DOCSLIB.ORG

The Role of Selenocysteine Lyase in Pancreatic Islet Physiology and Its Sex-Specific Regulation of Energy Metabolism

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Role of Selenocysteine Lyase in Pancreatic Islet Physiology and Its Sex-Specific Regulation of Energy Metabolism THE ROLE OF SELENOCYSTEINE LYASE IN PANCREATIC ISLET PHYSIOLOGY AND ITS SEX-SPECIFIC REGULATION OF ENERGY METABOLISM A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AUGUST 2017 By Ashley N. Ogawa-Wong Dissertation Committee: Marla Berry, Chairperson Benjamin Fogelgren Takashi Matsui Robert Nichols George Hui Keywords: selenium, selenoproteins, metabolic disease ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS While a plant may grow on its own, the care of a gardener can allow it to thrive. I am lucky that in my journey as a researcher and scientific thinker, I had the support of many “gardeners.” From the time I was a seedling, Dr. Marla Berry provided guidance and support with her confidence in my abilities. I am also grateful for my committee members, Dr. Robert Nichols, Dr. Benjamin Fogelgren, Dr. Takashi Matsui, and Dr. Hui for their stimulating discussions and expert counsel which have allowed me to develop my analytical skills. As my roots began to extend into the soil, hungry for nutrients, I am deeply appreciative of those who have selflessly shared their wealth of knowledge with me. In particular, I would like to recognize Dr. Lucia Seale and Dr. Matthew Pitts for their indispensable mentorship. Ann Hashimoto, thank you for your patience while I became comfortable with mice. I would also like to thank Kris Ewell and Miyoko Bellinger of the Histology Core and Dr. Alex Gurary of the Molecular & Cellular Immunology Core for her assistance in cell sorting. I would like to extend a special thanks to the Bonner/Bonner-Weir lab at the Joslin Diabetes Center, especially Dr. Cristina Aguayo-Mazzucato for her expertise in islet physiology and Jennifer Hollister-Lock for teaching me how to isolate islets. Finally, as my leaves extended towards the sun, my family, colleagues, and friends have been a dependable source of light. Their companionship, advice, and encouragement have allowed me to persevere through even the most challenging times. ii ABSTRACT Obesity is a symptom of metabolic syndrome, a condition that increases lifetime risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Proper maintenance of the insulin producing β-cells are necessary for glucose homeostasis. Although glucose is the most important nutrient factor involved in insulin secretion, we are increasingly becoming aware of the role of trace elements such as selenium (Se) in β-cell function. Previously, we reported that the putative Se recycling enzyme selenocysteine lyase (Scly) may be involved in regulating lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Scly-/- mice develop a remarkable increase in fasting hyperinsulinemia, warranting further investigation into the role of Scly in β-cells. Moreover, we described possible sex differences in Scly regulation of energy metabolism. The experiments in the first aim focused on the role of Scly in pancreatic islet function. Immunofluorescent imaging studies were employed to confirm Scly expression in the pancreatic islet. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was increased in the absence of Scly-/- in the β-cell-like MIN6 cells but slightly impaired in isolated pancreatic islets, indicating Scly may influence islet paracrine signaling. Neither islet selenoprotein expression nor sulfur pathway enzyme gene expression were altered when Scly is deleted. While Scly is expressed in the islet and its deletion in vivo results in hyperinsulinemia, further studies are necessary to determine the mechanistic role of Scly in islet function. The second aim built upon previous observations that the role of Scly in energy metabolism may be sex-specific. Female Scly-/- mice were found to exhibit increased body fat composition when compared to their WT counterparts, but they were protected from impairments in insulin signaling. Castration was not sufficient to rescue adiposity or energy expenditure, but restored fasting insulin to WT levels in the male Scly-/- mice. Interestingly, reduced hypothalamic selenoprotein expression in male and female Scly-/- mice suggest Scly iii may regulate lipid metabolism indirectly through maintaining hypothalamic function, indicating a novel role for Scly as a key regulator in the brain-fat axis. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ iii LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................... x 1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Pancreatic Islet Physiology and Insulin Secretion ............................................................. 2 1.3 Selenium .......................................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Selenocysteine Lyase and Se Metabolism ........................................................................ 6 1.5 Physiological Role of Selenocysteine Lyase ..................................................................... 7 1.6 Selenium and T2D: Clinical Trials ..................................................................................... 