DOCSLIB.ORG

Environmental Pollution I N N E P a L -----A Review of Studies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Environmental Pollution I N N E P a L -----A Review of Studies • J ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION I N N E P A L -----A REVIEW OF STUDIES----- -. :-.EPAL NATIO"<AL CONSERVATION STRATEGY l'\1PLEMENTATION PRGRA~l\IE 'llATIONAa.. l'LANNINGCOMMISSION, HMG NEPAL, IN COLLABORATION WITH IUCN-TRE WORLD CONSERVATION UNlON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN NEPAL A REVIEW OF STUDIES NATIO!'i.\L CONSERVATION STRATEGY lMPLElllF.NTATJON PROGRAMM£ NATIONAL PLAN!\ING COM.MISSION, UMG NEl'Al., IN COL1.ABORA110N WlTll JUCN • TJIB WORLD CONSERVATION UNION This Review, prepared as part or the Nntlonal Coaserwllon S1roaegy lmplcmem.auon Prosromme, wns wriuen by Jeremy Can:w-Retd, Ajay Pradhan and Christina Moore with technical advice.from Ram B. Khudk.a, Jny Smith and Jooordao Pandey and 8Sl;l5liJnce rrom Mndhur Sbrestlta, Nablnu Shr•Slh• andAngellneAckermons. Tt WM edited and produced by Premeew Jomsons-Sannon, SooJJ Shr~thrl, Nabln Shrcstba, Su be ma Moktnn, Lo~ ng Chomjoog Sherpa and Reklul Raf or the NPC/IUCN NCS Programme. Voluble cooperation W& n:eelvcd during the Uu:rnture survey rrom A.R. Joshi ortbe NatlOnal Planning Commission, T .M. Pmdbanangn or RONAST,Purusbourun Shrcs1ha and T.P. Tunsina of 1bc !!nvaronmemnJ Coosetvatiort Group, Batu Uprcty or the Dcpanment or Soil Conservation and Watet5bcd Management and Rmlwl Shrestba and Amarcsb Karmactiaa;oa oLENPHO/DISVL The paper used for the cover or this publication is a product or Bhaktapur Qafi Printers, Nepal, and Is haodmade from tbe ba.rkof the LokJa (Ouphne) shrub. Paper for prlnalng of the text is manufactured bY Bhrlkuti Paper Mills, Nepal, from sabai grass. rice and when• straws. Pnnters: Jecwan Prin1ing Suppon Pre..., 'Kathmandu, Nepal Published by: NPCJIUCN NCS Implementation Progromme an August 1991 Tcchmcal assistance provided by IUCN to the Nllll0tl31 Con.servauon Strategy Tmplemcntauon Programme is supported by tbc Swiss Development Cooperation. For more detailed lnformatklll regarding IUCN or activitlcS under lhe National Cooserv.uion Strategy Implementation l'rogrammc, coo1oct: I UCN Senior Advisor Chief NCS rmplcmenrntion Programme Environment & Resource Conscrvntlon DMSion P.O. Box3923 NetloMI PL1nning Commission Kathmandu, Nepal P.O. Box 1284 TelepbOne: (977 I) 521506, 526391 Kathmandu, Nepal l'ax: (977 1) 521506, 226820 Telephone: (9771) 228200 E!.ICI. 252 Telcx:2566HOHILNP Fiu; (9TI l) 226500 CONTENTS Page I UST OF SELECTED ACRONYMS NATIONAL CONSERVATION STRATEGY v IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAMME SUMMARY Ix MAP I: SITES OF POLLUTION STUDIES xiv MAP II: KATHMANDU ANO ITS ENVIRONS xv WATER POLLUTION 1 Drinking Water Pollution 1 Kathmandu 2 Bacterial Composition 2 Chemical Composition 5 Pokhara 7 Biratnagar 7 Rural Areas B Groundwater Pollution 9 Kathmandu 10 Teral Areas 10 Surface Water Pollution 11 Bagmati River 11 Ph<iwa Lake 14 Impact of Industrial Effluent on Surface Water 15 Kathmandu Valley 15 Narayanl and Orahi Rivers 16 AIR POLLUTION 19 Industrial Emissions 20 ' Cement Industry 21 Leather Tanning Industry 22 Brick Factories 22 Pulp and Paper Industry 23 Sugar Miiis and Distilleries 23 Textile Mills 24 Cement Industry 24 Steel Industry 24 Automotive Vehicles 24 Indoor Biomass Combustion 26 Outdoor Biomass Combustion 29 LANO POLLUTION 31 Urben Solid Wastes 31 Rural Solid Wastes 33 Soll Pollution 34 Pesticides 34 Fertilisers and Irrigation Water 36 NOISE POLLUTION 37 Transport Noise 36 Industrial Noise 39 Community Noise 39 CONCLUSIONS 43 ANNEXES 47 Annex I: WHO International Standards for Drinking Water 47 Annex II: Tolerance Limits for Inland Surface Waters Receiving 48 Industrial Effluents In Nepal Annex Ill: Ambient Air Quality Standards In the USA 49 Annex IV: Maximum Permissible Noise Levels In the United Kingdom 50 Annex V: Noise Limits and Dally Exposure In the United Kingdom 51 REFERENCES 53 TABLES Table I. Colrtorm Contamlnahon ln Kathmandu Onnking