DOCSLIB.ORG

Christian Supersessionism and the Dilemma of Dialogue in Jos Nigeria: Exploring Panikkar’S Dialogical Dialogue As a Paradigm for Interreligious Dialogue Martin Ahiaba

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Christian Supersessionism and the Dilemma of Dialogue in Jos Nigeria: Exploring Panikkar’S Dialogical Dialogue As a Paradigm for Interreligious Dialogue Martin Ahiaba Duquesne University Duquesne Scholarship Collection Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fall 2016 Christian Supersessionism and the Dilemma of Dialogue in Jos Nigeria: Exploring Panikkar’s Dialogical Dialogue as a Paradigm for Interreligious Dialogue Martin Ahiaba Follow this and additional works at: https://dsc.duq.edu/etd Recommended Citation Ahiaba, M. (2016). Christian Supersessionism and the Dilemma of Dialogue in Jos Nigeria: Exploring Panikkar’s Dialogical Dialogue as a Paradigm for Interreligious Dialogue (Doctoral dissertation, Duquesne University). Retrieved from https://dsc.duq.edu/etd/59 This One-year Embargo is brought to you for free and open access by Duquesne Scholarship Collection. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Duquesne Scholarship Collection. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHRISTIAN SUPERSESSIONISM AND THE DILEMMA OF DIALOGUE IN JOS NIGERIA: EXPLORING PANIKKAR’S DIALOGICAL DIALOGUE AS A PARADIGM FOR INTERRELIGIOUS DIALOGUE A Dissertation Submitted to the McAnulty Graduate School of Liberal Arts Duquesne University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Martin Akowe Ahiaba December 2016 Copyright by Martin Akowe Ahiaba 2016 CHRISTIAN SUPERSESSIONISM AND THE DILEMMA OF DIALOGUE IN JOS NIGERIA: EXPLORING PANIKKAR’S DIALOGICAL DIALOGUE AS A PARADIGM FOR INTERRELIGIOUS DIALOGUE By Martin Akowe Ahiaba Approved November 9, 2016 ________________________________ ________________________________ Dr. Gerald Boodoo, Ph.D. Dr. Anna Floerke Scheid, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Theology Associate Professor of Theology (Committee Member) (Committee Member) ________________________________ Dr. Marinus Iwuchukwu, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Theology (Committee Director) ________________________________ ________________________________ Dr. James Swindal, Ph.D. Dr. Marinus Iwuchukwu, Ph.D. Dean, McAnulty Graduate School of Chair, Department of Theology Liberal Arts Associate Professor of Theology Professor of Philosophy iii ABSTRACT CHRISTIAN SUPERSESSIONISM AND THE DILEMMA OF DIALOGUE IN JOS NIGERIA: EXPLORING PANIKKAR’S DIALOGICAL DIALOGUE AS A PARADIGM FOR INTERRELIGIOUS DIALOGUE By Martin Akowe Ahiaba December 2016 Dissertation supervised by Dr. Marinus Iwuchukwu, PhD The Middle-belt and Northern Nigeria are notoriously known as the epicenter for ethnic and religious warfare. The hostility between the two dominant religions—Islam and Christianity—has a beginning that pre-dates the British colonial occupation in 1903. Islamic opposition to British cultural imperialism and religious superiority continues in its outright rejection of Christian supersessionism and the formation of fundamentalist sects. Though not denying the importance of addressing the economic, ethnic, and political context of the problem of violence, this work focuses on exclusivist Christology and its hermeneutical use in framing the dialogue between Christians and Muslims in Jos Plateau. We analyze the nature of absolute claims emanating from Christian supersessionism and evaluate how these have served as triggers to violence, provoked by the slightest religious misunderstanding. Such an exclusive Christological definition lends to religious extremism, and iv it raises serious ethical and theological questions for Christianity as a religion that preaches love and hospitality for neighbors, especially the stranger. In this sense, Christian supersessionism poses grave ethical danger to the virtue