DOCSLIB.ORG

A LOCAL PERSPECTIVE on the MILITARY WITHDRAWAL from POLITICS in INDONESIA: East Java 1998 -2003

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A LOCAL PERSPECTIVE on the MILITARY WITHDRAWAL from POLITICS in INDONESIA: East Java 1998 -2003 A LOCAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE MILITARY WITHDRAWAL FROM POLITICS IN INDONESIA: East Java 1998 -2003 By Jonni Mahroza Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor Philosophy The Flinders Asia Centre School of Politics and International Studies Faculty of Social Science The Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 25 August 2006 1 Table of Contents Contents ..............................................................................................................Page Table of Contents ..........................................................................................................i List of Tables, Diagrams, Figure, and Map................................................................vi Candidate’s Declaration.............................................................................................vii Abbreviations and Glossary......................................................................................viii Abstract ......................................................................................................................xvi Acknowledgments................................................................................................... xviii Chapter One INTRODUCTION: Studying recent change in military-political relations in a major Indonesian region ....................................................................................................1 1. Doubted reform? ................................................................................................. 1 2. Questioning towards this study .......................................................................... 6 3. Research aims and questions .........................................................................10 4. Significance and limitation of the study ...........................................................11 5. Thesis organization...........................................................................................12 Chapter Two REGIME CHANGE and MILITARY WITHDRAWAL: Theoretical Framework ..........................................................................................17 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................17 2. Defining a regime .............................................................................................18 2.1. Military regimes ............................................................................................19 2.2. Democratic regime ......................................................................................21 3. Process of military withdrawal .........................................................................23 3.1. Patterns and stages ....................................................................................23 3.2. Influential factors on military withdrawals ...................................................25 4. Impacts of military withdrawal...........................................................................27 4.1. Functional separation...................................................................................28 4.2. Improvements in professionalism ..............................................................30 4.3. Democratizing a political system.................................................................31 5. Conclusion.........................................................................................................34 Chapter Three PRE-1998 MILITARY POLITICS IN INDONESIA: A review of its history until the withdrawal ........................................................36 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................36 2. Pre-New Order period.......................................................................................37 2.1 The formation of the new national army and its early involvement in politics ............................................................................................................................37 2.2 Military political expansion during the 1950s...............................................38 3. The New Order: military in government after the mid-1960s .........................47 3.1. Doctrines: Hankamrata and Dwifungsi.......................................................48 3.2. Territorial Structure of the TNI.....................................................................51 3.3.1. The feature of the local military units .....................................................53 3.3.2.1. Bakorstanas and Litsus.......................................................................54 2 3.3.2.2. Wansospol and Staf Sospol................................................................55 3.3.3.1. Military appointments to the local government bureaucracy ............56 3.3.3.2. The military inLocal Legislative Assemblies (DPRD)........................58 3.3.4. Local inter-institution relations: coordination of social and political controls...............................................................................................................59 3.3.5. Military relationships with the local bureaucracies..................................60 3.3.6. Personal Benefits of Service in the Koter................................................63 3.3.7. The local military’s relations with the society before 1998......................65 4. Conclusion.........................................................................................................70 Chapter Four METHODOLOGY.....................................................................................................71 1. The Research Strategy.....................................................................................71 1.1. A “multi-strategy” analysis ...........................................................................71 1.2. A local case study ........................................................................................72 1.3. A semi-grounded or snowball method of data collection ..........................73 2. The selection of the research site ....................................................................74 3. Data sources and collection .............................................................................77 3.1. The pattern of data collection......................................................................77 