DOCSLIB.ORG

Rolf Wideröe's Notebook

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rolf Wideröe's Notebook Particle Accelerators: An introduction Lenny Rivkin Swiss Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL) Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) Switzerland Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL PSI EPFL CERN Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL PSI EPFL CERN PSI EPFL CERN PSI EPFL CERN The Role of Accelerators in Physical and Life Sciences “It is an historical fact that scientific revolutions are more often driven by new tools than by new concepts” Freeman Dyson Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL Particle beams: main uses (protons, electrons, photons, neutrons, muons, neutrinos etc.) Research in basic subatomic physics Analysis of physical, chemical and biological samples Modification of physical, chemical and biological properties of matter Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL Accelerators in the world New Applications Total number ~ 30’000 growing at about 10% per year New technologies Research 5% Medicine 35% Industry 60% Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L.H. Rivkin, Dosch PSI &, DESYEPFL th Introduction to Accelerators, AfricanR. W. School Hamm, of Physics, 9 KNUST,ICFA Kumasi,Seminar, Ghana; October’08, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFLSLAC Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL ACCELERATORS: INSTRUMENTS FOR PARTICLE PHYSICS • High energy frontier • High luminosity frontier • High precision measurements Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL Energy available in collisions (center-of-mass energy) E Fixed target geometry 2 Ecm 2mc E E Colliding beams Ecm 2E or for unequal energies Ecm 2 E1E2 Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL Livingston plot Equivalent energy of a fixed target accelerator E 2 E cm 2mc 2 COLLIDER CIRCULAR BECAME THE MOST POWERFUL ACCELERATOR FOR RESEARCH IN PARTICLE PHYSICS IP IP COLLISION AT THE IP (Interaction Point) Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL Luminosity N 2 1 L f A cm2 s Interaction rate dn R L dt int Point cross-section 1 int s2 Unit: barn = 10 -24 cm2 1 pb 1 fb History of luminosity in the world 1034cm-2s-1=10 /nb/s Scaling of high energy proton rings 1 BT m pGeV 0.29979... c ,costs E LEP tunnel: 1 TeV per 1 Tesla Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL Scaling of high energy electron rings Electrons emit synchrotron radiation E4 E4 cost a b Power 2 2 ,costs E2 Linear Colliders : costs E Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL Linear Colliders damping ring rf power source e+ e- main linac beam delivery RF in 30 – 40 km RF out E particles “surf” the electromagnetic wave Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL Tunnel implementations (laser straight) Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana;Central24 L. Rivkin, MDI PSI& Interaction & EPFL Region 1 professional lifespan! Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL Beyound LHC? An 80 km tunnel? Magnetic field Energy c.o.m. 8.3 Tesla 42 TeV 16 Tesla 80 TeV 20 Tesla 100 TeV John Osborne (CERN), Caroline Waaijer (CERN) Enrico Fermi’s (1954) Space-Based World Machine Cosmic accelerators Constellation Pictor: Pictor A X-ray image X-ray jet originating near a giant black hole 800‘000 light years Chandra X-Ray Observatory Useful books and references H. Wiedemann, Particle Accelerator Physics I and II Springer Study Edition, 2003 K. Wille, The physics of Particle Accelerators: An Introduction Oxford University Press, 2001 D. A. Edwards, M. J. Syphers, An Introduction to the Physics of High Energy Accelerators John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1993 E.J.N. Wilson, An Introduction to Particle Accelerators Oxford University Press, 2001 A. W. Chao, M. Tigner, Handbook of Accelerator Physics and Engineering, World Scientific 1999 CERN Accelerator School (CAS) proceedings E. D. Courant and H. S. Snyder, Annals of Physics: 3, 1 - 48 (1958) M. Sands, SLAC-121 Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL 24 Nobel Prizes in Physics that had direct contribution from accelerators Year Name Accelerator-Science Contribution to Nobel Prize- 1980 James W. Cronin and Cronin and Fitch concluded in 1964 that CP (charge- Winning Research Val L. Fitch parity) symmetry is violated in the decay of neutral K 1939 Ernest O. Lawrence Lawrence invented the cyclotron at the University of mesons based upon their experiments using the Californian at Berkeley in 1929 [12]. Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron [28]. 