of hospitality in that it reduces the horizon of Christian compassion, making it accessible only to members of the Christian faith community. By applying Raimon Panikkar’s non-dualistic method and his post-colonial critique of Western theological imperatives, this works seeks to liberate exclusivist Christology from its totalizing tendencies. It is our intention to develop an alternative dialogical pneumatology of charity and hospitality that is necessary for the interreligious encounter and mutual coexistence between Christians and Muslims. This investigation shows that Panikkar’s cosmotheandric vision of reality which promotes “individuality, irreducibility and reciprocity,” remains the sine qua non for interreligious peace in a pluralistic setting. Cosmotheandrism offers a deep complementarity of perspectives, insights, and approaches. In sum, cosmotheandrism within the context of interreligious dialogues argues that there is no “one religion” that can be imposed on the “many,” and there are no “many” that can be reduced to the “one.” Thus, we contend that Panikkar’s concept of dialogical dialogue, which draws from the cosmotheandric vision, remains an effective method for formulating both the theoretical and hermeneutical principles required for addressing Christian exclusivism. v DEDICATION To the victims of the 2001 Jos crisis To all Missionaries Through the Congregation of the Holy Ghost Fathers and Brothers (Spiritans) vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to express my immense debt of gratitude to God for the gift of the Ministry of Reconciliation, through which peace among religions becomes the precondition for peace on earth. Second, my regards to Dr. Marinus Iwuchukwu, my supervisor, who took more than a personal interest in getting me to work, reading the manuscripts, and offering very useful and productive suggestions. More than this, he continued to drum into my ears the increasing concern that exclusivism has brought to the entire debate on interreligious dialogue and the need for alternative hermeneutics as justification for completing the investigation. Similar thanks go to Dr. Gerald Boodoo and Dr. Anna Florke Schied, who serve as members of my dissertation committee. They painfully read through all the lines and made many useful suggestions; my gratitude is unlimited. To them and the entire faculty in the Department of Theology, I remain eternally grateful indeed. I should also like to thank all of the students and my colleagues whose encouragement and support I consider invaluable. I extend special gratitude to Dr. SimonMary Aihiokhai; Dr. Carlos Brossard; Rev. Dr. John Odeyemi; Fr. Emmanuel Ahua, CSSp; Fr. Carmen D’Amico; Rev. Sr. Dr. Felicia Agibi, HHCJ; and Sr. Helen Ojuh, DC, all of whom provided the logistical support needed for the duration of this research. Special regards also to Dr. Charity Lami Adama and Ilesanmi Ajibola for proofreading the manuscript. Finally, I should thank the Holy Ghost Fathers and Brothers (Spiritans) worldwide for providing me with the initial formation that led to production of this research. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………...iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………….…...vii TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………...…………………….…...viii CHAPTER ONE: HISTORICAL CONTEXT, RESEARCH QUESTION AND METHODOLOGY OF STUDY………………………………………………………………...1 1.1: Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...1 1.2: Northern Nigeria Background of Religion and Conflicts…………………………….8 1.3: Research Questions………………………………………………………………….44 1.4: Definition of Terms…………………………………………………………………47 1.5: Thesis………………………………………………………………………………..52 1.6: Theological Methods………………………………………………………………..56 1.6.1: Dialogue, Contextual and Incarnational Method………………………….58 1.6.2: The Librational and Hermeneutical Method………………………………66 CHAPTER TWO: HERMENUETICS OF EXCLUSION: JOS AS CHRISTIAN CITY AND MUSLIM RESPONSE…………………………………………………………………...70 2.1: Introduction………………………………………………………………………….70 2.2: Pre-colonial and post-colonial Critical Review of Violence in Jos…………………78 2.2.1: The Jos Crisis of 1932…………………………………………………….82 2.2.2. The October 1945 Jos Crisis………………………………………………84 2.2.3: The Jos Crisis 1994……………………………………………………….86 2.2.4: The Jos Crisis 2001………………………………………………………..87 2.2.5: The Jos Land Controversy: Indigenous verse Settlers..