DOCSLIB.ORG

The Machinery of Freedom: Guide to a Radical Capitalism

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Machinery of Freedom: Guide to a Radical Capitalism Santa Clara Law Santa Clara Law Digital Commons Legal Monographs and Treatises Law Library Collections 4-19-1989 The aM chinery of Freedom: Guide to a Radical Capitalism David D. Friedman Santa Clara University School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/monographs Automated Citation Friedman, David D., "The aM chinery of Freedom: Guide to a Radical Capitalism" (1989). Legal Monographs and Treatises. Book 2. http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/monographs/2 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Library Collections at Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Legal Monographs and Treatises by an authorized administrator of Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Machinery of Freedom THE MACHINERY OF FREEDOM GUIDE TO A RADICAL CAPITALISM second edition David Friedman This book is dedicated to Milton Friedman Friedrich Hayek Robert A. Heinlein, from whom I learned and to Robert M. Schuchman, who might have written it better Capitalism is the best. It's free enterprise. Barter. Gimbels, if I get really rank with the clerk, 'Well I don't like this', how I can resolve it? If it really gets ridiculous, I go, 'Frig it, man, I walk.' What can this guy do at Gimbels, even if he was the president of Gimbels? He can always reject me from that store, but I can always go to Macy's. He can't really hurt me. Communism is like one big phone company. Government control, man. And if I get too rank with that phone company, where can I go? I'll end up like a schmuck with a dixie cup on a thread. LENNY BRUCE Why can't you see? We just want to be free To have our homes and families And live our lives as we please. DANA ROHRABACHER WEST COAST LIBERTARIAN TROUBADOUR CONTENTS file:///C|/...and%20Settings/Rafael/Meus%20documentos/Downloads/Friedman,%20David%20-%20The%20Machinery%20of%20Freedom.html[14/3/2009 16:59:08] The Machinery of Freedom PART I: IN DEFENSE OF PROPERTY IN DEFENSE OF PROPERTY A NECESSARY DIGRESSION LOVE IS NOT ENOUGH ROBIN HOOD SELLS OUT THE RICH GET RICHER AND THE POOR GET RICHER MONOPOLY I: HOW TO LOSE YOUR SHIRT MONOPOLY II: STATE MONOPOLY FOR FUN AND PROFIT EXPLOITATION AND INTEREST I DON'T NEED NOTHING PART II: LIBERTARIAN GRAB BAG OR HOW TO SELL THE STATE IN SMALL PIECES SELL THE SCHOOLS A RADICAL CRITIQUE OF AMERICAN UNIVERSITIES THE IMPOSSIBILITY OF A UNIVERSITY ADAM SMITH U. OPEN THE GATES SELL THE STREETS 99 AND 44/100THS PERCENT BUILT A FIRST STEP COUNTERATTACK MIGHT HAVE BEEN IS WILLIAM F. BUCKLEY A CONTAGIOUS DISEASE? IT'S MY LIFE THE RIGHTS OF YOUTH CREEPING CAPITALISM IF YOU WANT IT, BUY IT SCARCE MEANS FINITE POLLUTION BUCKSHOT FOR A SOCIALIST FRIEND PART III: ANARCHY IS NOT CHAOS WHAT IS ANARCHY? WHAT IS GOVERNMENT? POLICE, COURTS, AND LAWS—ON THE MARKET THE STABILITY PROBLEM IS ANARCHO-CAPITALISM LIBERTARIAN? AND, AS A FREE BONUS SOCIALISM, LIMITED GOVERNMENT, ANARCHY, AND BIKINIS NATIONAL DEFENSE: THE HARD PROBLEM IN WHICH PREDICTION IS REDUCED TO SPECULATION WHY ANARCHY? REVOLUTION IS THE HELL OF IT THE ECONOMICS OF THEFT, OR THE NONEXISTENCE OF THE RULING CLASS THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE PUBLIC GOOD TRAP HOW TO GET THERE FROM HERE PART IV: FOR LIBERTARIANS:AN EXPANDED POSTSCRIPT PROBLEMS WHERE I STAND ANSWERS: THE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LAW PRIVATE LAW ENFORCEMENT, MEDIEVAL ICELAND, AND LIBERTARIANISM IS THERE A LIBERTARIAN FOREIGN POLICY? THE MARKET FOR MONEY ANARCHIST POLITICS: CONCERNING THE LIBERTARIAN PARTY file:///C|/...and%20Settings/Rafael/Meus%20documentos/Downloads/Friedman,%20David%20-%20The%20Machinery%20of%20Freedom.html[14/3/2009 16:59:08] The Machinery of Freedom G. K. CHESTERTON—AN AUTHOR REVIEW PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION Most of this book was written between 1967 and 1973, when the first edition was published. I have made only minor changes to the existing material, in the belief that the issues and arguments have not changed substantially over the past 