divine presence”. Since Bismillah Educational Trust is an educational institution, I would touch in my talk only on educational thoughts of Sri Jayachamaraja Wodeyar. If Nalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar established the University of Mysore, Sri Jayachamaraja Wodeyar actually studied in that University as any other student, although he was a prince. If Nalvadi was known for his love of God, Love of man and Love of Land, Jayachamaraja Wodeyar followed in the footsteps going deeper into those concepts showing man his destiny. At a time when there was great craze for science and technology, the prince chose History, Politics and Economics as his subjects. He evinced great interest in History and Philosophy and read Acton, Bury, Fisher, Laski, Russel, Freud, Carlyle, Gibbon, Marshall, Keynes, Dicey, Trevalgan and host of other great writers. Born on 18th July 1919 he came to the throne on 8th September 1940. As a ruler he expressed great concern for the spread of education among masses. He dedicated the rest of his life for the welfare of his people. Addressing the Scout Rally on 20th December 1940 he said:

16 “No man can be called educated who has not a willingness and on desire as well as trained ability to do his part in the world’s work. One must cultivate unselfishness which is the outcome of self-discipline, wide fellow feeling, sense of honor and duty and must put into his routine some service for others, developing also some perception of what is beautiful in nature, in art and in literature, so that his highest interest may be aroused. With the dawn of independence, democracy prevailed in the land when the thought process of His Highness was diverted towards educational, social, moral and cultural aspects of man’s life. Addressing the students, he said. ”if you want me to give a verdict to which of the two objects of education is more essential, I would at once say that I attach the greatest importance to character, the source of all our inner aspirations and the origin of all our outward conduct. Freedom without discipline and liberty without self–control will leave to disorder. Let truth, honesty, courage and unselfishness be your watchwords”. On another occasion addressing the Central Advisory Board of Education, he said “We have now to think in terms of a national education built on national foundation. The word” national” is not to be understood in any narrow or chauvinistic senses. Our National education should be something distinctive of India, something that shows that India has come to collective consciousness of itself “. He added the need was for the free speech in search of truth, goodness and beauty. Education must become secular in the sense that it should equip our children with qualities of leadership, integrity of character, creative vision, finer taste and nobler aim. It should train them in the art of living harmoniously and graciously with their own fellowmen. It should help them to use fully the gifts of nature, their head, heart and hand.

His thoughts on education are very relevant when with the disintegration of atoms moral disintegration of man has taken place. We have to-day religion but no faith, speed but no direction, passion but no compassion, over–production but no equitable distribution, goods but not God. His Highness said that the real problem is how to humanize man, to show him the spiritual ideals without which neither happiness nor success are genuine or permanent. He added, “We look to education to restore man his peace, the condition in which all his faculties would be in harmony with one another and in deep rhythm with the nature of things…. We need religion and philosophy as a complement to science and also a corrective.” .In his schemes of things education has a great role to play. He said,” Real Vidya is the only means of instilling truth, tolerance and goodwill on which alone the future could be built at last .Through education alone can come the full realization of the kinship of man; the assessment of values which will help to see things steadily and this will go to eliminate the ceaseless as a whole strife’s of individuals, groups and nations.” He stressed the point that we need new physicians of the soul who will call men from superstition on the one hand and materialism on the other. He advocated a new

17 synthesis, new humanism and peace which would work for the common good of all humanity.

His Highness had a message. “My message to Karnataka is to fear God and strive with all your might to promote the brotherhood of man”. He was a great patron of art, architecture, literature, religion, philosophy and music.

In short his dream was to evolve a unique pattern of Indian culture by weaving the humanism and liberalism of Hinduism, the compassion and kindness of Buddhism, the truth and ahimsa of Jainism, the love and service of Christianity and the equality and brotherhood of Islam. His vision was to see in India none should go hungry, none remain ignorant, none missed a shelter and none suffered from any sickness. He was a philosopher King who thought that the wisdom of the human race is compounded by the experiences of the common man.

18 “MAKING OF MODERN MYSURU” DURING MAHARAJA SRI JAYACHAMARAJENDRA WODEYAR

Prof. Sabiha Masroor Former Principal Abbas Khan Degree College for Women [email protected]

The last Maharaja of princely state of Mysore from 1940 -1950 was Sri Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar .He was born in 1919 and the birth centenary celebrations was inagurated at the durbar hall of Mysore palace by the Hon’ble President of India and tributes were paid to his accomplishments and Governance.It was remarked that the office with grace, held it with majesty and demitted it with serenity .Self fulfilment and not status mattered.. His office recongnised a sense of duty.

Few interesting facts about him would be helpful to the youths of the present day.

¬ He gave such an administration of which people ought to be proud and was entitled for a 21 gun salute. ¬ He held the position of Raja Pramukha from 1950-56. ¬ He became the first governor of United States of Mysore 1956-64 ¬ If Mysuru is called a heritage city and the cleanest with well planned broad roads the credit goes to the Maharajas of Mysore. ¬ The Maharaja along with Swami Chinmayananda founded the Vishwa Hindu Praishad. He became its founder President. The Kanada Sahitya Parishat was founded to develop Kannada language and Culture. ¬ He was the first chairman of Indian Wildlife Board .He supported the establishment of Wlidlife Sanctuary at Bandipur. ¬ In 1941 Medical College was started in Mysore. There wee 94 institutions where Sanskirit was taught as major subject. ¬ In 1943 the Mysore Hindi Prachara Parishat was started. ¬ The Maharaja has great love towards religion, literature, art and Philosophy. One of the fields that witnessed phenomemonal development during the regin of this Maharaja was education. There was an increase of Goverment Primary and Middle Schools. As many as 4500 adult education classes were being conducted in the region.Other fields like medical health, agriculure, industry and rural welfare also witnessed great stirides duriing his rule. ¬ He contributed his properties to start various institutions like central food technological Research institute (CFTRI) and jakkur Aerodrome. 19 Ø His contribution to classical music and literature is enormous .Late Ganagadhara Shastry, Astrologer and Dhamaradhikari of Mysore Palace has stated that the Maharaja used to study each and every one of the literary works and discuss with the authors before translating them. ¬ Apart from these he was a good Piano Player if only he had not become the Maharaja he would have been popular as a famous Piano Player. ¬ He was good horseman and Tennis Player who actually helped the Tennis Star Ramanathan Krishnan to participate in Wimbledon. It stated that he even encouraged the famous Cricket Spinner Mr. E.A.S. Prasanna to continue playing International Cricket. ¬ Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar —Kaalada Mysuru Samsthana“ a book on Late Maharaja was released by Maharaja's daughter Indrakshi Devi and Son-in- law Raja Chandra.

A Statue Circle in memory of the Maharaja was unveiled at Hardinge Circle. The 9ft tall statue sculpted out of marble has been mounted on a platform over which an Indo Sarenic Style mantap has been built.

After Independence he signed the Instrument of Accession, in 1971 Privy Purse was stopped .Yet the Maharaja is said to have adopted the change rather gracefully.He was popular for his inspiring speeches .In his radio talk in 1958 he said “It is important that the freedom we have attained after 100 years of struggle should be felt and enjoyed by the millions. Let us aspire to achieve the Rama Rajaya of Gandhiji's dreams”

20 “THE ROLE OF HH SRI JAYACHAMARAJENDRA WODEYAR IN THE MAKING OF MODERN MYSORE”

Dr. Shaheena Bano Assistant Professor Department of History Maharani Arts, Commerce & Management College

ABSTRACT

H H Sri Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar was the 25th and the last Maharaja of the glorious Wodeyar dynasty of Mysore State. He ruled the state for a period of 10 years from 1940 to 1950. He made Mysore as the model state of India. The capabilities of his administration were exceptional. He mooted the idea of planned development of villages. He was harbinger of hope to the oppressed. Many dams were constructed. Many tanks were rejuvenated. He had a special concern for the health of people. During II world war, he managed to run the administration without harming his citizens or subjects. He provided drinking water, constructed roads, developed groves, established schools and libraries, encouraged cottage industries, protected green pastures, opened veterinary hospitals, renovated places of workshop and established many relief centres. He opened a lab to study the problems and offer solutions to suffering farmers in Mandya dist. He was great a connoisseur of music. He was a great philanthropist. He generously gave up many of his buildings and sites for the use of public. He used to personally meet people in taluks. He used to listen to farmers woes. He used to mingle with people and became their voice.

INTRODUCTION:

H H Sri Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar was the 25th and last Maharaja of the glorious Wodeyar Dynasty of Mysore State. He was born on July 18th, 1919 in the royal Maharaja Family of Mysore. Kanteerava Narasimharaja Wodeyar and Kempu Cheluvarja Ammanni were his parents. He had his primary education in a school which was exclusive to the royal family. In 1936 he became the student of Maharaja’s college of Mysore. In 1938 he secured his BA degree. He received 5 gold medals and much other recognition.

