DOCSLIB.ORG

Biodiversity: Its Importance to Human Health

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Biodiversity: Its Importance to Human Health Biodiversity: Its Importance to Human Health Interim Executive Summary Editor Eric Chivian M.D. A Project of the Center for Health and the Global Center for Health and the Global Environment Environment Harvard Medical School Harvard Medical School 401 Park Drive, 2nd Floor East Boston, MA 02215 under the auspices of the 617 384 8530 Telephone World Health Organization, 617 384 8585 Fax the United Nations Development [email protected] Programme, and the United Nations www.med.harvard.edu/chge Environment Programme The project Biodiversity: Its Importance to Human Health Working Group 1: Biodiversity Working Group 4: The Value of Plants, Animals, has been made possible through the generous support Chairs and Microbes to Medical Research of several individuals and the following foundations: Stuart Pimm Chairs Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Maria Alice dos Santos Alves Eric Chivian Nathan Cummings Foundation Members Joshua Rosenthal Richard & Rhoda Goldman Fund Christer Nilsson Members Clarence E. Heller Charitable Foundation Callum Roberts Mark Cattet Johnson & Johnson Terry Root John Daly John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Stephen Schneider Andrew Hendrickx The New York Community Trust Melanie Stiassny Toshio Narahasi The Josephine Bay Paul and C. Michael Paul Foundation, Inc. Ralph Nelson The Pocantico Conference Center of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund Working Group 2: Ecosystem Services Baldomero Olivera V. Kann Rasmussen Foundation Chairs Ken Paigen Wallace Genetic Foundation Jerry Melillo Gary Ruvkun Wallace Global Fund Osvaldo Sala The Winslow Foundation Members Working Group 5: Ecosystem Disturbance, Amy Austin Biodiversity, and Human Infectious Diseases Donald Boesch Chairs Scott Collins David Molyneux Johnson & Johnson generously provided the funding Norma Fowler Richard Ostfeld for this second printing. Linda Joyce Members William Lauenroth Felix Amerasinghe Roger Pielke Robert Bos Jose Sarrukhan Peter Daszak Mary Scholes Paul Epstein Pier Vallinga Thomas Kristensen Brian Walker Stephen Morse Rusong Wang Yasmin Rubio Working Group 3: Medicines from Working Group 6: The Role of Biodiversity Natural Sources in World Food Production Chairs Chairs David Newman Daniel Hillel John Kilama Cynthia Rosenzweig Members Members Gordon Cragg Francisco Garcia-Olmedo Gabriela Coelho de Souza Andrew Pierce Elaine Elisabetsky David Sherman William Fenical Zhao Shidong Ana Paula Schulte Haas Amos Tandler Charles Wambebe Diana Wall Working Group 7: Policy Options Chairs Jeffrey McNeely Madhav Gadgil Members Martha Chouchena-Rojas Vernon Heywood Walter Reid Setijati Sastrapradja 10693 Pgs 01-5.aa 1/28/04 3:17 PM Page 1 Biodiversity: Its Importance to Human Health Interim Executive Summary A Project of the Center for Health and the Global Environment Harvard Medical School under the auspices of the World Health Organization, the United Nations Development Programme, and the United Nations Environment Programme Editor Eric Chivian M.D. Associate Editors Maria Alice dos Santos Alves Ph.D. (Brazil) Aaron S. Bernstein (USA) Robert Bos M.Sc. (WHO) Paul Epstein M.D., MPH (USA) Madhav Gadgil Ph.D. (India) Hiremagular Gopalan Ph.D. (UNEP) Daniel Hillel Ph.D. (Israel) John Kilama Ph.D. (USA/Uganda) Jeffrey McNeely Ph.D. (IUCN) Jerry Melillo Ph.D. (USA) David Molyneux Ph.D., Dsc (UK) Jo Mulongoy Ph.D. (CBD) David Newman Ph.D. (USA) Richard Ostfeld Ph.D. (USA) Stuart Pimm Ph.D. (USA) Joshua Rosenthal Ph.D. (USA) Cynthia Rosenzweig Ph.D. (USA) Osvaldo Sala Ph.D. (Argentina) 1 Biodiversity 10693 Pgs 01-5.aa 1/28/04 3:17 PM Page 2 © 2002 Center for Health and the Global Environment Harvard Medical School 2003 2nd printing (with revisions) The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the World Health Organization, the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Environment Programme, or other cooperating institutions or agencies. The mention of a commercial company or product does not imply endorsement by any of the institutions or agencies involved in this report. Design by WGBH Design Cover Photo: Blue Poison Arrow Frog (Dendrobates azureus) 0410093 © Art Wolfe 1991 10693 Pgs 01-5.aa 1/28/04 3:17 PM Page 3 Chapter 1: Contents Biodiversity 6 Chapter 2: Ecosystem Services 13 Chapter 3: Medicines from Natural Sources 19 Chapter 4: The Value of Plants, Animals, and Microbes to Medical