…………………...88 2.3: Christian Supersessionism and Jos—Jesus Our Savior—Narrative………………...99 2.4: Protestant and Evangelical Hermeneutics. ………………………………………...103 2.5: Nostra Aetate and Christological Triumphalism…………………………………..113 2.6: Review of Dialogue by Christian Association of Nigeria…………………………119 2.7: Review of Islamic Response to Dialogue in Nigeria……...……………………….129 2.7.1: Islamic Fundamentalism: The birth of the Izala sect…………………….133 CHAPTER III: PLURALISM, INCLUSIVISM AND DIFFERENCE: TRADITIONAL CHRISTOLOGY AND PANIKKAR’S CHRISTOPHANY………………………………..135 3.1: Introduction………………………………………………………………………...135 3.2: The Challenge to Traditional Christology…………………………………………144 3.3: The Task of Christophany………………………………………………………….156 3.4: Panikkar’s Religious Pluralism………………………………………………….....167 3.4.1: Panikkar and Kant………………………………………………………..175 3.4.2: Panikkar and John Hick………………………………………………….180 3.4.3: Panikkar, Paul Knitter, and S. Mark Heim………………………………186 3:5: Panikkar, Peter Phan, and Jacques Dupuis: Logos Theology……………………...199 viii CHAPTER FOUR: RAIMON PANIKKAR THEOLOGY OF DIALOGICAL DIALOGUE……………………………………………………………………………………208 4.1: Introduction………………………………………………………………………...208 4.2: Panikkar’s Relational Trilogy……………………………………………………...211 4.2.1: Trinitarian discourse: Father—apophatism, Son—theism, Spirit— monism………………………………………………………………………….216 4.2.2: Spiritualities: Iconolatry, Personalism, Mysticism...…………………….230 4.2.3: Cosmotheandrism: Cosmos, God and Humans..………………………...238 4.3: Panikkar’s Christophany and Interreligious dialogue……………………………...243 4.4: Panikkar and the problem of the ‘one’ and ‘many.’……………………………….246 4.5: Panikkar’s Religious
Load more

Recommended publications
  • St. Augustine and the Doctrine of the Mystical Body of Christ Stanislaus J
    ST. AUGUSTINE AND THE DOCTRINE OF THE MYSTICAL BODY OF CHRIST STANISLAUS J. GRABOWSKI, S.T.D., S.T.M. Catholic University of America N THE present article a study will be made of Saint Augustine's doc­ I trine of the Mystical Body of Christ. This subject is, as it will be later pointed out, timely and fruitful. It is of unutterable importance for the proper and full conception of the Church. This study may be conveniently divided into four parts: (I) A fuller consideration of the doctrine of the Mystical Body of Christ, as it is found in the works of the great Bishop of Hippo; (II) a brief study of that same doctrine, as it is found in the sources which the Saint utilized; (III) a scrutiny of the place that this doctrine holds in the whole system of his religious thought and of some of its peculiarities; (IV) some consideration of the influence that Saint Augustine exercised on the development of this particular doctrine in theologians and doctrinal systems. THE DOCTRINE St. Augustine gives utterance in many passages, as the occasion de­ mands, to words, expressions, and sentences from which we are able to infer that the Church of his time was a Church of sacramental rites and a hierarchical order. Further, writing especially against Donatism, he is led Xo portray the Church concretely in its historical, geographical, visible form, characterized by manifest traits through which she may be recognized and discerned from false chuiches. The aspect, however, of the concept of the Church which he cherished most fondly and which he never seems tired of teaching, repeating, emphasizing, and expound­ ing to his listeners is the Church considered as the Body of Christ.1 1 On St.