He succeeded Sri Krishnaraja Wodeyar the IV, popularly known as Nalavadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar in 1940. He was groomed under the able guidance of Sri. Nalavadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar. Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar attained scholastic excellence. He was a great thinker, philosopher, statesman, literary connoisseur and

21 a great musical composer. He was a great philanthropist and a compassionate human being who loved his people and worked hard for the welfare of the common men and for the good of his Mysore state.

The aspirations of people were high when he was coroneted as the king of Mysore. After the magnificent and the splendid rule of Nalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar who had set an unprecedented and an exemplary administration. They found a worthy successor in Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar who not only continued the good tradition but also pioneered a path of diligence and compassion for the people. The capabilities of his administration were exceptional.

It was during his period that the Anjanapura dam in Shikaripur talukof Shimoga district was constructed. It is 21 k.m. from Shikaripur towards Shimoga. The dam built across the Kumudvathi River is the source of drinking water for Shikaripur and Shiralakoppa town and provides irrigation for more than 4000 hectares of land. He also constructed Markonahalli dam across the river Shimsha in Kunigal Taluk of Tumkur Dist. Bheemanahalli Dam was constructed in Malavalli Taluk of Mandya District. Extension of Gopalapura dam took place. The work on Bhadra dam, Nugudam, Kanvadam, construction of a dam across Tunga River near Sakrebail among others took shape.

Nugu Dam is located in Beerwal Village under Heggadadevana kote or H D Kote taluk of Mysore Dist. in Karnataka. The dam is constructed across the river Nugu flowing through the Kaveri Basin. The reservoir was built to serve the purpose of irrigation and hydro electricity generation.

Many tanks were rejuvenated. He took a special interest in installing a statue of Nalvadi Krishnaraj Wodeyar in the heart of Mysore city. It was Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar who took an interest in the development of Mysore Akshavani which began as a private venture.

The King had a special concern for the health of people. Hence he paid attention to improving services to government hospitals in the province. He made it mandatory that every government hospitals to have the services of a lady doctor. Similarly, lady nurses were also employed. It was his idea to create exclusive wards for women patients. He was the one who mooted the idea of planned development of villages. He was for quick progress of villages and improvement of the panchayat system. With this intention, he implemented the five year plan during 1942-43. The system was to identify a village from each taluk in a year and provide drinking water, sink wells, construct roads, develop groves, establish schools and libraries as

22 well as improve them, renovate places of worship, encourage cottage industries, protect green pastures, open veterinary hospitals etc., It was his dream to develop all villages in a period of five years in his province. For this purpose, he appointed Grama Sudharakas besides supervising their work.

To alleviate the menace of begging and to improve their lives, he established many relief centres. Such a program for the welfare of beggars was first of its kind in India. Sugarcane growers were in distress, due to the mite menace. Understanding the problems he opened a lab to study the problems and offer solutions to suffering farmers in Mandya District. This was also a first of its kind in the country.

Being a believer in establishing a class less society, he opened up temples, which were hitherto barred admission to dalits and the oppressed classes. It was a revolutionary decision. He extended compensation to those daily wagers who met with accidents while on duty and provided free maternity benefits to those who were working in the mining sector. He was instrumental in providing forest and darkhast land to the oppressed community and free housing facility to pourakarmikas. He took steps to bring changes in the mind-set of prisoners through training and opened rehabilitation centres for those who were released from prisons.

A GREAT CONNOISSEUR OF MUSIC

His immense knowledge of music both Indian and western was exceptional. He was a composer too. He has written nearly 94 kitties (songs) in Sanskrit. A lot of his compositions have been rendered by musicians. Even now, his compositions Pannagashayana Paripahima, Saraswatheem, Bhagavatheem, Namahayam, and others are appreciated for their melody and insight.

He was appreciated by many western musicians. The huge music book library he had at the palace was an example of this. That was the biggest music book library in India during the time. He had a collection of nearly 20,000 western music discs. He had contacts with the world famous musicians. He was the first president of the Philharmonic Concert Society, London in 1948.

Carnatic music flourished under his patronage in Mysore. Great composers of the erstwhile era including Mysore Sadashiva Rao, Mysore Vasudevacharya, Muthiah, Bhagavathar, etc., were court musicians during era. He was an excellent composer himself and has contributed immensely to Carnatic music through his immortal compositions.

23 There are many reasons to consider his rule as an important phase. World War II was on and many countries were facing a severe nancial crunch. It was difcult to achieve any progress in the nancial sector. But he managed to run the administration without harming his citizens. He had the able assistance of Sir Mirza Ismail (up to May 1941) in his capacity as Diwan, Nyayapati Madhav Rao (1941-46) and Arcot Ramaswamy Mudaliar (1946-49). They managed the state's nanc e s w e l l . A Philosopher

He was a philosopher. He said that the present world is predominantly driven by materialistic earthly pleasures. This eludes peace, tolerance and satisfaction. Unrest and confusion get the upper hand. In this sort of situation, it is Indian culture alone which can lead the world towards peace. His words have signicance even today.

Science divides the world and analyses it as an atom and nuclear. A man is assessed keeping him outside the whole big world. But is not so in India. In Upanishads, it is described as poornamadah poormamidam. If every atom is considered as different forms of lord Bramha, where will be the scope for conict among humans? He had opined as above in his work, “The Gita and Indian Culture”. He has presented Indian culture in a scholarly manner.

He continued to rule the Mysore State as king till the formation of the Government by the people and rise the era of Republic of India and January 26, 1950.

No wonder that Rashtra kavi Kuvempu described him as the Maharaja of masses. In his tribute to this doyen of humanitarian cause, Kuvempu wrote: “Maharaja's are made after their coronation: He remained Maharaja even after stepping down from the throne”. CONCLUSION In conclusion I can say that his role was immense in making of modern Mysore. Despite enjoying the status such as King, Governor of Mysore state and securing the love of masses, he lived like a commoner being the Maharaja of masses. REFERENCES 1. Archaeological survey of Mysore, Annual Report 1942. Printed by the Asst. Supdt. At the Government Branch Pres 1943. P P 93 to 96. 2. Mysore Gazetteer volume II , Part I, Printed by the – Govt.press 1930, pp 115, 122,123 3. Ramakrishna R – History of Karnataka 1985, P.337. 4. B.L.Rice, Mysore Gazetteer, Vol.II, Page No. 99. 5. Hayavadana Rao C, History of Mysore, Vol. III. P. 25. 6. Francis Buchanan (19800), Journey from Madres, through the Mysore Central, 1930.

24 CONTRIBUTION OF MYSORE MAHARAJAS TOWARDS EDUCATION

Dr. Haseen Taj Professor and Dean Department of Education Bangalore University Bangalore-560056

INTRODUCTION

Krishna Raja Wodeyar, IV popularly called as Nalwadi Krishna Raja Wodeyar came to power after the sad demise of his father Chamaraja X while on tour in Calcutta on December 28, 1894, as a minor as he was born in 4th June 1884. Hence there arose a necessity for a Regent. His mother, Maharani Kempananjammanni Avaru, assumed the charge of the Regent with Seshadri Iyer as the Diwan. And later after attaining the age of maturity, Krishnaraja Wodeyar, IV ascended the throne and assumed full charge of governance in 1902.

Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV inaugurated a new era in the history of Mysore. His own inner strength, his wise choice of the ministers, careful planning and the bold implementation of decisions brought him great name and fame. His regime co- incited a good part of the first half of 20th century, when the world witnessed momentous events. It was the end of the colonial period and the rise of new nations changing the course of history. Although he did not live long to see the independence of the country, he did much to make his State peaceful, progressive and prosperous. He is regarded as an architect of modern Mysore and a visionary ruler full of democratic valued aimed at all round progress of the country and visualized complete happiness of his people.

Education was one aspect which he realised would contribute to the growth and happiness and hence made every attempt to provide education to his people in every sort. Here is an attempt to highlight the contributions of the Maharaja under his various Diwans towards education.

VISION OF HIS EDUCATION

He would not miss any opportunity to extend his fullest support to any charitable work of social or educational nature. On the opening ceremony of Sahukars Doddanna Chetty School in Mysore on 11 March 1906 he said: “It is always my pleasure and my duty to assist in whatever is possible the work of public spirited and charitable gentlemen. When, however, charity is combined with a most useful 25 and practical subject, the pleasure and the obligation are enhanced”. He felt very happy that this school was providing, apart from general education, manual training in a number of useful industries. He added that this is the kind of education which is now recognized in the most advanced and progressive countries as the one most likely to produce useful and intelligent citizens. It is refreshing to note that the Maharaja was aware of the fact that any knowledge that was not applied knowledge was no knowledge at all, and that the urgent and the basic need was the applied aspect where the child was to use all the three faculties, namely the head, the heart and the hands. Real education meant the training of mind, body and soul.