Research 26 Chapter 5: Ecosystem Disturbance, Biodiversity, and Human Infectious Diseases 34 Chapter 6: The Role of Biodiversity in World Food Production 41 Chapter 7: Policy Options 49 10693 Pgs 01-5.aa 1/28/04 3:17 PM Page 4 Introduction calculating, on the basis of habitat destruction alone, that as many as two thirds of all species on E.O. Wilson once said about ants “we need them Earth could be lost by the end of this century, a to survive, but they don’t need us at all.” The proportion of lost species that matches the great same, in fact, could be said about countless other extinction event, 65 million years ago, that wiped insects, bacteria, fungi, plankton, plants, and out the dinosaurs. That event was most likely the other organisms. This central truth, however, is result of a giant asteroid striking the Earth; largely lost to most of us. Rather, we act as if we this one we alone are causing. were totally independent of Nature, as if it were We have done all these things, our species, an infinite source of products and services for our Homo sapiens sapiens, one species out of use alone, and an infinite sink for our wastes. perhaps ten million or more, and a very young During the past 50 years, for example, we species at that, having evolved only about 130,000 have squandered one fourth of the world’s topsoil, years ago, behaving as if these alterations were one fifth of its agricultural land, and one third of happening someplace other than where we live, as its forests, while at the same time needing these if they had no effect on us whatsoever. resources more than ever, having increased our This mindless degradation of the planet is population from 2.5 billion to over 6.1 billion. driven by many factors, not the least of which is We have dumped many millions of tons of toxic our inability to take seriously the implications of chemicals onto soils and into fresh water, the our rapidly growing populations and of our oceans, and the air, while knowing very little unsustainable consumption, largely by people in about the effects these chemicals have on other industrialized countries, of its resources. species, or, in fact, on ourselves. We have changed Ultimately, our behavior is the result of a the composition of the atmosphere, thinning the fundamental failure to recognize that human ozone layer that filters out harmful ultraviolet beings are an inseparable part of Nature and that radiation, toxic to all living things on land and in we cannot damage it severely without severely surface waters, and increasing the concentration damaging ourselves. of atmospheric carbon dioxide to levels not present This report was first conceived ten years ago on Earth for more than 420,000 years. These at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro when the carbon dioxide emissions, caused mainly by our great promise of that event and its ambitious goals burning fossil fuels, are unleashing a warming of for controlling global climate change and conserv- the Earth’s surface and a change in the climate ing the world’s biodiversity were first elaborated. that will increasingly threaten our health, and the What was recognized then, and what is even more survival of other species worldwide. And we are widely appreciated now, was that, in contrast to now consuming or wasting almost half of all the the issue of climate change, there was inadequate planet’s net photosynthetic production on land attention being paid to the potential consequences and more than half of its available freshwater. for human health resulting from species loss and Most disturbing of all, we are so damaging the the disruption of ecosystems. This general neglect habitats in which other species live that we are of the relationship between biodiversity and driving them to extinction, the only truly human health, it was believed, was a very serious irreversible consequence of our environmental problem. Not only were the full human dimen- assaults, at a rate that is hundreds or perhaps sions of biodiversity loss failing to inform policy even thousands of times greater than natural decisions, but the general public, lacking an background rates. As a result, some biologists are understanding of the health risks involved, was 4 Biodiversity: Its Importance to Human Health 10693 Pgs 01-5.aa 1/28/04 3:17 PM Page 5 not grasping the magnitude of the biodiversity • Chapter 3 covers medicines and natural crisis, and not developing a sense of urgency to pesticides that are derived from plants, animals, address it. Unfortunately, aesthetic, ethical, and