15 years. In some cases the reader will find the examples dated; Chapter 17, for example, was written when Ronald Reagan was governor of California. Where this seemed to be a serious problem I have updated examples or added explanatory comments, but in most places I have left the original text unaltered. Most current examples will not remain current very long; hopefully this book will outlast the present governor of California as well. I have followed the same policy with regard to numbers. Figures for the number of heroin addicts in New York or U.S. Steel's share of the steel industry describe the situation as of about 1970, when the first edition was being written. When looking at such numbers, you should remember that prices and nominal incomes were about a third as high in 1970 as in 1988, when this preface is being written. Numbers that are purely hypothetical ("If a working wife can hire an Indian maid, who earned_______dollars a year in India . "), on the other hand, have been updated to make them more plausible to a modern reader. The appendices have also been updated, mostly by my friend Jeff Hummel. These are all minor changes. The major difference between this edition and the first is the inclusion of eight new chapters, making up Part IV of the book. One thing I should perhaps have explained in my original preface, and which has puzzled some readers since, is the apparent inconsistency among the chapters. In Chapter 10, for instance, I advocate a voucher system, in which tax monies are used to subsidize schooling, but in Part III I argue for a society with no taxes, no government, and therefore no vouchers. Part II of the book is intended to suggest specific reforms, within the structure of our present institutions, that would produce desirable results while moving us closer to a libertarian society. A voucher system, which moves us from schooling paid for and produced by government to schooling paid for by government but produced on a competitive market, is one such reform. In Part III I try to describe what a full-fledged anarcho-capitalist society might look like and how it would work. Part III describes a much more radical change from our present institutions than Part II while Part II describes how the first steps of that radical change might come about. One reason for writing a book like this is to avoid having to explain the same set of ideas a hundred times to a hundred different people. One of the associated rewards is discovering, years later, people who have incorporated my ideas into their own intellectual framework. This second edition is dedicated to one such person. I cannot honestly describe him as a follower or a disciple, since most of our public encounters have been debates; I believe that his best-known views are wrong and possibly dangerous. He is merely someone who starts out already knowing and understanding everything I had to say on the subjects of this book as of 1973, which makes the ensuing argument very much more interesting. For which reason this second edition is dedicated to Jeffrey Rogers Hummel. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION file:///C|/...and%20Settings/Rafael/Meus%20documentos/Downloads/Friedman,%20David%20-%20The%20Machinery%20of%20Freedom.html[14/3/2009 16:59:08] The Machinery of Freedom My political views seem natural and obvious—to me. Others find them peculiar. Their peculiarity consists largely of carrying certain statements, familiar enough in political oratory, to their natural conclusions. I believe, as many say they believe, that everyone has the right to run his own life—to go to hell in his own fashion. I conclude, as do many on the left, that all censorship should be done away with. Also that all laws against drugs— marijuana, heroin, or Dr. Quack's cancer cure—should be repealed. Also laws requiring cars to have seat belts. The right to control my life does not mean the right to have anything I want free; I can do that only by making someone else pay for what I get. Like any good right winger, I oppose welfare programs that support the poor with money taken by force from the taxpayers. I also oppose tariffs, subsidies, loan