    [Show full text]
  • Call for Papers LUTHERANISM & the CLASSICS VI: Beauty Concordia Theological Seminary, Fort Wayne, Indiana October 1-2, 2020
    Call for Papers LUTHERANISM & THE CLASSICS VI: Beauty Concordia Theological Seminary, Fort Wayne, Indiana October 1-2, 2020 WHAT: From the Reformation onward, Lutherans have not only held the languages and literatures of the ancient Greeks and Romans in high regard, but also respected their theories of aesthetics and artistic sensibilities. While Martin Luther came to believe that beauty is found not in an Aristotelian golden mean but rather in God’s own self- giving in Christ Jesus under forms that may seem ugly to unbelief, he valued proportionality, aesthetics, music, and the visual arts as precious gifts of a generous Creator. Imaging is not only what the human heart does—whether concocting idols or honoring God—but also how the proclaimed word portrays Christ: primarily as divine gift. The conference organizers seek individual papers (or panels with at least three participants) on such topics as follow: Reformation-era Perspectives on Beauty in Plato and Aristotle Lucas Cranach and the Classical Artistic Tradition The Basilica and Church Architecture The Role of Images in the Early Church Beauty and Aesthetics as Understood by the Church Fathers Iconolatry and Iconoclasm The Strange Beauty of the Cross Luther’s Understanding of Beauty under its Apparent Opposite in Selected Psalms Luther on the Theology and Beauty of Music Lutheran Phil-Hellenism Beauty in Orthodoxy, Pietism, and Rationalism Baroque Beauty: Bach and Others Classical Rhetoric and Christian Preaching The Beauty of Holiness Luther’s Aesthetics in Contrast to Modern Views of Beauty How Might Christian Children Learn Aesthetics? Our subject is broadly conceived and considerable latitude will be given to cogent abstracts.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards a Theological Synthesis of Christian and Shona Views of Death and the Dead: Implications for Pastoral Care in the Anglican Diocese of Harare, Zimbabwe
    TOWARDS A THEOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS OF CHRISTIAN AND SHONA VIEWS OF DEATH AND THE DEAD: IMPLICATIONS FOR PASTORAL CARE IN THE ANGLICAN DIOCESE OF HARARE, ZIMBABWE. by WILSON T. SITSHEBO A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts of the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Theology Faculty of Arts The University of Birmingham August 2000 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT In this contextual study I investigate why and how the traditional approach to mission, engaged by Anglican missionaries, gave rise to a dual observance of ritual among Shona Anglican Christians. I begin by establishing the significance and essence of Shona views of death and the dead, then investigate the missionaries' historical background. I highlight that Christian arrogance, in the guise of racial superiority, underlies the confrontational and condemnatory approach. Traditional views were considered evil, in their place, Shona converts were forced to adopt western Christian views as the only acceptable and valid way of coping with this eschatological reality. These views did not usually fit the Shona worldviews and religious outlook, hence the adoption of dual observance.
