DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter 6 Risk Assessments and Safety Measures 6.1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter 6 Risk Assessments and Safety Measures 6.1 Trisha Speciality Chemical Pvt. Ltd., Plot no.1015 & 1016, GIDC Estate, Kerala, near Bavla, Taluka-Dholka, District-Ahmedabad, State Gujarat CHAPTER 6 RISK ASSESSMENTS AND SAFETY MEASURES 6.1 PREAMBLE Increasing use of hazardous chemicals as raw materials, intermediates and finished products has attracted attention of the Government and the public at large in view of the chemical disasters. The serious nature of the accidents, which cause damage to the plant, personnel and public, has compelled industries to pay maximum attention to the safety issues and also to effectively manage the hazardous material and operations. It is mandatory for the industries handling hazardous chemicals to maintain specific safety standards and generate an on-site emergency plan and keep it linked with offsite emergency plan. The Risk Assessment Study and Safety Management for the proposed expansion of M/s. Trisha Speciality Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. have been carried out and the details are elaborated in this chapter. Based on the findings & recommendations of RA report risk management plan for the proposed project has also been prepared and included. Risk Assessment is defined as a continuous and integrated process of identification, evaluation and measurement of risks, along with their potential impact on the organization. The benefits of risk assessment include the following: Prevention or reduction in occurrence of accidents. Mitigation of the severity and/or consequences by way of improved process techniques, fire protection systems, arrangements of storage, inventory monitoring to fit production requirements. Development of confidences in employees by improving competency. Preparedness and prompt response to deal with any accident. The safety management includes the implementation of preventive methods or accident prevention methods to avoid incident or accident and handling of emergency in case of accident. 6.2 Objectives & methodology of risk assessment study A three ‘LEVEL’ risk assessment approach has been adopted. The brief outline of the three tier approach is given below: Level 1 Risk Screening This is top down review of worst case potential hazards/risks, aimed primarily at storage of chemicals, which pose the highest risk. The Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) of the chemicals were reviewed to identify the potential hazards posed by the chemicals. Various screening factors considered include: o Inventory of hazardous materials; o Hazardous properties; RAONEP Report Prepared by Ahmedabad 1 Trisha Speciality Chemical Pvt. Ltd., Plot no.1015 & 1016, GIDC Estate, Kerala, near Bavla, Taluka-Dholka, District-Ahmedabad, State Gujarat o Storage capacity Level 2 Risk Scenario Identification After identification of potential hazards, different risk scenarios were delineated for each of the chemicals based on the nature of hazard. Level 3 Quantitative Risk Assessment ALOHA 5.4.7 version software was used for the risk assessment of the raw materials and products, which will be stored at the premises. Risk assessment was carried out for each of the risk scenarios identified for the chemicals in case of leakages from the storage tanks. Worst possible scenarios were taken into account for the risk analysis. 