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The Meaning of the Winter Solstice
1 THE WINTER SOLSTICE & CHRISTMAS We are in the Winter Solstice, the period at which the Sun entering the sign of Capricornus has already, since December 21st, ceased to advance in the Southern Hemisphere, and, cancer or crab- like, begins to move back. It is at this particular time that, every year, he is born, and December 25th was the day of the birth of the Sun for those who inhabited the Northern Hemisphere. It is also on December the 25th, Christmas, the day with the Christians on which the “Saviour of the World” was born, that were born, ages before him, the Persian Mithra, the Egyptian Osiris, the Greek Bacchus, the Phoenician Adonis, the Phrygian Athis. And, while at Memphis the people were shown the image of the god Day, taken out of his cradle, the Romans marked December 25th in their calendar as the day natalis solis invicti. Sad derision of human destiny. So many Saviours of the world born unto it, so much and so often propitiated, and yet the world is as miserable – nay, far more wretched now than ever before – as though none of these had ever been born! “The Year is Dead, Long Live The Year!” H. P. Blavatsky And let no one imagine that it is a mere fancy, the attaching of importance to the birth of the year. The earth passes through its definite phases and man with it; and as a day can be coloured so can a year. The astral life of the earth is young and strong between Christmas and Easter. -
TRANSEQUATORIAL V.H.F. TRANSMISSIONS and SOLAR-RELATED PHENOMENA by M
TRANSEQUATORIAL V.H.F. TRANSMISSIONS AND SOLAR-RELATED PHENOMENA By M. P. HEERAN* and E. H. CARMAN*t [Manuscript received 31 January 1973] Abstract Radio and ionospheric data are analysed to determine the influences of solar geophysical phenomena on transequatorial v.h.f. transmissions along a European Southern African circuit. Results over six years show a close dependence on sunspot number. The observed correlation with sudden ionospheric disturbances indicates periodic solar-dependent defocusing of transequatorial signals by the ionosphere, while the combined effects of neutral winds and the position of the magnetic equator appear to control the seasonal behaviour of the transmissions. I. INTRODUCTION Long-range (7500 km) v.h.f. transequatorial propagation (TEP) experiments at 34,40, and 45·1 MHz between Athens, Greece (lat. 37·7°N., long. 24·0°E.), and Roma, Lesotho (29.7° S., 27· r E.), have recently been reported by Carman et aZ. (1973).t The 34 and 45·1 MHz c.w. transmissions were propagated for 5 min each hour of the day while the 40 MHz signals originated from the Greek Police FM net work. The previous paper contained a detailed discussion of the analysis of fading characteristics and the relationship with electron density profiles, as determined by Alouette and Isis topside sounders, and also included a brief historical survey with references to other reviews. In the present note the same data are analysed with regard to synoptic variation of occurrence and strength of signal, especially in relation to sunspot number and sudden ionospheric disturbance (SID). II. EXPERIMENTAL DATA The basic TEP data observed at Roma are given in Figure 1. -
Friendly Neighbors Newsletter Volume 18 – Issue 6 – Novem Ber/December 2017 Founder – Doris D
Friendly Neighbors Newsletter Volume 18 – Issue 6 – Novem ber/December 2017 Founder – Doris D. Norman Editor – Kay Keskinen Moscow Senior Meal Site and Senior Center 1912 Center, 412 East Third Street, Moscow, ID 83843 Phone: (208) 882-1562 (Senior Center and Kitchen) Web Page: http://users.moscow.com/srcenter Email: [email protected] President's Message Friendly Neighbors 2018 Dues Hi Members all; Friendly Neighbors dues for 2018 can be paid now. Annual dues are $2.00 and can be paid at Another great year is the meal site sign-in desk. Please complete the ending. Membership membership form to ensure that we have your remains up and growing correct name, address, telephone number, thanks to members who birthday, and e-mail address. Birthday is on the keep bringing in friends. form so that we can acknowledge your birthday It's that time of year when in the newsletter and at the meal site. The membership forms for 2018 are available at the our Annual Meeting will be th meal site sign-in desk and the Senior Center. held (Dec.12 ) to elect ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ board members for next year. The officers to be elected are President, Meet the New Kitchen Employee Vice President, Secretary, and Treasurer along In Her Own Words with one 3-year Director. The report from the Marisa Gibler Nominating Committee is elsewhere in this Assistant Cook newsletter. Also at our Annual Meeting we will I was born and raised in recognize our Volunteer of the Year; shhhh, it’s the Pacific Northwest – a surprise. Alaska, Seattle, and then Don't forget the Idaho. -
Center 6 Research Reports and Record of Activities