8 1.7 Selenium and T2D: Animal Models ..................................................................................10 1.8 Selenoproteins in T2D .....................................................................................................11 1.8.1 Glutathione Peroxidase 1 ..........................................................................................11 1.8.2 Selenoprotein P ........................................................................................................13 1.8.3 Selenoprotein M ........................................................................................................15 1.8.4 Iodothyronine Deiodinase Family ..............................................................................16 1.8.5 Selenoprotein T .........................................................................................................17 1.8.6 Selenoprotein S ........................................................................................................18 1.9 Sex Differences in Se and T2D ........................................................................................19 1.10 Introductory Highlights ...................................................................................................21 1.11 Hypothesis .....................................................................................................................22 1.12 Specific Aims .................................................................................................................22 1.13 Significance ...................................................................................................................23 CHAPTER 2. THE ROLE OF SELENOCYSTEINE LYASE IN PANCREATIC ISLET FUNCTION .................................................................................................................................................24 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................24 2.2 Methods ..........................................................................................................................26 2.2.1 Animals .....................................................................................................................26 2.2.2 Cell culture ................................................................................................................26 2.2.3 Scly knockdown ........................................................................................................27 2.2.4. Scly activity ..............................................................................................................27 v 2.2.5 Immunofluorescence .................................................................................................27 2.2.6 Subcellular fractionation ............................................................................................28 2.2.7 Islet isolation .............................................................................................................28 2.2.8 Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), insulin content, and DNA concentration ..........................................................................................................................................29 2.2.9 Western blot ..............................................................................................................29 2.2.10 qPCR ......................................................................................................................30 2.2.11 Statistical analysis ...................................................................................................30 2.3 Results ............................................................................................................................31
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Selenium Recycling Enzyme Selenocysteine Lyase: Regulation and Physiological Role in Glucose and Lipid Metabolism
    THE SELENIUM RECYCLING ENZYME SELENOCYSTEINE LYASE: REGULATION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE IN GLUCOSE AND LIPID METABOLISM A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY MAY 2012 BY LUCIA ANDREIA SEALE Dissertation Committee: Marla J. Berry, Chairperson Robert A. Nichols Jun Pane‘e P. Reed Larsen E. Gordon Grau To my beloved parents Wilson & Madalena To my dear love André ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A Ph.D. is a journey in a rough sea. As in all memorable expeditions, there is more to learn while traveling towards the final destination than at the destination itself. In several ways, it is the path and how you face the unexpected obstacles in this path that makes you a Doctor. The Ph.D. expedition does not allow an easy ride. While you travel through the waves and storms of your topic, figuring out a lot on and about yourself, you also encounter along the way people that make your stressful journey happier, nicer, safer, funnier and – why not – more challenging. They provided the emotional background that is not described in a scientific document. In my Ph.D. journey, these are the people about whom I’ll talk years ahead to friends, to whom I will silently smile when the nostalgic waves of the Ph.D. path break in the shores of my life. They are the unforgettable people that allowed me to arrive safe and sound in Doctorland. First and foremost, my greatest acknowledgement and gratitude goes to Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Selenium Vs. Sulfur: Investigating the Substrate Specificity of a Selenocysteine Lyase
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2019 Selenium vs. Sulfur: Investigating the Substrate Specificity of a Selenocysteine Lyase Michael Johnstone University of Central Florida Part of the Biotechnology Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Johnstone, Michael, "Selenium vs. Sulfur: Investigating the Substrate Specificity of a Selenocysteine Lyase" (2019). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 6511. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/6511 SELENIUM VS. SULFUR: INVESTIGATING THE SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY OF A SELENOCYSTEINE LYASE by MICHAEL ALAN JOHNSTONE B.S. University of Central Florida, 2017 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences in the College of Medicine at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Summer Term 2019 Major Professor: William T. Self © 2019 Michael Alan Johnstone ii ABSTRACT Selenium is a vital micronutrient in many organisms. While traces are required for survival, excess amounts are toxic; thus, selenium can be regarded as a biological “double-edged sword”. Selenium is chemically similar to the essential element sulfur, but curiously, evolution has selected the former over the latter for a subset of oxidoreductases. Enzymes involved in sulfur metabolism are less discriminate in terms of preventing selenium incorporation; however, its specific incorporation into selenoproteins reveals a highly discriminate process that is not completely understood.
