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Cleanseanet Surveillance of Sea-Based Oil Spills by Radar Satellite Images Bachelor of Science Thesis in Shipping and Marine Technology

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Cleanseanet Surveillance of Sea-Based Oil Spills by Radar Satellite Images Bachelor of Science Thesis in Shipping and Marine Technology CleanSeaNet Surveillance of sea-based oil spills by radar satellite images Bachelor of Science Thesis in Shipping and Marine Technology ANA PAULA ROBALO DA SILVA RODRIGUES Department of Shipping and Marine Technology Bachelor’s Degree in Nautical Science CHALMERS University of Technology Gothenburg, Sweden 2009 Diploma Thesis SK-09/26 ii REPORT NO. SK-09/26 CleanSeaNet Surveillance of sea-based oil spills by satellite radar images ANA PAULA ROBALO DA SILVA RODRIGUES Department of Shipping and Marine Technology CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Gothenburg, Sweden 2009 iii CleanSeaNet Surveillance of sea-based oil spills by satellite radar images ANA PAULA ROBALO DA SILVA RODRIGUES © ANA PAULA ROBALO DA SILVA RODRIGUES, 2009 Technical report no. SK-09/26 Department of Shipping and Marine Technology Chalmers University of Technology SE-412 96 Gothenburg Sweden Telephone + 46 (0)31-772 1000 Figure 1 (cover): Oil spill off the north-west coast of Spain (© European Space Agency / EMSA 2007) This image, taken by ENVISAT-ASAR on 1 June 2007 off the coast north-west Spain, shows 2 large oil spills. The 1st one, in the bottom right of the image has very distinct linear dark features with sharp edges and uniform backscattered signal area with a potential polluter vessel connected to it (visible as a bright white spot). The 2nd one, in the left top corner, has diffuse shape but high contrast typical of a spill that has been discharged several hours ago (source: EMSA 2009a). Printed by Chalmers Reproservice Gothenburg, Sweden 2009 iv Preface This report constitutes my Bachelor of Science thes is for Nautical Studies at Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg, S wed en. The European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) is a rel atively new organization. In spite of its significance in what concerns European maritime operations and standards I can not recall having heard any reference to it during my three years at school. I chose this subject because it provided an opportunity to bridge that g ap and to promote E M S A. I first learned about EMSA’s recently developed Cle anSeaNet service when preparing a lecture about the International Co nvention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78), and quickly became more interested about it: how does it work?, how useful is it?, how interesting is it for Sweden? My expectations with this thesis were to reach a de eper understanding of EMSA and its activities, in particular of their CleanSeaNet service, explore how relevant it is for Sweden, and be able to convey this knowledge to others in an approachable way. I would like to thank those who have been helpful d uring the course of my work for their guidance, in particular my supervisor Mikael Hägg, my teachers Göran Johansson and Göran Lindholm, and to my school colleagues Simon Häggbom and Abram Fryxelius for th e i r t i p s . v Abstract T HIS IS A BACHELOR OF S CIENCE DEGREE THESIS about the European Maritime Safety Agency’s CleanSeaNet satellite service, with focus on its operational effort to prevent illegal oil discharges, to understand its purpose and concept, as well as its significance to Sweden. A brief introduction to the European Maritime Safety Agency opens the report, followed by an analysis of the CleanSeaNet and its relevance for Sweden. Central problems dealt with in the report are: • What is CleanSeaNet? Why is CleanSeaNet needed? How does CleanSeaNet monitor oil spills? • How useful is CleanSeaNet service for Sweden? What are the advantages/disadvantages? How could Sweden contribute to CleanSeaNet? A case study methodology was conducted, in which relevant and reliable literature was reviewed, and interviews where carefully selected and carried out. The resulting data was analyzed and formed a platform for the subsequent discussion and conclusion of this report. Results show that CleanSeaNet was established from the need to put a stop on oil pollution in European waters, and of evidence that could document illicit oil discharges. CleanSeaNet’s satellite surveillance and alerts of possible oil spills in less than 30 minutes are particularly useful for combating illegal oil discharges at sea when combined with other methods such as aerial surveillance, AIS/LRIT information and oil drift models. Results show that the Swedish Coast Guard was already experienced with satellite surveillance when CleanSeaNet was integrated in their surveillance routines. CleanSeaNet is a positive and reliable service, with ambitious targets. The 2 n d generation CleanSeaNet promises important improvements, such as the integration of CleanSeaNet information with AIS/LRIT information. Gothenburg, the 9 t h of December, 2009 Ana Paula Rodrigues vi Sammanfattning DETTA ÄR EN