    [Show full text]
  • Name Calling and Vulgarity As Threats to National Peace and Security: the Case of Language of Virtual Community
    ISSN 1799-2591 Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol. 4, No. 8, pp. 1543-1549, August 2014 © 2014 ACADEMY PUBLISHER Manufactured in Finland. doi:10.4304/tpls.4.8.1543-1549 Name Calling and Vulgarity as Threats to National Peace and Security: The Case of Language of Virtual Community Godwin Oko Ushie Department of English and Literary Studies, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria Juliet Ude Ifeakor Department of English and Literary Studies, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria Abstract—This paper analyzes comments by readers of an online article in The Punch Newspaper entitled “CAN crisis deepens”, the crises that threaten to rock the Christian Association of Nigeria, CAN. It aims to show how name calling and vulgarity as a trademark of language use in the virtual community can pose a threat to national peace and security. Some of the comments that trailed the article deviate from civility, break the conversational and politeness maxims, extend the frontiers of the discourse at hand and inundate it with name calling and vitriolic language. The method used in this paper consists of highlighting the comments and analyzing this discourse using Grice’s Cooperative Principles and Politeness Principles of conversation. The paper concludes that public discourse among the netizens (members of virtual community) has the tendency of degenerating into expletives, discourtesies and disparagement because the public space is a faceless one; hence the comments which have deviated from the norms of civilized discourse pose a threat to religious peace and harmony among Christians in Nigeria and by extension to national peace and security. Index Terms—name calling and vulgar language, virtual community, public discourse, conversational maxims, peace and security I.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Impact of African Traditional Religious
    The Impact of African Traditional Religious Beliefs and Cultural Values on Christian- Muslim Relations in Ghana from 1920 through the Present: A Case Study of Nkusukum-Ekumfi-Enyan area of the Central Region. Submitted by Francis Acquah to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Theology in December 2011 This thesis is available for library use on the understanding that it is copy right material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any university. Signature………………………………………………………. 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My first and foremost gratitude goes to my academic advisors Prof. Emeritus Mahmoud Ayoub (Hartford Seminary, US) and Prof. Robert Gleave (IAIS, University of Exeter) for their untiring efforts and patience that guided me through this study. In this respect I, also, wish to thank my brother and friend, Prof. John D. K. Ekem, who as a Ghanaian and someone familiar with the background of this study, read through the work and offered helpful suggestions. Studying as a foreign student in the US and the UK could not have been possible without the generous financial support from the Scholarship Office of the Global Ministries, United Methodist Church, USA and some churches in the US, notably, the First Presbyterian Church, Geneseo, NY and the First Presbyterian Church, Fairfield, CT. In this regard, Lisa Katzenstein, the administrator of the Scholarship Office of the Global Ministries (UMC) and Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • ©® 2002 Joe Griffin 02-10-13-A.CC02-42
    ©Ê 2002 Joe Griffin 02-10-13-A.CC02-42 / 1 Clanking Chains: Self-Righteous Arrogance: Unhappiness, Iconoclastic, Client Nation, 2 Peter 1:1-2 5) The Arrogance of Unhappiness. We have seen this expression of arrogance associated with Authority Arrogance. The unhappy person is also self-righteous and is preoccupied with self. If he finds himself in a circumstance that causes him to be fearful or angry or both, he has an intense desire to be free of these things. Fascism and Nazism caused the founders of the Frankfurt School to first be afraid and then to become angry. They were unable to evaluate the historical circumstances surrounding the Third Reich from establishment viewpoint let alone biblical viewpoint. Unable to analyze these historical events as the ultimate act of fallen men driven by self- righteous arrogance, they chose instead to analyze them from the viewpoint of the West’s corrupt culture and authoritarian traditions with Christian theology being one of the major contributors. Fearful of a future repeat performance of fascism, the Frankfurt philosophers switched over to anger in their search for a solution. Implacability is locked-in anger that leads to bitterness. Bitterness is an expression of self-pity which expresses frustration that they can find no solution to their unhappy circumstance. Frustrated, self-righteous people never see their own faults but only the faults of others. These perceived faults may be real or imagined. And the Frankfurt fellows imagined that the causes of their frustrations were Western culture and Christian theology. This entangled them in: 6) Iconoclastic Arrogance.