guarantees, urban renewal, agricultural price supports—in short, all of the much more numerous programs that support the not-poor—often the rich—with money taken by force from the taxpayers— often the poor. I am an Adam Smith liberal, or, in contemporary American terminology, a Goldwater conservative. Only I carry my devotion to laissez faire further than Goldwater does—how far will become clear in the following chapters. Sometimes I call myself a Goldwater anarchist. These peculiar views of mine are not peculiar to me. If they were, I would be paying Harper and Row to publish this book, instead of Harper and Row paying me. My views are typical of the ideas of a small but growing group of people, a 'movement' that has begun to attract the attention of the national media. We call ourselves libertarians. This book is concerned with libertarian ideas, not with a history of the libertarian 'movement' or a description of its present condition. It is fashionable to measure the importance of ideas by the number and violence of their adherents. That is a fashion I shall not follow. If, when you finish this book, you have come to share many of my views, you will know the most important thing about the number of libertarians—that it is larger by one than when you started reading.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Understanding Open Market Operations
    Foreword The Federal Reserve Bank of New York is responsible for Michael Akbar Akhtar, vice president of the day-to-day implementation of the nation’s monetary pol- Federal Reserve Bank of New York, leads the reader— icy. It is primarily through open market operations—pur- whether a student, market professional or an interested chases or sales of U.S. Government securities in the member of the public—through various facets of mone- open market in order to add or drain reserves from the tary policy decision-making, and offers a general per- banking system—that the Federal Reserve influences spective on the transmission of policy effects throughout money and financial market conditions that, in turn, the economy. affect output, jobs and prices. Understanding Open Market Operations pro- This edition of Understanding Open Market vides a nontechnical review of how monetary policy is Operations seeks to explain the challenges in formulat- formulated and executed. Ideally, it will stimulate read- ing and implementing U.S. monetary policy in today’s ers to learn more about the subject as well as enhance highly competitive financial environment. The book high- appreciation of the challenges and uncertainties con- lights the broad and complex set of considerations that fronting monetary policymakers. are involved in daily decisions for open market opera- William J. McDonough tions and details the steps taken to implement policy. President Understanding Open Market Operations / i Acknowledgment Much has changed in U.S. financial markets and institu- Partlan for extensive comments on drafts; and to all of tions since 1985, when the last edition of Open Market the Desk staff for graciously and patiently answering my Operations, written by Paul Meek, was published.
    [Show full text]
  • Books, Documents, Speeches & Films to Read Or
    Books, Documents, Speeches & Films to Read or See Roger Ream, Fund for American Studies Email: [email protected], Website: www.tfas.org Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FB0EhPM_M4 American documents & speeches: Declaration of Independence The Constitution Federalist Papers The Anti-Federalist Washington’s Farewell Address Jefferson 2nd Inaugural Address Gettysburg Address Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death speech of Patrick Henry Ronald Reagan’s Time for Choosing speech (1964) Barry Goldwater’s Acceptance Speech to the 1964 Republican Convention First Principles The Law, Frederic Bastiat A Conflict of Visions, Thomas Sowell Libertarianism: A Reader, David Boaz Libertarianism: A Primer, David Boaz Liberty & Tyranny, Mark Levin Anarchy, State and Utopia, Robert Nozick The Constitution of Liberty, F.A. Hayek Conscience of a Conservative, Barry Goldwater What It Means to Be a Libertarian, Charles Murray