1951 John D. Cockcroft and Cockcroft and Walton invented their eponymous linear 1981 Kai M. Siegbahn Siegbahn invented a weak-focusing principle for Ernest T.S. Walton positive-ion accelerator at the Cavendish Laboratory in betatrons in 1944 with which he made significant Cambridge, England, in 1932 [13]. improvements in high-resolution electron spectroscopy 1952 Felix Bloch Bloch used a cyclotron at the Crocker Radiation [29]. Laboratory at the University of California at Berkeley 1983 William A. Fowler Fowler collaborated on and analyzed accelerator-based in his discovery of the magnetic moment of the neutron experiments in 1958 [30], which he used to support his in 1940 [14]. hypothesis on stellar-fusion processes in 1957 [31]. 1957 Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen Ning Lee and Yang analyzed data on K mesons (θ and τ) 1984 Carlo Rubbia and Rubbia led a team of physicists who observed the Yang from Bevatron experiments at the Lawrence Radiation Simon van der Meer intermediate vector bosons W and Z in 1983 using Laboratory in 1955 [15], which supported their idea in CERN’s proton-antiproton collider [32], and van der 1956 that parity is not conserved in weak interactions [16]. Meer developed much of the instrumentation needed 1959 Emilio G. Segrè and Segrè and Chamberlain discovered the antiproton in for these experiments [33]. Owen Chamberlain 1955 using the Bevatron at the Lawrence Radiation 1986 Ernst Ruska Ruska built the first electron microscope in 1933 based Laboratory [17]. upon a magnetic optical system that provided large 1960 Donald A. Glaser Glaser tested his first experimental six-inch bubble magnification [34]. chamber in 1955 with high-energy protons produced by 1988 Leon M. Lederman, Lederman, Schwartz, and Steinberger discovered the the Brookhaven Cosmotron [18]. Melvin Schwartz, and muon neutrino in 1962 using Brookhaven’s Alternating 1961 Robert Hofstadter Hofstadter carried out electron-scattering experiments Jack Steinberger Gradient Synchrotron [35]. on carbon-12 and oxygen-16 in 1959 using the SLAC 1989 Wolfgang Paul Paul’s idea in the early 1950s of building ion traps linac and thereby made discoveries on the structure of grew out of accelerator physics [36]. nucleons [19]. 1990 Jerome I. Friedman, Friedman, Kendall, and Taylor’s experiments in 1974 1963 Maria Goeppert Mayer Goeppert Mayer analyzed experiments using neutron Henry W. Kendall, and on deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and beams produced by the University of Chicago Richard E. Taylor bound neutrons used the SLAC linac [37]. cyclotron in 1947 to measure the nuclear binding 1992 Georges Charpak Charpak’s development of multiwire proportional energies of krypton and xenon [20], which led to her chambers in 1970 were made possible by accelerator- discoveries on high magic numbers in 1948 [21]. based testing at CERN [38]. 1967 Hans A. Bethe Bethe analyzed nuclear reactions involving accelerated 1995 Martin L. Perl Perl discovered the tau lepton in 1975 using Stanford’s protons and other nuclei whereby he discovered in SPEAR collider [39]. 1939 how energy is produced in stars [22]. 2004 David J. Gross, Frank Wilczek, Gross, Wilczek, and Politzer discovered asymptotic 1968 Luis W. Alvarez Alvarez discovered a large number of resonance states using his fifteen-inch hydrogen bubble chamber and and freedom in the theory of strong interactions in 1973 high-energy proton beams from the Bevatron at the H. David Politzer based upon results from the SLAC linac on electron- Lawrence Radiation Laboratory [23]. proton scattering [40]. 1976 Burton Richter and Richter discovered the J/ particle in 1974 using the 2008 Makoto Kobayashi and Kobayashi and Maskawa’s theory of quark mixing in Samuel C.C. Ting SPEAR collider at Stanford [24], and Ting discovered Toshihide Maskawa 1973 was confirmed by results from the KEKB the J/ particle independently in 1974 using the accelerator at KEK (High Energy Accelerator Research Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron [25]. Organization) in Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan, 1979 Sheldon L. Glashow, Glashow, Salam, and Weinberg cited experiments on and the PEP II (Positron Electron Project II) at SLAC Abdus Salam, and the bombardment of nuclei with neutrinos at CERN in [41], which showed that quark mixing in the six-quark Steven Weinberg 1973 [26] as confirmation of their prediction of weak model is the dominant source of broken symmetry [42]. neutral currents [27]. Introduction to Accelerators, African School of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL 19 Nobels with X-rays Chemistry Physics 1936: Peter Debye 1901 Wilhem Rontgen 1962: Max Purutz and Sir John 1914 Max von Laue Kendrew 1915 Sir William Bragg and son 1976 William Lipscomb 1917 Charles Barkla 1985 Herbert Hauptman and 1924 Karl Siegbahn Jerome Karle 1927 Arthur Compton 1988 Johann Deisenhofer, Robert 1981 Kai Siegbahn Huber and Hartmut Michel 1997 Paul D.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Harry Truman, the Atomic Bomb and the Apocalyptic Narrative