National Gallery of Art Center 6 Research Reports and Record of Activities I~::':,~''~'~'~ y~ii)i!ili!i.~ f , ".,~ ~ - '~ ' ~' "-'- : '-" ~'~" J:~.-<~ lit "~-~-k'~" / I :-~--' %g I .," ,~_-~ ~i,','~! e 1~,.~ " ~" " -~ '~" "~''~ J a ,k National Gallery of Art CENTER FOR ADVANCED STUDY IN THE VISUAL ARTS Center 6 Research Reports and Record of Activities June 1985--May 1986 Washington, 1986 National Gallery of Art CENTER FOR ADVANCED STUDY IN THE VISUAL ARTS Washington, D.C. 20565 Telephone: (202) 842-6480 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced without the written permission of the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. 20565. Copyright © 1986 Trustees of the National Gallery of Art, Washington. This publication was produced by the Editors Office, National Gallery of Art, Washington. Frontispiece: James Gillray. A Cognocenti Contemplating ye Beauties of ye Antique, 1801. Prints Division, New York Public Library. Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foun- dations. CONTENTS General Information Fields of Inquiry 9 Fellowship Program 10 Facilities 13 Program of Meetings 13 Publication Program 13 Research Programs 14 Board of Advisors and Selection Committee 14 Report on the Academic Year 1985-1986 (June 1985-May 1986) Board of Advisors 16 Staff 16 Architectural Drawings Advisory Group 16 Members 17 Meetings 21 Lecture Abstracts 34 Members' Research Reports Reports 38 ~~/3 !i' tTION~ r i I ~ ~. .... ~,~.~.... iiI !~ ~ HE CENTER FOR ADVANCED STUDY IN THE VISUAL ARTS was founded T in 1979, as part of the National Gallery of Art, to promote the study of history, theory, and criticism of art, architecture, and urbanism through the formation of a community of scholars. -
Basic Principles of Celestial Navigation James A
Basic principles of celestial navigation James A. Van Allena) Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 ͑Received 16 January 2004; accepted 10 June 2004͒ Celestial navigation is a technique for determining one’s geographic position by the observation of identified stars, identified planets, the Sun, and the Moon. This subject has a multitude of refinements which, although valuable to a professional navigator, tend to obscure the basic principles. I describe these principles, give an analytical solution of the classical two-star-sight problem without any dependence on prior knowledge of position, and include several examples. Some approximations and simplifications are made in the interest of clarity. © 2004 American Association of Physics Teachers. ͓DOI: 10.1119/1.1778391͔ I. INTRODUCTION longitude ⌳ is between 0° and 360°, although often it is convenient to take the longitude westward of the prime me- Celestial navigation is a technique for determining one’s ridian to be between 0° and Ϫ180°. The longitude of P also geographic position by the observation of identified stars, can be specified by the plane angle in the equatorial plane identified planets, the Sun, and the Moon. Its basic principles whose vertex is at O with one radial line through the point at are a combination of rudimentary astronomical knowledge 1–3 which the meridian through P intersects the equatorial plane and spherical trigonometry. and the other radial line through the point G at which the Anyone who has been on a ship that is remote from any prime meridian intersects the equatorial plane ͑see Fig. -
Celestial Navigation Tutorial
NavSoft’s CELESTIAL NAVIGATION TUTORIAL Contents Using a Sextant Altitude 2 The Concept Celestial Navigation Position Lines 3 Sight Calculations and Obtaining a Position 6 Correcting a Sextant Altitude Calculating the Bearing and Distance ABC and Sight Reduction Tables Obtaining a Position Line Combining Position Lines Corrections 10 Index Error Dip Refraction Temperature and Pressure Corrections to Refraction Semi Diameter Augmentation of the Moon’s Semi-Diameter Parallax Reduction of the Moon’s Horizontal Parallax Examples Nautical Almanac Information 14 GHA & LHA Declination Examples Simplifications and Accuracy Methods for Calculating a Position 17 Plane Sailing Mercator Sailing Celestial Navigation and Spherical Trigonometry 19 The PZX Triangle Spherical Formulae Napier’s Rules The Concept of Using a Sextant Altitude Using the altitude of a celestial body is similar to using the altitude of a lighthouse or similar object of known height, to obtain a distance. One object or body provides a distance but the observer can be anywhere on a circle of that radius away from the object. At least two distances/ circles are necessary for a position. (Three avoids ambiguity.) In practice, only that part of the circle near an assumed position would be drawn. Using a Sextant for Celestial Navigation After a few corrections, a sextant gives the true distance of a body if measured on an imaginary sphere surrounding the earth. Using a Nautical Almanac to find the position of the body, the body’s position could be plotted on an appropriate chart and then a circle of the correct radius drawn around it. In practice the circles are usually thousands of miles in radius therefore distances are calculated and compared with an estimate. -