Capitalism and Freedom, Milton Friedman Free Market Economics Economics in One Lesson, Henry Hazlitt Eat the Rich, P.J. O’Rourke Common Sense Economics: What Everyone Should Know about Wealth & Prosperity: James Gwartney, Richard Stroup and Dwight Lee Free to Choose, Milton Friedman Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith Capitalism, Socialism & Democracy, Joseph Schumpeter Basic Economics: A Citizen’s Guide to the Economy, Thomas Sowell Human Action, Ludwig von Mises Principles of Economics, Carl Menger Myths of Rich and Poor, W. Michael Cox and Richard Alm The Economic Way of Thinking, 10th edition, Paul Heyne, Peter J. Boettke, David L. Prychitko Give Me a Break: How I Exposed Hucksters, Cheats and Scam Artists and Became the Scourge of the Liberal Media…, John Stossel Other books of importance: The Road to Serfdom, F.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Macroeconomics Course Outline and Syllabus
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Open Educational Resources New York City College of Technology 2018 Macroeconomics Course Outline and Syllabus Sean P. MacDonald CUNY New York City College of Technology How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/ny_oers/8 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] COURSE OUTLINE FOR ECON 1101 – MACROECONOMICS New York City College of Technology Social Science Department COURSE CODE: 1101 TITLE: Macroeconomics Class Hours: 3, Credits: 3 COURSE DESCRIPTION: Fundamental economic ideas and the operation of the economy on a national scale. Production, distribution and consumption of goods and services, the exchange process, the role of government, the national income and its distribution, GDP, consumption function, savings function, investment spending, the multiplier principle and the influence of government spending on income and output. Analysis of monetary policy, including the banking system and the Federal Reserve System. COURSE PREREQUISITE: CUNY proficiency in reading and writing RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOK and MATERIALS* Krugman and Wells, Eds., Macroeconomics 3rd. ed, Worth Publishers, 2012 Leeds, Michael A., von Allmen, Peter and Schiming, Richard C., Macroeconomics, Pearson Education, Inc., 2006 Supplemental Reading (optional, but informative): Krugman, Paul, End This Depression
    [Show full text]
  • Rent-Seeking: a Primer by Sanford Ikeda
    ON LIBERTY November 2003 Vol. 53, No. 10 FEATURES 8 The Economics of Spam by Christopher Westley 10 Business Under German Inflation by Ludwig von Mises 14 Healers Under Siege by Doug Bandow 19 Understanding "Austrian" Economics, Part 2 by Henry Hazlitt 24 Rent-Seeking: A Primer by Sanford Ikeda 29 Grutter v. Bollinger: A Constitutional Embarrassment by George C. Leef 33 Global Warming: Extreme Weather or Extreme Prejudice? by Christopher Lingle 37 The Fallacies of Distributism by Thomas E. Woods, Jr. 4 FROM the PRESIDENT—-The Great German Inflation by Richard M. Ebeling «««« 17 THOUGHTS on FREEDOM—Oblivious to the Obvious by Donald J. Boudreaux 27 PERIPATETICS—Canute's Courtiers Were Wrong by Sheldon Richman 35 OUR ECONOMIC PAST— How the Federal Government Got into the Ocean-Shipping Business by Robert Higgs 47 THE PURSUIT of HAPPINESS—-People Before Profits by Walter E. Williams DEPA RT/V\ E NTS 2 Perspective—Weighing In by Sheldon Richman 6 Massive Foreign Aid Is the Solution to Africa's Ills? It Just Ain't So! by William Thomas 42 Book Reviews Adam Smith's Marketplace of Life by James R. Otteson, reviewed by Robert Batemarco; The Great Tax Wars: Lincoln to Wilson—The Fierce Battles over Money and Power that Transformed the Nation by Steven R. Weisman, reviewed by Burton W. Folsom, Jr.; Pieces of Eight by Edwin Vieira, Jr., reviewed by George C. Leef; Terrorism and Tyranny: Trampling Freedom, Justice, and Peace to Rid the World of Evil by James Bovard, reviewed by Richard M. Ebeling. Published by The Foundation for Economic Education IDEAS Irvington-on-Hudson, NY 10533 Phone: (800) 960-4FEE; (914) 591-7230 PERSPECTIVE ON LIBERTY Fax: (914) 591-8910; E-mail: [email protected] FEE Home Page: www.fee.org Weighing In President: Richard M.