The total number of schools in the entire State in 1902 was just 2231 to cater to the needs of a population of more than 50 lakhs. The ratio of boys and girls was as varying as 6: 1. The disparity was immense-caste, class and sect wise. Backward classes needed immediate attention. Before 1902 the Government spent less than 5 per cent on education, when the subsidy to the British Government exceeded 15 per cent of the budget. A plan was devised to improve the situation. Not only the Government but also the people should be involved in this noble venture. A number of wealthy benefactors were induced to come forward and start schools. Sowcar Doddanna Setty was one such philanthropist of Bangalore who spent a lot of money to establish a good English medium school. Endowment scholarships were instituted to help the poor and the deserving. In 1902 for the first time two scholarships were given to Muslim boys to study at Aligarh Muslim College. In the same year the Maharani’s Girls School in Mysore was raised to the grade of a college and affiliated to Madras University. In 1905 a very note-worthy step was taken by instituting 30 scholarships for the education of widows, in addition to the scholarships from Devaraja Bahadur Fund.

It occurred to the Government that the need was not to launch great institutions of technical and higher education which would cost much and would require quality staff, not available at that time in the State, but to set up mid-level technical institutes which would help such crafts as carpentry, weaving, silk-rearing, iron-work, rattan work, lacquer-work and so on. This was a wise decision, for it would enlarge the scope of employment for the youth and encourage cottage industries. As a first step five such schools were established, one at Chennapatana and four at other places. They were something like the present day Industrial Training Institutes. To meet the demand for higher technical staff, scholarships were instituted for promising young men to go to Bombay, Madras and at other places for training. More attention was paid to such crafts as weaving and carpentry for which schools were started at different places.

26 In order to promote both education and industry a novel experiment was undertaken on the pattern of Japan. A few selected schoolmasters were sent to Tata Silk Farm in Bangalore to get training in improved methods of growing mulberry trees, rearing silk worms and learning reeling methods. This was just for a short period of three months, but just enough to give a new orientation. It was an exceedingly useful experiment where field work and applied aspect became essential components of education, which would bring about a social change. The idea was to turn book schools into work-schools which were the main objective of education. Besides, it would improve the skill of the artisans and of their mechanical tools. It would give dignity and pride to various callings enhancing their efficiency. For this purpose some vocational training was introduced at high schools and college level, a measure which was very note-worthy at that time. It was intended to strengthen the base of the society which was more essential. As for the human resources at higher technical level, measures were taken to depute scholars to foreign countries, both America and England. Thus a good beginning was made in the field of education.

On the first session of the Economic Conference took place in Mysore on 10th June 1911 on the occasion of his birth day, Nalwadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar delivered the inaugural address in which he said apart from other issues: “As regards education the proportion of its entire population who can read and write is over 90 per cent in the United Kingdom and Germany and over 80 per cent in Japan. In Mysore the corresponding proportion is only 5 per cent … The comparison … forcibly brings to light the extent of poverty, ignorance and low vitality prevailing in our midst and is a striking reminder of the economic inefficiency of our people.

DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION UNDER SIR M.VISVESVARAYA AS DEWAN

Education gained priority in the schemes the Dewan conceived for development. In his address to the Representative Assembly he stated three important needs. Extending education and enlightenment among all classes of people, increasing production and raising the standard of earning and living among the people, and training the people and encouraging self-help, cooperative effort, initiative and enterprise among them. Education was the base for the other two sides, industries and social change, of Sir M.V.’s development programme. On account of World War industries did not receive proper support from the Central Government or business in Mysore or from manufactures in foreign countries whose cooperation was needed. Neglect of education was the chief cause for economic backwardness. The Japanese had found out the secret that education was the basis of all progress. They kept in view the training of the native mind to European ways of

27 thinking and working. A royal Decree in Japan had stated: All knowledge from that was necessary for daily life to that higher knowledge necessary to prepare officers, farmers, merchants, artisans, physicians, etc., for their respective vocations is acquired by learning. It is intended that henceforth education shall be diffused that there may not be a village with an ignorant family nor a family with an ignorant member. (Memoirs of My Working Life: Sir M.V, p. 69). Sir M.V noted that in a population of 57 lakhs of people in Mysore, only 3.5 lakhs could read or write, that is only six persons out of 100, when in developed countries it was nearly 95 per cent. He said America spent Rs.14 per head on education whereas in Mysore it was 37 paisa per head. Knowing this situation, the Dewan launched a vigorous drive in the field of elementary education to increase the number of schools, both Government and private.

He introduced a system of grants and subsidies to encourage school buildings. Special grants were made for the education of backward classes, the Dalits. It was aimed to double the School going population in five years. Legislation was passed introducing compulsory primary education and it was in active operation in 68 centres. Steps were taken to extend it to 170 centres more. As a result of this the number of schools in the State rose from 4508 in 1911 to 11,294 in 1917. The number of children in the schools rose from 1,38,153 in 1911 to 3,66,856 in 1917. The education of girls also received special attention whose percentage raised from 6.4 in 1912 to 14.2 per cent in 1917. The Maharani’s College in Mysore was raised to First Grade College. The first hostel for women was opened in Mysore in 1914. Engineering and technical education also received great attention. An Agricultural School was opened in Bangalore in 1913 with stress on practical and applied aspects. Provision was made for short courses in Kannada for the benefit of small farmers. A Mechanical Engineering School and a Commercial School were established in Bangalore. The engineering school and the Industrial School in Mysore were combined to form Chamarajendra Technical School which provided commercial courses as well. The commercial school in Bangalore provided courses in Kannada and English.

Special courses were given in Kannada for small shop keepers in elementary accountancy, banking and commercial geography. Industrial Schools were opened in all District Headquarters and commerce was introduced as a subject in High Schools. The next development in technical education was the establishment of Engineering College in Bangalore which is now known in his name. This became necessary as both Madras and Bombay Presidency Colleges refused to admit Mysore students more than five in number. This was wholly insufficient for the needs of the State. A large number of scholarships were sanctioned to help students proceed abroad for

28 higher studies in science and technology, and also in such subjects as paper manufacture, banking, systems of education, organic chemistry, mechanical engineering and other fundamental sciences.

THE UNIVERSITY OF MYSORE:

The idea of establishing a University engaged the attention of Sir M.V ever since he took up the office as Dewan. Two educationists, Dr.C.R. Reddy and Mr. Thomas Denham, were deputed to England, America, Japan and Australia to study the educational system of those countries and prepare a feasibility report for starting a University. A committee consisting of members of the Government and leading educationists of the State was formed, in July 1914 to investigate all requirements. Their proposals were submitted to the Government of India in July 1915. The proposal was it might start as an examining body and develop into a teaching university. Influential quarters raised objections. It might not be recognized by other universities on the ground that its standards were not equal to those of others. It was Madras University that resolutely opposed it and prejudiced the Government of India whose permission was necessary to start the university. New Delhi sent back the proposal to Bangalore with an important note criticizing and suggesting various improvements in the scheme. The Dewan was determined to win the case at all costs. He revised the proposal and submitted it for consideration in February 1916. He and Hugh Daly, the Resident personally met the Educational Officers of the Government of India and clarified all issues. In March 1916 an appeal was again made to Government of India to permit the State to start the University from 1 July 1916. Permission was given subject to certain condition relating to future relations with Madras University. Till then student studying in Mysore institutions would get degrees from Madras University.

In June 1916 a meeting was held at Ootacamund between the Syndicate Members of Madras University and Sir M.V. together with the Resident. The Syndicate Members of Madras University would not agree to a separate university for Mysore. Sir M.V. argued forcefully and said that a mother should welcome the efforts of a grownup daughter to set up a home of her own, to which the reply was that they did not see any obligation on their part to encourage a runaway daughter. Eventually the differences were smoothened and adjusted. This meeting proved decisive. On the eve of his departure from India Lord Hardinge gave his consent. The University came into existence on July 1, 1916, which was the first of its kind in Princely India. The grateful Maharaja acknowledged the services of Sir M.V. in these terms: “I feel that I should acknowledge on this public occasion a debt of gratitude from myself and my people to Sir M. Visvesvaraya, the Diwan of my State. It is

29 chiefly his patriotism, his enthusiasm, and his unflinching advocacy which converted what was once little more than a dream of the future into a living creation and his name will always be remembered, above all others, as the man to whom our University owes its being” (Memoirs of Sir M.V. p. 78).

They decided to locate the University in the city of Mysore. They identified an ideal spot at Saraswathipuram for its colleges, hostels and offices. While presenting the University Bill before the Legislative Council Sir M.V. elaborated his ideas on University system. He said before launching this project he made a deep study of higher education in such countries as England, America and Canada, where great majority of Universities were situated in populated areas. He was of the view that the aim of the University should be to train the character of the students under conditions not entirely different from those which they would have to encounter in later life. He added the general object in the broadest sense is to encourage learning to promote higher education, to create a centre of culture, to light a torch that would dispel the gloom of ignorance from the remotest corners of the country. The specific aims in Mysore should be to develop the intellectual ability and executive power of our citizens and to afford the training necessary to prepare future manufacturers, merchants, businessmen, economists, lawyers, sanitary experts, engineers, statesmen etc., for the work of the country. (Memoirs, p. 75). The Maharaja was the Chancellor of the University and H.V. Nanjundaiya, retired judge of the High Court and a Member of the State Council, was the Vice-Chancellor. Thomas Denham, who was a Member of the Committee to report the feasibility of the University, was appointed Registrar.