3.2. Collecting documents at the DPRD............................................................78 3.3. Interviews with DPRD members.................................................................80 3.4. Collecting data from military units ...............................................................84 3.5. Collecting data at the local government offices..........................................86 3.6. Other sources of data ..................................................................................86 3.7. Observation..................................................................................................87 4. Issues of confidentiality.....................................................................................88 Chapter Five “REFORMASI” AND IMPACTS ON MILITARY-SOCIETY RELATIONS.........90 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................90 2. The New Order’s Vanished Legitimacy...........................................................91 2.1. Economic collapse, demonstrations, attacks on the Chinese community91 2.2. “Land reclaiming” by villagers......................................................................94 2.3. Local communal conflicts: the “dukun santet” and “ninja” murders..........98 3. Demoralization of the military .........................................................................103 4. An Emergence of grassroots-based democracy: The case of the Mutual Aid Communication Posts (PGR) ......................................................................106 5. TNI’s New Paradigm and soldiers’ reactions ................................................112 5.1. Obstacles to discipline campaign?: From “Nge-ter” to “Nye-per”...........114 5.2. Economic pressures or Reformasi euphoria?: Soldiers’ protests...........117 6. Summary .........................................................................................................119 Chapter Six LOCAL INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS: Dismantling the military’s political networks...................................................121 1. Introduction: The three reforms......................................................................121 2. De-politicization of military institutions............................................................122 2.1. Staf Sospol .................................................................................................122 2.2. Wansospol..................................................................................................124 2.3. Bakorstada and Litsus...............................................................................125 3 3. Demilitarization of Political Institutions............................................................127 3.1. Withdrawal from government bureaucracy..............................................128 3.2. Eliminating military representatives’ seats in the local Assemblies ........131 4. Impact of Decentralization on the local military.............................................136 4.1. Liquidation of the Kansospol.....................................................................136
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Indonesia Beyond Reformasi: Necessity and the “De-Centering” of Democracy
    INDONESIA BEYOND REFORMASI: NECESSITY AND THE “DE-CENTERING” OF DEMOCRACY Leonard C. Sebastian, Jonathan Chen and Adhi Priamarizki* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION: TRANSITIONAL POLITICS IN INDONESIA ......................................... 2 R II. NECESSITY MAKES STRANGE BEDFELLOWS: THE GLOBAL AND DOMESTIC CONTEXT FOR DEMOCRACY IN INDONESIA .................... 7 R III. NECESSITY-BASED REFORMS ................... 12 R A. What Necessity Inevitably Entailed: Changes to Defining Features of the New Order ............. 12 R 1. Military Reform: From Dual Function (Dwifungsi) to NKRI ......................... 13 R 2. Taming Golkar: From Hegemony to Political Party .......................................... 21 R 3. Decentralizing the Executive and Devolution to the Regions................................. 26 R 4. Necessary Changes and Beyond: A Reflection .31 R IV. NON NECESSITY-BASED REFORMS ............. 32 R A. After Necessity: A Political Tug of War........... 32 R 1. The Evolution of Legislative Elections ........ 33 R 2. The Introduction of Direct Presidential Elections ...................................... 44 R a. The 2004 Direct Presidential Elections . 47 R b. The 2009 Direct Presidential Elections . 48 R 3. The Emergence of Direct Local Elections ..... 50 R V. 2014: A WATERSHED ............................... 55 R * Leonard C. Sebastian is Associate Professor and Coordinator, Indonesia Pro- gramme at the Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, S. Rajaratnam School of In- ternational Studies, Nanyang Technological University,
    [Show full text]
  • The Professionalisation of the Indonesian Military
    The Professionalisation of the Indonesian Military Robertus Anugerah Purwoko Putro A thesis submitted to the University of New South Wales In fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Humanities and Social Sciences July 2012 STATEMENTS Originality Statement I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project's design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged. Copyright Statement I hereby grant to the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I retain all property rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. Authenticity Statement I certify that the Library deposit digital copy is a direct equivalent of the final officially approved version of my thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Military Reform in Post-Suharto Indonesia: Elite Conflict, Nationalism, and Institutional Resistance
