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THE MARGI of the MANDARAS: a SOCIETY on the VERGE Verf!E (OF, F

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THE MARGI of the MANDARAS: a SOCIETY on the VERGE Verf!E (OF, F THE MARGI OF THE MANDARAS: A SOCIETY ON THE VERGE verf!e (OF, f. L twig, rod, mar:ic wand) - A rod or staff carried as a: symbol of au- thority •••• Within the verge, within an area subject to the jurisdiction of the lord stew­ ard, defined as extending to a distance of twelve miles of the King's court. - The extreme edge of a cliff or abrupt de- scent. - The brink or border of something towards which there is progress or tendency. Editor’se Not James H. Vaughan wrote The Margi of the Mandaras during the 1970s and early 1980s. It was accepted for publication by the Indiana University Press in 1982, but for unknown reasons Vaughan decided not to publish it. He continued to tinker with it through the 1990s and even into early 2000, before setting it aside entirely. He spent the next five years working on his Margi photographs, ultimately di splaying them at a show at the Mathers Museum of World Cultures at Indiana University in 2005, and then created a corresponding website (http://www.indiana.edu/~margi/). In addition to this copy, four other versions of the manuscript exist. The other four survive only in paper, printed at unknown times and then placed in storage. The fifth version, the one published here, was produced from Vaughan’s computer files. These files were last updated between January 1998 and July 2000. This version was selected for publication because it is believed to be the last version updated. The Table of Contents of each version is basically the same, but close examination of the chapters reveal there are small differences in the text. Those who wish to see the other versions should consult the papers of James Vaughan at Indiana University, or contact the editor. A few notes regarding this particular manuscript: • SPACING: The chapter/files were converted multiple times between several software packages and computers. As a result, spacing issues and page breaks existed at the time of editing. The editor corrected these when seen. • SPELLING/GRAMMAR/PUNCTUATION: No corrections were made to English words, however the file conversions often placed numbers or symbols in Margi words. The editor attempted to correct these, but because the insertions were inconsistent and only appeared in Margi words, it is likely that some were missed. No changes were made to the original grammar or punctuation. • ORTHOGRAPY: In the paper versions of the manuscript, custom characters were used so the proper Margi spelling could be achieved. In particular the ǝ symbol and the ƞ symbol were used. The computerized version of the manuscript did not use these characters. Consult the paper manuscripts to see the proper use of the characters. • APPENDIX A & B: An appendix was found in one of the paper versions of the manuscript. It has been included here. It was scanned and the above Margi characters are visible. It is not obvious where Appendix B begins, but the editor believe it is on the middle of the 10th page. • MAPS/DIAGRAMS/TABLES: The computerized version of the manuscript did not included any maps or diagrams, and only a few tables. It did however, include headings for each. The editor scanned the corresponding Map/Diagram/Table from one of the printed versions and inserted them into this version. • PHOTOGRAPHS: The two photographs in Chapter 10 (Plate 10-1 and 10-2) were not included in any manuscripts. The pictures appear on Vaughan’s website and the editor believes he intended to use them in the manuscript. Likewise, the “cover” and back picture were selected from the website. • PARENTHETIC PAGE NOTES: Occasionally, Vaughan indicates the reader should consult other pages in the manuscript. For instance “(pp. 315-318)”. In these cases, the page numbers have been updated to correspond to the version of the document that is published here. • PARENTHETIC WORDS: Likewise, this manuscript occasionally had a word in parentheses followed by question marks “(Exterior???)” The editor interpreted these as optional words Vaughan considered using instead of the word he did use. The editor selected the one word he felt was best and eliminated the optional word and parentheses. Richard Vaughan Indiana University [email protected] The Margi of the Mandaras: A Society on the Verge Table of Contents Preface i Chapter 1: Introduction: Neofunctionalist Ethnography 1 PART I: The Setting Chapter 2: The Margi World (Dunya) 19 Chapter 3: The Past (Labar Zizigu) 45 PART II: The Organization of Margi Society Chapter 4: The Family (Mjir Wudukyi=people in the stomach of the compound) 72 Chapter 5: The Clan (Fal) 107 Chapter 6: Social Differentiation (Ntikiya, division) 137 Chapter 7: Subsistence (Sur Feva Mji) 171 Chapter 8: Political Organization (Ptilkur) 194 Chapter 9: Ritual (Zibsu) 236 Part III: Change Chapter 10: Change in Margi Society: A Personal View 270 Appendix A: Rules of Kin Terminology 311 Appendix B: Behavioral Dyads of Kin 320 Bibliography 338 The Author 346 To view photographs taken over a 30 years period while working with the Margi, please consult the website: http://www.indiana.edu/~margi/ Preface A study spanning twenty-odd years obviously is indebted to very any people. I have received funds from the Ford Foundation and Indiana University's Office of Research and Graduate Development, the African Studies Program, and the Sabbatical Leaves Committee. But it is the people I have encountered during the long course of this work to whom I am most indebted. Without the full and generous cooperation of thousands of Margi, some of whom will receive more specific mention below, none of this would have been possible. Other Africans and Euroamericans in Nigeria were also very helpful either with material resources, advice, or hospitality. In particular I wish to mention the Department of Sociology at Ahmadu Bello University, which provided both institutional and personal support, and the Church of the Brethren, which very generously assisted with logistics. In retrospect, I am impressed and awed by the helpfulness of all the people whom I have encountered in the course of this research. They are literally too many to name, though some were so important that they must be acknowledged below. I first arrived among the Margi in October 1959 and was soon joined by my wife and our two children ages two and five. I visited several hamlets in different Margi areas, looking for a suitable residence from which I could conduct my research. I seriously considered Dille among the Margi Babal and Womdi in the Margi Titum area, but I settled upon a hamlet in the center of the Margi Dzirngu, an area called Gulak after its administrative headquarters and a name which is a corruption of Gulagu, the name of a traditional Margi kingdom. I had, in fact, been strongly urged to study these Margi by the late H. Stover Kulp, a missionary who began his work among the Margi in 1927 (M. A. Kulp 1968). The District i Officer Frank Widdas also suggested that I settle in Gulak, and I had an excellent contact there through Anthony H. M. Kirk-Greene who first suggested that I might study the Margi. However, I obstinately resisted locating there if only to demonstrated my independence of both missionary and government administrator. Eventually, the suitability and the beauty of the area convinced me, and I had a compound constructed in Kirngu, a hamlet of 336 people. At first, we were greeted with reserve and curiosity. The Margi Dzirngu had known few Europeans, and none had ever lived among them in the manner which we proposed. Our integration was inhibited by our cultural differences and our inexpert mastery of the local language, but in time, thanks in no small part to our children, we were a relatively normal part of the community. We lived there until November 1960 when the fieldwork was concluded. During that first residence, I spent the greatest part of my time doing a general study of Margi Dzirngu society, focusing upon its political system. Kirngu was the royal hamlet and I enjoyed a close relationship with Yarkur, the Ptil (King) of Gulagu. I was favored by a number of intelligent research assistants whose names I mention in the order in which I met them: Ojo Shuwa (later Muhammadu Sanusi Shuwa), Bulama W. Birdling, and Muhammadu Sikamu Simnda. A number of others did outstanding work in briefer periods: Bitrus Kajal, Mdumari Ndijida, and Margima Gadzama. Finally, in 1962 Nggida Gadzama, a student at McPherson College in Kansas, visited me in Cincinnati and assisted me as I reviewed my materials. The days in the field were diverse; some were occupied pursuing specific topics, others in following unfolding events, and all included household and family responsibilities. Perhaps something of the flavor may be sensed from a sample of entries from the daily diary I kept (as distinct from field notes). ii May 16: Spent the morning in [our] village. Saw most spirited games yet. Returned to write. Rain in early afternoon. [Our] Children [who were caught in the rain] told of staying with men drinking beer and drumming. Went to Ghumbili [a nearby mountain community] for fulbili [ceremony celebrating the birth of twins]. Small crowd but got excellent view. Only one twin survived. Susan [our daughter] walked both ways; becoming a regular mountain goat. August 8: Talked to U. about court procedures in pre-modern times. In p.m. watched Ptil judge [an informal and probably illegal court session]. Saw B. bring in a thief. Got recipe for beer from M. and used G. [her husband] for some incidental details. And then there were days like this: October 5: After a little work in village, drove to within about a mile of River and met Dr.
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