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The Process and Costs of Publishing Medical Journals in Sri Open Access Research BMJ Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000057 on 18 June 2011. Downloaded from The process and costs of publishing open medical journals in Sri Lanka: an accessible medical research economic evaluation P Ranasinghe,1 Y S Perera,2 A M Abeygunasekara1 < Prepublication history for ABSTRACT ARTICLE SUMMARY this paper is available online. Objectives: Medical journals have contributed to the To view these files please advancement of medicine by helping to disseminate Article focus visit the journal online scientific knowledge and providing a forum for medical (http://bmjopen.bmj.com). - To analyse the process and costs of communities to debate issues in depth. To the authors’ publishing medical journals in a developing Received 8 January 2010 knowledge, there are no studies examining the process country. Accepted 20 May 2011 of medical journal publication in developing Asian - To identify a list of medical journals countries. The authors analysed the process and costs published in the country. This final article is available of publishing medical journals in Sri Lanka, - To analyse the number and types of articles for use under the terms of a developing country in South Asia. published in recent Sri Lankan medical the Creative Commons Methods: Data were collected by interviewing the journals. Attribution Non-Commercial editors and perusing the records at the editorial offices 2.0 Licence; see of the respective medical journals. Articles published in Key messages http://bmjopen.bmj.com 2009 (or 2008 for journals not published in 2009) were - Sri Lankan medical journals are freely analysed by perusing the respective journals. accessible with minimum charges for Results: A total of 44 medical journals were published authors. in Sri Lanka’s history, of which only 28 journals - Sri Lankan medical journals are solely remained in publication after 2007. A majority (54%) academic (non-commercial) and non-profit of the journals published after 2007 were published in nature. once per year. Seventeen journals in publication after - The publication costs remain high. http://bmjopen.bmj.com/ 2007 were published in paper version only, and 11 Strengths and limitations of this study journals were also available online. The mean cost of - There is a lack of a comprehensive list of printing one issue was Sri Lankan Rupees (LKR) medical journals in the country. 97 720 (US$888) (range LKR 28 000e270 000). The - The limited number of publications from the cost of distribution ranged from LKR 2000 to 140 000 fields of allied health sciences (nursing, e (US$18 1273). The mean cost of publishing one pharmacy and physiotherapy) were not article was LKR 6646 (US$60). A total of 456 articles included. were published in 2009 (/2008). The total number of pages published was 1723. the Ceylon Branch of the British Medical Associa- on September 23, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. Conclusion: The infrastructure for medical journal tion The Ceylon Medical Journal publishing in Sri Lanka has many good qualities such (forerunner to ) as free access, minimum charges for authors and was among the first medical journals potential for online availability. The journals are solely published in the country. Medical journals academic (non-profit), but the costs remain high. have contributed immensely to the advance- ment of medicine by helping to disseminate scientific knowledge and providing a forum for medical communities to debate issues in depth. In addition, medical journals have helped medical practitioners to stay up to INTRODUCTION date on current practices related to their Scientific journals began in the 17th century profession. 1Colombo South Teaching with the French Journal des Savants and the The cost of producing the first copy for Hospital, Kalubowila, Sri British Philosophical Transactions of the Royal a good- to high-quality journal in the UK has Lanka Society 1 2 2 . General medical journals began at been estimated to be approximately $2000. The National Hospital of Sri the end of the 18th century and specialist Prices for US science journals rose 11% from Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka medical journals at the beginning of the 20th 1960 to 1995 in constant dollars.34Van Correspondence to century. Medical publications in Sri Lanka Orsdel and Born reported that US journals Dr Priyanga Ranasinghe; began in the late 19th century; the Journal of prices rose 8.8% from 1995 to 1996.5 US [email protected] Ranasinghe P, Perera YS, Abeygunasekara AM. BMJ Open (2011). doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000057 1of6 Publishing medical journals in Sri Lanka BMJ Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000057 on 18 June 2011. Downloaded from journal prices increased 9.6% from 2003 to 2007, and Costs were also be divided as fixed costs and variable non-US journals prices increased 9.2% during the same costs. Fixed costs were those involved in manuscript time in constant dollars.6 Reasons given for such prices processing such as editing, preparing