    Policy Studies 23 The Politics of Military Reform in Post-Suharto Indonesia: Elite Conflict, Nationalism, and Institutional Resistance Marcus Mietzner East-West Center Washington East-West Center The East-West Center is an internationally recognized education and research organization established by the U.S. Congress in 1960 to strengthen understanding and relations between the United States and the countries of the Asia Pacific. Through its programs of cooperative study, training, seminars, and research, the Center works to promote a stable, peaceful, and prosperous Asia Pacific community in which the United States is a leading and valued partner. Funding for the Center comes from the U.S. government, private foundations, individuals, cor- porations, and a number of Asia Pacific governments. East-West Center Washington Established on September 1, 2001, the primary function of the East- West Center Washington is to further the East-West Center mission and the institutional objective of building a peaceful and prosperous Asia Pacific community through substantive programming activities focused on the theme of conflict reduction, political change in the direction of open, accountable, and participatory politics, and American understanding of and engagement in Asia Pacific affairs. The Politics of Military Reform in Post-Suharto Indonesia: Elite Conflict, Nationalism, and Institutional Resistance Policy Studies 23 ___________ The Politics of Military Reform in Post-Suharto Indonesia: Elite Conflict, Nationalism, and Institutional Resistance _____________________ Marcus Mietzner Copyright © 2006 by the East-West Center Washington The Politics of Military Reform in Post-Suharto Indonesia: Elite Conflict, Nationalism, and Institutional Resistance by Marcus Mietzner ISBN 978-1-932728-45-3 (online version) ISSN 1547-1330 (online version) Online at: www.eastwestcenterwashington.org/publications East-West Center Washington 1819 L Street, NW, Suite 200 Washington, D.C.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Warring Words'
    ‘Warring Words’: Students and the state in New Order Indonesia, 1966-1998 A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the Australian National University. Elisabeth Jackson Southeast Asia Centre Faculty of Asian Studies June 2005 CERTIFICATION I, Elisabeth Jackson, declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy at the Australian National University, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. It has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. …………………………. Elisabeth Jackson 3 June 2005 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have been incredibly fortunate to have the support of a great many wonderful people throughout the course of researching and writing this thesis. First and foremost, I would like to thank Virginia Hooker for her enthusiasm for this project and her faith in my ability to do it. Her thoughtful criticisms gently steered me in the right direction and made it possible for me to see the bigger picture. I also owe enormous thanks to Ed Aspinall, who encouraged me to tackle this project in the first place and supported me throughout my candidature. He was also an invaluable source of expertise on student activism and the politics of the New Order and his extensive comments on my drafts enabled me to push my ideas further. Virginia and Ed also provided me with opportunities to try my hand at teaching. Tim Hassall’s considered comments on the linguistic aspects of this thesis challenged me to think in new ways about Indonesian language and helped to strengthen the thesis considerably.
    [Show full text]
  • Plagiarism Checker X Originality Report Similarity Found: 18%
    Plagiarism Checker X Originality Report Similarity Found: 18% Date: Thursday, April 26, 2018 Statistics: 320 words Plagiarized / 1744 Total words Remarks: Low Plagiarism Detected - Your Document needs Optional Improvement. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES Assessment of Development, Bureaucracy, Administration, Political Disorder and Military in Indonesian’s Transition 1.Introduction In the mid-1980s, Indonesia’s President Suharto and his military dominated ‘New Order’ (Orde Baru) regime were at the height of their power. Since the transfer of power in 1966 from the previous regime, the so-called ‘Old Order (Order Lama) under Indonesia’s first President Sukarno (Eklof, 2003, p. 1). Suharto came to power in the confused and hitherto not fully explained aftermath of an abortive coup. Whether the events of 30 September/ 1 October 1965 were mounted by dissident soldier against President Sukarno, or with President’s connivance against the army leadership remains to this day unsolved(Vatikiotis, 1998, p. 2). Systematically, the authorities of the New Order regime dominated the political arena through brutal, cruel and unconstitutional methods. They do not value differences of opinion, criticism and do not want to hear the people’s aspirations. The rise of people’s resistance- that is of civilians – is greeted with intimidation, terror, arrests, jailing, bullets and even with slaughter. Newspapers, magazines, books and other tools of education that are critical and dare to differ from the point of view of the authorities are banned and closed down. Journalist who do not favor one-sided reporting of the government’s point of view are sent to jail.
    [Show full text]
  • Dwifungsi Tni Dari Masa Ke Masa
    154 DWIFUNGSI TNI DARI MASA KE MASA Asrudin Azwar1 Mirza Jaka Suryana2 Peneliti dan Pendiri The Asrudian Center.1 Mahasiswa Pascasarjana Ilmu Politik Universitas Nasional, Jakarta.2 Abstrak Dwifungsi angkatan bersenjata di Indonesia berevolusi dan mencapai puncaknya pada era Orba. Di era ini peran sosial-politik ABRI menjadi sangat dominan dalam segala aspek kehidupan masyarakat. Namun setelah rezim Orba runtuh pada 1998, dengan krisis moneter akut yang menyertainya, masyarakat Indonesia menuntut negara ini menjadi demokratis seutuhnya. Akibatnya, Dwifungsi ABRI pun ditinggalkan. Tapi seiring berjalannya waktu, upaya untuk mengembalikan Dwifungsi tetaplah kuat. Kini jenderal-jenderal TNI bahkan sudah mulai mengisi berbagai jabatan sipil. Ini tentu saja merupakan langkah mundur dan membuat Indonesia seakan kembali ke masa otoriter. Rencana pemerintahan Jokowi untuk memberikan ruang jabatan bagi militer di kementerian dan institusi sipil lainnya bertentangan dengan semangat demokrasi dan jika dibiarkan akan menjurus kepada sikap otoritarianisme. Kata kunci: Pemerintahan Jokowi, Dwifungsi, ABRI, militer, otoriterianisme, peran sosial, peran politik, jabatan sipil Abstract Dwifungsi (dual-function) of the Indonesian Arm Forces has been evolved and reached its peak in the New Order era. The social and political role of Indonesian Arm Forces became dominant in every aspects of the life of society. After the regime downfall in 1998, with the monetary crisis which accompanied it, Indonesian civil society demanded the state to be fully democratic. Thus, the Dwifungsi is left behind. Nevertheless, the effort to restore Dwifungsi is still strong. By now, many of Indonesian military generals has occupies public offices. It is of course a backward and making Indonesia to its darker past. The plan of Jokowi’s administration to give posts for military officers in ministries and civil institutions is not accord with democratic spirit and tend to bring back authoritarianism to life.