    [Show full text]
  • How Far Is Vienna from Chicago? an Essay on the Methodology of Two Schools of Dogmatic Liberalism
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Paqué, Karl-Heinz Working Paper — Digitized Version How far is Vienna from Chicago? An essay on the methodology of two schools of dogmatic liberalism Kiel Working Paper, No. 209 Provided in Cooperation with: Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW) Suggested Citation: Paqué, Karl-Heinz (1984) : How far is Vienna from Chicago? An essay on the methodology of two schools of dogmatic liberalism, Kiel Working Paper, No. 209, Kiel Institute of World Economics (IfW), Kiel This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/46781 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Kieler Arbeitspapiere Kiel Working Papers Working Paper No.
    [Show full text]
  • Coase Defends Coase: Why Lawyers Listen and Economists Do Not
    Michigan Law Review Volume 87 Issue 6 1989 Coase Defends Coase: Why Lawyers Listen and Economists Do Not Stewart Schwab Cornell Law School Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr Part of the Business Organizations Law Commons, and the Law and Economics Commons Recommended Citation Stewart Schwab, Coase Defends Coase: Why Lawyers Listen and Economists Do Not, 87 MICH. L. REV. 1171 (1989). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol87/iss6/3 This Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Michigan Law Review at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Law Review by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COASE DEFENDS COASE: WHY LAWYERS LISTEN AND ECONOMISTS DO NOT Stewart Schwab* THE FIRM THE MARKET AND THE LAW. By Ronald Coase. Chi­ cago: University of Chicago Press. 1988. Pp. vii, 217. , $29.95. In The Firm the Market and the Law, Ronald Coase has collected five of his major articles and has newly written a thirty~one-page intro­ duction and twenty-nine-page reply to his critics:. The'book is a slim one, but Coase's resume has always shown quality rather than sheer output. The book is certain to attract attentioI.I: when the founding guru of law and economics responds .to his critics, people will listen. And it is worth listening, for we can gain insight into the Coas~ Theo­ rem by seeing the tacks Coase takes in defending himself.
    [Show full text]
  • Markets Not Capitalism Explores the Gap Between Radically Freed Markets and the Capitalist-Controlled Markets That Prevail Today
    individualist anarchism against bosses, inequality, corporate power, and structural poverty Edited by Gary Chartier & Charles W. Johnson Individualist anarchists believe in mutual exchange, not economic privilege. They believe in freed markets, not capitalism. They defend a distinctive response to the challenges of ending global capitalism and achieving social justice: eliminate the political privileges that prop up capitalists. Massive concentrations of wealth, rigid economic hierarchies, and unsustainable modes of production are not the results of the market form, but of markets deformed and rigged by a network of state-secured controls and privileges to the business class. Markets Not Capitalism explores the gap between radically freed markets and the capitalist-controlled markets that prevail today. It explains how liberating market exchange from state capitalist privilege can abolish structural poverty, help working people take control over the conditions of their labor, and redistribute wealth and social power. Featuring discussions of socialism, capitalism, markets, ownership, labor struggle, grassroots privatization, intellectual property, health care, racism, sexism, and environmental issues, this unique collection brings together classic essays by Cleyre, and such contemporary innovators as Kevin Carson and Roderick Long. It introduces an eye-opening approach to radical social thought, rooted equally in libertarian socialism and market anarchism. “We on the left need a good shake to get us thinking, and these arguments for market anarchism do the job in lively and thoughtful fashion.” – Alexander Cockburn, editor and publisher, Counterpunch “Anarchy is not chaos; nor is it violence. This rich and provocative gathering of essays by anarchists past and present imagines society unburdened by state, markets un-warped by capitalism.
