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Merayakan Kebebasan Logo Baru Layout 1 MERAYAKAN KEBEBASAN BERAGAMA Editor : Elza Peldi Taher Editor Bahasa: Anick HT Desain Cover : Tim ICRP Edisi Digital Lay-out dan Redesain cover : Priyanto Redaksi: Anick HT Jakarta 2011 Democracy Project II | MERAYAKAN KEBEBASAN BERAGAMA Democracy Project DAFTAR ISI Pengantar: Budhy Munawar-Rachman ———— ix BAGIAN PERTAMA Jejak Djohan Effendi dalam Wacana dan Gerakan Keagamaan di Indonesia ———— 1 • Djohan Effendi dalam Peta Pemikiran Gerakan Islam, M. Dawam Rahardjo ———— 2 • Toreransi Agama dalam Masyarakat Majemuk: Perspektif Muslim Indonesia, Azyumardi Azra ———— 12 • Djohan Effendi; Mengurai Program Kerukunan Departemen Agama, Marzani Anwar ———— 29 • Legitimasi dan Kritik: Pemikiran Keagamaan Djohan Effendi, Mujiburrahman ———— 46 • God Talk, Franz Magnis-Suseno SJ ———— 65 BAGIAN KEDUA Membumikan Toleransi dan Pluralisme ———— 75 • Regulasi Toleransi dan Pluralisme Agama di Indonesia, Andreas A. Yewangoe ———— 76 Bunga Rampai Menyambut 70 Tahun Djohan Effendi | III Democracy Project • Kesepakatan Madinah dan Sesudahnya, Rizal Panggabean ———— 88 • Akar-akar Pluralisme dan Dialog Antar-Agama dalam Sufisme, Ilham Masykuri Hamdie ———— 116 BAGIAN KETIGA Wacana Pluralisme Agama ———— 145 • “Berlomba-lombalah dalam Kebaikan”; Tafsir 5:48 dan Diskursus Kontemporer Pluralisme Agama, Mun’im Sirry ———— 146 • Pluralisme, Dialog, dan Peacebuilding Berbasis Agama di Indonesia, Sumanto Al-Qurtuby ———— 168 • Multikulturalisme dan Tantangan Radikalisme, Noorhaidi Hasan ———— 198 • Alquran dan Keanekaragaman Agama, Taufik Adnan Amal ———— 218 • Hermeneutika Sufi dan Relevansinya Bagi Diskursus Kontemporer tentang Dialog Agama, Syafaatun Almirzanah ———— 237 • Tentang Alih-Agama (Conversion) di Indonesia, Martin Lukito Sinaga ———— 275 • Islam dan Pluralitas(isme) Agama, Abd Moqsith Ghazali — 287 • Gerakan Perempuan dalam Pembaruan Pemikiran Islam di Indonesia, Neng Dara Affiah ———— 298 BAGIAN KEEMPAT Negara dan Kebebasan Beragama ———— 313 • Kebebasan Beragama, Muhamad Ali ———— 314 • Potret Kebebasan Beragama dan Berkeyakinan di Era Reformasi, Siti Musdah Mulia ———— 335 • Posisi “Penghayat Kepercayaan” dalam Masyarakat Plural di Indonesia, P. Djatikusumah ———— 365 • Politik Kesetaraan, Trisno S. Sutanto ———— 375 • Kaum Minoritas dan Kebebasan Beragama di Indonesia, Zuly Qodir ———— 390 IV | MERAYAKAN KEBEBASAN BERAGAMA Democracy Project • Islam, Negara-Bangsa, dan Kebebasan Beragama, Ahmad Suaedy ———— 410 • Ketika Pluralisme Diharamkan dan Kebebasan Berkeyakinan Dicederai, M. Syafi’i Anwar ———— 424 • “Toleransi Kembar” di Dua Negara: Agama dan Konsolidasi Demokrasi di Spanyol dan Itali, Ihsan Ali Fauzi ———— 467 BAGIAN KELIMA Gerakan Dialog Agama ———— 495 • Dari Perbedaan Menuju Kebersamaan, Darius Dubut —— 496 • Kerja Sama Antar-Agama dalam Keluarga Ibrahim, Dr. Rabbi David Rosen ———— 506 • Pertautan Kristen-Muslim di Masa Depan, Prof. Dr. Christian W. Troll ———— 514 • Gerakan Antariman di Indonesia: Pengalaman Interfidei Yogyakarta, Elga Sarapung ———— 521 • Beriman di Negeri Plural, Baskara T. Wardaya ———— 545 • Djohan Effendi dan Agama Hindu, Gede M.N. Natih —— 555 • Pembaruan Pemikiran dan Kiprah Kristen di Indonesia, Ioanes