Watet 4 Table II: Chemical Parameters ol Taps and Groundwater in Kathmandu 6 Table Ill: Bactenologlcal Oua111y ol Onnkeng Water 111 lllam 9 Table N: Total Coliform Contamination cl Village Water Source 9 Table V: Water Oualrty of the Bagmah Rrver System 12 Table VI: Road Traffic and Load In Kathmandu 26 Table VII: Air Panlculates In Kathmandu, Pokhara and Biratnagar 27 Table VUl:.Road Traffic Noise Level In Kathmandu 38 Table IX: lndusulal Noise Level 1n Nepal 40 Table X: Maximum Limits for Community Noise Level in Japan 41 LIST OF SELECTED ACRONYMS INSTITUTIONS ACAP Annapurna Conservation Area Project ADB Asian Development Bank BID Balaju Industrial District CBS Central Bureau of Statistics GEDA Centre for Economic DevelopmenLand Administration DISVI Dlsarmo e Sviluppo (Italian International Cooperation) EEC European Economic Community EISP Environmental Impact Study Project EN PHO Environment and Pupfjc Health Organisation FAO Food and Agricultural Organisation ' GTZ Deutsche Gesseflschaft !Or Technlsche Zusammenarbelt (German Technical Cooperation) HMG His Majesty's Government ICiMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development ISC Industrial Services Centre (now, Economic.Services Centre·, ESEG) IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (now, IUCN - The World Conservation Union) NBSM Nepal Bureau of Standards and Metrology NPC National Planning Commission PID Patan Industrial District RO NAST Royal Nepal Academy of Science and Technology SWMRMC Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilisation Centre UNCRD United Nations Centre for Regianal Development UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund WHO World Health Organisation WRJ World Resources Institute TECHNICAL TERMS ARI Acute Respiratory Infection BHC Benzene Hexa-Chlorlde BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons COD Chemical Oxygen Demand DDT Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloro Ethane DO Dissolved Oxygen EBI Extended Biotic Index ESP Electrostatic Preclpitator GNP Gross National Product pH Poten1ial of Hydrogen (expressed In terms of hydrogen ion concentration) PAN Peroxyacetyl Nitrate SPM Suspended Particulate Matter TOS Total Dissolved Solids TSP Total Suspended Particulates CHEMICAL FORMULAE Ag silver As arsenic Ca calcium CaC03 calcium carbonate Cd cadmium CH4 methane Ci chlroide Ciz chlorine co carbon monoxide H C02 carbon dioxide Cr chromium Cu copper Fe iron Fl lluoride Hg mercury HN03 n~ric acid H2S hydrogen sulphide H2S03 sulphurous acid H2S04 sulphuric acid K potassium Mg magnesium Mn manganese N nitrogen N2 nitrogen gas Na sodium NH3 ammonia NH3-N ammonia nitrogen NO nitric oxide N02 nitrite or nttrogen dioxide N02-N nitrite nitrogen NOJ nitrate or nitrogen trioxide N03-N nitrate nitrogen NO• nitrogen oxides N2') ni11ous oxide 02 oxygen gas 03 ozone p phosphorus Pb lead P04 phosphate Si02 slllcon dioxide S02 sulphur dioxide S03 sulphur trioxide Ill SOx sulphur oxides Zn zinc UNITS AND SYMBOLS cm centimetre dBA decibel ('A' - weighted) rt foot/feet g gram h hour kg kilogram kl kilolitre km kilometre litre m melre m3 cubic metre ms/, cubic metre per second mg milligram mg/I milligram per litre mg/(m2.h) mllllgrarm per cubic metre i;ier hour mgN/I milligram of nitrogen p.er litce mg P/1 milligram of phosptiorus per litre min minute ml mlllllilra mm millimetre mph miles per hour ppb parts per billlon ppm parts per mfllion s second t metric-tonnes g/I microgram per litre > greater than < less than Iv NATIONAL CONSERVATION STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAMME The National Co·nservation Strategy (NCS) for Nepal was completed In 1987 and endorsed as policy In 1988. Nepal's NCS Is being Implemented through a seri!!S ot programmes in the key areas of enVlronmental planning and assessment, education and public infarmation. Coordinated by the National Planning Commission (NPC). the implementation pro9ramme involves representatives of all the major ministries and government departments concerned with envlronmental Issues, as well as an