The first meeting of the Senate was held on 12 October 1916 when the Maharaja as the Chancellor said: … what could be more significant in our history than the creation, at the express desire of the people, of a National University … which meets the special needs of Mysore and which will in time have far-reaching effects on the intellectual progress and the material development of the State … It is, I think, obvious that our University, with only two federated colleges, will come to special touch with the professors and students in a way which is not possible in the days of the older universities with their system of affiliated colleges spread over vast areas… Our university will also be engaged in diffusing knowledge among that section of my people who, for various reasons, may not be able to participate in the courses and discipline appointed for the regular examination. It is with this object that the scheme provides for the establishment of extension and publication departments. I trust that the University will soon be able to develop fully this side of the activities with due regard to the practical needs of the country… I feel that I ought to say a few words as to what I think should be the aim of the University. In

30 the first place we should spare no efforts to gain for the Mysore University the respect of the intellectual world. This end can only be achieved by maintaining a really high standard of teaching and examination and also by never allowing that standard to be lowered, however strongly you may be tempted by the lure of numerical results. It should be the aim too of the University to turn out graduates who are not merely learned but who are of high character and bear the stamp of general culture and refinement which are the distinguishing marks of every true gentleman. This is a high ideal but if the Mysore University helps to realize it, she will have played an important part in the development of higher education in India. (Speeches of His Highness, pp. 140-41).

KANTHRAJ URS (1918 -1922) AND DEWANSHIP OF A.R. BANERJI (1922-1926)

Something new in the educational field, the western concept of Scout Movement was introduced in Mysore State in 1919. Education includes knowledge, skill and attitude. Knowledge is merely information, facts and figures. The child should know something more from the early stage of education itself, some basic values as orderliness, cleanliness, regularity, punctuality, decency, dignity, discipline, cooperation, physical fitness and such other values which will be helpful to him in later life. These were all incorporated through a kind of training called Scout Movement.

Secondly, education of women received great attention, knowing the fact to educate a boy is to educate an individual, but to educate a girl is to educate the entire family. The college and the collegiate High School classes maintained in the Maharani’s College were transferred to the control of University to upgrade their standard.

Thirdly, attention was paid to the education of the most backward classes, the Dalits, who had been left far behind from a long time. They were called at that time as Adi-Karnataka. A Boarding School was established for them in Mysore where classes were held from primary to high school level with separate section for industrial training. To further stimulate education among them, scholarships were granted, free books were supplied, travel expenses were paid to come to school, and some allowances were also given to the parents to induce them to send their children to school and not engage them in child labour.

Fourthly, for mass education, all fees up to middle schools were abolished and education was made free up to upper primary level for all communities. For further studies in higher grades increased facilities were provided to the poorer

31 classes of all communities by granting the freeships and scholarships on a liberal scale, in addition to the special encouragement given to the backward communities.

Fifthly, in May 1921, the Government drew up a Memorandum containing a programme for the spread of primary education in the State. Its aim was compulsory education for all. An important measure in the Memorandum was the gradual conversion of aided primary schools in villages into Government institutions, the development of vernacular middle schools into Anglo-vernacular schools of uniform type, the combination of practical with literary instruction, the establishment of a large number of industrial schools, institution of normal schools for the training of teachers, and the revision of the pay-scales of both teachers and inspectorate. The budget sanctioned for the implementation of these changes was more than twice the former budget. To meet this extra expenditure, the levy of an educational cess under the Local Board and Municipal Regulations was imposed.

This Memorandum was an important step in educational reforms. It desired to concentrate on the key-factor of social change, the eradication of ill-literacy. The base, primary education, was to be strengthened. Right type of education was to be fostered through training of teachers. Vocational training was to be given to the students. Practical and applied aspect of education was to be given importance. All the three faculties of head, heart and hands were to be utilized. Had there been a serious and consistent implementation of this programme, Mysore State would have emerged as a State on par with any western country. This did not happen. After an experience of a year, it was found that the progress made under the educational Memorandum was not satisfactory owing to lack of funds. Finance is the key for the success of any programme and that was not coming from the expected quarter. They were expecting a cess of 6 per cent of the revenue from the District Board and 12 per cent from the Municipalities for educational purpose. It was realized that this percentage was not forthcoming either from the District Boards or Municipalities. Again it was found that only five Districts were taking keen interest in educational programmes. The other three Districts together with all the Municipalities were indifferent. Where the cess was committed it was just 3 per cent and not 6 per cent as suggested in the Government order. The financial side of the Memorandum acted as the main obstacle for the implementation of the programme.

DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION UNDER SIR MIRZA ISMAIL (1926-1941)

The reign of Sir Mirza Ismail continued to follow the educational policy of the Mysore State although he gave much importance to the development of economy even at the time of world war. Mirza took several measures to promote literacy. In

32 1929 the Elementary Education regulation was passed. Its main object was to invest Local Bodies with the management, control and financing of elementary education, while retaining effective powers of supervision, direction and formulating educational policy and administration in the hands of the government. It was a measure of far reaching importance which came into force in January 1931. It was a decentralization process, according to which twelve educational authorities were constituted.

Eight for the Districts, one each for the cities of Mysore, Bangalore, Tumakur and Kolar Gold Fields. School Boards were formed and rules were framed as per the Regulations, defining the powers and duties of the Boards. District Educational Officers were appointed under the Regulations. As an experimental measure Kannada was made the medium of instruction in one of the Government High Schools in each of the cities of Bangalore and Mysore.

The transfer of control over primary education to the local authorities took effect from 1 July 1931. The Mysore University Regulations were amended in 1933 to make the Senate more representatives of popular interests. Scout Movement was encouraged. It became very popular. In June 1933 there were as many as 10,648 boys getting scout training in all branches. A contingent of four and a scout were deputed to represent the Mysore Boy Scouts at the world rally at Godollo in Hungary. The Girl Guide Movement was reorganized in May 1932 and there were about 500 Girl Guides at that time.

Finally it can be said that Education gained top priority in Mirza’s scheme of planning. Every year he went on increasing the grant to education, particularly to Primary Education and to the Malanad Local Education authorities. Likewise, he increased every year the number of Middle Schools, including those for girls. Nalwadi Krishna Raja Wodyers as a great visionary and statesmen contributed immensely for the development of education in his state and transformed every bit of it in to a concept of a modern state very much relevant to modern perspective of educational growth of the country.

REFERENCES REFERENCES 1. B. Sheikh Ali; Nalwadi Krishna raja Wodeyar, Mysore (2014) Kamath, Suryanath U.

2. A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the Present. Bangalore: (2001) [1980]. 1. B. Sheikh Ali; Nalwadi Krishna raja Wodeyar, Mysore (2014) 3. Rice, E. P. Kannada Literature. New Delhi: (Facsimile Reprint 1982) Asian 2. Kamath, Suryanath U. A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the Educational Services (1921). Present. Bangalore: (2001) [1980]. 4. B.L.Rice; Mysore Gazetteer Vol I (1897) 3.5. C.HayavadhanaRice, E. P. Kannada Rao Mysore Literature Gazetteer. New Delhi:Vol II (1930)(Facsimile Wikipedia Reprint Google 1982) AsianSearch material Educational Services (1921).

33 CONTRIBUTION OF SIR MIRZA ISMAIL IN THE MAKING OF MODERN MYSORE

S. Tahsin Ahmed, Kas (rtd) Member, IQAC, BET SDC

BACKGROUND

In the making of Modern Mysore, the enlightened Dewans have played a major role. The Mysore Maharajas deserve laurels and encomiums for selecting talented persons and nurturing them and subsequently placing them at the helm of affairs of the State. The extra ordinary tasks performed by these Dewans were due to the unflinching trust the Maharajas placed in them and the leeway they provided to them for exercising their powers with freedom. Two outstanding Dewans who surpassed the faith of Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar, the IV were Sir M. Visvesvaraya and Sir Mirza Ismail and both of them have a string of exceptional achievements to their credit. Sir Mirza Ismail who rendered distinguished service for a period of fifteen years as the Dewan of Mysore was a remarkable visionary, an effective administrator and an outstanding statesman.

THE ANCESTRY

Sir Mirza Ismail’s Grandfather Ali Asker came from Shiraz, Iran in 1824 and undertook the business of importing horses from Arabia and the Persian Gulf and selling them to various customers, including the Maharaja’s stables. He took a liking for Bangalore and its climate and decided to make it his permanent abode. Ali Asker Road where he resided in a sprawling bungalow is named after him. Ali Asker is the donor of nearly four acres of valuable and prime land to the ‘Aga Ali Asker Waqf, Baqarabad’ which presently houses the Windsor Manor Hotel.