    [Show full text]
  • 41042 FEE Text+1
    VOLUME 59, NO 7 SEPTEMBER 2009 Features 8 Human Action, 1949: A Dramatic Episode in Intellectual History by Israel M. Kirzner 12 Human Action: The 60th Anniversary by Bettina Bien Greaves 16 Human Action: The Treatise in Economics by Peter Boettke 19 What Human Action Has Meant to Me: Reflections of a Young Economist by Peter T.Leeson 22 The Case for Capitalism by Henry Hazlitt 28 A Triple Whammy for Austrian Economics by Sanford Ikeda 31 In Defense of Ideology by Mario J. Rizzo 34 Transforming America: The Bush-Obama Stimulus Programs by Randall G. Holcombe Page 16 39 The Myth of Unregulated Tobacco by Bruce Yandle Columns 4 Ideas and Consequences ~ In the Grip of Madness by Lawrence W.Reed 26 Our Economic Past ~ The Rise of Big Business and the Growth of Government by Robert Higgs 42 Give Me a Break! ~ Competition Would Save Medicine, Too by John Stossel 55 The Pursuit of Happiness ~ EFCA and Compromise by Charles W.Baird Page 26 Departments 2 Perspective ~ Human Action as a Work of Art by Sheldon Richman 6 Saving Is Killing the Economy? It Just Ain’t So! by Steven Horwitz 44 Capital Letters Book Reviews 50 New Deal or Raw Deal? How FDR’s Economic Legacy Has Damaged America by Burton Folsom, Jr. Reviewed by Robert Higgs 51 The Gridlock Economy: How Too Much Ownership Wrecks Markets, Stops Innovation, and Costs Lives by Michael Heller Reviewed by Art Carden 52 The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Global Economics by Craig Hovey with Gregory Rehmke Reviewed by George C.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Worries About the Coherence of Left-Libertarianism Mathias Risse
    John F. Kennedy School of Government Harvard University Faculty Research Working Papers Series Can There be “Libertarianism without Inequality”? Some Worries About the Coherence of Left-Libertarianism Mathias Risse Nov 2003 RWP03-044 The views expressed in the KSG Faculty Research Working Paper Series are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the John F. Kennedy School of Government or Harvard University. All works posted here are owned and copyrighted by the author(s). Papers may be downloaded for personal use only. Can There be “Libertarianism without Inequality”? Some Worries About the Coherence of Left-Libertarianism1 Mathias Risse John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University October 25, 2003 1. Left-libertarianism is not a new star on the sky of political philosophy, but it was through the recent publication of Peter Vallentyne and Hillel Steiner’s anthologies that it became clearly visible as a contemporary movement with distinct historical roots. “Left- libertarian theories of justice,” says Vallentyne, “hold that agents are full self-owners and that natural resources are owned in some egalitarian manner. Unlike most versions of egalitarianism, left-libertarianism endorses full self-ownership, and thus places specific limits on what others may do to one’s person without one’s permission. Unlike right- libertarianism, it holds that natural resources may be privately appropriated only with the permission of, or with a significant payment to, the members of society. Like right- libertarianism, left-libertarianism holds that the basic rights of individuals are ownership rights. Left-libertarianism is promising because it coherently underwrites both some demands of material equality and some limits on the permissible means of promoting this equality” (Vallentyne and Steiner (2000a), p 1; emphasis added).