    [Show full text]
  • Purification and Characterization of a Novel Selenocysteine Lyase from Enterococcus Faecalis
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2014 Purification and Characterization of a Novel Selenocysteine Lyase from Enterococcus faecalis Samantha Nelson University of Central Florida Part of the Biotechnology Commons, and the Molecular Biology Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Nelson, Samantha, "Purification and Characterization of a Novel Selenocysteine Lyase from Enterococcus faecalis" (2014). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 4807. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/4807 PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A NOVEL SELENOCYSTEINE LYASE FROM ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS by SAMANTHA NELSON B.S. University of Central Florida, 2012 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences in the College of Medicine at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Summer Term 2014 Major Professor: William T. Self © 2014 Samantha Nelson ii ABSTRACT A previous study identified Enterococcus faecalis as one of two bacteria known to have the selD gene and other selenium related genes without having the genes necessary to make selenocysteine or selenouridine. EF2570, a gene in the cluster, was later shown to be upregulated during biofilm formation and also responsible for a selenite- and molybdate-dependent increase in biofilm formation in vitro.
    [Show full text]
  • Parental Selenium Nutrition Affects the One-Carbon Metabolism
    life Article Parental Selenium Nutrition Affects the One-Carbon Metabolism and the Hepatic DNA Methylation Pattern of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Progeny 1, 2, 1 1 Pauline Wischhusen y , Takaya Saito y ,Cécile Heraud , Sadasivam J. Kaushik , 1 2 1, , Benoit Fauconneau , Philip Antony Jesu Prabhu , Stéphanie Fontagné-Dicharry * y 2, and Kaja H. Skjærven y 1 INRAE, University of Pau and Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, NUMEA, 64310 Saint Pee sur Nivelle, France; [email protected] (P.W.); [email protected] (C.H.); [email protected] (S.J.K.); [email protected] (B.F.) 2 Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, 5020 Bergen, Norway; [email protected] (T.S.); [email protected] (P.A.J.P.); [email protected] (K.H.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 11 June 2020; Accepted: 23 July 2020; Published: 25 July 2020 Abstract: Selenium is an essential micronutrient and its metabolism is closely linked to the methionine cycle and transsulfuration pathway. The present study evaluated the effect of two different selenium supplements in the diet of rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) broodstock on the one-carbon metabolism and the hepatic DNA methylation pattern in the progeny. Offspring of three parental groups of rainbow trout, fed either a control diet (NC, basal Se level: 0.3 mg/kg) or a diet supplemented with sodium selenite (SS, 0.8 mg Se/kg) or hydroxy-selenomethionine (SO, 0.7 mg Se/kg), were collected at swim-up fry stage.
    [Show full text]
  • Selenocysteine in Proteins—Properties and Biotechnological Use
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1726 (2005) 1 – 13 http://www.elsevier.com/locate/bba Review Selenocysteine in proteins—properties and biotechnological use Linda Johanssona, Guro Gafvelinb, Elias S.J. Arne´ra,* aMedical Nobel Institute for Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden bDepartment of Medicine, Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institute and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden Received 12 April 2005; received in revised form 4 May 2005; accepted 7 May 2005 Available online 1 June 2005 Abstract Selenocysteine (Sec), the 21st amino acid, exists naturally in all kingdoms of life as the defining entity of selenoproteins. Sec is a cysteine (Cys) residue analogue with a selenium-containing selenol group in place of the sulfur-containing thiol group in Cys. The selenium atom gives Sec quite different properties from Cys. The most obvious difference is the lower pKa of Sec, and Sec is also a stronger nucleophile than Cys. Proteins naturally containing Sec are often enzymes, employing the reactivity of the Sec residue during the catalytic cycle and therefore Sec is normally essential for their catalytic efficiencies. Other unique features of Sec, not shared by any of the other 20 common amino acids, derive from the atomic weight and chemical properties of selenium and the particular occurrence and properties of its stable and radioactive isotopes. Sec is, moreover, incorporated into proteins by an expansion of the genetic code as the translation of selenoproteins involves the decoding of a UGA codon, otherwise being a termination codon. In this review, we will describe the different unique properties of Sec and we will discuss the prerequisites for selenoprotein production as well as the possible use of Sec introduction into proteins for biotechnological applications.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalytic Site Cysteines of Thiol Enzyme: Sulfurtransferases
    SAGE-Hindawi Access to Research Journal of Amino Acids Volume 2011, Article ID 709404, 7 pages doi:10.4061/2011/709404 Review Article Catalytic Site Cysteines of Thiol Enzyme: Sulfurtransferases Noriyuki Nagahara Department of Environmental Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan Correspondence should be addressed to Noriyuki Nagahara, [email protected] Received 23 September 2010; Accepted 9 November 2010 Academic Editor: Shandar Ahmad Copyright © 2011 Noriyuki Nagahara. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Thiol enzymes have single- or double-catalytic site cysteine residues and are redox active. Oxidoreductases and isomerases contain double-catalytic site cysteine residues, which are oxidized to a disulfide via a sulfenyl intermediate and reduced to a thiol or a thiolate. The redox changes of these enzymes are involved in their catalytic processes. On the other hand, transferases, and also some phosphatases and hydrolases, have a single-catalytic site cysteine residue. The cysteines are redox active, but their sulfenyl forms, which are inactive, are not well explained biologically. In particular, oxidized forms of sulfurtransferases, such as mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase, are not reduced by reduced glutathione but by reduced thioredoxin. This paper focuses on why the catalytic site cysteine of sulfurtransferase is redox active. 1. Introduction Thus, sulfination of cysteine residues is a reversible oxidative process under the conditions that cysteine sulfinic acid Cysteine residues in proteins maintain the protein confor- reductase can access the catalytic site cysteine of an enzyme.
