ERETZ-ISRAEL Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies VOLUME THIRTY-ONE Published by THE ISRAEL EXPLORATION SOCIETY in cooperation with THE INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY, HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM JERUSALEM 2015 PUBLICATION OF THIS VOLUME WAS MADE POSSIBLE THROUGH THE GENEROSITY OF The Reuben and Edith Hecht Trust The Leon Levy Foundation Ethan Grossman, Washington, DC Sarah and Avie Arenson David and Jemima Jeselsohn The Russell Berrie Foundation Keshet Foundation Ufficio Pellegrinaggi — Diocesi di Vicenza (Italia) Hershel Shanks Biblical Archaeology Society Franz Philipp Rutzen ISBN 978-965-221-097-5 © 2015 Copyright by the Israel Exploration Society Layout: A. Pladot Typesetting: Marzel A.S. — Jerusalem Printed by: Old City Press, Jerusalem EHUD NETZER VOLUME Editor-in-chief Zeev Weiss Editorial board Joseph Aviram, Eliezer Oren, Oren Gutfeld, Gideon Foerster, Israel Shatzman Editorial Directors Hillel Geva, Alan Paris Hebrew style editing Efrat Carmon English style editing Alan Paris CONTENTS Non-Hebrew Section Preface The Editorial Board ix Ehud Netzer — Architect, Archaeologist, Colleague and Friend Eliezer Oren xii Finding Design with Ehud Netzer, the Architect of Herod’s Building Projects Kathryn Gleason xvi טז (Bibliography of Works by Ehud Netzer Nira Naveh (see Hebrew section כו (Bibliographical abbreviations (see Hebrew section Andrea M. Berlin Herod, Augustus and the Augusteum at the Paneion 1* Barbara Burrell What Was the Regia in the Roman Theater? 12* James Hamilton Who Claimed Herod was “the Christ”? 29* Charlesworth Casey D. Elledge The Veils of the Second Temple: Architecture and Tradition in the Herodian Sanctuary 40* Kenneth G. Holum The Gods of Sebastos: King Herod’s Harbor Temple at Caesarea Maritima 51* Martha Sharp An Architectural Marvel: The Petra Great Temple 69* Joukowsky Nikos Kokkinos Aspects of Jerusalem under Herod 79* Achim Lichtenberger Herod, Zoilos, Philopappos. Multiple Identities in the Graeco-Roman World 110* Jodi Magness The En-Gedi Synagogue Inscription Reconsidered 123* Eric M. Meyers, Further Reflections on Sepphoris and Rome: Numismatics David Hendin and and Archaeology 132* Carol L. Meyers Inge Nielsen The Architectural Context of Religious Groups on Delos 141* Renate Rosenthal- Grave Goods and Nabatean Identity: Mampsis and Qasrawet 154* Heginbottom Stephan G. Schmid, Documenting Nabatean Royal Residences in Petra 166* Zbigniew T. Fiema, Piotr Bienkowski and Bernhard Kolb English summaries of Hebrew articles 182* Hebrew Section Asher Altshul Stone Vessels, Ossuaries and King Herod: Changes in Material Culture at the End of the Second Temple Period 1 Avner Ecker A Teacher and Students in Herodion 6 Dan Bahat “The Fortress Called Baris that Became the Antonia”? 12 Chaim Ben-David The Ancient Road from Callirhoe on the Dead Sea to Machaerus — a Built Wide Road of the Second Temple Period 20 Doron Ben Ami and The Gaps Close — The Late Hellenistic Period in the City of David 30 Yana Tchekhanovetz Bezalel Bar-Kochva Flavius Josephus on the Dead Sea: Sources and Information 38 and Stéphanie Binder Rachel Bar-Natan The King’s Amici: Publius Vedius Pollio and Herodium 45 and Judith Gärtner Hillel Geva Hasmonean Jerusalem in the Light of Archaeology — Notes on Urban Topography 57 Yuli Gekht A Synagogue in Central Tiberias 76 Joseph Geiger Architects in Ancient Palestine 83 Moshe David Herr Criteria of Impurity and Purity in the Planning of Jerusalem in the Legal System of the Judean Desert Sect 88 Malka Hershkovitz and Roman Seal Boxes from the Excavations at Masada 96 Shua Amorai-Stark Zeev Weiss Buildings for Mass Entertainment in Herodian Jerusalem: Text and Artifactual Remains, Fact or Fiction? 104 Naama Vilozny Wall Paintings from the House of Dionysus at Sepphoris — Works by a Local School in the Roman Period 115 Shlomit Weksler- The Role of the Temple Mount in the Layout of Aelia Capitolina: Bdolah the Capitolium after All 126 Boaz Zissu, Amir Burial Chamber III at Ḥorvat ªEthri — Late Roman Funerary Ganor, Eitan Klein and Iconography 138 Ruth E. Jackson-Tal Adam Zertal A Herodian Lighthouse at Alexandrium-Sartaba 144 Lihi Habas Architectural and Artistic Changes and Developments in Transjordanian Churches under Islamic Rule 151 Rachel Hachlili The Architecture of the “Mourning Enclosure” at the “Goliath Tomb” at Jericho and the Synagogues of the Second Temple Period 165 Rina Talgam and Jews, Christians and Minim at the Capernaum Synagogue — Benjamin Arubas a Reevaluation 176 Zvi Yavor and The Public Buildings of Gamla 200 Danny Syon Eli Yannai and Graves and a Building with Mosaics from the Roman Period at Adi Erlich Lod-Diospolis 210 Lee I. Levine Timing and Context: Why Did Jewish Art Flourish in Late Antiquity in Particular? 