    [Show full text]
  • Peran Abri Sebagai Kekuatan Sosial Politik Pada Masa Orde Baru (1966-1997)
    PERAN ABRI SEBAGAI KEKUATAN SOSIAL POLITIK PADA MASA ORDE BARU (1966-1997) SKRIPSI Untuk Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Pendidikan Sejarah pada Universitas Negeri Semarang Oleh Febrinita Dwi Istyaningrum NIM 3114000029 FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL JURUSAN SEJARAH 2004 ABSTRAK Istyaningrum, Febrinita Dwi. 2005. Peran ABRI Sebagai Kekuatan Sosial Politik Pada Masa Orde Baru (1966-1997). Jurusan Sejarah Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Universitas Negeri Semarang. 86 halaman 12 lampiran. Kata kunci: ABRI, Sosial Politik, Orde Baru Bangsa Indonesia menyadari bahwa TNI yang terbentuk dari rakyat, oleh rakyat, dan untuk rakyat mempunyai arti penting bagi kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara. ABRI lahir dan dibentuk oleh rakyat Indonesia ditengah-tengah perjuangan nasional dalam merebut kemerdekaan dari penjajahan bangsa asing. ABRI lahir sebagai pejuang dan kemudian sebagai prajurit, bertekad untuk hidup dan mati dengan negara proklamasi 17 Agustus 1945 yang berdasarkan Pancasila sehingga keselamatan bangsa dan negara merupakan tugas dan tanggung jawab ABRI. Sesuai dengan latar belakang yaitu Peran ABRI Sebagai Kekuatan Sosial Politik pada Masa Orde Baru (1966-1997), maka tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sejrah terbentuknya ABRI, perkembangan Dwifungsi ABRI, dan peran ABRI dalam bidang sosial politik pada masa Orde Baru. Manfaat penelitian ini adalah menambah pengetahuan dan wawasan tentang sejarah ABRI, mengetahui perkembangan Dwifungsi ABRI, mengetahui peran ABRI dalam bidang sosial politik pada masa Orde Baru. Dalam mengkaji permasalahan dalam penulisan skripsi ini menggunakan metode penelitian historis dengan tahap-tahap yaitu heuristik, kritik sumber, intepretasi, dan historiografi. Sedangkan yang menjadi sumber dalam penelitian ini adalah sumber kepustakaan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa sejarah perkembangan ABRI berawal dari lahirnya Badan Keamanan Rakyat (BKR) tanggal 22 Agustus 1945.