6.3 Hazards Classification 6.3.1 Details of Hazardous Chemicals RAONEP Report Prepared by Ahmedabad 2 Trisha Speciality Chemical Pvt. Ltd., Plot no.1015 & 1016, GIDC Estate, Kerala, near Bavla, Taluka-Dholka, District-Ahmedabad, State Gujarat Table 6.1: Hazardous chemical Identification as per MSIHCR with storage details Day Tank Storage Tank details, MT Total Hazardous Falling under category of Threshold Storage Storage No. Hazard Chemical name MSIHC Rules Quantity in MT Capacity, MT Existing Proposed Total capacity, MT 1 Caustic lye 1. As per Schedule 1 Part I (a) - 3 37 - 37 40 Corrosive sr. no. 3 as Toxic chemical as LD50 as 90 mg/kg falling between 50 to 200 mg/kg 2. Sr. no. 571 of schedule 1 part II 2 Formaldehyde 1. As per Schedule 1 Part I(b) 5 T for rule 5,7- 1.62 27.00 - 27.00 28.62 Flammable , (v) as flammable liquid 9,13-15 toxic under rule 2e (i), 4 (1)(a), 4(2), 17 and 18 50 T for 10-12 2. As per Schedule 1 Part I (a) sr. no. 3 as Toxic chemical as LD50 as 100 mg/kg falling between 50 to 200 mg/kg 3. Sr. no. 285 of schedule 1 part II 4. Sr. No. 112 of Group-2 Toxic Substance in Schedule 3 Part I 3 Octanol 1. As per Schedule 1 Part I(b) - 3 - 25 25 28 Flammable (iii) as very highly flammable liquids under rule 2e (i), 4 (1)(a), 4(2), 17 and 18 4 Oleum (23 %) 1. Sr. No. 121 of Schedule 3 15 t (as Sulfur 5.67 - 38.00 38.00 43.67 Corrosive Part I Group 2 Toxic Tiroxide-SO3) for &toxic substance rule 5, 7-9 and 2. Sr. no. 444 of schedule 1 75 t for 10 to 12 part I as Oelum RAONEP Report Prepared by Ahmedabad 3 Trisha Speciality Chemical Pvt. Ltd., Plot no.1015 & 1016, GIDC Estate, Kerala, near Bavla, Taluka-Dholka, District-Ahmedabad, State Gujarat Day Tank Storage Tank details, MT Total Hazardous Falling under category of Threshold Storage Storage No. Hazard Chemical name MSIHC Rules Quantity in MT Capacity, MT Existing Proposed Total capacity, MT 3. Sr. No. 590 of schedule 1 part I as Sulfur Trioxide 4. Sr. no. 11 of Schedule 2 Sulfur Trioxide storage as Isolated storage 5 Sulphuric Acid 1. Group -2 – Toxic Substances - 2.76 37.00 - 37.00 39.76 Corrosive – sr.no.121- RAONEP Report Prepared by Ahmedabad 4 Trisha Speciality Chemical Pvt. Ltd., Plot no.1015 & 1016, GIDC Estate, Kerala, near Bavla, Taluka-Dholka, District-Ahmedabad, State Gujarat Table 6.2: Characteristics of hazardous chemicals to be used as per the MSIHC Rules Main properties (refer MSDS, Sch‐9 of MSIHC Rules) Full name of State : Solid, LD Sr. No. LEL 50 product Liquid or Gas LC mg/kg -oral B.P. F.P. 50 Specific Gravity Vapor Density mg/kg °C °C UEL (Water = 1) (Air = 1) LD % 50 mg/L -dermal 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1. Caustic Lye Aqueous 1388 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 2.300 -- 6 100 2. Formaldehyde Liquid 96 50 203 1.080 0.62 to 1.04 36 270 2047 3. Octanol Liquid 184 77 -- 1400 0.827 4.5 >2600 - 4. Oleum (23%) Liquid 100-140 -9 to 30 -- -- 1.892 --- 500 Sulphuric Acid -- 5. Liquid 270 – 340 -- 510 2140 1.840 3.4 (98%) -- RAONEP Report Prepared by Ahmedabad 5 Trisha Speciality Chemical Pvt. Ltd., Plot no.1015 & 1016, GIDC Estate, Kerala, near Bavla, Taluka-Dholka, District-Ahmedabad, State Gujarat 6.3.2 Potential Hazard Classification The hazard classification has been carried out based on the data provided in MSDS data sheets and as per the classification MSHIC Rules, 1986 and its amendments thereof. The hazard classification is given in Tab Table 6.3: Potential Hazard Classification and Analysis of Chemicals to be handled in the Proposed Expansion Unit No. Hazardous Chemical Hazard Rating System Type of Hazard/Risk Involved name 1 Oleum (Toxic and TLV – 5 ppm, STEL – 10 ppm, Toxic when contact with skin Corrosive Liquid) NFPA ratings: Health – 4 , Flammability -2 , Cause Burns Instability – 0 , Flash Point – NA Toxic , if swallowed Irritating to skin , eye and respiratory system 2 Octanol (Flammable TLV: - STEL: - Highly flammable and Corrosive liquid) NFPA ratings:Health: 2; Flammability: 2; Toxic when contact with skin Instability:0 Toxic by inhalation o Flash Point: 81 C Toxic , if swallowed Danger of very serious irreversible effects 3 Formaldehyde TLV – 0.3 ppm (1 ppm ), Flammable (Corrosive Liquid) NFPA ratings: Health – 3 , Flammability -2 , Toxic when contact with skin Reactivity – 0 , Toxic by inhalation Flash Point – 50°C Toxic , if swallowed Causes burn Limited evidence of carcinogenic effect