221 Uzi Leibner, Uri The Structure, Date, and Purpose of the Fortification on Mount Davidovich and Nitai 236 Benjamin Arubas Shulamit Miller The Late Antique Mosaics of Tiberias: Artistic Trends and Architectural Contexts 247 Zvi Uri Maªoz The Augusteum at Paneon-Baniyas 256 Arthur Segal and Ehud Netzer’s Contribution to Research on the Herodian Period 262 Shimon Dar Zeev Safrai The Rural Settlements of the Herodian Dynasty 287 Roi Porat, Yakov Who Destroyed “Herod’s Tomb”? 299 Kalman and Rachel Chachy Joseph Patrich and The Stages in the Evolution of the Temple Mount — 305 Marcos Edelcopp a Reassessment Orit Peleg-Barkat Tradition vs. Innovation in Royal Construction: The Architectural Decoration of the Hasmonaean and Herodian Palaces at the Jericho Valley 325 Gideon Foerster The Sarcophagi from the Mausoleum Unearthed at Herodium 342 Yoram Tsafrir A Response of a Society under Siege — Further Notes on the Jewish Attitude to Figural Art in the Second Temple Period and following the Temple’s Destruction 352 Amos Kloner Idumaea during the Persian and Early Hellenistic Periods: Territory and Caravan Trade Routes 359 Silvia Rozenberg On Roman Wall-Painters’ Workshops in Jericho and Herodium 374 Samuele Rocca Spatia et Tempora Regis: The Spatial and Temporal Relationship between the Herodian Ruler and His Palaces 386 Ronny Reich The Construction and Destruction of Robinson’s Arch 398 Yinon Shivtiel Cliff Shelters in the Galilee: The Case of Mt. Arbel-Nitai, the ªAmud Gorge and Akhbara Crag during the Second Temple Period and the Great Revolt 408 Daniel R. Schwartz On Herod’s and Josephus’ Building Materials 421 Guy Stiebel “Aqua Regis” — Fountains of King Herod the Great 426 Ephraim Stern Seals and Seal Impressions in Greco-Roman Style from Tel Dor 445 HEROD, AUGUSTUS, AND THE AUGUSTEUM AT THE PANEION Andrea M. Berlin Boston University Ehud Netzer’s excavations and scholarship brought scarp immediately west of the cave (Fig. 5). An the ancient king Herod the Great to life. In this Augustan-era lamp was found embedded in the essay I offer one re-imagined episode in Herod’s wall’s concrete matrix (as Rosenthal and Sivan life in honor and memory of Ehud’s own. 1978: 22–26, especially no. 55), providing a firm My focus is the immediate time and events terminus a quo of the later first century BCe. surrounding the construction of the third temple The second and third walls, both of opus reticu- that Herod built in honor of the emperor Augus- latum, are about 100 m. to the west of the cave. tus. Below I briefly list the relevant historical They stand 2.4 m. apart and extend out from a and archaeological documentation. The historical large, partially rock-cut hall measuring 12 by texts are, of course, long known, though to my 15 m. (Ma’oz 1992: 59; 1993: 140; Netzer 2006: knowledge nobody has yet woven them together. 218–22 and pl. 33). The archaeological evidence has been uncovered Within the opus quadratum wall are eight over many years by various teams of research- colossal and two extra-colossal niches, appro- ers, including Netzer, though the uneven pace of priate for statuary. A colossal head (0.50 m. research has led to contested identifications and high), most probably of the goddess Roma historical reconstructions. Following this docu- wearing a Corinthian helmet, has been found mentation I provide a scenario that takes all into at the Paneion. The full statue would have stood account. approximately 2.75 m. Such a colossal figure almost certainly functioned as a cult statue Historical documentation and would have fit nicely in one of the extra- 1. Josephus provides two descriptions of the colossal niches (Friedland 2012: 41–43, 51–52, Augusteum at the Paneion, based either on his 57, 75–77). own or some other direct eye-witness account 2. In the Caesarea harbor, excavators have found (War 1.404–406; Antiquities 15.359, 363–64). opus caementicium pilings bonded with poz- 2. Cassius Dio and Josephus provide details of a zolana-based mortar, a material and technique trip that Augustus made to the east in 21 BCe otherwise attested at this time only in Italy (Cassius Dio 54.7.2–4; Josephus Antiquities (Holum, Hohlfelder, Bull, and Raban 1988: 15.354–58). 100–105). 3. Herod began construction of the new city and 3. At Jericho, Herod’s third palace, built along harbor at Caesarea Maritima in the 189th Olym- either side of the Wadi Qelt, includes several piad, meaning 22 BCe (Josephus, War 1.15). opus caementicium walls with opus reticulatum Archaeological evidence facings, identical in technique and style to those 1. At the Paneion, there are three stretches of opus at the Paneion (Netzer 2006: 57–70). caementicium walls with Roman-style facings. 4. At Ḥorvat Omrit, at the base of the Golan foot- The first, ofopus quadratum, extends along the hills in the northeastern corner of the Hula 1* 2* ANDREA M. BERLIN Valley, excavators have found two construc- XXII Deiotariana and the III Cyrenaica).2 And it tions dating to the later first century BCe and/ is Augustus who personally bestows the right to or very early first century Ce (Overman and maintain calm on behalf of Rome to four client Schowalter 2011).