microbes. religious, even economic, arguments had not • Chapter 4 traces the dependency of medical been enough to convince them. research on other species. To address this need, the Center for Health and the Global Environment at Harvard Medical • Chapter 5 examines the complex relationships School proposed that it coordinate an internation- among ecosystem disruption, biodiversity, and al scientific effort to compile what was known the emergence and spread of human infectious about how other species contribute to human diseases. health, under the auspices of the World Health • Chapter 6 discusses the role of biodiversity in Organization (WHO), the United Nations world food production—on land, in freshwater, Development Programme (UNDP), and the and in the oceans. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and to produce a report on the subject • Chapter 7 provides for the policy-maker a that would be the most comprehensive one preliminary list of suggested options to consider available.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
    SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIOXS. 227 AEEANGEMENT FAMILIES OF MOLLUSKS. PREPARED FOR THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BY THEODORE GILL, M. D., Ph.D. WASHINGTON: PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, FEBRUARY, 1871. ^^1 I ADVERTISEMENT. The following list has been prepared by Dr. Theodore Gill, at the request of the Smithsonian Institution, for the purpose of facilitating the arrangement and classification of the Mollusks and Shells of the National Museum ; and as frequent applica- tions for such a list have been received by the Institution, it has been thought advisable to publish it for more extended use. JOSEPH HENRY, Secretary S. I. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, January, 1871 ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION, FEBRUARY 28, 1870. (iii ) CONTENTS. VI PAGE Order 17. Monomyaria . 21 " 18. Rudista , 22 Sub-Branch Molluscoidea . 23 Class Tunicata , 23 Order 19. Saccobranchia . 23 " 20. Dactjlobranchia , 24 " 21. Taeniobranchia , 24 " 22. Larvalia , 24 Class Braehiopoda . 25 Order 23. Arthropomata , 25 " . 24. Lyopomata , 26 Class Polyzoa .... 27 Order 25. Phylactolsemata . 27 " 26. Gymnolseraata . 27 " 27. Rhabdopleurse 30 III. List op Authors referred to 31 IV. Index 45 OTRODUCTIO^. OBJECTS. The want of a complete and consistent list of the principal subdivisions of the mollusks having been experienced for some time, and such a list being at length imperatively needed for the arrangement of the collections of the Smithsonian Institution, the present arrangement has been compiled for that purpose. It must be considered simply as a provisional list, embracing the results of the most recent and approved researches into the systematic relations and anatomy of those animals, but from which innova- tions and peculiar views, affecting materially the classification, have been excluded.
    [Show full text]
  • Healthy People Supporting a Healthy Planet Harnessing Humanity’S Desire for Wellness to Protect Nature
    MACARTHUR FOUNDATION CONSERVATION WHITE PAPER SERIES | 2010 Healthy People Supporting a Healthy Planet Harnessing Humanity’s Desire for Wellness to Protect Nature Judy Mills Health Security Advisor Conservation International TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents ............................................................................................................ 2 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ 3 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 3 Rationale for highlighting health security from nature ..................................................... 3 The science of human & environmental health links ....................................................... 4 Current approaches to human health & the environment ............................................... 7 Models for achieving health security through conservation ............................................ 7 Health-linked economic development directly from nature ................................. 8 Direct payment for ecological stewardship .......................................................... 9 Arguments for a new approach .................................................................................... 10 Health security opportunities for MacArthur .................................................................. 12 1. Strengthening the science underpinning health security from nature ..........