Risk of serious danger to eyes. 4 Sulphuric Acid TLV – 1mg/m3, Toxic when contact with skin (Corrosive& Reactive) NFPA ratings: Health – 3 , Fire – 0 Physical-2 , Toxic by inhalation Personal Protection – C Toxic , if swallowed Causes burn Limited evidence of carcinogenic effect Highly reactive. Reacts violently with: many chemicals, including, water RAONEP Report Prepared by Ahmedabad 6 Trisha Speciality Chemical Pvt. Ltd., Plot no.1015 & 1016, GIDC Estate, Kerala, near Bavla, Taluka-Dholka, District-Ahmedabad, State Gujarat No. Hazardous Chemical Hazard Rating System Type of Hazard/Risk Involved name Corrosive to: aluminum alloys, carbon steel, and other metals. Risk of serious danger to eyes. 5 Caustic Lye (Corrosive STEL – 2mg/m3, Flammable & Reactive) NFPA ratings: Health – 3 , Flammability– 0 Toxic when contact with skin Instability-1 Toxic by inhalation Toxic , if swallowed Causes burn Limited evidence of carcinogenic effect Risk of serious danger to eyes. Incompatible Materials: Highly reactive. Reacts violently with: many chemicals, including, water, organic acids (e.g. acetic acid), inorganic acids (e.g. hydrofluoric acid), oxidizing agents (e.g. peroxides), metals (e.g. aluminum) Corrosive to: aluminum alloys, carbon steel, and other metals RAONEP Report Prepared by Ahmedabad 7 Trisha Speciality Chemical Pvt. Ltd., Plot no.1015 & 1016, GIDC Estate, Kerala, near Bavla, Taluka-Dholka, District-Ahmedabad, State Gujarat 6.4 Risk Scenarios: 6.4.1 Worst Case Scenario: In worst case scenario conditions, For projection of maximum effects due to release of chemicals is considered by considering maximum amount of chemical leakage or at sudden release of all the chemicals within a minute time, in the atmosphere, with considering meteorological data for projection of probable loss of chemicals, release of fumes, vapor and area covered, number of persons affected. It is projection at project stage, to take preventive measures to avoid such type of incidents, at actual level. It is also useful for training and awareness for company employee and surrounding village or nearby people by giving proper information in prior, to take care of emergency in real condition.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • SULFUR TRIOXIDE -- Chemical Fact Sheet
    OLEUM/SULFUR TRIOXIDE -- Chemical Fact Sheet 1 What is it? Oleum is a cloudy, gray, fuming, oily, corrosive liquid with a sharp, penetrating odor. When Oleum comes into contact with air following a spill, it releases Sulfur Trioxide. Sulfur Trioxide is a white gas having the appearance of fog. It also has a sharp, penetrating odor that is detectable at low concentrations. Because of the tendency to liberate Sulfur Trioxide on contact with air, Oleum is also known as “fuming Sulfuric Acid”. Where does it Oleum is made by dissolving Sulfur Trioxide into Sulfuric Acid. Sulfur come from? Trioxide is made from Sulfur Dioxide in the presence of a catalyst. What are the It is used in the oil refining process to make crude oil distillates into higher quality materials. common uses for it? Manufacture of soap Manufacture of high purity Sulfuric Acid for the electronic industry Manufacture of catalyst used in production of Sulfuric Acid. How is it Oleum is shipped by truck and pipeline. transported in CCC? How is it stored Oleum is stored in covered tanks. in CCC? Health Hazards from Exposure Exposure Route Symptoms First Aid Inhalation Irritates nose, throat and Remove to fresh air. Seek (low concentrations) lungs medical attention if Burning Sensation symptoms persist. Sneezing, coughing Inhalation Burning sensation Remove to fresh air, get (high concentrations & prolonged exposure) Coughing, gagging medical attention including Chest tightness and pain, oxygen administration. Fluid in lungs Initiate CPR if breathing has Suffocation, death stopped. Eyes Severely irritates eyes Rinse eyes with water for at Burning/discomfort least 5 minutes.
