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Florin En El Fundo San Pablo De Tregua (Valdivia-Chile)*

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Florin En El Fundo San Pablo De Tregua (Valdivia-Chile)* $/)ERVTXH1YQ11 FLORA Y FITOSOCIOLOGIA DE UN RELICTO DE PILGERODENDRON UVIFERA (D. DON) FLORIN EN EL FUNDO SAN PABLO DE TREGUA (VALDIVIA-CHILE)* C.D.O.: (181.1) Osvaldo Martínez Miranda Parte de los resultados que contiene este artícu­ rain date by month, and a plant catalogue of 71 lo fueron expuestos en la Tercera Reunión Nacio­ vascular species are given. nal de Botánica de la Sociedad de Biología de The vegetable communities described are: Chile, realizada en Concepción en diciembre de Nothofagus dombeyi forest, brush land, Pilgero­ 1980. Un resumen de dicha exposición ha sido pu­ dendron uvifera forest and bog. blicado en Programa y Resúmenes de la misma The biological spectrum of plant life forms is Reunión, bajo el título "Presencia de Pilgeroden­ analized and the phenology of plant is reported. dron uvifera (D. Don) Florin en Mallín de la Cor­ dillera de los Andes de la provincia de Valdivia". 2. INTRODUCCION Pilgerodendron Florin, perteneciente a la 1. RESUMEN familia de las cupresáceas, es un género El hallazgo, en enero de 1976, de un relicto monoespecífico y autóctono del sur de Chile fltogeográfico de Ciprés de las Guaitecas en un ma­ (DALLIMORE y JACKSON, 1966). La única espe­ llín del fundo San Pablo de Tregua, ubicado en la cie, Pilgerodendron uvifera (D. Don) Florín "Ci­ zona precordillerana andina de la provincia de Val­ prés de las Guaitecas, Ciprés de las islas o Ten", se divia (Chile), propició la ocasión para estudiar esta distribuye desde la provincia de Valdivia hasta Tie­ pequeña área de la distribución natural de la espe­ rra del Fuego, especialmente en las islas de las pro­ cie mencionada. La presencia relictual de este ár­ vincias de Chiloé, Palena, Aysén y Magallanes, con­ bol en el área estudiada se puede considerar como siderándose como la conífera más austral del mun­ una novedad geobotánica. do y la de mayor área de distribución natural en Se presentan datos sobre ubicación geográfica y Chile (DONOSO, 1978). meteorología de este lugar que contiene una pobla­ Como individuo, Pilgerodendron uvifera puede ción de Ciprés de las Guaitecas y que sería el nue­ llegar a tener 40 m de altura con diámetro superior vo límite norte de la conífera mencionada. al metro, teniendo un aspecto similar al alerce Junto con proporcionar una lista de 71 especies (Fitzroya cupressoides (Mol.) Johnston). Se en­ de cormófitos presentes en el mallín y sus alrede­ cuentra de preferencia poblando lugares bajos y dores inmediatos, se describen las siguientes comu­ zonas pantanosas o muy húmedas, casi siempre nidades vegetales: bosque de coihue, matorral, bos­ próximas al mar y con precipitaciones muy altas, que de ciprés de las Guaitecas y mallín. Se analiza hasta superiores a los 4.000 milímetros anuales, no el espectro biológico de las formas de vida de las penetrando muy al interior del continente. Por lo especies existentes y se informa sobre la fenología general, no forma bosques puros extensos, sino pe­ de las plantas. queños bosques o se mezcla con Fitzroya cupre­ ssoides, Nothofagus dombeyi, Nothofagus betuloi­ SUMMARY des, Nothofagus nitida, Nothofagus antarctica, No­ In January of 1976, a phytogeographical relict thofagus pumilio, Drymis winteri, Podocarpus nu­ of Pilgerodendron uvifera was discovered in San bigenus y Saxegothaea conspicua. Pablo de Tregua farm, province of Valdivia, Chile. La presencia de esta especie en los Andes es The presence of this species in the latitude of San esporádica y sólo en mallines de pequeña exten­ Pablo de Tregua has been not mentioned before, sión (MARTINEZ, 1979). Este árbol, por la exce­ and it can be considered as a new north limit of its lente calidad de su madera, ha sido intensamente geographical area of natural distribution in Chile. utilizado, especialmente en el archipiélago de las is­ On account of this special characteristic, a study las Guaitecas, de donde ha tomado su nombre ver­ of this stand was made. Geographical situation and náculo. Su exagerada utilización ha motivado que se hayan dictado disposiciones legales tendientes a * Financiado por el Centro de Experimentación Forestal protegerlo. de la Universidad Austral de Chile Ciprés de las Guaitecas presenta un excelente Bosque Vol. 4. N° 1 1981 3 Osvaldo Martínez Miranda. porte forestal, con fuste recto, cónico y de sección El pequeño cipresal que rodea al mallín está transversal completamente circular. Su crecimiento enclavado en un bosque de coihue de la precordi­ es muy lento, alcanzando gran longevidad, cercana llera andina, contando con un clima muy lluvioso al milenio. La copa es piramidal y pequeña, con de 4.600 mm anuales (BURSCHEL et al., 1976), de follaje verde amarillento. Su corteza es café grisá­ los cuales el 57% cae en los meses de mayo, junio, cea, blanda y con desprendimientos longitudinales julio y agosto. Corresponde