    [Show full text]
  • A New Phylogeny of the Cephalaspidea (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia) Based on Expanded Taxon Sampling and Gene Markers Q ⇑ Trond R
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 89 (2015) 130–150 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev A new phylogeny of the Cephalaspidea (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia) based on expanded taxon sampling and gene markers q ⇑ Trond R. Oskars a, , Philippe Bouchet b, Manuel António E. Malaquias a a Phylogenetic Systematics and Evolution Research Group, Section of Taxonomy and Evolution, Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, PB 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway b Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7205, ISyEB, 55 rue de Buffon, F-75231 Paris cedex 05, France article info abstract Article history: The Cephalaspidea is a diverse marine clade of euthyneuran gastropods with many groups still known Received 28 November 2014 largely from shells or scant anatomical data. The definition of the group and the relationships between Revised 14 March 2015 members has been hampered by the difficulty of establishing sound synapomorphies, but the advent Accepted 8 April 2015 of molecular phylogenetics is helping to change significantly this situation. Yet, because of limited taxon Available online 24 April 2015 sampling and few genetic markers employed in previous studies, many questions about the sister rela- tionships and monophyletic status of several families remained open. Keywords: In this study 109 species of Cephalaspidea were included covering 100% of traditional family-level Gastropoda diversity (12 families) and 50% of all genera (33 genera). Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenet- Euthyneura Bubble snails ics analyses based on two mitochondrial (COI, 16S rRNA) and two nuclear gene markers (28S rRNA and Cephalaspids Histone-3) were used to infer the relationships of Cephalaspidea.
    [Show full text]
  • The Golden Bough: a Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol
    The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 5 of 12) by James George Frazer This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license Title: The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 5 of 12) Author: James George Frazer Release Date: August 30, 2013 [Ebook 43605] Language: English ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GOLDEN BOUGH: A STUDY IN MAGIC AND RELIGION (THIRD EDITION, VOL. 5 OF 12)*** The Golden Bough Studies in the History of Oriental Religion By James George Frazer, D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D. Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge Professor of Social Anthropology in the University of Liverpool Vol. V. of XII. Part IV: Adonis Attis Osiris. Vol. 1 of 2. New York and London MacMillan and Co. 1914 Contents Preface to the First Edition. .2 Preface to the Second Edition. .4 Preface to the Third Edition. .5 Book First. Adonis. .7 Chapter I. The Myth of Adonis. .8 Chapter II. Adonis in Syria. 20 Chapter III. Adonis in Cyprus. 41 Chapter IV. Sacred Men and Women. 71 § 1. An Alternative Theory. 71 § 2. Sacred Women in India. 75 § 3. Sacred Men and Women in West Africa. 80 § 4. Sacred Women in Western Asia. 86 § 5. Sacred Men in Western Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity
    BiodiveBrsiiotyd: iversity Its Importance to Human Health Interim Executive Summary Editor Eric Chivian M.D. A Project of the Center for Health and the Global Environment Harvard Medical School under the auspices of the World Health Organization and the United Nations Biodiversity Environment Programme 5 The project Biodiversity: Its Importance to Human Health has been made possible through the generous support of several individuals and the following foundations: Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Nathan Cummings Foundation Richard & Rhoda Goldman Fund Clarence E. Heller Charitable Foundation Johnson & Johnson John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation The New York Community Trust The Pocantico Conference Center of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund V. Kann Rasmussen Foundation Wallace Genetic Foundation Wallace Global Fund The Winslow Foundation Biodiversity: Its Importance to Human Health Interim Executive Summary A Project of the Center for Health and the Global Environment Harvard Medical School under the auspices of the World Health Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme Editor Eric Chivian M.D. Associate Editors Maria Alice dos Santos Alves Ph.D. (Brazil) Robert Bos M.Sc. (WHO) Paul Epstein M.D., MPH (USA) Madhav Gadgil Ph.D. (India) Hiremagular Gopalan Ph.D. (UNEP) Daniel Hillel Ph.D. (Israel) John Kilama Ph.D. (USA/Uganda) Jeffrey McNeely Ph.D. (IUCN) Jerry Melillo Ph.D. (USA) David Molyneux Ph.D., Dsc (UK) Jo Mulongoy Ph.D. (CBD) David Newman Ph.D. (USA) Richard Ostfeld Ph.D. (USA) Stuart Pimm Ph.D. (USA) Joshua Rosenthal Ph.D. (USA) Cynthia Rosenzweig Ph.D. (USA) Osvaldo Sala Ph.D. (Argentina) 1 Biodiversity Introduction that as many as two thirds of all species on Earth could be lost by the end of this century, a E.O.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of the Cephalaspidea (Mollusca: Gastropoda) and Its Implications to the Origins and Phylogeny of the Opisthobranchia Terrence Milton Gosliner
    University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Spring 1978 THE EVOLUTION OF THE CEPHALASPIDEA (MOLLUSCA: GASTROPODA) AND ITS IMPLICATIONS TO THE ORIGINS AND PHYLOGENY OF THE OPISTHOBRANCHIA TERRENCE MILTON GOSLINER Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation GOSLINER, TERRENCE MILTON, "THE EVOLUTION OF THE CEPHALASPIDEA (MOLLUSCA: GASTROPODA) AND ITS IMPLICATIONS TO THE ORIGINS AND PHYLOGENY OF THE OPISTHOBRANCHIA" (1978). Doctoral Dissertations. 1197. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/1197 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Gastropods of American Samoa Introduction
    Micronesica 41(2):237–252, 2011 Marine gastropods of American Samoa D.P. Brown Isle Royale National Park, Houghton, MI 49931 Abstract—Collected for food for over 3,000 years by the indigenous Samoan people, marine gastropods in American Samoa have never been collected and cataloged for science. This study documents 385 marine gastropods from 50 families occurring in the U.S. territory of American Samoa. Ten of these are listed by genus only and one by family. The num- ber of gastropods currently reported is likely significantly underestimated and a conservative estimate of the richness yet to be discovered. Introduction Molluscs have been collected in Samoa since the earliest inhabitants arrived some 3,000 years ago (Craig et al 2008, Kramer 1994, Kirch and Hunt, 1993, Nagaoka 1993). Much of this reef gleaning was directed at the cephalopods, the large and colorful giant clams (Tridacna spp.) and the larger marine snails such as Trochus spp, Lambis spp., Cassis spp., Turbo spp., and Tutufa spp., although any marine mollusc was likely taken if found (Munro 1999). While the limited archeological evidence provides an initial species list, this long history of the use of marine molluscs provided a very limited understanding of the marine gastro- SRGVRIWKHDUFKLSHODJR(YHQDIWHU(XURSHDQFRQWDFWIHZVHULRXVRUDPDWHXUVKHOO collectors made the long voyage to the S. Pacific to catalog the gastropoda. Until very recently, and before the advent of SCUBA, much of the gastropod knowledge in the area came from the shallow depths available to free-divers, what could be dredged off the bottom, and what washed onto the shore. The first organized sci- entific investigations into the Samoan gastropods weren’t carried out until the 18th century by the La Perouse expedition.