    [Show full text]
  • Sulfur (IV) Isotopic Exchange Reaction in Aqueous and Concentrated Acid
    THE KINETICS OF THE SULFtJR(IV) - suLFuR(vI) ISOTOPIC EXCHANGE REACTION IN AQUEOUS AND CONCTRATED ACID )LUTIONS by RAY LOCKE McDONALD A THESIS submitted to OHEGON STATE COLLEGE In parti1 fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR 0F PHW)SOPHY June 196]. flIiY1i$IT Redacted for Privacy Professor of Chemistry In Charge of Major Red acted f or P rivacy Chairman of Department of Cnemistry Redacted for Privacy Chairman of School Graduate Committee Redacted for Privacy Dean of Graduate School nate thesis is presented Typed by LeAnna kiarris tffi*ffimffi Fcar rdsrmo ad mflss. dte rU egestr d lilt rretc Mlr1 tb lutEm'rprm [ilr;r* dffi tldr te EufUe ?. E. I*1ill. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION ...................... i II. E(PERIMENTAL ...................... 7 A. General Procedure ................. 7 B. Radioactivity Analysis ............... 9 C. Chemical Analysis ................ il D, Preparation of Materials and Reactant Solutions 13 1. General ................. 13 2. Sulfur Dioxide ................ 1.3 3. Labeled Aqueous Sulfuric Acid ......... i1 )4. Labeled Concentrated Sulfuric cid ....... 15 ;. Labeled 100% Sulfuric Acid ........... 16 6. Labeled Fuming Sulfuric Acid .......... 16 7. Labeled Aqueous Sodium Bisulfate ........ 16 8. Lat.ed Sodium Bisulfate in Aqueous Sulfuric Acid .................. 17 9. Labeled Sodium Bisulfate in Concentrated . Sulfuric Acid .................. 17 10. Labeled Sodium Sulfate ............. 17 li. Labeled Sodium Sulfate in Aqueous Sodium Bisulfate ................ 18 12. Labeled Elemental Sulfur ............ 18 III. RUN PROCEDURE AND DATA ................ 19 A. Sulfur(IV) - Sulfur(VI) Exchange in Basic Media . 19 B, - Sulfur(IV) Sulfur(VI) Exchange in Acidic Media . .23 1. Radiosulfur Ecchsuge Experiments Between Sulfur Dioxìe and Aqueous Sulfuric Acid of High Specific Activity ...........
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent Office Patented Jan
    3,297,748 United States Patent Office Patented Jan. 10, 1967 1. 2 was found to have superior odor qualities, based upon 3,297,748 ALKYLBENZENE SULFONATE COLOR AND odor ratings made by subjective panel testing. ODOR INHIBITION By sulfonation is meant the treatment of alkylbenzenes John B. Wilkes, Albany, Calif., assignor to Chevron Re with concentrated sulfuric acid, and particularly with search Company, a corporation of Delaware concentrated sulfuric acid-sulfur trioxide mixtures, there No Drawing. Filed June 13, 1963, Ser. No. 287,489 by to produce the corresponding alkylbenzene sulfonic 2 Claims. (CI. 260-505) acids. Preferably, the present process contemplates the use of oleum having from about 5 to 28 percent sulfur This invention relates to an improved method for the trioxide content, by weight. In general, sulfonation reac preparation of branched-chain alkylbenzene sulfonate de 0 tion temperatures useful in the process range from about tergents. More specifically, this invention relates to the 50 to 150 F.; and, as is known in the art, from about a preparation of branched side-chain alkylbenzene sulfo stoichiometric amount to about a 20 percent excess of nate detergent by the sulfonation of branched-chain alkyl the sulfonating agent, based upon the alkylbenzene, is benzenes with oleum in the presence of color and odor preferably used. Usually, the sulfur trioxide in the oleum inhibiting amounts of acetic acid and a lower alkylben mixture is the sulfonation agent consumed, although the ZCle. sulfuric acid may also be consumed to the point where The active ingredient in most detergents in household the residual sulfuric acid medium has been reduced use are alkylated aryl sulfonates.