EARLY EDUCATION AND THE CAREER GRAPH

Sir Mirza Muhammad Ismail was born in Bangalore on October 24, 1883 and had his schooling at St. Patrick’s School, Shoolay and subsequently in the Wesleyan Mission School. He studied along with the Maharaja in a special class for nine boys between the years 1896 and 1901where they received training in infantry and cavalry drill, riding, outdoor games and Polo. After this royal training, Mirza Ismail joined the Central College, Bangalore, graduating in 1905. After his appointment to the Civil Service, he was posted to the Maharaja’s establishment, where he gradually rose officially from Assistant Secretary to Huzur Secretary and then as Private Secretary to the Maharaja in the year 1923. Recognizing his administrative skills, the 34 Maharaja appointed the 42 year old Mirza Ismail as Dewan of Mysore on May 1, 1926.

DISTURBED TIMES

In contrast to his predecessors, Mirza Ismail’s tenure as Dewan ran through tumultuous times. The Binny mill agitation, Sultanpete Ganapathi disturbance, Nariman disturbance and Kolar unrest deflected his time and energy from developmental activities. The later part of his Dewanship required sensitive handling of political issues as India’s struggle for independence was gaining ground even in this British controlled princely State. That Mirza Ismail could achieve so much despite these hurdles speaks volumes about the ability of this man.

DOYEN OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

During his fifteen year tenure as Dewan, Mirza Ismail was instrumental in starting twenty-five different industries. The Bhadravati Iron Factory was running under loss and the question of closing it down was being contemplated. Mirza decided to add a Steel plant which saved it from imminent closure. Establishment of Cement and Paper factories at Bhadravati, Sugar factory at Mandya, a Silk Spinning and Weaving mill at Channapatna, Aircraft, Porcelain and Glass making factory at Bangalore, Chemicals and Fertilizer factory at Belagola, Match factory at Shimoga, apart from various other industrial units producing electric bulbs, agricultural implements and cast iron pipes are the prominent achievements of Sir Mirza Ismail to develop the industrial sector. Add to this, the hydroelectric stations at the Shimsha Falls and the Jog Falls and also a water supply project for Bangalore city which are no small achievements. These landmark achievements heralded the industrial revolution of the State.

A LEGACY OF ACHIEVEMENTS

Mirza’s policy was not to concentrate the factories in one or two centres but to distribute them all over the State so that many places could benefit from them. Mysore was the first Indian State to have a Trade Commissioner at London who could sell the State’s production of sandalwood oil in the international market at a higher price. Mirza’s far-sightedness could be seen from the fact that he established the Mysore Medical College. But his most cherished contribution is the laying of the famous Brindavan Gardens at KRS which transformed the dam site into a fairy land with its multi-coloured fountains and well-manicured garden. Brindavan Gardens continues to be a major tourist attraction to this day.

35 RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Sir Mirza Ismail also focused on the development of villages. In 1926, Bangalore, Mysore and the Kolar Gold Fields were the only places in the State which were provided with electricity. Mirza launched a scheme of electrification of villages and by 1940 nearly 180 villages had been supplied with power. Mysore was the first State in India to do so. During his tenure, the Irwin Canal was constructed irrigating 55,000 acres of land. Mirza favoured minor irrigation projects instead of major irrigation projects since the latter required huge investments and involved submersion of lands.

SECULAR APPROACH

Sir Mirza Ismail’s services to the Sanskrit College at Mysore are unforgettable. He treated all communities alike and furthered their interest. In his autobiography “My Public Life”, he writes: ‘I felt that one pleases Almighty even more by serving other faiths than one’s own. Paradoxical as that may sound, I believe it is, nevertheless true, for to serve other faiths calls for something more vital than passive tolerance.’

PERFECTING THE FAÇADE OF THE MYSORE PALACE

Another programme which was close to Mirza’s heart was the beautification of towns and cities which he believed should be a continuous process. He relentlessly and successfully prevailed upon the Maharaja, despite stiff opposition from various quarters, to demolish the numerous houses within the Mysore Fort enclave which mostly belonged to the Maharaja’s relatives. Imagine the Mysore Palace with a string of houses within its periphery! Though the construction of Mysore Palace was completed in 1912, Mirza was instrumental in providing a new façade to the palace in the year 1932, eventually giving it present magnificent look.

THE DREAM OF ESTABLISHING AN AUTOMOBILE FACTORY

When Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV passed away in 1940, Sir Mirza Ismail said: ‘his (Maharaja’s) death is the greatest sorrow I have known in my life.’ But he continued as Dewan under His Highness Shri Jayachamrajendra Wodeyar since he had one more goal to attain: establishing an automobile factory in Bangalore to manufacture cars. This project was proposed by shipping magnate Walchand Hirachand with the co-operation of Chrysler Corporation, Detroit, USA. The British were opposed to this project since it could affect the business interests of the British car manufacturers. Disappointed, Sir Mirza Ismail promptly resigned from the post of Dewan of Mysore.

36 DEWAN OF JAIPUR AND HYDERABAD

The ruler of Jaipur immediately took the services of Sir Mirza Ismail as Dewan of Jaipur where he served for two years (1942-46). His efforts to embellish Jaipur city and to increase the prosperity of Jaipur were highly appreciated and a prominent street in Jaipur city is named after him. This was followed by a ten months stint as Dewan of Hyderabad. Mirza also had invitations from the rulers of Kashmir and Baroda offering him the post of Dewan, which he declined. In India’s struggle for independence, Mirza was interacting with national leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru and Sardar Vallabhai Patel among others. He was strongly opposed to partition of India and was a strong votary for a Federation of States.

END OF AN ERA

He spent his post-retirement days reading works of Persian poets like Firdosi, Haafiz and Sadi seated in the well-tended garden of his ancestral house in Ali Asker Road. On January 8, 1959 at about 9’0 clock in the night, a friend of his telephoned and asked him: ‘how are you?’ Sir Mirza Ismail replied with just one word: “Packing” and the friend presumed that maybe he was going on a journey. These were probably his last words and an eventful life met its end on that night.

A MAHARAJA WITH A VISION AND MISSION

It is a tribute to the far sightedness of the Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar, the IV that he gave unstinted support to Sir Mirza Ismail with the belief that Mysore state will develop industrially and will progress in all spheres, thereby improving the life of the common man. This belief of the enlightened Maharaja resulted in wholeheartedly supporting the projects proposed by the Dewan which ultimately paid rich dividends. As a result Mysore became a model state worth emulating. The administration of Mysore was appreciated to such an extent that young rulers and future rulers of other States considered Mysore State as a learning centre for the art of governance.

When the annual subsidy of Rs.35 lakhs payable by Mysore State to the British Government was reduced by Rs.10.5 lakhs (a huge amount then), the Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar, the IV himself complimented Sir Mirza Ismail by writing this letter.

“On this day when our hearts are full of the successful issue of the struggle of thirty-five years for the reduction of the Subsidy, I feel that it is only right to put on record my sense

37 of debt which Mysore owes to you for your part in bringing about this happy conclusion. The State owes to you, more than to anyone else, the result that has been achieved.”

This letter exemplifies the rapport the Maharaja had with his functionary and the appreciation and encouragement given to him which is a very rare quality among Kings. The Mysore Maharajas are trailblazers in the art of good governance and implementation of people friendly measures for the all-round development of the State. Utilizing the services of able administrators, the Mysore Maharajas relentlessly pursued the objective of making Mysore a modern and welfare State and they succeeded in achieving the same.

[The writer is a retired KAS officer and is the author of the book “The Mysore Palace” (1988). He can be contacted at [email protected] ]

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. My Public Life: Recollections and Reflections of Sir Mirza Ismail; 1954: George Allen &Unvin Ltd., London. 2. Sir Mirza M. Ismail, A Great Administrator; 2017: B. Sheik Ali, Darul Umoor Research Centre, Srirangapatna, Karnataka. 3. Selections from the speeches of Amin-ul-Mulk, Sir Mirza Ismail, Dewan of Mysore; 1938: Government Press. 4. Mysoorina Dewanarugalu (kannada); 1971: D.V. Gundappa: Kavyalaya Publishers, Mysore. 5. Sir Mirza Ismail: Views and opinions on his retirement from the office of Dewan of Mysore; 1942:Bangalore Press. 6. Speeches by Amin-ul-Mulk Sir Mirza Ismail, Dewan of Mysore (January 1939- May1941); 1942; Government Press. 7. Contributions of Dewans to Mysore State; 1984: Gopal, B.R: Dasara Souvenir Sub-Committee, Government of Karnataka. 8. Mysore City; 1930: Parsons, Constance E: Oxford University Press, London. 9. History and Culture of Karnataka; 1984: Basavaraj, K.R: Chalukya Publications, Dharwad. 10. History of Mysore, Volume I, II and III; 1943, 1946, 1946: HayavadanaRao, C: Government of Karnataka. 11. Mysore Gazetteer, Volume V, New Edition; 1930: Hayavadana Rao, C: Government of Karnataka. 12. An outstanding statesman, Article in the Friday Review of The Hindu; 25-10- 2019: Suresh Moona, The Hindu

38 MUSICAL CONTRIBUTION OF THE MAHARAJA JAYACHAMARAJENDRA WADIYAR OF MYSORE STATE

Dr. Mahesh V. Chaudhari Assistant Professor, Deptt. of History, Govt Arts & Science College, Jambughoda Dist-Panchmahal, Gujarat

The last Maharaja of Mysore, Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar was born on July 18, 1919. Jayachamarajendra was the son of the heir apparent, Kanteerva Narasimharaja Wodeyar, whose older brother; Krishna Raja Wodeyar IV was the king from 1884 to 1940.

Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar was a connoisseur of both western and Carnatic (South Indian classical) music and an acknowledged authority of Indian Philosophy. He helped the Western world discover the music of a little-known Russian composer Nikolai Medtner (1880–1951), financing the recording of a large number of his compositions and founding the Medtner Society in 1949. Medtner's Third Piano Concerto is dedicated to the Maharaja of Mysore. He became a Licentiate of the Guildhall School of Music, London and honorary Fellow of Trinity College of Music, London, in 1945. Aspirations to become a concert pianist were cut short by the untimely death of both his father the Yuvaraja Kanteerava Narasimharaja Wadiyar in 1939 and his uncle the Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV in 1940, when he succeeded to the throne of Mysore.

Walter Legge, who was invited to Mysore by the Maharaja in this regard has stated:

"The visit to Mysore was a fantastic experience. The Maharajah was a young man, not yet thirty. In one of his palaces he had a record library containing every imaginable recordings of serious music, a large range of loud speakers, and several concert grand pianos...."

"In the weeks I stayed there, the Maharajah agreed to paying for the recordings of the Medtner piano concertos, an album of his songs, and some of his chamber music; he also agreed to give me a subvention of 10,000 pounds a year for three years to enable me to put the Philharmonia Orchestra and the Philharmonia Concert society on firm basis...."

39 This largesse proved sufficient to transform Legge's fortunes in 1949. He was able to engage Herbert von Karajan as conductor. The repertory the young Maharajah wished to sponsor were Balakirev's Symphony, Roussel's Fourth Symphony, Busoni's Indian Fantasy etc. The association produced some of the most memorable recordings of the post-war period. The Maharaja also enabled Richard Strauss's last wish to be fulfilled by sponsoring an evening at the Royal Albert Hall by London's Philharmonia Orchestra with German conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler in the lead and soprano Kirsten Flagstad singing his Four Last Songs in 1950.

The Maharaja was equally a good critic of music. When asked by Legge to pass judgement on recent additions to the EMI catalogue, his views were as trenchant as they were refreshingly unpredictable. He was thrilled by Karajan's Vienna Philharmonic recording of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony ('as Beethoven wished it to be'), held Furtwängler's recording of the Fourth Symphony in high esteem, and was disappointed by Alceo Galliera's account of the Seventh Symphony, which he would have preferred Karajan to record. Above all, he expressed serious doubts about Arturo Toscanini's recordings. 'The speed and energy are those of a demon', he wrote to Legge, 'not an angel or superman as one would ardently hope for'. One of the reasons he so admired Furtwängler's Beethoven was that it was 'such a tonic after Toscanini's highly strung, vicious performances'.

Writing in the July 1950 edition of "THE GRAMOPHONE" Walter Legge sums Maharajas's monumental contribution to Western Classical Music:

Many more correspondents have written expressing their admiration for the vision, constructive enterprise and generosity of the young Indian Prince who conceived this plan, and who is making it possible for the music lovers throughout the world to learn, enjoy and study works which but for his knowledge and love of music, would never have been recorded.

After becoming Maharaja, he was initiated to the Indian classical music (Carnatic music) due to the cultural vibrancy which prevailed in the Mysore court till then. He learnt to play veena under Vid. Venkatagiriappa and mastered the nuances of carnatic music under the tutelage of veteran composer and Asthan Vidwan Sri. Vasudevacharya. He was also initiated into the secrets of Shri Vidya as an upasaka (under assumed name Chitprabhananda) by his guru Shilpi Siddalingaswamy. This inspired him to compose as many as 94 carnatic music krutis under the assumed name of Shri Vidya. All the compositions are in different ragas and some of them for the first time ever. In the process he also built three temples in Mysore city: Bhuvaneshvari Temple and Gayatri Temple, located inside the Mysore

40 Palace Fort, and Sri Kamakaameshwari Temple, situated on Ramanuja Road, Mysore. All three temples were sculpted by the maharaja's guru and famous sculptor, Shilpi Siddalingaswamy. His 94 compositions are published by his son-in law Sri. R. Raja Chandra as “Sree Vidyaa Gaana Vaaridhi" in 2010. The book is edited by Sri. S. Krishna Murthy grandson of Maharaja's Guru, Sri. Mysore Vasudevacaharya.

Many noted Indian musicians received patronage at his court, including Mysore Vasudevachar, Veena Venkatagiriyappa, B. Devendrappa, V. Doraiswamy Iyengar, T. Chowdiah, Tiger Vardachar, Chennakeshaviah, Titte Krishna Iyengar, S. N. Mariappa, Chintalapalli Ramachandra Rao, R. N. Doreswamy, H. M. Vaidyalinga Bhagavatar.

The patronage and contribution of Wodeyars to carnatic music was researched in the 1980s by Prof. Sri V. Ramarathnam, Retired First Principal of the University College of Music and Dance, University of Mysore. The research was conducted under the sponsorship of University Grants Commission, Government of India. Prof. Mysore Sri V. Ramarathnam authored the book “Contribution and Patronage of Wadiyars to Music” which was published by the Kannada Book Authority, Bangalore.

After the death of his father, Kanteerava Narasimharaja Wadiyar and his uncle Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV who was the Maharaja of Mysore, Jayachamarajendra ascended the throne at the age of 21, in 1940.

His passion, however, lay far from statecraft and with meddling with musical melodies.

“Had my brother not been heir apparent, I expect he would have gone seriously into studying the piano,” said Vijaya Devi, his sister while speaking to ON Stage, the official monthly magazine of the National Centre for the Performing Arts, Mumbai. Young Jayachamarajendra’s tryst with Western classical music began with piano lessons from Sister Ignatius of the Good Shepherd Convent in Mysore.

His proficiency as a pianist only grew better over the years, and he soon became a licentiate of the Guildhall School of Music, London and honorary Fellow of Trinity College of Music, London, in 1945. Following his footsteps, Vijaya also earned her qualifications from Trinity College, and continued piano studies under prominent musician and Professor Edward Steuermann of the Juilliard School of Music in New York. .In 1974, encouraged by her brother, she founded the

41 International Music & Arts Society in Bengaluru, which continues to function under the guidance of her daughter, Urmila Devi.

The premier of Four Last Songs under the brilliance of Wilhelm Furtwängler and the Philharmonia Orchestra was not a mere coincidence. It was an outcome of Jayachamarajendra’s ever-growing passion and influence in the world of music. The Maharaja was, in fact, the first president of the Philharmonia Concert Society, London in 1948.But, Richard Strauss was not the only one to be graced with Jayachamarajendra’s passionate support. A few years before his encounter with Four Last Songs and the royal coronation, he visited the legendary pianist and composer Sergei Rachmaninoff in Switzerland, hoping to be accepted as a student.

It was during this visit that he came across the music of little-known Russian composer Nikolai Medtner, and decided to finance a large series of recordings of Nikolai’s compositions. Although the two never met, Wodeyar was instrumental in founding the Medtner Society in 1949. Owing to his tremendous contributions, Nikolai eventually extended his gratitude by dedicating his Third Piano Concerto to him, the then Maharaja of Mysore.

According to the writings of critic Fred Smith, in Gramophone (1948), these recordings and albums commissioned by the Maharaja went on to give Medtner the due recognition in the autumn of his life.”Even after more than six decades of his reign, Wodeyars’ union to music remains and has since been an integral part of their royal lineage, reiterating the fact that melodies indeed do not have any boundaries.

Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar made valuable but uncelebrated contributions to Western classical music, including paying for the premiere of ‘Four Last Songs’. The year was 1948. Europe was limping back to normalcy after seven terrible years of a world war. Richard Strauss had managed to escape his shattered homeland in the last year of the war and had settled in neutral Switzerland. It was here that the ailing 84-year-old composer wrote his farewell to the world through Four Last Songs, which included Frühling (spring), September, Beim Schlafengehen (When Falling Asleep) and the haunting Im Abendrot (At Sunset). He was never to hear them performed, but he expressed the desire to have them sung by the reigning Wagnerian soprano, Kirsten Flagstad, writing to her in 1949: “…I have the pleasure to provide to you my Four Last Songs with orchestra, which are currently in print in London; to give their premier performance in an orchestral concert with a first class conductor and orchestra…” He died soon after; his wish unfulfilled.