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Shells: First Detailed Morphological Description of the Mangrove-Associated Gastropod Haminoea Cf
    DIRECTEUR DE LA PUBLICATION : Bruno David Président du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle RÉDACTRICE EN CHEF / EDITOR-IN-CHIEF : Laure Desutter-Grandcolas ASSISTANTS DE RÉDACTION / ASSISTANT EDITORS : Anne Mabille ([email protected]), Emmanuel Côtez MISE EN PAGE / PAGE LAYOUT : Anne Mabille COMITÉ SCIENTIFIQUE / SCIENTIFIC BOARD : James Carpenter (AMNH, New York, États-Unis) Maria Marta Cigliano (Museo de La Plata, La Plata, Argentine) Henrik Enghoff (NHMD, Copenhague, Danemark) Rafael Marquez (CSIC, Madrid, Espagne) Peter Ng (University of Singapore) Norman I. Platnick (AMNH, New York, États-Unis) Jean-Yves Rasplus (INRA, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France) Jean-François Silvain (IRD, Gif-sur-Yvette, France) Wanda M. Weiner (Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracovie, Pologne) John Wenzel (The Ohio State University, Columbus, États-Unis) COUVERTURE / COVER : SEM, detail of rodlets in dorsal part of gizzard plate of Haminoea cf. fusca (A. Adams, 1850). Zoosystema est indexé dans / Zoosystema is indexed in: – Science Citation Index Expanded (SciSearch®) – ISI Alerting Services® – Current Contents® / Agriculture, Biology, and Environmental Sciences® – Scopus® Zoosystema est distribué en version électronique par / Zoosystema is distributed electronically by: – BioOne® (http://www.bioone.org) Les articles ainsi que les nouveautés nomenclaturales publiés dans Zoosystema sont référencés par / Articles and nomenclatural novelties published in Zoosystema are referenced by: – ZooBank® (http://zoobank.org) Zoosystema est une revue en flux continu publiée par les Publications scientifiques du Muséum, Paris / Zoosystema is a fast track journal published by the Museum Science Press, Paris Les Publications scientifiques du Muséum publient aussi / The Museum Science Press also publish: Adansonia, Geodiversitas, Anthropozoologica, European Journal of Taxonomy, Naturae, Cryptogamie sous-sections Algologie, Bryologie, Mycologie.
    [Show full text]
  • Chivian Flyer.Indd
    Forthcoming from Oxford “Sustaining Life is the most complete and pow- erful argument I have seen for the importance of Eric Chivian, M.D., is the Direc- preserving biodiversity” —Al Gore tor of the Center for Health and the Global Environment at Harvard Medical School. He shared the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize. He is the lead Sustaining Life editor and author of Critical Condi- How Human Health Depends on Biodiversity tion: Human Health and the Envi- ronment and Last Aid: The Medical Edited by ERIC CHIVIAN and AARON BERNSTEIN Dimensions of Nuclear War. Aaron Bernstein, M.D., is a Re- The Earth’s biodiversity—the rich variety of life on our planet—is search Associate at the Center for disappearing at an alarming rate. And while many books have focused Health and the Global Environment on the expected ecological consequences, or on the aesthetic, ethical, at Harvard Medical School, and sociological, or economic dimensions of this loss, Sustaining Life is the Resident, Boston Combined Resi- dency in Pediatrics, Harvard Medical fi rst to examine the full range of potential threats that diminishing bio- School/Boston University School of diversity poses to human health. Medicine. Edited and written by Harvard Medical School physicians Eric Chivian and Aaron Bernstein, along with contributions by over 100 2008 528 pp.; 209 color illus. leading scientists, Sustaining Life presents a comprehensive—and sober- 978-0-19-517509-7 $34.95 ing—view of how human medicines, biomedical research, the emer- gence and spread of infectious diseases, and the production of food, both on land and in the oceans, depend on biodiversity.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulletin 112
    (L' SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 112 SUMMARY OF THE MARINE SHELLBEARING MOL- LUSKS OF THE NORTHWEST COAST OF AMERICA, FROM SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA, TO THE POLAR SEA, MOSTLY CONTAINED IN THE COLLECTION OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF HITHERTO UNFIGURED SPECIES BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL Honorary Curator of Mollusks, United States National Museum WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1921 ADVERTISEMENT. National Museum The scientific publications of the United States consist of two series, the Proceedings and the Bulletins. are The Proceedings, the first volume of which was issued in 1878, and intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original, Museum, usually brief, papers based on the collections of the National anthro- presenting newly acquired facts in zoology, geology, and revisions pology, including descriptions of new forms of animals, and and dis- of limited groups. One or two volumes are issued annually limited number tributed to libraries and scientific organizations. A specialists of copies of each paper in pamphlet form, is distributed to printed. and other interested in the different subjects as soon as dates are The date of publication is printed on each paper, and these also recorded in the tables of contents of the volumes. consist of a The Bulletins, the first of which was issued in 1875, monographs of series of separate publications comprising chiefly treatises (occa- large zoological groups and other general systematic of expeditions, sionally in several volumes), faunal works, reports etc. The ma- and catalogues of type specimens, special collections, been adopted jority of the volumes are octavos, but a quarto size has regarded as indis- in a few instances in which large plates were pensable.