    [Show full text]
  • Determination of Sulfuric Acid and Oleum Concentration Relevant For: Chemical Industry / Sulfuric Acid Production
    Determination of Sulfuric Acid and Oleum Concentration Relevant for: Chemical industry / Sulfuric acid production Sulfuric acid is widely used in the chemical industry, plastics industry and petrochemistry, for the production of phosphoric acid as a starting material for fertilizers, in the metal industry (e.g. in etching baths), and in accumulators. Dissolving sulfur trioxide, SO3, in concentrated sulfuric acid results in a fuming solution called oleum (or "fuming sulfuric acid"). Oleum is used in the chemical industry, for example for the production of intermediate materials or chemical fibers. 2.2. Conventional: Titration - a tedious method The conventional method for determination of sulfuric acid concentration is titration. However, titration is not only time-consuming and hazardous, but also includes a range of error prone operation steps even for skilled 1. Quality control in sulfuric acid production laboratory staff. The titration of sulfuric acid or oleum is carried out Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is a high production volume with a base, commonly sodium hydroxide, NaOH. The chemical and plays an important role in various acid sample has to be diluted prior to titration - a time- industries. Sulfuric acid is a colorless and odorless consuming and hazardous operation. The accuracy of oily liquid which is highly hygroscopic. Depending on the results is influenced by several factors such as the its concentration the acid is used for different skill of the operator, the quality of the standard base purposes. solution, the precision of the burettes, the quality of The production of sulfuric acid proceeds in several the indicator used, etc. In routine analysis accuracies of 0.1 % w/w to 0.5 % w/w H SO can be attained.
    [Show full text]
  • TNT Rri Rrrniteotoluenes AND
    TNT rri rRrNITEOTOLUENES AND MONO- AND DINITBOTOLUENES THEIR MANUFACTURE AND PROPERTIES BY G. CARLTON SMITH, B.S. Instructor in General Chemistry, School of Applied Science, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh, Pa, LONDON CONSTABLE AND COMPANY, LIMITED 10 ORANGE ST., LEICESTER SQ., W. C. 1918 Copyright, 1918, by VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY WHOSE SACRIFICES AND LOVE HAVE MADE POSSIBLE MY EDUCATION THIS BOOK IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED ACKNOWLEDGMENT THE writer wishes to thank all those who have so kindly aided him in the preparation of this book. He is especially grateful for the valued comments and criticisms offered by the members of the Staff of the Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Institute of Technology; for the facts which form the basis of Chapter X, by Dr. Samuel Haythorn of the Singer Memorial Laboratory, Allegheny General Hos- pital; and for data on TNT manufacture by Mr. Robert M. Crawford of the Grasselli Powder Co. The Chemical and Industrial Journals have been consulted freely, and much valuable material has been extracted therefrom. Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Institute of Technology, PITTSBURGH, PA., May, 1918. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I PAGE INTKODUCTION 1 CHAPTER II HISTORICAL 6 CHAPTER III THE THEORY OF THE NITRATION OF TOLUENE 20 CHAPTER IV THE MANUFACTURE OF TNT 29 CHAPTER V THE PURIFICATION OF TNT 52 CHAPTER VI INSPECTION AND TESTING OF TNT 61 CHAPTER VII PROPERTIES OF THE TRINITROTOLUENES 77 CHAPTER VIII PROPERTIES OF THE MONO- AND DINITROTOLUENES 95 CHAPTER IX ACCIDENTS IN TNT PLANTS 106 CHAPTER X TNT DISEASES 112 TRINITROTOLUENE CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION THE almost universal adoption of trinitrotoluene as the most efficient explosive in modern warfare; the development and refinement of its manufacture, and the interesting chemistry of its compounds, as well as those of the lower nitro-derivatives of toluene has prompted quite extensive research as to their composition, structure, manufacture, properties and uses.