    Volume 5 | Issue 7 | Article ID 2479 | Jul 12, 2007 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus The Decision to Risk the Future: Harry Truman, the Atomic Bomb and the Apocalyptic Narrative Peter J. Kuznick The Decision to Risk the Future: Harry stressed that the future of mankind would be Truman, the Atomic Bomb and theshaped by how such bombs were used and Apocalyptic Narrative subsequently controlled or shared.[3] Truman recalled Stimson “gravely” expressing his Peter J. Kuznick uncertainty about whether the U.S. should ever use the bomb, “because he was afraid it was so I powerful that it could end up destroying the whole world.” Truman admitted that, listening In his personal narrative Atomic Quest, Nobel to Stimson and Groves and reading Groves’s Prize-winning physicist Arthur Holly Compton, accompanying memo, he “felt the same who directed atomic research at the University fear.”[4] of Chicago’s Metallurgical Laboratory during the Second World War, tells of receiving an urgent visit from J. Robert Oppenheimer while vacationing in Michigan during the summer of 1942. Oppenheimer and the brain trust he assembled had just calculated the possibility that an atomic explosion could ignite all the hydrogen in the oceans or the nitrogen in the atmosphere. If such a possibility existed, Compton concluded, “these bombs must never be made.” As Compton said, “Better to accept the slavery of the Nazis than to run a chance of drawing the final curtain on mankind.”[1] Certainly, any reasonable human being could be expected to respond similarly. Three years later, with Hitler dead and the Nazis defeated, President Harry Truman faced Truman and Byrnes en route to Potsdam, July a comparably weighty decision.
    [Show full text]
  • Atomic Physics & Quantum Effects
    KEY CONCEPTS ATOMIC PHYSICS & QUANTUM EFFECTS 1. PHOTONS & THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT Max Planck explained blackbody radiation with his quantum hypothesis, which states that the energy of a thermal oscillator, Eosc, is not continuous, but instead is a discrete quantity given by the equation: Eosc = nhf n = 1, 2, 3,... where f is the frequency and h is a constant now known as Planck’s constant. Albert Einstein extended the idea by adding that all emitted radiation is quantized. He suggested that light is composed of discrete quanta, rather than of waves. According to his theory, each particle of light, known as a photon, has an energy E given by: E = hf Einstein’s theory helped him explain a phenomenon known as the photoelectric effect, in which a photon of light strikes a photosensitive material and causes an electron to be ejected from the material. A photocell constructed from photosensitive material can produce an electrical current when light shines on it. The kinetic energy, K, of a photoelectron displaced by a photon of energy, hf, is given by: K = hf - φ where the work function, φ, is the minimum energy needed to free the electron from the photosensitive material. No photoemission occurs if the frequency of the incident light falls below a certain cutoff frequency – or threshold frequency – given by: φ f0 = h Einstein's theory explained several aspects of the photoelectric effect that could not be explained by classical theory: • The kinetic energy of photoelectrons is dependent on the light’s frequency. • No photoemission occurs for light below a certain threshold frequency.
    [Show full text]
  • Arthur Holly Compton
    Arthur Holly Compton ALSO LISTED IN Physicists ALSO KNOWN AS Arthur Holly Compton FAMOUS AS Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics NATIONALITY American Famous American Men RELIGION Baptist BORN ON 10 September 1892 AD Famous 10th September Birthdays ZODIAC SIGN Virgo Virgo Men BORN IN Wooster, Ohio, USA DIED ON 15 March 1962 AD PLACE OF DEATH Berkeley, California, USA FATHER Elias Compton MOTHER Otelia Catherine SIBLINGS Karl Taylor Compton, Wilson Martindale Compton SPOUSE: Betty Charity McCloskey CHILDREN Arthur Allen Compton, John Joseph Compton EDUCATION University of Cambridge, The College of Wooster, Princeton University DISCOVERIES / INVENTIONS Compton Effect AWARDS: Nobel Prize for Physics (1927) Matteucci Medal (1930) Franklin Medal (1940) Hughes Medal (1940) Arthur Holly Compton was a renowned American physicist who first rose to fame with his famous revolutionary discovery of the Compton Effect for which he also won the Nobel Prize in Physics. This discovery confirmed the dual nature of electromagnetic radiation as both a wave and a particle. Thomson was initially interested in astronomy before he shifted his focus to the study of quantum physics. He started his research in Cavendish Laboratory of Cambridge University and this research led to the discovery of Compton Effect. Later on, during the Second World War, Compton became head of the Manhattan Project’s Metallurgical Laboratory. Manhattan Project developed the first nuclear weapons of the world and Compton played a key role in it. He also served as Chancellor of Washington University in St. Louis. Under his leadership, the University made remarkable academic progress; the university formally desegregated its undergraduate divisions, named its first female full professor, and enrolled a record number of students.