increasing number of local non-governmental organisations (NGOs), The NCS was prepared and is being implemented with technical assistance from iUCN - The World Conservation Union. Nepal IS one of over 700 memb1lrs of llJCN, and is among mate. than 40 governments that have been assisted by IUCN in developing Nalional Conserva.tion Strategies. Founded ln 1948, IUCN is the largest professional world body wor~rng to con~erve the earth's soil, land, water, air and life systems. IUCN ls active in over 120 countries, and is a unique international agency whose memberstlip includes both gevernments and non-governmental organ·isations, providing them equal opportunity to work ti:>gelher to achieve effeotiv& conservation actiG>n. IUCN's aim is to establlsh a tangible link between development and the envirG>nment that will result in a lasting improvement in the quality of life of people all overtheworld. EDUCATION Under the NCS tor Nepal, a series of education and training proiects are being designed and implemented within the NCS Environmental Ed ucalloR Programme. These projeclS arm to v EtMronmontol Pollutlon In Nopal: A R<Mew enhance the coverage of existing environmental management and resource conservation subjects in formal and non-formal education programmes in Nepal. A National Environmental Education Conference will provide a forum at which consensus can be reached on Nepal's environmental education needs. Primary school curriculum Is a priority concern orthe programme. The Environmental Education in Primary Schools pilot project includes the preparation of model environmental curricula, revision and expansion of currenttextbooks and the development of associated resource materials. Teachers and students are being involved
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Integrated Lake Basin Management Plan of Lake Cluster of Pokhara Valley, Nepal (2018-2023)
    Integrated Lake Basin Management Plan Of Lake Cluster of Pokhara Valley, Nepal (2018-2023) Nepal Valley, Pokhara of Cluster Lake Of Plan Management Basin Lake Integrated INTEGRATED LAKE BASIN MANAGEMENT PLAN OF LAKE CLUSTER OF POKHARA VALLEY, NEPAL (2018-2023) Government of Nepal Ministry of Forests and Environment Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: +977-1- 4211567, Fax: +977-1-4211868 Government of Nepal Email: [email protected], Website: www.mofe.gov.np Ministry of Forests and Environment INTEGRATED LAKE BASIN MANAGEMENT PLAN OF LAKE CLUSTER OF POKHARA VALLEY, NEPAL (2018-2023) Government of Nepal Ministry of Forests and Environment Publisher: Government of Nepal Ministry of Forests and Environment Citation: MoFE, 2018. Integrated Lake Basin Management Plan of Lake Cluster of Pokhara Valley, Nepal (2018-2023). Ministry of Forests and Environment, Kathmandu, Nepal. Cover Photo Credits: Front cover - Rupa and Begnas Lake © Amit Poudyal, IUCN Back cover – Begnas Lake © WWF Nepal, Hariyo Ban Program/ Nabin Baral © Ministry of Forests and Environment, 2018 Acronyms and Abbreviations ACA Annapurna Conservation Area ADB Asian Development Bank ARM Annapurna Rural Municipality BCN Bird Conservation Nepal BLCC Begnas Lake Conservation Cooperative BMP Budhi Bazar Madatko Patan CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBS Central Bureau of Statistics CF Community Forest CFUG Community Forest User Group CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora DADO District Agriculture Development Office DCC District Coordination
    [Show full text]
  • River Culture in Nepal