special graphics increases are an increase in the size of the journals and proofreading (ie, costs remain fixed for a journal, (including non-article content), the falling number of regardless of the number of subscribers). The variable subscriptions, resource-cost inflation and the move away costs were those involved in printing and distribution of from author-side charges in the 1980s.7 The increased the journal (ie, costs vary by the number of subscribers). costs have resulted in significant journal price increases, In the Sri Lankan context, the fixed costs were minimal, hampering the ability of libraries, institutes and investi- as editorial services were provided free of charge; hence gators from acquiring publications necessary for the total variable costs were the sum of the cost of research and education.89 printing and distribution. The situation in relation to the publication of medical journals in developing countries such as Sri Lanka is Data collection and analysis different, as most medical journals published locally are The study was conducted between June and July 2010. underfunded, lack high-quality articles and are invisible Data were collected by an interviewer-administered to the rest of the world.10 To our knowledge, no studies questionnaire. A member of the study team interviewed have examined the process of publishing medical jour- editors of the respective journals, and exact figures for nals in developing countries in Asia. The primary monetary data were obtained by perusing records at the objective of the present study was to analyse the process respective journal offices. Data on the number of issues and costs of publishing medical journals in Sri Lanka, per year, copies printed per issues, costs of printing a developing country in South Asia. Secondary objectives a single issue, other costs and avenues of income were included identifying a list of medical journals published collected, while the types and numbers of articles in the country and analysing the number and different published in 2009 (or 2008 for journals not printed in types of articles published recently in medical journals in 2009) were analysed by perusing the respective journals. Sri Lanka. The consent for publication of data was obtained from the editors of the respective journals. Data were analysed METHODS using SPSS V 14. Journal identification In the absence of any established method for obtaining RESULTS an exhaustive list of all medical journals in Sri Lanka, the A total of 44 medical journals were identified as being list of medical journals published in Sri Lanka was ever published in Sri Lanka by the above-mentioned compiled using: (1) The Union list of periodical hold- journal identification method, and all journals were http://bmjopen.bmj.com/ ings of Health Science libraries in Sri Lanka 2001, published in English. A list of journals identified as published by Health Literature, Library and Information being ever published in Sri Lanka is given in box 1. Services (HELLIS) Network Sri Lanka;11 and (2) Twenty-eight journals were being published after 2007, medical periodicals catalogues available at the following on which the following analysis is based. Fifteen (54%) libraries: Faculty of Medicine, Colombo; Postgraduate journals were published once per year (annually). Institute of Medicine, Colombo; and Sri Lanka Medical Seventeen journals (61%) were published in paper Library. Journals published in either year 2008 or 2009 version only, while nine journals were published online were considered for the cost analysis, and journals that in addition to paper publication. Two journals (7%) on September 23, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. were not published after 2007 were excluded, as the cost were published exclusively in the electronic format. All of publication may have changed significantly in recent 11 electronically published journals allowed free online years. In addition, journals from the allied health access to their articles. The number of copies printed sciences were also excluded. per issue ranged from 100 to 8000 (mean 636). Only two journals published more than 1000 copies per issue (The Cost analysis Sri Lanka Prescriber and The Ceylon Medical Journal). The costs for printed journals were analysed under two The mean cost of printing one issue was Sri Lankan basic categories, ‘direct costs’ and ‘indirect costs.’12 Rupees (LKR) 97 720 (US$888). The cost range was LKR Direct costs were (1) editorial costs (for the selection 28 000e270 000 (US$254e2454). Most of the journals and review of articles, the manuscript management were distributed free of charge, while seven journals system and copy-editing); (2) cost of printing; (3) carried a selling price which ranged from LKR 20 to 400 distribution costs (including postage, packing and (US$0.2e4). The main forms of distribution were shipping costs); and (4) overhead costs (maintenance of collection by subscribers from the respective journal an office and staff). The indirect costs were costs office (67.9%), postage (46.4%) and courier (14.3%) involved in administration, marketing and financing.
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