Rakhmat ———— 570 • Kristus Pun “Naik Haji” ke Yerussalem; Ziarah dan Kurban dalam Agama-agama Ibrahim, Bambang Noorsena ——— 584 • Pandangan Buddhayana dan Djohan Effendi, Sudhamek AWS ———— 605 • Belajar Kembali Menjadi Bangsa; Pengalaman Ahmadiyah, J.H. Lamardy ———— 648 BAGIAN KEENAM Agama, Teologi, dan Demokrasi ———— 675 • Mengenai Roh Kehidupan Berdemokrasi, Prof. Dr. Olaf Schumann ———— 676 • Kekuatan Agama-agama untuk Perdamaian, Prof. Dr. Willliam Vendley ———— 698 • Paradigma Baru Tata Sosial-Ekonomi Dunia; Perspektif Jainisme, Dr. S. L. Gandhi ———— 703 Bunga Rampai Menyambut 70 Tahun Djohan Effendi | V Democracy Project • Trauma terhadap Jahmiyyah; Debat tentang Sifat Tuhan dalam Teologi Islam Klasik, Ulil Abshar Abdalla ———— 723 Epilog: Djohan Effendi - Modest Mensh, Virtuous Intellectual, Greg Barton ———— 751 Biodata Penulis ———— 763 Tentang Editor ———— 777 Indeks ———— 778 VI | MERAYAKAN KEBEBASAN BERAGAMA Democracy Project KATA PENGANTAR • Budhy Munawar-Rachman PERTEMUAN SAYA PERTAMA KALI DENGAN DJOHAN EFFENDI—PAK DJOHAN biasa saya memanggilnya—adalah ketika pada tahun sekitar 1986/1987 saya mengambil mata kuliah Islamologi yang diampu Pak Djohan di Sekolah Tinggi Filsafat (STF) Driyarkara (15 tahun kemudian saya menggantikan kursi pengampu mata kuliah Islamologi di STF Driyarkara ini). Tahun-tahun yang sangat intensif dengan Pak Djohan pada masa perkuliahan ini telah menjadi kenangan tersendiri, dan terlembaga dengan kami, beberapa teman, membuat sebuah Kelompok Studi Proklamasi. Sosok Pak Djohan yang selalu mengayomi, dan membimbing dengan inspirasi- inspirasinya telah memberikan keberanian tersendiri pada saya dan banyak kawan yang ikut menulis dalam buku ini untuk “berani berpikir sendiri”. Pak Djohan bukan sosok yang suka memaksakan pendapat, bahkan mencoba mempengaruhi pun tidak. Beliau malah sangat suka mendengar. Sehingga kadang-kadang, kalau kami ingin mengetahui bagaimana pendapat Pak Djohan atas suatu masalah atau isu, biasanya kami banyak mengajukan pertanyaan saja. Dan Pak Djohan akan menjawabnya pendek-pendek. Tapi vibrasi kecintaan- nya pada generasi muda, melebihi kata-katanya, telah memberikan pada kami motivasi dan keberanian untuk berpikir sendiri, termasuk dalam soal keagamaan. Pak Djohan adalah salah satu sosok yang telah memperkenalkan saya untuk pertama kali pada dunia pemikiran Islam. Saya masih ingat tahun-tahun di mana kami, dan teman-teman yang tergabung dalam Kelompok Studi Proklamasi yang setiap hari Minggu sore berdiskusi di rumah Pak Djohan, ramai mendiskusikan buku catatan Bunga Rampai Menyambut 70 Tahun Djohan Effendi | VII Democracy Project harian Ahmad Wahib, Pergolakan Pemikiran Islam, yang disunting oleh Pak Djohan dan Ismet Natsir. Yang ajaib dari mempelajari buku itu, bukan saja kami berkenalan dengan pemikiran Ahmad Wahib yang waktu itu sudah mulai “disesatkan”, tetapi kami mulai mengerti perjuangan Pak Djohan. Karena dalam buku itu, Ahmad Wahib secara langsung atau tidak langsung telah merekam pikiran-pikiran Pak Djohan. Sehingga dari isu yang ada dalam buku Wahib, kami mencoba menggali lebih lanjut pikiran-pikiran keislaman Pak Djohan. Dan kami pun akhirnya menjadi tahu secara mendalam bagaimana pemikiran Pak Djohan tentang pembaruan