    [Show full text]
  • Directory of Agricultural R&D Agencies in 31 African Countries
    sustainable solutions for ending hunger and poverty Supported by the CGIAR ASTI Directory of Agricultural R&D Agencies in 31 African Countries April 2011 ABOUT ASTI The Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators (ASTI) initiative compiles, processes, and disseminates data on institutional developments and investments in worldwide agricultural R&D, and analyzes and reports on these trends. Tracking these developments in ways that facilitate meaningful comparisons among different countries, types of agencies, and points in time is critical for keeping policymakers abreast of science policy issues pertaining to agriculture. The main objective of the ASTI initiative is to assist policymakers and donors in making better informed decisions about the funding and operation of public and private agricultural science and technology agencies by making available internationally comparable information on agricultural research investments and institutional changes. Better-informed decisions will improve the efficiency and impact of agricultural R&D systems and ultimately enhance productivity growth of the agriculture sector. The ASTI initiative is managed by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and involves collaborative alliances with many national and regional R&D agencies, as well as international institutions. The initiative, which is funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation with additional support from IFPRI, is widely recognized as the most authoritative source of information on the support for and structure of agricultural R&D worldwide. ASTI data and associated reports are made freely available for research policy formulation and priority-setting purposes (http://www.asti.cgiar.org). ABOUT IFPRI The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI®) was established in 1975 to identify and analyze alternative national and international strategies and policies for meeting food needs of the developing world on a sustainable basis, with particular emphasis on low-income countries and on the poorer groups in those countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Islam and Christian Theologians
    • CTSA PROCEEDINGS 48 (1993): 41-54 • ISLAM AND CHRISTIAN THEOLOGIANS Once upon a time an itinerant grammarian came to a body of water and enlisted the services of a boatman to ferry him across. As they made their way, the grammarian asked the boatman, "Do you know the science of grammar?" The humble boatman thought for a moment and admitted somewhat dejectedly that he did not. Not much later, a growing storm began to imperil the small vessel. Said the boatman to the grammarian, "Do you know the science of swimming?" On the eve of the new millennium too much of our theological activity remains shockingly intramural. Instead of allowing an inherent energy to launch us into the larger reality of global religiosity, we insist on protecting our theology from the threat of contamination. If we continue to resist serious engagement with other theological traditions, and that of Islam in particular, our theology may prove as useful as grammar in a typhoon. But what would swimming look like in theological terms? In the words of Robert Neville, "One of the most important tasks of theology today is to develop strategies for determining how to enter into the meaning system of another tradition, not merely as a temporary member of that tradition, but in such a way as to see how they bear upon one another."1 I propose to approach this vast subject by describing the "Three M's" of Muslim-Christian theological engagement: Models (or methods from the past); Method (or a model for future experimentation); and Motives. I.
    [Show full text]
  • Mary in the Doctrine of Berulle on the Mysteries of Christ Vincent R
    Marian Studies Volume 36 Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth National Convention of The Mariological Society of America Article 11 held in Dayton, Ohio 1985 Mary in the Doctrine of Berulle on the Mysteries of Christ Vincent R. Vasey Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.udayton.edu/marian_studies Part of the Religion Commons Recommended Citation Vasey, Vincent R. (1985) "Mary in the Doctrine of Berulle on the Mysteries of Christ," Marian Studies: Vol. 36, Article 11. Available at: https://ecommons.udayton.edu/marian_studies/vol36/iss1/11 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Marian Library Publications at eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Marian Studies by an authorized editor of eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Vasey: Mary in the Doctrine of Berulle MARY IN THE DOCTRINE OF BERULLE ON THE MYSTERIES OF CHRIST Two monuments Berulle left the Church, aere perennina: more enduring than bronze, are his writings and his Congrega­ tion of the Oratory. He took part in the great controversies of his time, religious and political, but his figure takes its greatest lus­ ter with the passing of years because of his spiritual work and the influence he exerts in the Church by those endued with his teaching. From his integrated life originated both his works and his institution; that is why both his writings and the Oratory are intimately connected. His writings in their final synthesis-and we are concerned above all with the culmination of his contem­ plation and study-center about Christ, and his restoration of the priesthood centers about Christ.