    [Show full text]
  • The Assessment of Selenium Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability from Selenium-Rich Algae
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2020 The assessment of selenium bioaccessibility and bioavailability from selenium-rich algae Laura Ann Walter Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Recommended Citation Walter, Laura Ann, "The assessment of selenium bioaccessibility and bioavailability from selenium-rich algae" (2020). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 17856. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/17856 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The assessment of selenium bioaccessibility and bioavailability from selenium-rich algae by Laura Ann Walter A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Nutritional Sciences (Human Nutrition) Program of Study Committee: Manju B Reddy, Major Professor Christina Campbell Terri Boylston Zhiyou Wen The student author, whose presentation of the scholarship herein was approved by the program of study committee, is solely responsible for the content of this thesis. The Graduate College will ensure this thesis is globally accessible and will not permit alterations after a degree is conferred. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2020 Copyright © Laura Ann Walter, 2020. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES ..........................…….……………………………………………..……. iv LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................... v NOMENCLATURE………………………………………………………………….………. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………….……….... vii ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………….…………... viii CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION………………………………………….......
    [Show full text]
  • BMC Bioinformatics Biomed Central
    BMC Bioinformatics BioMed Central Database Open Access The B6 database: a tool for the description and classification of vitamin B6-dependent enzymatic activities and of the corresponding protein families Riccardo Percudani* and Alessio Peracchi* Address: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy Email: Riccardo Percudani* - [email protected]; Alessio Peracchi* - [email protected] * Corresponding authors Published: 1 September 2009 Received: 9 June 2009 Accepted: 1 September 2009 BMC Bioinformatics 2009, 10:273 doi:10.1186/1471-2105-10-273 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/10/273 © 2009 Percudani and Peracchi; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: Enzymes that depend on vitamin B6 (and in particular on its metabolically active form, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, PLP) are of great relevance to biology and medicine, as they catalyze a wide variety of biochemical reactions mainly involving amino acid substrates. Although PLP- dependent enzymes belong to a small number of independent evolutionary lineages, they encompass more than 160 distinct catalytic functions, thus representing a striking example of divergent evolution. The importance and remarkable versatility of these enzymes, as well as the difficulties in their functional classification, create a need for an integrated source of information about them. Description: The B6 database http://bioinformatics.unipr.it/B6db contains documented B6- dependent activities and the relevant protein families, defined as monophyletic groups of sequences possessing the same enzymatic function.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplemental Figures 04 12 2017
    Jung et al. 1 SUPPLEMENTAL FIGURES 2 3 Supplemental Figure 1. Clinical relevance of natural product methyltransferases (NPMTs) in brain disorders. (A) 4 Table summarizing characteristics of 11 NPMTs using data derived from the TCGA GBM and Rembrandt datasets for 5 relative expression levels and survival. In addition, published studies of the 11 NPMTs are summarized. (B) The 1 Jung et al. 6 expression levels of 10 NPMTs in glioblastoma versus non‐tumor brain are displayed in a heatmap, ranked by 7 significance and expression levels. *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01; ***, p<0.001. 8 2 Jung et al. 9 10 Supplemental Figure 2. Anatomical distribution of methyltransferase and metabolic signatures within 11 glioblastomas. The Ivy GAP dataset was downloaded and interrogated by histological structure for NNMT, NAMPT, 12 DNMT mRNA expression and selected gene expression signatures. The results are displayed on a heatmap. The 13 sample size of each histological region as indicated on the figure. 14 3 Jung et al. 15 16 Supplemental Figure 3. Altered expression of nicotinamide and nicotinate metabolism‐related enzymes in 17 glioblastoma. (A) Heatmap (fold change of expression) of whole 25 enzymes in the KEGG nicotinate and 18 nicotinamide metabolism gene set were analyzed in indicated glioblastoma expression datasets with Oncomine. 4 Jung et al. 19 Color bar intensity indicates percentile of fold change in glioblastoma relative to normal brain. (B) Nicotinamide and 20 nicotinate and methionine salvage pathways are displayed with the relative expression levels in glioblastoma 21 specimens in the TCGA GBM dataset indicated. 22 5 Jung et al. 23 24 Supplementary Figure 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Selenium in Human Health and Gut Microflora