    [Show full text]
  • Safety in University Chemistry Courses; an Introduction for Students
    Information Safety in University Chemistry Courses An Introduction for Students BGI/GUV-I 8553 E October 2009 Published by: Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung (DGUV) Mittelstraße 51, 10117 Berlin Tel.: +49 30 288763800 Fax: +49 30 288763808 E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: www.dguv.de In cooperation with the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (GDCh) and the Berufsgenossenschaft Rohstoffe und chemische Industrie (BG RCI), formerly BG Chemie. This brochure is permanently being updated by the DGUV working team “Gefahrstoffe”. Translated by the Chevalier Dr. Dr. Rüdiger Marcus Flaig © October 2009 The October 2009 edition corresponds to the German version of the brochure “Sicheres Arbeiten in chemischen Laboratorien” (BGI/GUV-I 8553), October 2009. All rights reserved. No part may be reprinted or copied without the publisher’s prior consent. BGI/GUV-I 8553 E can be obtained from your competent accident insurance provider. The addresses are to be found at www.dguv.de Information Safety in University Chemistry Courses An Introduction for Students BGI/GUV-I 8553 E October 2009 Table of Contents 1 Introduction to lab safety 64 Chemical equipment 26 4.1 Handling laboratory glassware 26 2 Before beginning 4.2 Setting up chemical equipment 27 the practical course 94.3 Heating of equipment 28 2.1 Where are important 4.4 Cooling 30 installations and accessories? 9 4.5 Special information 31 2.2 How to learn about dangerous 4.6. Special methods 31 properties of substances and 4.6.1 Work under reduced pressure 31 safety-relevant parameters 10 4.6.2 Working
    [Show full text]
  • Oleum Acid Measurement
    Foxboro Application Solution Oleum Acid Measurement Introduction Oleum (fuming sulfuric acid, H2S2O7) is corrosive and commonly made in various strengths, consisting of SO3 dissolved in 100% H2SO4. Therefore, 20% oleum contains 20% SO3 and 80% H2SO4 by weight. Contingent on strength, vapor pressure is such that escaping SO3 fumes combine with moisture in the air to form sulfuric acid mist particles. These sulfuric acid mist particles are typically visible and can create dense white clouds of fumes. • Normally turbid, off-white liquid • Solution of uncombined SO3 dissolved in H2SO4 • Oleum sometimes referred to as greater than 100% H2SO4 www.fielddevices.foxboro.com Foxboro Application Solution > Oleum Acid Measurement Uses • In sulfonation and nitration processes • Insecticides • Leading source of sulfonation for powdered/ • Oil refining synthetic laundry products • Explosives • High-strength adhesives Production Typically, oleum is produced as part of the commercial process of manufacturing sulfuric acid. Today essentially all sulfuric acid and oleum produced in the United States is manufactured using the contact method. The contact method incorporates three basic operations, each of which corresponds to a distinct chemical reaction. The basic raw materials for sulfuric acid are sulfur, air, and water. First — the sulfur feedstock (molten sulfur or sulfur containing ore) is oxidized (burned in air) to sulfur dioxide (SO2). Next — the sulfur dioxide is fed to a process unit called a converter, where it is catalytically (such as vanadium pentoxide catalyst or platinum) oxidized (at 450° Celsius) to sulfur trioxide (SO3). Finally — the sulfur trioxide is absorbed in a strong 98% sulfuric acid solution (fuming sulfuric acid or oleum).