    Nepalese Culture Vol. XIV : 1-12, 2021 Central Department of NeHCA, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/nc.v14i0.35187 River Culture in Nepal Kamala Dahal- Ph.D Associate Professor, Patan Multipal Campus, T.U. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Most of the world civilizations are developed in the river basins. However, we do not have too big rivers in Nepal, though Nepalese culture is closely related with water and rivers. All the sacraments from birth to the death event in Nepalese society are related with river. Rivers and ponds are the living places of Nepali gods and goddesses. Jalkanya and Jaladevi are known as the goddesses of rivers. In the same way, most of the sacred places are located at the river banks in Nepal. Varahakshetra, Bishnupaduka, Devaghat, Triveni, Muktinath and other big Tirthas lay at the riverside. Most of the people of Nepal despose their death bodies in river banks. Death sacrement is also done in the tirthas of such localities. In this way, rivers of Nepal bear the great cultural value. Most of the sacramental, religious and cultural activities are done in such centers. Religious fairs and festivals are also organized in such a places. Therefore, river is the main centre of Nepalese culture. Key words: sacred, sacraments, purity, specialities, bath. Introduction The geography of any localities play an influencing role for the development of culture of a society. It affects a society directly and indirectly. In the beginning the nomads passed their lives for thousands of year in the jungle.
    [Show full text]
  • Vulnerability and Impacts Assessment for Adaptation Planning In
    VULNERABILITY AND I M PAC T S A SSESSMENT FOR A DA P TAT I O N P LANNING IN PA N C H A S E M O U N TA I N E C O L O G I C A L R E G I O N , N EPAL IMPLEMENTING AGENCY IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS SUPPORTED BY Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, Department of Forests UNE P Empowered lives. Resilient nations. VULNERABILITY AND I M PAC T S A SSESSMENT FOR A DA P TAT I O N P LANNING IN PA N C H A S E M O U N TA I N E C O L O G I C A L R E G I O N , N EPAL Copyright © 2015 Mountain EbA Project, Nepal The material in this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit uses, without prior written permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. We would appreciate receiving a copy of any product which uses this publication as a source. Citation: Dixit, A., Karki, M. and Shukla, A. (2015): Vulnerability and Impacts Assessment for Adaptation Planning in Panchase Mountain Ecological Region, Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal: Government of Nepal, United Nations Environment Programme, United Nations Development Programme, International Union for Conservation of Nature, German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety and Institute for Social and Environmental Transition-Nepal. ISBN : 978-9937-8519-2-3 Published by: Government of Nepal (GoN), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) and Institute for Social and Environmental Transition-Nepal (ISET-N).
    [Show full text]
  • A REVIEW of the STATUS and THREATS to WETLANDS in NEPAL Re! on the Occasion Of3 I UCN World Conservation Congress, 2004
    A REVIEW OF THE STATUS AND THREATS TO WETLANDS IN NEPAL re! On the occasion of3 I UCN World Conservation Congress, 2004 A REVIEW OF THE STATUS AND THREATS TO WETLANDS IN NEPAL IUCN Nepal 2004 IUCN The World Conservation Union IUCN The World Conservation Union The support of UNDP-GEF to IUCN Nepal for the studies and design of the national project on Wetland Conservation and Sustainable Use and the publication of this document is gratefully acknowledged. Copyright: © 2004 IUCN Nepal Published June 2004 by IUCN Nepal Country Office Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: IUCN Nepal (2004). A Review o(the Status andThreats to Wetlands in Nepal 78+v pp. ISBN: 99933-760-9-4 Editing: Sameer Karki and Samuel Thomas Cover photo: Sanchit Lamichhane Design & Layout: WordScape, Kathmandu Printed by: Jagadamba Press, Hattiban, Lalitpur Available from: IUCN Nepal, P.O. Box 3923, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: (977-1) 5528781,5528761,5526391, Fax:(977-I) 5536786 email: [email protected], URL: http://www.iucnnepal.org Foreword This document is the result of a significant project development effort undertaken by the IUCN Nepal Country Office over the last two years, which was to design a national project for conservation and sustainable use of wetlands in the country.This design phase was enabled by a UNDP-GEF PDF grant.