42 Half a world away, similar turmoil, bloodshed and destruction had touched the lives of those living in the Indian subcontinent. In 1947, a newly-formed nation had emerged into independence from British rule, and one of the first princely states to accede to the Dominion of India was Mysore. Its last ruler was the youthful Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar. That a 31-year-old Indian maharaja should be instrumental in carrying out the last wish of a legendary German composer is not as surprising as it may seem. Wodeyar was not only a musician of exceptional brilliance, but a patron of European classical music.

The premiere of Four Last Songs was sponsored by Wodeyar, who offered some $5,000 at the time, which not only guaranteed the performance but paid for the cost of making a live recording of the work. This historic recording was added to his personal collection, which exceeded 20,000 records. The conductor at Royal Albert Hall, on May 22, 1950, was none other than Wilhelm Furtwängler who conducted the Philharmonia Orchestra, and the soprano was indeed, as Strauss had desired, Flagstad. And thereby hangs not just a tale, but a veritable saga.

Wodeyar had ascended the throne in 1940, at the age of 21 after the death of his natural father Kanteerava Narasimharaja Wodeyar and his uncle Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV, Maharaja of Mysore. His sister Vijaya Devi has reminisced, “Had my brother not been heir apparent, I expect he would have gone seriously into studying the piano.” The cultural atmosphere of the palace where the young prince and his sisters grew up had, she said, a “profound influence on us… I do not remember any function, formal or informal, of which music did not form an integral part.”

Though the young royals grew up with Carnatic music and dance, their earliest music studies commenced with piano lessons for the young prince with the “very good” but strict teacher, Sister Ignatius from the Good Shepherd Convent in Mysore. The young Wodeyar’s talent was evident at a very early stage. His sister recalled that at a piano examination, after he had finished playing, the examiner Dr Adolf Mann went to the piano and played Handel’s rousing song See, the Conqu’ring Hero Comes! As an affectionate acknowledgment of the child’s incredible performance. The young boy, according to his sister, “was thrilled to bits.” Western classical music thus became an early passion with him and though unable to attend live concerts, he acquired a huge record collection which helped him develop his powers of appreciation and discrimination to an advanced degree.

Devi herself went on to become a proficient pianist, gaining, like her brother, qualifications from Trinity College London and later continuing her piano studies under the eminent musician and professor Edward Steuermann of the Juilliard

43 School of Music in New York. In 1974, at the suggestion of her brother, she founded the International Music & Arts Society in Bengaluru. This institution continues to function under the active engagement and guidance of her daughter, Urmila Devi.

Both children grew up under the supportive gaze of a father who was a jazz aficionado. He would introduce the young Wodeyar and his sister to guests as “my two highbrow children”. The young Maharaja acquired a Licentiateship in Piano Performance from the Guildhall School of Music & Drama and was granted an honorary Fellowship of Trinity College London in 1945. Shortly before his coronation, he visited Sergei Rachmaninoff in Switzerland looking to being accepted by the legendary pianist and composer as a student. It was perhaps during this European tour that he had occasion to listen to works by the Russian composer Nikolai Medtner (1880-1951).

Though the two never met, Wodeyar financed a series of recordings for HMV, a debt that was repaid by Medtner dedicating his Third Piano Concerto to him. Writing in Gramophone (1948), critic Fred Smith described the recording as “one of the greatest romances in the history of the gramophone”. For the reclusive composer living a quiet life in London, it was, Smith said, “wonderful that destiny should have brought Medtner’s genius within the spheres of vision and great musical appreciation of the H.H. The Maharaja of Mysore...I shall not forget the look of wonder in Medtner’s countenance as Captain Binstead, the Maharaja of Mysore’s Commissioner, in my presence, put the proposal to him. What a service has been rendered to music…” The recordings were made with an expert team, and the albums went a long way in, as Smith poetically put it, giving Medtner due recognition “in the autumn of his life”.

Wodeyar was so appreciative of his music that in 1949 he formed The Medtner Society and continued being instrumental in spreading awareness about this little-known composer’s work throughout his life.

ReferencesREFERENCES 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamarajendra_Wadiyar_X 1.2. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/meet-jc-wadiyar-the-last-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamarajendra_Wadiyar_X maharaja-was-a-composer-and-wildlife-enthusiast/articleshow/65052517.cms?from=mdr 2. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/meet-jc-wadiyar- 3. https://scroll.in/magazine/929053/how-the-maharaja-of-mysore-ended-up-carrying- out-the-last-wish-of-composer-richard-straussthe-last-maharaja-was-a-composer-and-wildlife- 4. https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/spectrum-statescan/last-maharaja-who-enthusiast/articleshow/65052517.cms?from=mdr https://scroll.in/magazine/929053/how-the-maharaja-of-mywas-keen-681172.html sore-ended-up- carrying-out-the-last-wish-of-composer-richard-straus5. https://www.thebetterindia.com/192140/mysore-maharaja-wadiyar-western-classical-s music-history-india/ https://connect.iisc.ac.in/tag/jayachamarajendra-wadiyar/

44 EARLY LIFE OF SHREE JAYACHAMARAJA WODEYAR (1919-1974)

Ms. Sadath Sultana Lecturer-Department of History Abbas Khan Degree College for Women O.T.C. Road Cubbonpet Bangalore-02

Shri Jayachamaraja Wodeyar, popularly known as Jayachamaraja Wodeyar Bahadur was the 25th ruler or Maharaja of the princely state of Mysore. He was the last Maharaja who ruled the territory from the year 1940 to 1950. Jayachamaraja was also a renowned philanthropist, political theorist, musicologist and a reputed philosopher. He was born on 18th July 1919 in Mysore to the parents Yuvaraja Kanteerava Narasimharaja Wodeyar and Yuvarani Kempu Cheluvaja Amanni. He was born in the Royal Family of Mysore, who belongs to the lineage of Chandrvanshi Kshatriya or the Lunar Dynasty. The Maharaja successfully completed his graduation in 1938 from the Maharaja’s College in Mysore. He was honoured with 5 awards and gold medals. Jayachamaraja was married on 15 May 1938 and in the next year he went to Europe and visited several associations in London, making acquaintance with various scholars and artists.

RULE OF JAYACHAMARAJA WODEYAR

After the demise of Maharaja Nalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar, his uncle, he took over the royal throne of the princely state of Mysore on 8th September 1940. On the eve of Indian Independence in August 1947, Jayachamaraja Wodeyar signed the Instrument of Accession with the Dominion of India. The princely state of Mysore was amalgamated with the Republic of India on 26th January 1950. From the year 1950 to 1956, he held the designation of Rajpramukh of Mysore state. After the incorporation of most parts of Madras and Hyderabad states and the neighbouring Kannada, Jayachamaraja was appointed as the first Governor of the restructured and integrated state of Mysore (1956- 1964). Later he became the Governor of the State of Madras (Tamil Nadu) from 1964 to 1966.

OTHER ACTIVITIES OF JAYACHAMARAJA WODEYAR

Maharaja Jayachamaraja Wodeyar was an excellent tennis player who provided support to tennis players to take part in Wimbledon. He was also a fine horseman and a renowned marksman. He also supported well known cricketer E.A.S. Prasanna to participate in a match in West Indies. He was an aficionado of 45 both South Indian classical music, particularly Carnatic music, as well as western music. He was also an acknowledged authority of Indian Philosophy. In the year 1945, he became an honorary Fellow of Trinity College of Music, London and a Licentiate of the Guild Hall of Music, London. Later in 1948, Jayachamaraja Wodeyar became the initial President of the Philharmonia Concert Society in London. ]

LITERARY WORKS OF JAYACHAMARAJA WODEYAR

Jayachamaraja Wodeyar also wrote several literary works such as, The Quest for Peace: An Indian Approach (1959); Dattatreya: The Way and The Goal (1957); The Gita and Indian Culture (1963); Religion and Man (1965); Avadhuta: Reason and Reverence (1958); An Aspect of Indian Aesthetics (1956); Puranas As The Vehicles Of India's Philosophy Of History (1963); Sri Suresvaracharya (1970); Kundalini Yoga; The Virtuous Way of Life (1964) and others. Jayachamaraja also funded the translation of various classics from Sanskrit to Kannada which were included in the Jayachamaraja Grantha Ratna Mala. The ancient holy scriptures in Sanskrit were not available earlier in Kannada language.

PERSONAL LIFE OF JAYACHAMARAJA WODEYAR

Maharaja Jayachamaraja Wodeyar had three sisters namely Princess Vijaya Lakshmi Ammani, Princess Sujaya kantha Ammani and Princess Jaya Chamunda Ammani Avaru. He was married to Maharani Sathya Prema Kumari of Charkhari on May 15, 1938. But the marriage did not work and thus the Maharaja got married for the second time to Maharani Tripura Sundari Ammani Avaru on 30th April 1944. The couple had 6 children named Princess Gayatri Devi Avaru, Princess Meenakshi Devi Avaru, Maharaja Sri Srikantha Datta Narasimharaja Wodeyar, Princess Indrakshi Devi Avaru, Princess Kamakshi Devi Avaru and Princess Vishalakshi Devi Avaru.