    [Show full text]
  • The Adventures of a Citizen Scientist
    The Adventures of a Citizen Scientist Perhaps one never knows one’s parents, really knows them. You never know their early lives and, as a kid, you’re living inside your own skin, not theirs. After that you’re out of there. Growing up in Chicago, I never knew my dad was famous. He was just a firm, affectionate, if too busy father figure, who loved music and the outdoors, played tennis better than I could, was awfully good with tools, and could explain scientific ideas so well that I almost understood them. I knew he was a physicist and taught at the University, and he and mother often took me on lecture or research trips, but I didn’t know what it was all about. During the war, when he was one of those in charge of the bomb project and we’d moved to Oak Ridge, he was just a hard-working ordinary man doing a job like everybody else. August 6th, 1945, brought a dramatically different perspective, as you might expect. My father was suddenly a national and world figure. That fall, as I went off to college, I began to hear something of his achievements — not only the bomb, but the cosmic ray studies and the Nobel Prize, with all that seemed to entail. At that moment, too, he’d become Chancellor of Washington University in St. Louis, and my college was his college, where his father had been Professor of Philosophy and Psychology and Dean. I was in Wooster, Ohio, the town in which my father had grown up, with his childhood house just down College Avenue.
    [Show full text]
  • Otto Stern Annalen 4.11.11
    (To be published by Annalen der Physik in December 2011) Otto Stern (1888-1969): The founding father of experimental atomic physics J. Peter Toennies,1 Horst Schmidt-Böcking,2 Bretislav Friedrich,3 Julian C.A. Lower2 1Max-Planck-Institut für Dynamik und Selbstorganisation Bunsenstrasse 10, 37073 Göttingen 2Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt 3Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin Keywords History of Science, Atomic Physics, Quantum Physics, Stern- Gerlach experiment, molecular beams, space quantization, magnetic dipole moments of nucleons, diffraction of matter waves, Nobel Prizes, University of Zurich, University of Frankfurt, University of Rostock, University of Hamburg, Carnegie Institute. We review the work and life of Otto Stern who developed the molecular beam technique and with its aid laid the foundations of experimental atomic physics. Among the key results of his research are: the experimental test of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular velocities (1920), experimental demonstration of space quantization of angular momentum (1922), diffraction of matter waves comprised of atoms and molecules by crystals (1931) and the determination of the magnetic dipole moments of the proton and deuteron (1933). 1 Introduction Short lists of the pioneers of quantum mechanics featured in textbooks and historical accounts alike typically include the names of Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Arnold Sommerfeld, Niels Bohr, Max von Laue, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, Paul Dirac, Max Born, and Wolfgang Pauli on the theory side, and of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, Ernest Rutherford, Arthur Compton, and James Franck on the experimental side. However, the records in the Archive of the Nobel Foundation as well as scientific correspondence, oral-history accounts and scientometric evidence suggest that at least one more name should be added to the list: that of the “experimenting theorist” Otto Stern.
    [Show full text]
  • Chicago Physics One
    CHICAGO PHYSICS ONE 3:25 P.M. December 02, 1942 “All of us... knew that with the advent of the chain reaction, the world would never be the same again.” former UChicago physicist Samuel K. Allison Physics at the University of Chicago has a remarkable history. From Albert Michelson, appointed by our first president William Rainey Harper as the founding head of the physics department and subsequently the first American to win a Nobel Prize in the sciences, through the mid-20th century work led by Enrico Fermi, and onto the extraordinary work being done in the department today, the department has been a constant source of imagination, discovery, and scientific transformation. In both its research and its education at all levels, the Department of Physics instantiates the highest aspirations and values of the University of Chicago. Robert J. Zimmer President, University of Chicago Welcome to the inaugural issue of Chicago Physics! We are proud to present the first issue of Chicago Physics – an annual newsletter that we hope will keep you connected with the Department of Physics at the University of Chicago. This newsletter will introduce to you some of our students, postdocs and staff as well as new members of our faculty. We will share with you good news about successes and recognition and also convey the sad news about the passing of members of our community. You will learn about the ongoing research activities in the Department and about events that took place in the previous year. We hope that you will become involved in the upcoming events that will be announced.