KANDIDATUPPSATS som handlar om satellit tjänsten CleanSeaNet som European Maritime Safety Agency dri ver, med fokus på dess operationella ansträngningar att förhindra illegala oljeutsläpp, dess syfte och arbetssätt, samt dess betydelse för S v e r i ge . Rapporten inleds med en kort introduktion av Europe an Maritime Safety Agency och därefter följer en analys av CleanSeaNet och dess relevans för Sverige. De huvudsakliga problem som behandlas i denna rappo r t ä r : • Varför behöver vi CleanSeaNet? Hur kan CleanSeaNe t övervaka oljespill? • Hur användbar kan tjänsten CleanSeaNet vara för S verige? Vilka är för- respektive nackdelarna? Hur skulle Sverige ku nna förbättra CleanSeaNet? Arbetet utfördes som en fallstudie. Relevant och på litlig litteratur studerades, och noggrant valda och insiktsfulla int ervjuer genomfördes. Den resulterande informationen analyserades och anl ade grunden för diskussionen och slutsatsen i denna rapport. Resultaten visar att CleanSeaNet etablerades på gru nd av behovet att sätta stopp för miljöförstöring genom oljespill i e uropeiska farvatten och för att samla bevismaterial vid olagliga oljeut släpp. Den sattelitbevakning som CleanSeaNet erbjuder tillsammans med larm för eventuella oljespill inom 30 minuter är särskilt an vändbar vid bekämpning av olagliga oljeutsläpp till sjöss, när den kombineras med andra metoder såsom flygbevakning, AIS/LRIT informa tion och avdriftsmodeller för olja. Resultaten visar att Sve nska Kustbevakningen redan var erfarna vad gäller sattelitbevakning när CleanSeaNet integrerades i deras bevakningsrutiner. CleanSeaNet är en positiv och pålitlig tjänst och med en ambitiös målsättning. Andra generationens CleanSeaNet lovar redan viktiga förbättringar, såsom integration av information frå n både CleanSeaNet och AIS/LRIT. Göteborg, 9 december 2009 Ana Paula Rodrigues vii Table of contents PART I – INTRODUCTION 1 1 Background 1 2 Purpose and scope 1 3 Approach to the problem 1 4 M e t h o d 2 5 Delimitations 2 PART II – THEORY 3 1 A brief description of the European Maritime Safe t y A g e n c y 3 2 An introduction to the CleanSeaNet service 8 3 Facts on oil 1 1 4 Oil spill drift models 1 3 5 Remote sensing 1 5 5.1 Satellite surveillance 15 5.2 Aerial surveillance 1 6 PART III – METHODOLOGY 19 1 Research method 1 9 2 The three phases of this study 19 3 Data collection method 2 0 3.1 Primary sources of information 20 3.2 Secondary sources of information 22 4 Data analysis method 2 3 PART IV – RESULTS 2 5 1 CleanSeaNet 2 5 1.1 What is it? 2 5 1.2 Why do we need it? 3 5 1.3 How does it work? 3 8 viii 1.4 How useful is it? 4 1 2 CleanSeaNet in Sweden 4 3 2.1 Context - how is oil spill surveillance done? 4 3 2.2 How useful is CleanSeaNet for Sweden? 50 2.3 How could Sweden contribute to CleanSeaNet? 5 3 PART V – DISCUSSION 5 5 PART VI – CONCLUSION 5 7 List of references Appendix A Verified summary of the visit to the Swedish Coast Guard and interview to Mr. Ulf Nilsson, Regional Inspector Swedish Coast G uard West Region, in Göteborg on 14.10.2009, and subsequent contacts. Appendix B Verified interview to Mr. Yngve De Bourg, from the Swedish Coast Guard, Flight Command, Karlskrona, Sweden, e-mails exchanged on 03/18.12.2009. ix List of figures and tables Figure 1 (cover), o il spill off the north-west coast of Spain (© European Space Agency / EMSA 2007) i Figure 2, the relation between the Member States, the Europea n Commission and EMSA 6 F i g u r e 3 , an overview of EMSA’s activities (EMSA 2009d) 7 F i g u r e 4 , CleanSeaNet relation to other activities in EMSA 1 0 Figure 5, oil weathering (NORDEN 2007) 11 Figure 6, the principle of oil spill drift models (SMHI 2005) 14 F i g u r e 7 , structure of the analysis process 2 3 Figure 8, the image is sent to CleanSeaNet in less than 30 minute s 2 7 Figure 9, the CleanSeaNet Web browser (EMSA 2009b) 30 Figure 10, Envisat image 3 November 2008 (EMSA 2009b) 34 Figure 11, why Europe needs CleanSeaNet (EMSA 2009b) 35 Figure 12, traffic in the Baltic Sea is intense (HELCOM 2009) 50 Figure 13, oil discharges in the Baltic Sea 2007 (HELCOM 2007) 51 Table 1, oil weathering (adapted from IVL 2009) 12 Table 2, statistics 2007-2008 EU Member States (EMSA 2009e) 43 T a b l e 3 , statistics 2007-2008 Sweden (EMSA 2009e) 52 x List of acronyms and definitions Acceding Turkey, Albania, Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Countries Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia and Kosovo. http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/countries/index_en.htm Agency The European Maritime Safety Agency. Also referred to by the acronym EMSA. http://emsa.europa.eu/ AIS Automatic identification system. A transponder designed to be capable of providing information about the ship to other ships and to coastal authorities automatically. http://imo.org/Safety/mainframe.asp?topic_id=754 ASAR Advanced SAR (onboard the ENVISAT satellite) “ASAR : An Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR), operating at C- band, ASAR ensures continuity with the image mode (SAR) and the wave mode of the ERS-1/2 AMI” (ESA 2009).
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