    [Show full text]
  • 2000 Microbial Contamination in the Kathmandu Valley Drinking
    MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION IN THE KATHMANDU VALLEY DRINKING WATER SUPPLY AND BAGMATI RIVER Andrea N.C. Wolfe B.S. Engineering, Swarthmore College, 1999 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JUNE, 2000 © 2000 Andrea N.C. Wolfe. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Signature of Author: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering May 5, 2000 Certified by: Susan Murcott Lecturer and Research Engineer of Civil and Environmental Engineering Thesis Supervisor Accepted by: Daniele Veneziano Chair, Departmental Committee on Graduate Studies MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION IN THE KATHMANDU VALLEY DRINKING WATER SUPPLY AND BAGMATI RIVER by Andrea N.C. Wolfe SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING ON MAY 5, 2000 IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING ABSTRACT The purpose of this investigation was to determine and describe the microbial drinking water quality problems in the Kathmandu Valley. Microbial testing for total coliform, E.coli, and H2S producing bacteria was performed in January 2000 on drinking water sources, treatment plants, distribution points, and consumption points. Existing studies of the water quality problems in Kathmandu were also analyzed and comparisons of both data sets characterized seasonal, treatment plant, and city sector variations in the drinking water quality. Results showed that 50% of well sources were microbially contaminated and surface water sources were contaminated in 100% of samples.
    [Show full text]
  • Frequency Dependent Damage Pattern in Kathmandu Valley Due To
    ogy eol & G OPEN ACCESS Freely available online G e f o o p l h a y s n r i c u Journal of Geology & Geophysics s o J ISSN: 2381-8719 Research Article Frequency Dependent Damage Pattern in Kathmandu Valley Due to Mw 7.8 Gorkha Earthquake Navin Thapa1, Kiran Pandey2, Subesh Ghimire1* and Kamala Kant Acharya1 1Central Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal 2Center for Earthquake Research and Information, University of Memphis, Tennessee, USA ABSTRACT The Mw 7.8 Gorkha Earthquake (25th April 2015) is powerful earthquake ripped through Central Nepal occurs about 77 Km northwest of Kathmandu Valley. Several studies reveal the fact that comparatively larger earthquake damage in the Kathmandu valley are associated with the valley ground structure. Study focus on reason behind clustering of damages due to mainshock (7.8 Mw) inside Kathmandu valley in certain pattern and its dependency with frequency content of the shattered waves. Data used to meet objective of present research are ground motion data and damage data, for ground motion data seismic stations inside the valley are use. The damage data are collected by both primary and secondary sources. Frequency domain spectral analysis is incorporated in research and found that the maximum power and amplitude, associated, and attributed for particular narrow frequency band. Spatial component of frequency is wavelength which may indicate periodic repetition of maximum power with crest and trough. To estimate spatial distribution of maximum amplitude simplified wave relation is used. Study reveals that the lateral extension of the peak destruction zone as fourth of wavelength and the successive distance between peak destruction zones is half of wavelength.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Water Quality of Manohara River Kathmandu, Nepal
    8 III March 2020 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET) ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.429 Volume 8 Issue III Mar 2020- Available at www.ijraset.com Assessment of Water Quality of Manohara River Kathmandu, Nepal N. Mohendra Singh1, Kh. Rajmani Singh2 1, 2Department of Zoology, Dhanamanjuri University, Imphal Abstract: The present works focus on the physico-chemical and biological assessment of water carried out on the five segment at the river over a stretch of 22.5km. On the five segment of the river-temperature pH, transparency, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand carbon dioxide, chloride, total alkalinity, acidity, calcium hardness, nitrate and nitrites etc. increased at down stream segments as scored into intermediate category showing more pollution and environmental deterioration compare to other upstream segments where as dissolved oxygen decreases at down streams. Eleven species of fish, seven group of aquatic insects, one group of annelids were recorded, snake head fish were also observed. Excavation of excessive amount of sand from the river, encroachment of flood plains and bars, solid waste and sewage effluent and tendency of land use changed retards environmental degradation of Manohara river from human activities. An attempt has been made coefficient correlation between the parameters and aquatic fauna. Keywords: Physico-chemical, parameters, Manohara river, Aquatic life, correlation. I. INTRODUCTION Rivers are natural resources which have ecological and recreational functions. People mostly depend on rivers for agricultural and domestic purposes. Many temples and crematories located around the river have increased cultural values of the river. Nutrient carries such as nitrogen phosphorus and organic matters are the most important compound regulating biological productivity of water bodies and their cycle are the basis for management of fish culture.