    [Show full text]
  • Atys Angustatus Smith, 1872 (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia)
    BASTERIA, 70: 29-31, 2006 Indo-Pacific migrants into the Mediterranean.3. Atys angustatus Smith, 1872 (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia) J.J. van Aartsen & J. Goud National Museum of Natural HistoryNaturalis, P.O. Box 9517, NL 2300 RALeiden, The Netherlands; [email protected] / [email protected] The Red Sea of the revised in order unravel the iden- species opisthobranch genus Atys are to in in tity of anAtys species that has settled the Mediterranean. The species questionturned out tobe Atys angustatus. Key words: Gastropoda,Opisthobranchia, Haminoeidae, Atys, taxonomy, Red Sea, Mediterra- nean, migrant species. Figs 1-3. Atys spec. 1, Atys angustatus Smith, 1872, lectotype BMNH 196972, Suez; 2, Atys angustatus Smith, 1872, specimen from Haifa Bay, Israel; 3, Atys cylindricus (Helbling, 1779), juvenile from Azaiba, Gulf ofOman. All on the same scale. ') No. 2: Basteria 70: 1-6, 2006. 30 BASTERIA, Vol. 70, No. 1-3, 2006 Among several Indo-Pacific molluscan species found in the Mediterranean, but not yet recorded as such, is a small opisthobranch of the genusAtys Montfort, 1810. Although A already known for thirty years, its identificationproved difficult. critical revision of the of from the Red is known species Atys Sea necessary. Issel (1869: 168) mentions: Atys solida Bruguiere, 1792, usually considered a form of Atys cylindricus (Helbling, 1779) after Pilsbry (1895: 265);Alicula cylindrica ”L.”, probably referring to the species of that name first describedby Helbling (1779: 122); Alicula bacil- lus Ehrenberg, 1831, considered to be a Cylichna by Pilsbry (1895: 311); Alicula succisa after and described Ehrenberg, 1831, a young A. cylindricus, Pilsbry (1895: 268); as new (1869: 281) Alicula ehrenbergi Issel, 1869.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nautilus
    '•.»•- t JANUARY, 1973 THE NAUTILUS Vol. 87 No. 1 A quarterly devoted to malacology and the interests of conchologists ifcgical L?.^or5itory JAN 2 61973 J Founded 1889 by Henry A. Pilsbry. Continued by H. Burrington Baker. Editors; R. Tucker Abbott and Charles B. Wurtz EDITORIAL COMMITTEE CONSULTING EDITORS Dr. Arthur H. Clarke, Jr. Dr. Donald R. Moore Department of Mollusks Division of Marine Geology National Museum of Canada School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A-0M8 1 Rickenbacker Causeway Miami, Florida 33149 Dr. William J. Clench Curator Emeritus Dr. Joseph Rosewater Museum of Comparative Zoology Division of Mollusks Cambridge, Mass. 02138 U. S. National Museum D.C. Dr. William K. Emerson Washington, 20560 Department of Living Invertebrates Dr. G. Alan Solem The American Museum of Natural History Department of Invertebrates New York, New York 10024 Field Museum of Natural History Mr. Morris K. Jacobson Chicago, Illinois 60605 Department of Living Invertebrates Dr. David H. Stansbery The American Museum of Natural History Museum of Zoology York, New New York 1 0024 The Ohio State University Dr. Aurele La Rocque Columbus, Ohio 43210 Department of Geology Dr. Ruth D. Turner The Ohio State University Department of Mollusks Columbus, Ohio 43210 Museum of Comparative Zoology Dr. James H. McLean Cambridge, Mass. 02138 Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Dr. Gilbert L. Voss 900 Exposition Boulevard Division of Biology Los Angeles, California 90007 School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Dr. Arthur S. Merrill 10 Rickenbacker Causeway Biological Laboratory Miami, Florida 33149 National Marine Fisheries Service Oxford, Maryland 21654 EDITORS Dr.
    [Show full text]