Printable Celestial Navigation Work Forms
S T A R P A T H ® S c h o o l o f N a v i g a t i o n PRINTABLE CELESTIAL NAVIGATION WORK FORMS For detailed instructions and numerical examples, see the companion booklet listed below. FORM 104 — All bodies, using Pub 249 or Pub 229 FORM 106 — All Bodies, Using NAO Tables FORM 108 — All Bodies, Almanac, and NAO Tables FORM 109 — Solar Index Correction FORM 107 — Latitude at LAN FORM 110 — Latitude by Polaris FORM 117 — Lat, Lon at LAN plus Polaris FORM 111 — Pub 249, Vol. 1 Selected Stars Other Starpath publications on Celestial Navigation Celestial Navigation Starpath Celestial Navigation Work Forms Hawaii by Sextant How to Use Plastic Sextants The Star Finder Book GPS Backup with a Mark 3 Sextant Emergency Navigation Stark Tables for Clearing the Lunar Distance Long Term Almanac 2000 to 2050 Celestial Navigation Work Form Form 104, All Sights, Pub. 249 or Pub. 229 WT h m s date body Hs ° ´ WE DR log index corr. 1 +S -F Lat + off - on ZD DR HE DIP +W -E Lon ft - UTC h m s UTC date / LOP label Ha ° ´ GHA v Dec d HP ° ´ moon ° ´ + 2 hr. planets hr - moon GHA + d additional ° ´ + ´ altitude corr. m.s. corr. - moon, mars, venus 3 SHA + stars Dec Dec altitude corr. or ° ´ or ° ´ all sights v corr. moon, planets min GHA upper limb moon ° ´ tens d subtract 30’ d upper Ho units d ° ´ a-Lon ° ´ d lower -W+E dsd dsd T LHA corr. + Hc 00´ W / 60´ E ° d. -
The Mathematics of the Chinese, Indian, Islamic and Gregorian Calendars
Heavenly Mathematics: The Mathematics of the Chinese, Indian, Islamic and Gregorian Calendars Helmer Aslaksen Department of Mathematics National University of Singapore [email protected] www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/ www.chinesecalendar.net 1 Public Holidays There are 11 public holidays in Singapore. Three of them are secular. 1. New Year’s Day 2. Labour Day 3. National Day The remaining eight cultural, racial or reli- gious holidays consist of two Chinese, two Muslim, two Indian and two Christian. 2 Cultural, Racial or Religious Holidays 1. Chinese New Year and day after 2. Good Friday 3. Vesak Day 4. Deepavali 5. Christmas Day 6. Hari Raya Puasa 7. Hari Raya Haji Listed in order, except for the Muslim hol- idays, which can occur anytime during the year. Christmas Day falls on a fixed date, but all the others move. 3 A Quick Course in Astronomy The Earth revolves counterclockwise around the Sun in an elliptical orbit. The Earth ro- tates counterclockwise around an axis that is tilted 23.5 degrees. March equinox June December solstice solstice September equinox E E N S N S W W June equi Dec June equi Dec sol sol sol sol Beijing Singapore In the northern hemisphere, the day will be longest at the June solstice and shortest at the December solstice. At the two equinoxes day and night will be equally long. The equi- noxes and solstices are called the seasonal markers. 4 The Year The tropical year (or solar year) is the time from one March equinox to the next. The mean value is 365.2422 days. -
Celestial Navigation At
Celestial Navigation at Sea Agenda • Moments in History • LOP (Bearing “Line of Position”) -- in piloting and celestial navigation • DR Navigation: Cornerstone of Navigation at Sea • Ocean Navigation: Combining DR Navigation with a fix of celestial body • Tools of the Celestial Navigator (a Selection, including Sextant) • Sextant Basics • Celestial Geometry • Time Categories and Time Zones (West and East) • From Measured Altitude Angles (the Sun) to LOP • Plotting a Sun Fix • Landfall Strategies: From NGA-Ocean Plotting Sheet to Coastal Chart Disclaimer! M0MENTS IN HISTORY 1731 John Hadley (English) and Thomas Godfrey (Am. Colonies) invent the Sextant 1736 John Harrison (English) invents the Marine Chronometer. Longitude can now be calculated (Time/Speed/Distance) 1766 First Nautical Almanac by Nevil Maskelyne (English) 1830 U.S. Naval Observatory founded (Nautical Almanac) An Ancient Practice, again Alive Today! Celestial Navigation Today • To no-one’s surprise, for most boaters today, navigation = electronics to navigate. • The Navy has long relied on it’s GPS-based Voyage Management System. (GPS had first been developed as a U.S. military “tool”.) • If celestial navigation comes to mind, it may bring up romantic notions or longing: Sailing or navigating “by the stars” • Yet, some study, teach and practice Celestial Navigation to keep the skill alive—and, once again, to keep our nation safe Celestial Navigation comes up in literature and film to this day: • Master and Commander with Russell Crowe and Paul Bettany. Film based on: • The “Aubrey and Maturin” novels by Patrick O’Brian • Horatio Hornblower novels by C. S. Forester • The Horatio Hornblower TV series, etc. • Airborne by William F. -
Lunar Distances Final