    [Show full text]
  • An Annotated List of the Birds Seen in and Around the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal 10-14 January 1988 :W G Harvey
    ,.<{ I I " ~ If I•• I'1,- ( An annotated list of the Birds seen in and around the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal 10-14 January 1988 :W G Harvey ARDEOLA GRAYII Indian Pond Heron 1 or 2 Gokarna. BUBULCUS IBIS Cattle Egret Common in low country~large roost in eucalyptes north of Patan on Godawari road. EGRETTA GARZETTA Little Egret 1 or 2 feeding in Bagmati River near Gokarna. MILVUS MIGRANS Black Kite Fairly common in lowlands and up to 2000m over mountain slopes.Both subspecies identified with the largest concentration, of LINEATUS,totalling 20+ in tall trees in Gokarna waiting to bathe in the stream. GYPS HlMALAYENSIS Himalayan Griffon Vulture Single high over Shivapura range; viewed from 1800m altitude and 1000m range. BUTEO BUTEO Common Buzzard Several buzzards in the agricultural country between Godawari and Patan and around Gokarna looked like this species alone. AQUILA CLANGA Spotted Eagle An adult drifted low over Baudda on one morning. AQUILA RAPAX NIPALENSIS Steppe Eagle An immature soared for an hour low over Burhanilkanth with Kites one late morning. HIERAAETUS PENNATUS Booted Eagle An adult dark phase in fresh plumage was harried relentlessly by Corvids low over agricultural land west of Baudda one morning. FALCO TINNUNCULUS Kestrel 1-2 on Shivapuri range. FALCO PEREGRINUS PEREGRINATOR Shaheen Falcon Adult resting in pine at about 1700m on Sivapuri range near old sanatorium. LOPHURA LEUCOMELA Kalij Pheasant Common in open forest at c.1400-1S00m on Nagarjun feeding 1n pairs in the last two hours of daylight. GALLINULA CHLOROPUS Moorhen Single near Godawari. ACTITIS HYPOLEUCOS Common Sandpiper Single on Bagmati river near Gokarna.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Watersheds in Gandaki Province, Nepal Using QGIS
    TECHNICAL JOURNAL Vol 1, No.1, July 2019 Nepal Engineers' Association, Gandaki Province ISSN : 2676-1416 (Print) Pp.: 16-28 Analysis of Watersheds in Gandaki Province, Nepal Using QGIS Keshav Basnet*, Er. Ram Chandra Paudel and Bikash Sherchan Infrastructure Engineering and Management Program Department of Civil and Geomatics Engineering Pashchimanchal Campus, Institute of Engineering Tribhuvan University, Nepal *Email: [email protected] Abstract Gandaki province has the good potentiality of hydro-electricity generation with existing twenty- nine hydro-electricity projects. Since the Province is rich in water resources, analysis of watersheds needs to be done for management, planning and identification of water as well as natural resources. GIS offers integration of spatial and no spatial data to understand and analyze the watershed processes and helps in drawing a plan for integrated watershed development and management. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) available on the NASA-Earth data has been taken as a primary data for morphometric analysis of watershed in Gandaki Province using QGIS. Delineation of watershed was conducted from a DEM by computing the flow direction and using it in the Watershed tool. Necessary fill sink correction was made before proceeding to delineation. A raster representing the direction of flow was created using Flow Direction tool to determine contributing area. Flow accumulation raster was created from flow direction raster using Flow Accumulation Tool. A point- based method has been used to delineate watershed for each selected point. The selected point may be an outlet, a gauge station or a dam. The annual rainfall data from ground meteorological stations has been used in QGIS to generate rainfall map for the study of rainfall pattern in the province and watersheds using IDW Interpolation method.