    REVIEW published: 04 June 2021 doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.685317 Selenium in Human Health and Gut Microflora: Bioavailability of Selenocompounds and Relationship With Diseases Rannapaula Lawrynhuk Urbano Ferreira 1, Karine Cavalcanti Maurício Sena-Evangelista 1,2, Eduardo Pereira de Azevedo 3, Francisco Irochima Pinheiro 3,4, Ricardo Ney Cobucci 3,4 and Lucia Fatima Campos Pedrosa 1,2* 1 Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil, 2 Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil, 3 Graduate Program of Biotechnology, Laureate International Universities - Universidade Potiguar, Natal, Brazil, 4 Medical School, Laureate International Universities - Universidade Potiguar, Natal, Brazil This review covers current knowledge of selenium in the dietary intake, its bioavailability, metabolism, functions, biomarkers, supplementation and toxicity, as well as its relationship with diseases and gut microbiota specifically on the symbiotic relationship between gut microflora and selenium status. Selenium is essential for the maintenance of the immune system, conversion of thyroid hormones, protection against the harmful Edited by: action of heavy metals and xenobiotics as well as for the reduction of the risk of Lucia A. Seale, chronic diseases. Selenium is able to balance the microbial flora avoiding health damage University of Hawaii, United States associated with dysbiosis. Experimental studies have shown that inorganic and organic Reviewed by: selenocompounds are metabolized to selenomethionine and incorporated by bacteria Yasumitsu Ogra, Chiba University, Japan from the gut microflora, therefore highlighting their role in improving the bioavailability of Dalia El Khoury, selenocompounds. Dietary selenium can affect the gut microbial colonization, which in University of Guelph, Canada turn influences the host’s selenium status and expression of selenoproteoma.
    [Show full text]
  • Recognition of Selenocysteyl-Trna by Elongation Factor Selb
    Recognition of Selenocysteyl-tRNASec by Elongation Factor SelB Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften an der Fakultät für Medizin der vorlegt von Alena Paleskava aus Minsk Witten 2009 Mentor (Erstgutachter): Prof. Dr. Marina V. Rodnina Fakultatsreferent (Zweitgutachter): Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wintermeyer Tag der Disputation: 20.05.2009 Table of Contents List of Papers ............................................................................................................. 3 Summary .................................................................................................................... 5 Review ........................................................................................................................ 7 Protein synthesis ......................................................................................................... 7 The steps of protein synthesis ................................................................................. 7 GTPases in translation ............................................................................................. 9 tRNA as an active player in translation .................................................................. 12 The selenocysteine incorporation machinery ............................................................ 17 Selenoproteins ....................................................................................................... 17 Selenocysteine biosynthesis .................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Selenium in Health and Disease
    The Role of Selenium in Health and Disease • Catherine Méplan Hughes and J. David The Role of Selenium in Health and Disease Edited by Catherine Méplan and David J. Hughes Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Nutrients www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients The Role of Selenium in Health and Disease The Role of Selenium in Health and Disease Special Issue Editors Catherine M´eplan David J. Hughes MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Special Issue Editors Catherine Meplan´ David J. Hughes Newcastle University University College Dublin UK Ireland Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients/special issues/ Role Selenium Health Disease). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03936-146-5 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-03936-147-2 (PDF) c 2020 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND.
    [Show full text]