A (NOT SO) BRIEF HISTORY OF LUNAR DISTANCES: LUNAR LONGITUDE DETERMINATION AT SEA BEFORE THE CHRONOMETER Richard de Grijs Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Balaclava Road, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia Email: [email protected] Abstract: Longitude determination at sea gained increasing commercial importance in the late Middle Ages, spawned by a commensurate increase in long-distance merchant shipping activity. Prior to the successful development of an accurate marine timepiece in the late-eighteenth century, marine navigators relied predominantly on the Moon for their time and longitude determinations. Lunar eclipses had been used for relative position determinations since Antiquity, but their rare occurrences precludes their routine use as reliable way markers. Measuring lunar distances, using the projected positions on the sky of the Moon and bright reference objects—the Sun or one or more bright stars—became the method of choice. It gained in profile and importance through the British Board of Longitude’s endorsement in 1765 of the establishment of a Nautical Almanac. Numerous ‘projectors’ jumped onto the bandwagon, leading to a proliferation of lunar ephemeris tables. Chronometers became both more affordable and more commonplace by the mid-nineteenth century, signaling the beginning of the end for the lunar distance method as a means to determine one’s longitude at sea. Keywords: lunar eclipses, lunar distance method, longitude determination, almanacs, ephemeris tables 1 THE MOON AS A RELIABLE GUIDE FOR NAVIGATION As European nations increasingly ventured beyond their home waters from the late Middle Ages onwards, developing the means to determine one’s position at sea, out of view of familiar shorelines, became an increasingly pressing problem. -
Seasons: a Motion Graphics Depicts Activities of Ancient Chinese People in Four Seasons
Rochester Institute of Technology RIT Scholar Works Theses 7-1-2015 Seasons: A motion graphics depicts activities of ancient Chinese people in four seasons Qina Chen [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses Recommended Citation Chen, Qina, "Seasons: A motion graphics depicts activities of ancient Chinese people in four seasons" (2015). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of RIT Scholar Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Seasons A motion graphics depicts activities of ancient Chinese people in four seasons QINA CHEN Seasons: A motion graphics depicts activities of ancient Chinese people in four seasons A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of: Master of Fine Arts Degree Visual Communication Design School of Design College of Imaging Arts and Sciences Rochester Institute of Technology July 2015 Thesis Committee Approvals Chief Advisor Marla Schweppe, Professor School of Design | Visual Communication Design Chief Advisor Signature Date Associate Advisor Daniel DeLuna, Associate Professor School of Design | Visual Communication Design Associate Advisor Signature Date Associate Advisor David Halbstein, Assistant Professor School of Design | Visual Communication Design Associate Advisor Signature Date Peter Byrne School of Design Administrative Chair Signature Date Submitted By: CHEN, QINA MFA Thesis Candidate Seasons Approval of Thesis 2 Reproduction I, QINA CHEN, hereby grant permission to Rochester Institute of Technology to reproduce my thesis documentation in whole or part. -
Hindu Astronomy
HINDU ASTRONOMY BY W. BRENNAND, WITH THIRTEEN ILLUSTRATIONS AND NUMEROUS DIAGRAMS. London : Published by Chas. Straker & Sons, Ltd., Bishopsgate Avenue, E.C. 1896. S JUL 3 1 1974 fysm OF Wf B-7M Printed by Chas. Straker & Sons, Ltd., BisiiorsoATE Avenue, London, E.G. PREFACE. It is perhaps expected that some reason should be given for tho publication of this work, though it may appear inadequate. Force of circumstances; rather than deliberate choice on my part, impelled it now that it has been I cannot but feel how ; and, accomplished, imperfect the production is. A lengthened residence in India led me to become interested in the study of the ancient mathematical works of the Hindus. This study was frequently interrupted by official duties, and much information acquired in its course lias been for a time forgotten. Recent circumstances, and chiefly the interest displayed by my former pupils in a paper presented to the Royal Society on the same subject, has induced me to make an effort to regain the lost ground, and to gather together materials for a more extended work. Moreover, a conviction formed many years ago that the Hindus have not received the credit due to their literature and mathematical science from Europeans, and which has been strengthened by a renewal of my study of those materials, has led me also to a desire to put before the public their system of astronomy in as simple a maimer as possible, with the object of enabling those interested in the matter to form their own judgment upon it, and, possibly, to extend further investigations in the subject.