    [Show full text]
  • The Provenance of John Milton's Christian Doctrine
    SEL 34 (1994) ISSN 0039-3657 Forum II: Milton's Christian Doctrine The Provenance ofJohn Milton's Christian Doctrine: A Reply to William B. Hunter MAURICE KELLEY As scholars have determined it during the past century and a half, the provenance of the Christian Doctrine should invite no suspicion of Milton's authorship. Instead it confirms it. The treatise originated in Milton's youthful collection of proof texts and his perusal of certain shorter systems of theology.' By the 1640s, Edward Phillips reports, his uncle was dictating to him and his fellow students portions of a "Tractate which he thought fit to collect from the ablest of Divines, who had written of that subject: Arnesius, Wollebius. &c. viz. A perfect System of Divinity, of which more hereafter."2 Phillips, however, failed to keep his promise of more information about "A perfect System," but the Anonymous Biographer (Cyriack Skinner) reports that about 1655 Milton began "the framing a Body of Divinity out of the Bible . which . hee finished after the Restoration."3 Our manuscript of the Christian Doctrine confirms Cyriack's rough dating, for the primary hand in it is that ofJeremie Picard, who served as witness or scribe in Milton documents dating from January 1658 to May 1660;4 and Cyriack's mention of Milton's heterodoxies5 indicates Maurice Kelley is Emeritus Professor of English, Princeton University. 154 REPLY TO HUNT E R that he is writing of the Christian Doctrine that we have today. Parallels between the treatise and Paradise Lost as well as between it and Milton's Art of Logic, not published until 1672,6 confirm Milton's authorship of the systematic theology.
    [Show full text]
  • Violations of Indigenous Children's Rights in Cameroon
    Convention on the Rights of the Child Alternative Report Submission: Violations of Indigenous Children’s Rights in Cameroon Prepared for 75th Session, Geneva, 15 May - 02 June 2017 Submitted by Cultural Survival Cultural Survival 2067 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02140 Tel: 1 (617) 441 5400 [email protected] www.culturalsurvival.org Convention on the Rights of the Child Alternative Report Submission: Violations of Indigenous Children’s Rights in Cameroon I. Reporting Organization Cultural Survival is an international Indigenous rights organization with a global Indigenous leadership and consultative status with ECOSOC since 2005. Cultural Survival is located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and is registered as a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization in the United States. Cultural Survival monitors the protection of Indigenous Peoples’ rights in countries throughout the world and publishes its findings in its magazine, the Cultural Survival Quarterly, and on its website: www.cs.org. II. Background Information “These peoples [the “Pygmies” and pastoralist peoples] still suffer discrimination experienced through the dispossession of their land and destruction of their livelihoods, cultures and identities, extreme poverty, lack of access to and participation in political decision-making and lack of access to education and health facilities.”1 Cameroon is home to one of the most diverse environments in Africa, with regions that have an equatorial monsoon climate, regions with a tropical humid climate, and regions with a tropical arid climate. Cameroon became an independent, sovereign nation in 1960 and a united one (when East and West Cameroon were united) in 1961.2 Cameroon has a population of over 22 million people.
    [Show full text]
  • The Church in the Contemporary World: Information and Communication Technology in Church Communication for Growth: a Case Study
    Journal of Media and Communication Studies Vol. 4(4), pp. 80-94, April 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JMCS DOI: 10.5897/JMCS11.087 ISSN 2141-2545 ©2012 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper The church in the contemporary world: Information and communication technology in church communication for growth: A case study Christian A. Bolu 1ICT/Innovation Centre, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria. 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Covenant University, Canaanland, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +234 803 7750954. Accepted 17 January, 2012 The last two decades has seen the adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) in contemporary church communications for growth. Contemporary church communications for growth is taking phenomenally great strides. However, adoption levels vary across countries, church groups, church budgets, and with the increasing threat to mass gathering by insurgencies, the rate of adoption will further increase. This paper examines the adoption of ICT in contemporary church communication for growth in Nigeria. It analyzes the perception of church leaders on internet usage for church growth programmes, adoption of electronic mails, telephone and virtual learning environment for communication as well as the deployment of church ICT infrastructure for church administration and human capital management. With the increasing internet bandwidth intensity and teledensity in Nigeria, the paper attempts to identify potential structural shift in church growth and communication strategy Key words: Missions, internet evangelism, repository communication information technology church. INTRODUCTION The Holy Bible New Testament is replete with examples and communication technology in church of the disciples sharing the good news where people communications for growth.
    [Show full text]