    [Show full text]
  • Report and Opinion 2016;8(6) 1
    Report and Opinion 2016;8(6) http://www.sciencepub.net/report Beyond Einstein and Newton: A Scientific Odyssey Through Creation, Higher Dimensions, And The Cosmos Manjunath R Independent Researcher #16/1, 8 Th Main Road, Shivanagar, Rajajinagar, Bangalore: 560010, Karnataka, India [email protected], [email protected] “There is nothing new to be discovered in physics now. All that remains is more and more precise measurement.” : Lord Kelvin Abstract: General public regards science as a beautiful truth. But it is absolutely-absolutely false. Science has fatal limitations. The whole the scientific community is ignorant about it. It is strange that scientists are not raising the issues. Science means truth, and scientists are proponents of the truth. But they are teaching incorrect ideas to children (upcoming scientists) in schools /colleges etc. One who will raise the issue will face unprecedented initial criticism. Anyone can read the book and find out the truth. It is open to everyone. [Manjunath R. Beyond Einstein and Newton: A Scientific Odyssey Through Creation, Higher Dimensions, And The Cosmos. Rep Opinion 2016;8(6):1-81]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 1. doi:10.7537/marsroj08061601. Keywords: Science; Cosmos; Equations; Dimensions; Creation; Big Bang. “But the creative principle resides in Subaltern notable – built on the work of the great mathematics. In a certain sense, therefore, I hold it astronomers Galileo Galilei, Nicolaus Copernicus true that pure thought can
    [Show full text]
  • James Chadwick and E.S
    What is the Universe Made Of? Atoms - Electrons Nucleus - Nucleons Antiparticles And ... http://www.parentcompany.com/creation_explanation/cx6a.htm What Holds it Together? Gravitational Force Electromagnetic Force Strong Force Weak Force Timeline - Ancient 624-547 B.C. Thales of Miletus - water is the basic substance, knew attractive power of magnets and rubbed amber. 580-500 B.C. Pythagoras - Earth spherical, sought mathematical understanding of universe. 500-428 B.C. Anaxagoras changes in matter due to different orderings of indivisible particles (law of the conservation of matter) 484-424 B.C. Empedocles reduced indivisible particles into four elements: earth, air, fire, and water. 460-370 B.C. Democritus All matter is made of indivisible particles called atoms. 384-322 B.C. Aristotle formalized the gathering of scientific knowledge. 310-230 B.C. Aristarchus describes a cosmology identical to that of Copernicus. 287-212 B.C. Archimedes provided the foundations of hydrostatics. 70-147 AD Ptolemy of Alexandria collected the optical knowledge, theory of planetary motion. 1214-1294 AD Roger Bacon To learn the secrets of nature we must first observe. 1473-1543 AD Nicholaus Copernicus The earth revolves around the sun Timeline – Classical Physics 1564-1642 Galileo Galilei - scientifically deduced theories. 1546-1601, Tycho Brahe accurate celestial data to support Copernican system. 1571-1630, Johannes Kepler. theory of elliptical planetary motion 1642-1727 Sir Isaac Newton laws of mechanics explain motion, gravity . 1773-1829 Thomas Young - the wave theory of light and light interference. 1791-1867 Michael Faraday - the electric motor, and electromagnetic induction, electricity and magnetism are related. electrolysis, conservation of energy.
    [Show full text]
  • ALVAREZ Adventures of a Physicist by Luis W. Alvarez Basic Books
    ALVAREZ Adventures of a Physicist By Luis W. Alvarez Basic Books. 292 pp. $19.95 RABI Scientist and Citizen By John S. Rigden Basic Books. 302 pp. $21.95 Isidor Isaac, Sabi and Luis W. Alvarez By Alan Lightman NE SENSES Luis Alvarez' deep regret that he has been praised only by the greatest physicists alive, that Rutherford and Faraday and Newton cannot find their way to Berke- 0ley to celebrate his work. Resigned to present and fu- ture admirers, Alvarez tells us in his autobiography, Alvarez, that he had the longest Nobel Prize citation ever, was the first physicist to win the National Medal of Science, the first to use cosmic rays for a practical died out. Then he helped propose that the tnceum naa purpose, the first civilian to land an airplane under ra-, come from a giant asteroid, which threw dust in the air dar control (using the first ground-controlled approach and blocked out the sun for several years. system, which. he invented). Once our eyes have ad- Alvarez is among a handful of physicists who have, justed to this incandescent egotism, we indeed see a by their personal force, created schools, surrounding genius, who eventually endears himself with his aston- themselves with talented young apprentices who later ishing honesty. Alvarez joins the happy company of sally forth with the know-how and style of their mas- Freeman Dyson's Disturbing the Universe and Richard ter. John Wheeler was also one of these gurus. Robert Feynman's Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynnulti!, all Oppenheimer was another.