    [Show full text]
  • 29 Journal of Comparative Cultural Studies in Architecture JCCS-A
    Journal of Comparative Cultural Studies in Architecture 12/2019 – pp. 29–34 JCCS-a Ema Y. TITISARI, ANTARIKSA, Lisa D. WULANDARI & SURJONO Understanding the Significance of Heritage Building: Candi Sumberawan in the Context of Urban Culture Die Bedeutung des Kulturerbes verstehen: Candi Sumberawan im Kontext der urbanen Kultur ABSTRACT ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Candi Sumberawan in Singosari, Malang is still used Candi Sumberawan in Singosari, Malang, wird bis as a place of worship until now. Historically, its heute als Kultstätte genutzt. Historisch ist seine existence is related to Sumberawan water sources. Existenz mit den Sumberawan-Wasserquellen In the context of society, it is very important to verbunden. Im gesellschaftlichen Kontext ist es understand the significance of this building es- sehr wichtig, die Bedeutung dieses Gebäudes pecially for today’s society (including those with insbesondere für die heutige Gesellschaft (ein- different religious and cultural backgrounds) due schließlich derjenigen mit unterschiedlichem to the increasingly urbanized cultural dynamics. religiösen und kulturellen Hintergrund) aufgrund This is intended to make the preservation of his- der zunehmend urbanisierten kulturellen Dynamik toric buildings has more benefits and significances zu verstehen. Dadurch soll die Erhaltung histori- for the community. By using descriptive-qualita- scher Gebäude mehr Nutzen und Bedeutung für die tive methods, in-depth interviews, observation Gemeinschaft bekommen. Durch die Verwendung on people, activities, and space, as well as inter- deskriptiver-qualitativer Methoden, eingehender preting the meanings, the researchers found that Interviews, Beobachtung von Personen, Aktivitäten Candi Sumberawan has an important significance und des Raumes, sowie durch Interpretation der in preserving water resources and environmental Bedeutungen fanden die Forscher heraus, dass sustainability from the cosmological aspect.
    [Show full text]
  • Changing Religious Identities: a Case Study of Catholic Conversion in Yogyakarta
    PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI CHANGING RELIGIOUS IDENTITIES: A CASE STUDY OF CATHOLIC CONVERSION IN YOGYAKARTA TESIS UNTUK MEMENUHI SEBAGIAN SYARAT MEMPEROLEH DERAJAT SARJANA S-2 PADA PROGRAM STUDI MAGISTER ILMU KAJIAN BUDAYA PROGRAM STUDI MAGISTER ILMU KAJIAN BUDAYA Diajukan oleh Feras Husain Ebrahim Ahmed H S 166322015 FAKULTAS MAGISTER ILMU KAJIAN BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA 2020 i PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI KATA PENGANTAR Saya ingin mendedikasikan halaman ini untuk setiap orang yang sudah berperan penting dalam pencapaian akademik saya. Pertama-tama, saya ingin berterima kasih kepada orang tua saya yang sudah mendukung saya dengan cinta dan pengertiannya. Tanpa mereka, saya tidak akan pernah bisa sampai pada titik kesuksesan saya sekarang ini. Kedua, saya ingin berterima kasih kepada semua profesor saya dan anggota staf Kajian Budaya, yang sudah membekali, membantu, memberi saran, dan membimbing saya dengan penuh kesabaran selama proses penelitian. Terima kasih semua untuk dukungannya yang tanpa lelah. vi PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge everyone who played a role in my academic accomplishments. First of all, I would like to thank my parents who supported me with love and understanding. Without them, I could never have reached this current level of success. Secondly, The researcher would like also to thanks my professors and staff members of Culture Studies Programme, Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Sanata Dharma. : Dr. Yustinus Tri Subagya, Dr. Gregorius Budi Subanar, S.J., Dr. Stanislaus Sunardi, Dr. FX. Baskara T. Wardaya, S.J.. They have helped the researcher in this research and guided the researcher through their wisdom and experience to understand and expand the researcher’s knowledge on the local church in Indonesia, especially in Semarang archdiocese.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological Typology and Origins of the Hindu-Buddhist Candis Which Were Built from 8Th to 17Th Centuries in the Island of Bali