    [Show full text]
  • Revisiting Key Questions Regarding Upstream–Downstream Linkages of Land and Water Management in the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) Region
    HI-AWARE Working Paper 21 Revisiting Key Questions Regarding Upstream–Downstream Linkages of Land and Water Management in the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) Region Consortium members About HI-AWARE Working Papers This series is based on the work of the Himalayan Adaptation, Water and Resilience (HI-AWARE) consortium under the Collaborative Adaptation Research Initiative in Africa and Asia (CARIAA) with financial support from the UK Government’s Department for International Development and the International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. CARIAA aims to build the resilience of vulnerable populations and their livelihoods in three climate change hot spots in Africa and Asia. The programme supports collaborative research to inform adaptation policy and practice. HI-AWARE aims to enhance the adaptive capacities and climate resilience of the poor and vulnerable women, men, and children living in the mountains and floodplains of the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra river basins. It seeks to do this through the development of robust evidence to inform people-centred and gender-inclusive climate change adaptation policies and practices for improving livelihoods. The HI-AWARE consortium is led by the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD). The other consortium members are the Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies (BCAS), The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), the Climate Change, Alternative Energy, and Water Resources Institute of the Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (CAEWRI- PARC) and Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra). For more details see www.hi-aware.org. Titles in this series are intended to share initial findings and lessons from research studies commissioned by HI-AWARE. Papers are intended to foster exchange and dialogue within science and policy circles concerned with climate change adaptation in vulnerability hotspots.
    [Show full text]
  • Nepal's Birds 2010
    Bird Conservation Nepal (BCN) Established in 1982, Bird Conservation BCN is a membership-based organisation Nepal (BCN) is the leading organisation in with a founding President, patrons, life Nepal, focusing on the conservation of birds, members, friends of BCN and active supporters. their habitats and sites. It seeks to promote Our membership provides strength to the interest in birds among the general public, society and is drawn from people of all walks OF THE STATE encourage research on birds, and identify of life from students, professionals, and major threats to birds’ continued survival. As a conservationists. Our members act collectively result, BCN is the foremost scientific authority to set the organisation’s strategic agenda. providing accurate information on birds and their habitats throughout Nepal. We provide We are committed to showing the value of birds scientific data and expertise on birds for the and their special relationship with people. As Government of Nepal through the Department such, we strongly advocate the need for peoples’ of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation participation as future stewards to attain long- Birds Nepal’s (DNPWC) and work closely in birds and term conservation goals. biodiversity conservation throughout the country. As the Nepalese Partner of BirdLife International, a network of more than 110 organisations around the world, BCN also works on a worldwide agenda to conserve the world’s birds and their habitats. 2010 Indicators for our changing world Indicators THE STATE OF Nepal’s Birds
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Water Resources Management & Freshwater
    Philanthropy Support Services, Inc. Assessment Bringing skills, experience, contacts and passion to the worlds of global philanthropy and international development of Water Resources Management & Freshwater Biodiversity in Nepal Final Report George F. Taylor II, Mark R. Weinhold, Susan B. Adams, Nawa Raj Khatiwada, Tara Nidhi Bhattarai and Sona Shakya Prepared for USAID/Nepal by: United States Forest Service International Programs Office, Philanthropy Support Services (PSS) Inc. and Nepal Development Research Institute (NDRI) September 15, 2014 Disclaimer: The views expressed in this document are the views of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government ! ! ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Assessment Team wishes to acknowledge the support of: ! The dynamic USAID Environment Team and its supporters across the USAID Mission and beyond, particularly Bronwyn Llewellyn and Shanker Khagi who provided exemplary support to all phases of the Assessment process. ! USAID/Nepal senior staff, including Director Beth Dunford and SEED Acting Director Don Clark for allowing Bronwyn, Shanker and SEED Summer Intern Madeline Carwile to accompany the Assessment Team on its full five day field trip. Seeing what we saw together, and having a chance to discuss it as we travelled from site to site and during morning and evening meals, provided a very important shared foundation for the Assessment exercise. ! NDRI, including the proactive support of Executive Director Jaya Gurung and the superb logistical support from Sona Shakya. ! The United States Forest Service International Programs Office staff, particularly Sasha Gottlieb, Cynthia Mackie and David Carlisle, without whom none of this would have happened.
    [Show full text]