    [Show full text]
  • Sulfuric Acid
    Mineral Acids Course : ACCE-2221 2nd Year : Even Semester Group-A : Chapter-1 7 December 2015 Course Outline 1. Sources of sulphur 2. Mining of sulphur- Sicilian and Frasch processes 3. Manufacture of sulphuric acid- chamber and contact process 4. Oleum and uses 5. Production of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid- Properties & uses 7 December 2015 Mineral Acid A Mineral Acid is an acid derived from one or more inorganic compounds. One part of these acid comes from inorganic minerals, that is why these acids are known as mineral acid. Some mineral acids are- • HCl • HNO3 • H2SO4 • H3PO4 • H3BO3 • HClO4 • H4TiO4 7 December 2015 Sources of Sulfur • Volcanic deposits in Sicily (Italy) • Iron pyrite • Ammonium sulfate • Calcium sulfate • Fossil fuel • Zinc blend • Gypsum • Epsom salt 7 December 2015 Sources of Sulfur Sulfur Mining of Sulfur Mining of Sulfur 7 December 2015 Sources of Sulfur Sulfur can be collected by two major process: 1. Sicilian Process 2. Frasch Process 7 December 2015 Frasch process In the Frasch process, three concentric tubes are introduced into the sulfur deposit. Superheated water (165 °C, 2.5-3 MPa) is injected into the deposit via the outermost tube. Sulfur (m.p. 115 °C) melts and flows into the middle tube. Water pressure alone is unable to force the sulfur into the surface due to the molten sulfur's greater density, so hot air is introduced via the innermost tube to froth the sulfur, making it less dense, and pushing it to the surface. The sulfur obtained can be very pure (99.7 - 99.8%). In this form, it is light yellow in color.
    [Show full text]
  • Sulfuric Acid Influence on the Nitrocompounds Detonation Reactions V
    Sulfuric Acid Influence on the Nitrocompounds Detonation Reactions V. Gamezo, S. Khoroshev, B. Kondrikov, G. Kozak To cite this version: V. Gamezo, S. Khoroshev, B. Kondrikov, G. Kozak. Sulfuric Acid Influence on the Nitrocompounds Detonation Reactions. Journal de Physique IV Proceedings, EDP Sciences, 1995, 05 (C4), pp.C4-395- C4-405. 10.1051/jp4:1995432. jpa-00253737 HAL Id: jpa-00253737 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00253737 Submitted on 1 Jan 1995 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE IV Colloque C4, supplement au Journal de Physique 111, Volume 5, mai 1995 Sulfuric Acid Influence on the Nitrocompounds Detonation Reactions V.N. Gamezo, S.M. Khoroshev, B.N. Kondrikov and G.D. Kozak Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, 9 Miusskaja Sq., 125047 Moscow, Russia Abstract: The detonation failure diameter df and detonation velocity D of mixtures of nitromethane, trinitrotoluene, dinitrotoluene, and trinitrobenzene with sulfiric acid and oleum have been measured in the wide range of concentrations It was shown that the detonation ability of the nitrocompounds depends significantly on the sulfuric acid content The minimum value of df for the mixture TNTIoleum is about 2 mm, i.e., 30 times less, than that for pure melted TNT, and practically equal to df of nitroglycerine.
    [Show full text]
  • Oleum, Sulfur Trioxide, and Sulfuric Acid
    Oleum, Sulfur Trioxide, and Sulfuric Acid These three very corrosive chemicals are closely related. Oleum is cloudy, oily, fuming liquid or sometimes a solid which releases sulfur trioxide in contact with air as in a spill. This sulfur trioxide reacts quickly with any air moisture producing a fine sulfuric acid mist. Inhalation at low concentrations for a short period irritates the nose, throat, and lungs. Prolonged exposure or higher concentrations causes a burning sensation, coughing, gagging, chest pain, fluid in lungs, and possible suffocation and death. The effects of inhalation may be delayed. The mist also severely irritates eyes and skin. We will look at these chemicals, its uses, and examine several accidents involving oleum spills. Oleum spills are very dangerous because chemical contact can “suck” the water out of organic materials leaving a black char generating a lot of heat and possibly resulting in fire. If water is sprayed on the chemical, a sulfuric acid mist will likely be formed which is difficult to control and dangerous to inhale. Physical Properties of Oleum, Sulfur Trioxide, and Sulfuric Acid Oleum is excess sulfur trioxide dissolved in sulfuric acid. Another name for Oleum is “Sulfuric acid, fuming”. It is sometimes shipped by railcar under UN 1831. The chemical may also be transported tanker truck, pipeline or in smaller containers. The Emergency Response Guidebook under UN 1831 makes a distinction between “Sulfuric acid, fuming, with less than 30% free Sulfur trioxide” and “Sulfuric acid, with not less than 30% free Sulfur trioxide”. For example, a tank car containing 90 tons of oleum with 30% free sulfur trioxide contains 60 tons of sulfuric acid and 30 tons of free sulfur trioxide dissolved in the sulfuric acid.