TITLES OF JAYACHAMARAJA WODEYAR

Jayachamaraja Wodeyar held several titles through out his reign. These are mentioned below-

˜ Maharajkumar Sri Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar (1919- 1940) ˜ His Highness Yuvaraja Sri Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar Bahadur, Yuvaraja of Mysore (1940) ˜ His Highness Maharaja Sri Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar Bahadur, Maharaja of Mysore (1940-1945)

46 v His Highness Maharaja Sri Sir Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar Bahadur, Maharaja of Mysore, GCSI (1945-1946) ˜ His Highness Maharaja Sri Sir Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar Bahadur, Maharaja of Mysore, GCB, GCSI (1946-1962) ˜ Major-General His Highness Maharaja Sri Sir Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar Bahadur, Maharaja of Mysore, GCB, GCSI (1962-1974)

HONOURS OF JAYACHAMARAJA WODEYAR

Maharaja Jayachamaraja Wodeyar was honoured several times, these include-

* The British Government honored him with the GCSI (1945) and GCB (1946) * Doctor of Literature from the University of Queensland, Australia * Doctor of Literature from the Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu * Doctor of Law from the Banaras Hindu University * Doctor of Laws, honoris causa from University of Mysore (1962) * Fellow and president of Sangeet Natak Academy (1966) * First Chairman of the Indian Wild Life Board * Founder President of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad

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47 MAHARAJA JAYACHAMARAJENDRA WODEYAR BAHADUR (18 July 1919 – 23 September 1974).

Ms. Sadiya Begum.R Assistant Professor – Dept of History BET Sadathunnisa Degree College for Women Bismillahnagar, Bengaluru - 560029

His Highness was the twenty-fifth Maharaja of the Kingdom of Mysore from 1940 to 1971, ruling from 1940 until the monarchy was abolished in 1950, continuing to hold the title of Maharaja until princely titles were abolished in 1971, and remaining head of the erstwhile royal family with the unofficial title of Maharaja thereafter through his death. He was a noted philosopher, musicologist, political thinker, and philanthropist.

He graduated from Maharaja's College, Mysore in 1938, earning five awards and gold medals. He was married the same year, on 15 May 1938, to Maharani Satya Prema Kumari. He toured Europe during 1939, visiting many associations in London and became acquainted with many artists and scholars. He ascended the throne of the Kingdom of Mysore on 8 September 1940 after the demise of his uncle Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV. He married Maharani Tripura Sundari Ammani on 30 April 1944.

MUSICAL LIFE OF MAHARAJA

Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar was the only son of Yuvaraja Kanteerava Narasimharaja Wodeyar and Yuvarani Kempu Cheluvajamanni was the pianist by passion and also learnt veena from Veena Venkatgiriappa .Wodeyar’s sister was a renowned pianist. She served has as President of a cultural organisation called Indian Fine Arts and his father Narasimharaja Wodeyar learnt Western classical music at the Royal School. His associations with great musicians like Nathhan Khan, Govind Rao Tembe, Abdul Karim Khan, Gauhar Jan, Narayana Rao Vyas and K.C. Dayy exposed him to Hindustani Music and enriched his musical sensibilities. Maharaja inherited his father’s and his uncle’s love for music as well as his Father’s deep understanding of divinity and spirituality. As Wodeyar grewup in a musical atmosphere, he was drawn to it quite naturally.He was well versed in all the three forms respectively Carnatic, Hindustani and Western classical. He was under the tutelage of vidwans Mysore Vasudevachar and Chennakeshwavyya who taught him vocal music and Veena Vekatagiriappa from whom he learnt the veena .He organised private concerts in his summer palace.

48 Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar became famous in Carantic Music through his veggeyakaravata. Artists and students alike, across the world sing his compositions. Surely not many kings have earned such a distinction .His Highness Jayachamaraja Wodeyar has composed 94 kritis in 94 different ragas in a short span of 28 months from August 1945 to December 1947. He is said to have invented 10 new ragas and popularised 30 rare scales.

Broadly he used 28 melakarta ragas and 69 janya ragas in his compositions. Along with popular mela ragas such as mayamalavagula, Harikambhoji, Sankarabharnam, rare ones like Suvarnangi, Visambari Hatakambari, Shadvihamargini, Rishabhapriya and Sooryankanta too find place in his spectrum of compositions. Rare ragas Bhanuchandrika, Bhogavasanta, Hamsavinodhini, Bhoopalapanchama, Hindoladeshika, and Hindola Darbara are some ragas which he has composed.

Maharaja reached the pinnacle in musical capabilities. If we include his contribution to music, we have to invent a new word- Ounnatya shaTka– ‘six fold- pinnacles’ to describe him, because he was an extra-ordinary man who reached the difficult-to-attain ‘ounnatya panchaka’ — the ‘five-fold pinnacles’. There are only a few, who have reached this ounnattya panchaka.

His Highness Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar BAHADUR was thus a great soul who attained these pinnacles in contemporary times. But unfortunately, I feel sad that our generation does not seem to remember and recognize contributions the kings of Mysore like Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar, Nalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar and Jayachamaraja Wodeyar who made specific contributions to our music and to our society in general.

References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamarajendra_Wadiyar_X https://scroll.in/magazine/929053/how-the-maharaja-of-mysore-ended-up- carrying-out-the- last-wish-of-composer-richard-strauss https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/spectrum-statescan/last-maharaja-who- was-keen-681172.html https://www.magzter.com/article/Art/Sruti/Jayachamarajendra-Wodeyar-Life- Music-And-Contributions

49 MAHARAJA AS PATRON OF MUSIC

Ms. Fatha Begum Lecturer Al Ameen Arts Science & Commerce College H osur Road, Bangalore

“The human voice is the most beautiful instrument of all, but it is the most difficult to play” - Richard Strauss, German Composer.

Shri Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar Bahadur was the 25th and the last Maharaja of the princely State of Mysore from 1940-50. He succeeded Krishna Raja Wodeyar, IV at the age of 23. His reign witnessed the services of brilliant Dewans like Sir Mirza Ismail (May 1941), N. Madhava Rao (1946) and Sir Ramaswamy Mudaliar. He signed the Instrument of Accession in August 1947and merged with Indian Union. In 1950, post Indian Republic, he held the position of Rajapramukh of the State of Mysore (1950-56). He then became the first Governor of Mysore and then Madras.

The Maharaja was a noted philosopher, musicologist, political thinker, and philanthropist. His passion, however, lay far from statecraft, meddling with musical melodies. Young Jayachamarajendra’s tryst with western classical music began with piano lessons. His proficiency as a pianist only grew better over the years and soon became Licentiate of the Guildhall School of Music, London and Honorary Fellow of Trinity College of Music, London in 1945.

He was a connoisseur of both western and Carnatic music. He helped the world discover the music of a little known Russian composer Nikolai Karlovich Medtner, financing the recording of a large number of the composition and founding the Medtner Society in 1949. Medtner’s Third Piano Concerto is dedicated to the Maharaja.

Walter Legge, an English Classical record producer who was invited to Mysore by the Maharaja has stated in this regard\\\\\; “The visit to Mysore was a fantastic experience. The Maharaja was a young man, not yet thirty. In one of his palaces he had a record library containing every imaginable recording of serious music, a large range of loud speakers and several concert grand pianos.” This meeting with the Maharaja proved sufficient to transform Legge’s fortunes in 1949.

50 It was this passion for music that pushed him to sponsor the last wish of Richard Strauss, German composer on 22 May 1950 at Royal Albert Hall by London’s Philharmonia Orchestra with German conductor Wilhelm Furtwangler in the lead and Soprano Flagstad singing his master piece Four Last Songs. The Maharaja offered an amount of $5000 dollars and also took care of the entire performance as well as the cost of creating a live recording of the work, which eventually was added to his personal collection that adorned over 20,000 such pieces.

He also showed his love towards classical (Carnatic) music and learnt Veena under Vidwan Venkatagiriappa and mastered the nuances of Carnatic music under the tutelage of veteran composer Vidwan Sri Vasudevacharya. He also patronized several artists in his court – Tiger Vardachar, Mysore Vasudevacharya, Muthaiah Bhagavathar, V. Doraiswamy Iyenger and many more. He himself composed about 94 Krithis in Sanskrit, some in rare ragas like Bhoga Vasanta, Durvangi. These compositions were composed in a span of twenty eight months between 1945-49. He invented ten new Ragas and composed music under the name ‘Srividya’. His love and service for music was remarkable and unforgettable. His demise in 1974 was a great loss for the Karnataka and the Music Industry.

Bibliography:

1. The History of Karnataka and Culture – H. Parameshwar 2. The History and Culture of Karnataka- K.R.Basavaraja 3. Websites : betterindia.com 4. Musicinfoguide.blogsot.com

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