a la zona de clima tem­ en tiras; las fisuras son helicoidales levógiras o dex­ plado cálido con menos de cuatro meses secos trógiras o completamente rectas y sin desviaciones. (Cfsb1 ) de la clasificación de Koeppen (FUENZA­ En el presente trabajo se dan las características LIDA, 1965). de ubicación geográfica y algunos datos ecológicos Los únicos datos climáticos existentes se refie­ de un mallín con una pequeña población de ciprés ren a la precipitación y han sido obtenidos de una de las Guaitecas; la composición de un bosque de estación meteorológica que funcionó en el fundo coihue, la del matorral de transición; la de un ci­ Trafún, distante 15 kilómetros al noreste del lugar presal y del mallín que se encuentra rodeado por el y a 800 m de altitud sobre el nivel del mar, por lo ciprés de las Guaitecas y en menor extensión por el que se consideran válidos para el lugar estudiado. matorral. En el conjunto de estas cuatro comuni­ Los promedios mensuales y anuales durante 11 dades, situadas en la Cordillera de los Andes, se años de observaciones se presentan en el cuadro informa sobre las formas de vida y sobre la fenolo­ No 1. gía de las especies encontradas. 3. UBICACION Y CARACTERISTICAS DEL LU­ Cuadro N° 1: Precipitación mensual y anual. GAR ESTUDIADO El mallín*, objeto de este trabajo, se encuentra ubicado al norte del predio San Pablo de Tregua, de propiedad de la Universidad Austral de Chile, en la Décima Región Los Lagos, provincia de Val­ divia y comuna de Panguipulli. Sus coordenadas geográficas son 39°35' de latitud sur; 72°04' de longitud oeste y 980 m de altitud sobre el nivel del Durante el invierno, el lugar permanece cubier­ mar. (Figura N° 1). to de nieve algunos meses. En cambio, en verano, por su orografía que favorece la existencia de altas temperaturas, éstas suelen elevarse considerable­ mente. El lugar se ubica en sentido este-oeste en una longitud de 600 metros por 200 m de ancho, rodeado por el bosque de coihue (Figura N° 2). El Figura 1: Ubicación del Fundo San Pablo de Tregua. * Según MONTALDO, 1976, "los mallines son comuni­ Figura 2: Plano del lugar estudiado. dades pratenses que se desarrollan sobre suelos planos y húmedos ubicados en situaciones intermontanas con una vegetación y un suelo de características propias". 4 Bosque Vol. 4. N° 1 1981 Flora y fitosociología de un relicto de Pilgerodendron uvifera (D. Don) Florin en el Fundo San Pablo de Tregua (Valdivia-Chile) relieve es plano, con una leve inclinación de aproxi­ Pteridophyta hacia las más evolucionadas, se pre­ madamente el l% en sentido noreste hacia sures­ sentan en una lista ordenada alfabéticamente. El te, lo que permite el escurrimiento controlado del nombre vernáculo, cuando ha sido posible de pes­ agua. quisar, se coloca entre comillas, seguido de la sim­ El suelo del lugar se ha originado de cenizas bología que indica la forma de vida de cada espe­ volcánicas que cubren en un espesor de 50 a 120 cie, de acuerdo a la pauta siguiente: cm, a un material pumicítico, también de origen Meso P Mesofanerófitos: árboles volcánico, que yace a su vez, sobre lavas andesíti­ grandes, 5-50 m. cas y basálticas, morrenas y sedimentos fluviogla­ Micro P Microfanerófitos: árboles pe­ ciales y probablemente también rocas graníticas. queños: 2-5 m. Son suelos profundos, sueltos, de buenas condicio­ NP Nanofanerófitos: arbustos nes de infiltración, con buen drenaje y alta capaci­ menores de 2 m. dad de retención de agua. Su textura es franco Ch Caméfitos: plantas leñosas cu­ limosa a franco arenosa, con elevado contenido de yos sistemas de vástagos se materia orgánica(15 a 25%) en el horizonte supe­ mantiene perenne hasta 50 rior, presentando un pH ácido a moderadamente cm, pero cuyos tallos periódi­ ácido (OLIVARES et al., 1976). El área en cues­ camente se secan hasta esa al­ tión se encuentra dentro del tipo forestal coihue­ tura. raulí-tepa (DONOSO et al., 1980). Ch caesp Caméfitos cespitosos. 4. METODO ChE Caméfitos epífitos. En enero de 1976, se descubrió este lugar po­ Ch suff Caméfitos subfrutescentes; ar­ blado con ciprés de las Guaitecas. Posteriormente bustos enanos, semileñosos, se realizaron cuatro visitas en las que se recolectó leñosos en la base del sistema material florístico y se levantaron inventarios fo­ de vástagos. restales y fitosociológicos. El material colectado se Ch suff parasit Caméfitos subfrutescentes he­ encuentra en el Herbario de la Facultad de Cien­ miparásitos. cias Forestales de la Universidad Austral de Chile. Ch E suff Caméfitos subfrutescentes epí­ La estructura fitosociológica se analizó median­ fitos. te parcelas levantadas en lugares homogéneos y Ch herb rept Caméfitos herbáceos rastre­ típicos. El porcentaje de cobertura-densidad se es­ ros. timó ocularmente para cada especie (KNAPP, H scap Hemicriptófitos escaposos sin 1958 in: RAMIREZ y RIVEROS, 1975). Estos re­ roseta basal. sultados obtenidos visualmente se convirtieron a la H ros Hemicriptófitos con roseta escala de BRAUN-BLANQUET, 1950.
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