    [Show full text]
  • Selected Chronology of Political Protests and Events in Lawrence
    SELECTED CHRONOLOGY OF POLITICAL PROTESTS AND EVENTS IN LAWRENCE 1960-1973 By Clark H. Coan January 1, 2001 LAV1tRE ~\JCE~ ~')lJ~3lj(~ ~~JGR§~~Frlt 707 Vf~ f·1~J1()NT .STFie~:T LA1JVi~f:NCE! i(At.. lSAG GG044 INTRODUCTION Civil Rights & Black Power Movements. Lawrence, the Free State or anti-slavery capital of Kansas during Bleeding Kansas, was dubbed the "Cradle of Liberty" by Abraham Lincoln. Partly due to this reputation, a vibrant Black community developed in the town in the years following the Civil War. White Lawrencians were fairly tolerant of Black people during this period, though three Black men were lynched from the Kaw River Bridge in 1882 during an economic depression in Lawrence. When the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1894 that "separate but equal" was constitutional, racial attitudes hardened. Gradually Jim Crow segregation was instituted in the former bastion of freedom with many facilities becoming segregated around the time Black Poet Laureate Langston Hughes lived in the dty-asa child. Then in the 1920s a Ku Klux Klan rally with a burning cross was attended by 2,000 hooded participants near Centennial Park. Racial discrimination subsequently became rampant and segregation solidified. Change was in the air after World "vV ar II. The Lawrence League for the Practice of Democracy (LLPD) formed in 1945 and was in the vanguard of Post-war efforts to end racial segregation and discrimination. This was a bi-racial group composed of many KU faculty and Lawrence residents. A chapter of Congress on Racial Equality (CORE) formed in Lawrence in 1947 and on April 15 of the following year, 25 members held a sit-in at Brick's Cafe to force it to serve everyone equally.
    [Show full text]
  • The History and Philosophy of the Postwar American Counterculture
    The History and Philosophy of the Postwar American Counterculture: Anarchy, the Beats and the Psychedelic Transformation of Consciousness By Ed D’Angelo Copyright © Ed D’Angelo 2019 A much shortened version of this paper appeared as “Anarchism and the Beats” in The Philosophy of the Beats, edited by Sharin Elkholy and published by University Press of Kentucky in 2012. 1 The postwar American counterculture was established by a small circle of so- called “beat” poets located primarily in New York and San Francisco in the late 1940s and 1950s. Were it not for the beats of the early postwar years there would have been no “hippies” in the 1960s. And in spite of the apparent differences between the hippies and the “punks,” were it not for the hippies and the beats, there would have been no punks in the 1970s or 80s, either. The beats not only anticipated nearly every aspect of hippy culture in the late 1940s and 1950s, but many of those who led the hippy movement in the 1960s such as Gary Snyder and Allen Ginsberg were themselves beat poets. By the 1970s Allen Ginsberg could be found with such icons of the early punk movement as Patty Smith and the Clash. The beat poet William Burroughs was a punk before there were “punks,” and was much loved by punks when there were. The beat poets, therefore, helped shape the culture of generations of Americans who grew up in the postwar years. But rarely if ever has the philosophy of the postwar American counterculture been seriously studied by philosophers.
    [Show full text]
  • Coase Theorem” Asserts That in the Absence of Transaction Costs, Parties to an Externality Will Bargain to an Efficient Outcome
    Abstract The \Coase theorem" asserts that in the absence of transaction costs, parties to an externality will bargain to an efficient outcome. It also claims that the resulting level of externality-generating is inde- pendent of initial assignment of rights. It is well-known that Coase's second claim is true if utility is quasi-linear so that the valuation of externalities does not depend on wealth. This paper finds a class of preferences for which Coase's second claim is true when there are wealth effects. It presents a necessary and sufficient condition for Coase's second claim and discusses applications of this result. 1 When Was Coase Right? Ted Bergstrom∗ Economics Department, University of California Santa Barbara [email protected] June 21, 2017 ∗This paper is dedicated to the memory of Richard Cornes and Leo Hurwicz, with whom it was my privilege to share thoughts and puzzlements about this topic. I am grateful to Di Wang of UCSB for useful discussions and for steering me to the Chipman-Tian paper, and also to Guoqiang Tian for helpful discussions. 1 Ronald Coase [7] argued that the amount of damage that one party causes to another typically depends on the actions of both parties. Coase maintained that, regardless of the way that the law assigns liability, if the perpetrator and recipient are able to bargain freely, they are likely to reach an efficient outcome. Coase's paper consists of a series of examples and insightful discussions. He made no claims of a formal theorem based on explicit assumptions. The term \Coase Theorem" seems to originate with George Stigler, who explained Coase's ideas in his textbook The Theory of Price [13], pp 110-114.
    [Show full text]