Islam— khususnya pemikiran-pemikiran yang diperlukan untuk mengatasi keadaan Islam yang mandek. Tahun-tahun itu gema pembaruan Islam memang masih sangat kuat, apalagi gaung pemikiran Harun Nasution, Nurcholish Madjid, Abdurrahman Wahid, dan Munawir Syadzali terus menjadi pembicaraan di antara kawan-kawan yang concern dengan kemandekan pemikiran Islam. Pada generasi yang lebih senior seperti Mansour Fakih dan Jimly Asshiddiqie, yang lebih awal bersama Pak Djohan di Proklamasi, kami mendapatkan gairah pembaruan Islam tersebut. Sampai sekarang saya melihat sosok pembaru Islam itu tetap hidup pada diri Pak Djohan. Ia sangat concern dengan gagasan- gagasan pembaruan Islam. Sejalan dengan waktu yang terus bergulir, Pak Djohan juga terus mengembangkan pemikirannya. Salah satu pemikirannya yang sangat mendalam adalah mengenai kebebasan beragama yang belakangan menjadi isu penting di lingkungan Islam Indonesia. Pak Djohan adalah pejuang kebebasan beragama. Saya ingin menyebut Pak Djohan sebagai seorang “pejuang toleransi yang militan”. Karena perjuangan toleransi ini telah dilakukannya secara terus menerus tanpa kenal lelah sejak ia menjadi aktivis HMI seperti terekam dalam buku Ahmad Wahib itu. Pemikiran Pak Djohan yang mutakhir tentang kebebasan beragama terangkum dalam pikiran- pikirannya yang berjalin-kelindan atas masalah kebangsaan, kebebasan, dan kemajemukan.1 Dalam mengantarkan buku ini, saya ingin menceritakan pemikiran Pak Djohan yang paling mutakhir mengenai kebebasan beragama yang dirajut dari pemikirannya tentang kebangsaan, kebebasan, dan kemajemukan. Tiga pemikiran Pak Djohan ini berkembang dari respon Pak Djohan atas debat-debat publik yang VIII | MERAYAKAN KEBEBASAN BERAGAMA Democracy Project tidak pernah selesai dalam tahun-tahun belakangan atas konsep sekularisme, liberalisme, dan pluralisme, yang sejak Juli 2005 telah diharamkan oleh MUI, tapi blessing in disguise-nya atau berkahnya adalah kita mendapatkan perkembangan konseptual atas masalah tersebut semakin matang. Pak Djohan adalah salah satu kontributor yang membuat perdebatan tersebut menjadi lebih jernih, dan kita menjadi semakin tahu bahwa mengembangkan toleransi, melindungi dan membela kebebasan beragama adalah “harga mati” untuk perkembangan kehidupan beragama di Indonesia yang lebih baik. PAHAM KEBANGSAAN Paham kebangsaan Pak Djohan sangat jelas kalau kita bertanya mengenai responnya atas gagasan sekularisme. Sekularisme adalah paham mengenai “pemisahan” agama dan negara. Tetapi bagaimana bentuk pemisahan tersebut, tidak ada pola yang seragam. Apakah sama sekali tidak berhubungan (biasa disebut “sekularisme keras”, atau “sekularisme yang tidak bersahabat dengan agama”). Atau ada irisan, di mana agama dan negara adalah dua pilar yang mempunyai fungsi dan kontribusinya sendiri-sendiri dalam masyarakat (biasa disebut “sekularisme yang bersahabat dengan agama”). Pak Djohan menekankan paham kebangsaan yang berkaitan dengan agama, dengan menekankan pentingnya “sekularisme” yang bersahabat dengan agama. Pikiran Pak Djohan tentang paham kebangsaan ini sangat menarik. Sebagai mantan birokrat di Departemen Agama, kita jarang sekali mendapatkan pemikiran yang jernih seperti Pak Djohan
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