    [Show full text]
  • 16.4 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions of Benzene 751
    16_BRCLoudon_pgs4-3.qxd 11/26/08 9:06 AM Page 750 750 CHAPTER 16 • THE CHEMISTRY OF BENZENE AND ITS DERIVATIVES This hybridization allows one of its electron pairs to occupy a 2p orbital, which has the same size, shape, and orientation as the carbon 2p orbitals of the ring. In other words, an oxygen 2p orbital overlaps more effectively with the carbon 2p orbitals of the ring than an oxygen sp3 or- bital would. (We learned about the same effect in resonance-stabilized allylic systems; p. 713). The UV spectrum of anisole is a direct consequence of this overlap. PROBLEMS 16.10 (a) Explain why compound A has a UV spectrum with considerably greater lmax values and intensities than are observed for ethylbenzene. C2H5 C2H5 lmax 256 nm (e 20,000) LLL = 283 nm (e = 5,100) = A (b) In view of your answer to part (a), explain why the UV spectra of compounds B and C are virtually identical. CH3 H3C CH3 $ $ " $ H3C $ CH3 Lv vL i H C 3 M%CH3 H C CH 3 3 C B mesitylene bimesityl lmax 266 nm (e 200) = = lmax 266 nm (e 700) = = 16.11 How could you distinguish styrene (Ph CHACH2) from ethylbenzene by UV spec- troscopy? L ELECTROPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION 16.4 REACTIONS OF BENZENE The most characteristic reaction of benzene and many of its derivatives is electrophilic aro- matic substitution. In an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction, a hydrogen of an aro- matic ring is substituted by an electrophile—that is, by a Lewis acid. The general pattern of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction is as follows, where E is the electrophile: H EY E H Y (16.1) LL+ L + L (Note that in this reaction and in others that follow, only one of the six benzene hydrogens is shown explicitly to emphasize that one hydrogen is lost in the reaction.) All electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions occur by similar mechanisms.
    [Show full text]
  • 1767 Date: September 1999 Revision: August 2008 DOT Number: UN 1829
    Right to Know Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet Common Name: SULFUR TRIOXIDE Synonyms: Sulfuric Anhydride; Sulfuric Oxide CAS Number: 7446-11-9 Chemical Name: Sulfur Trioxide RTK Substance Number: 1767 Date: September 1999 Revision: August 2008 DOT Number: UN 1829 Description and Use EMERGENCY RESPONDERS >>>> SEE BACK PAGE Sulfur Trioxide is a colorless to white, crystalline (sand-like) Hazard Summary solid which can also exist as a gas or liquid. It is used primarily Hazard Rating NJDOH NFPA as a Sulfating agent in making detergents, as a disinfectant HEALTH 3 - and preservative, and in textile and battery manufacturing. FLAMMABILITY 0 - REACTIVITY 2W - f ODOR THRESHOLD = 1 ppm CARCINOGEN f Odor thresholds vary greatly. Do not rely on odor alone to determine potentially hazardous exposures. CORROSIVE AND REACTIVE POISONOUS GASES ARE PRODUCED IN FIRE CONTAINERS MAY EXPLODE IN FIRE DO NOT USE WATER Reasons for Citation Hazard Rating Key: 0=minimal; 1=slight; 2=moderate; 3=serious; 4=severe f Sulfur Trioxide is on the Right to Know Hazardous Substance List because it is cited by DOT, NTP, DEP, IARC and EPA. f Sulfur Trioxide can affect you when inhaled. f Sulfur Trioxide is a CARCINOGEN. HANDLE WITH f This chemical is on the Special Health Hazard Substance List. EXTREME CAUTION. f Sulfur Trioxide is CORROSIVE and contact can severely irritate and burn the skin and eyes with possible eye damage. f Inhaling Sulfur Trioxide can irritate the nose and throat. SEE GLOSSARY ON PAGE 5. f Inhaling Sulfur Trioxide can irritate the lungs. Higher exposures may cause a build-up of fluid in the lungs FIRST AID (pulmonary edema), a medical emergency.
    [Show full text]