    計画系 642 号 【カテゴリーⅠ】 日本建築学会計画系論文集 第74巻 第642号，1857-1866，2009年 8 月 J. Archit. Plann., AIJ, Vol. 74 No. 642, 1857-1866, Aug., 2009 MORPHOLOGICAL TYPOLOGY AND ORIGINS OF THE MORPHOLOGICALHINDU-BUDDHIST TYPOLOGY CANDI ANDARCHITECTURE ORIGINS OF THE HINDU-BUDDHIST CANDI ARCHITECTURE IN BALI ISLAND IN BALI ISLAND バリ島におけるヒンドゥー・仏教チャンディ建築の起源と類型に関する形態学的研究 �������������������������������������� ＊１ ＊２ ＊３ I WayanI Wayan KASTAWAN KASTAWAN * ,¹, Yasuyuki Yasuyuki NAGAFUCHINAGAFUCHI * ² and and Kazuyoshi Kazuyoshi FUMOTO FUMOTO * ³ イ �ワヤン ��� カスタワン ��������，永 渕 康���� 之，麓 �� 和 善 This paper attempts to investigate and analyze the morphological typology and origins of the Hindu-Buddhist candis which were built from 8th to 17th centuries in the island of Bali. Mainly, the discussion will be focused on its characteristics analysis and morphology in order to determine the candi typology in its successive historical period, and the origin will be decided by tracing and comparative study to the other candis that are located across over the island and country as well. As a result, 2 groups which consist of 6 types of `Classical Period` and 1 type as a transition type to `Later Balinese Period`. Then, the Balinese candis can also be categorized into the `Main Type Group` which consists of 3 types, such as Stupa, Prasada, Meru and the `Complementary Type Group` can be divided into 4 types, like Petirthan, Gua, ������ and Gapura. Each type might be divided into 1, 2 or 3 sub-types within its architectural variations. Finally, it is not only the similarities of their candi characteristics and typology can be found but also there were some influences on the development of candis in the Bali Island that originally came from Central and East Java.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter IV Temples in Context of Religion and Politics |
    Chapter IV Temples in context of religion and politics architecture of the majapahit period The Javanese temples in general symbolically represent the mythical Mount Meru, the seat of the gods.1 The ways that this concept was incorporated into an architectural shape differed in Central and East Javanese art. While Central Javanese architecture has a concentric lay- out, East Javanese architecture displays a terraced and linear layout.2 The best example for Central Java is the Borobudur. This temple has been interpreted as a mandala, which is a concentric geometric structure.3 For the East Javanese period it is the Majapahit period which yielded the architectural characteristics in a most conspicuous way. The terraced structure is most obvious in the small-scale mountain sanctuaries, the layout of which follows the linear ascent of the mountain slope, such as Candi Kendalisodo and Candi Yudha on Mount Penanggungan. Most of these sanctuaries consist of a pemujaan, a place for worship, which is built in several terraces. In front or next to this structure there are often one or more small altars. Temple complexes such as Candi Panataran 1 Major publications in the field of ancient Javanese architecture are Krom 1923; Stutterheim 1931; Bernet Kempers 1959; Dumarçay 1986a, 1986b, 1993; Soekmono 1995. The issue of Mount Meru has been discussed by several authors, for example by Stutterheim (1931:13) and Bernet Kempers (1959:20-1). 2 Beyond the marked difference in layout it seems to me that there is also a difference in the size of East and Central Javanese temples, respectively. My impression is that most East Javanese temples are of a rather small scale compared to those in Central Java.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluasi Kinerja Ruas Jalan Raya Singosari, Kecamatan Singosari Kabupaten Malang
    Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Industri, Lingkungan dan Infrastruktur (SENTIKUIN) VOLUME 2 Tahun 2019, page D15.1-D15.6. Fakultas Teknik Universitas Tribhuwana Tunggadewi, Malang, Indonesia. 24 Agustus 2019 Tersedia online di https://pro.unitri.ac.id/index.php/sentikuin ISSN : 2622-2744 (print), ISSN : 2622-9730 (online) Evaluasi Kinerja Ruas Jalan Raya Singosari, Kecamatan Singosari Kabupaten Malang Suryadi Harming Malo 1 , Andy Kristafi Arifianto 2, Pamela Dinar Rahma 3 1,2,3Program Studi Teknik Sipil, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Tribhuwana Tunggadewi Malang email_: [email protected] Diterima (Agustus, 2019), direvisi (Agustus, 2019), diterbitkan (September, 2019) Abstract The land transportation system has two important aspects, namely transportation facilities and infrastructure. If the need for transportation facilities (road transport) is not matched by the availability of transportation infrastructure (road), transportation problems will arise. Transportation problems that can be caused by this imbalance are traffic jams. Singosari is a district in Malang Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia. This sub-district is located north of Malang City, this sub-district is crossed by the Surabaya-Malang main route and is included as the worst traffic jam area in Malang.Malang City is a city located in East Java Province, Indonesia, the second largest city in East Java after Surabaya, and the 12th largest city in Indonesia. The city was founded during the Kingdom of Kanjempuan and is located on a plateau of 145.28 km2 which is located in the middle of Malang Regency. Together with Batu City and Malang Regency, Malang City is part of a unitary region known as Malang Raya. (Source: Surya Malang.Com)With this rapid development also has an impact on traffic activities in the city of Malang.
    [Show full text]