    [Show full text]
  • Otto Stern Annalen 22.9.11
    September 22, 2011 Otto Stern (1888-1969): The founding father of experimental atomic physics J. Peter Toennies,1 Horst Schmidt-Böcking,2 Bretislav Friedrich,3 Julian C.A. Lower2 1Max-Planck-Institut für Dynamik und Selbstorganisation Bunsenstrasse 10, 37073 Göttingen 2Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt 3Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin Keywords History of Science, Atomic Physics, Quantum Physics, Stern- Gerlach experiment, molecular beams, space quantization, magnetic dipole moments of nucleons, diffraction of matter waves, Nobel Prizes, University of Zurich, University of Frankfurt, University of Rostock, University of Hamburg, Carnegie Institute. We review the work and life of Otto Stern who developed the molecular beam technique and with its aid laid the foundations of experimental atomic physics. Among the key results of his research are: the experimental determination of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular velocities (1920), experimental demonstration of space quantization of angular momentum (1922), diffraction of matter waves comprised of atoms and molecules by crystals (1931) and the determination of the magnetic dipole moments of the proton and deuteron (1933). 1 Introduction Short lists of the pioneers of quantum mechanics featured in textbooks and historical accounts alike typically include the names of Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Arnold Sommerfeld, Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, Paul Dirac, Max Born, and Wolfgang Pauli on the theory side, and of Konrad Röntgen, Ernest Rutherford, Max von Laue, Arthur Compton, and James Franck on the experimental side. However, the records in the Archive of the Nobel Foundation as well as scientific correspondence, oral-history accounts and scientometric evidence suggest that at least one more name should be added to the list: that of the “experimenting theorist” Otto Stern.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction of Quantum History
    Introduction of quantum history 1859 Gustav Kirchhoff proved a theorem about blackbody radiation. He also proved that the energy emitted E depends only on the temperature T and the frequency v of the emitted energy, i.e. E = J(T,v). 1879 Josef Stefan proposed, on experimental grounds, that the total energy emitted per unit time per unit area (RT) by a black body was proportional to the fourth power of the temperature. 4 RT = σT 1900 Planck read his paper, “On the Theory of the Energy Distribution Law of the Normal Spectrum”, at the German Physical Society Meeting. He made the unprecedented step of assuming that the total energy is made up of indistinguishable energy elements - quanta of energy, which marks the start of quantum era. Planck won the 1918 Nobel Prize for Physics for this work. 1905 Einstein examined the photoelectric effect. He received the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics for this work. We will discuss this effect next week. 2010年9月13日星期一 1913 Niels Bohr wrote a revolutionary paper on the hydrogen atom. He discovered the major laws of the spectral lines. This work earned Bohr the 1922 Nobel Prize for Physics. Arthur Compton derived relativistic kinematics for the scattering of a photon (a light quantum) off an electron at rest in 1923. We will discuss this effect next week. 1923 Arthur Compton derived relativistic kinematics for the scattering of a photon (a light quantum) off an electron at rest. We will discuss this effect next week. 1924 A fundamental paper written by Satyendra Nath Bose was rejected by a referee for publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Prophet of Science—Part Two: Arthur Holly Compton on Science, Freedom, Religion, Edward B
    Article Prophet of Science—Part Two: Arthur Holly Compton on Science, Freedom, Religion, Edward B. Davis and Morality Edward B. Davis The second part of this article discusses Arthur Holly Compton’s religious activities and beliefs, especially his concept of God. Compton gave a prominent role to natural theology, stressing the need to postulate “an intelligence working through nature” and using this to ground religious faith. At the same time, this founder of quantum mechanics used Werner Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle against the widespread view that humans are trapped in a mechanistic universe that permits no freedom of action. Whence then comes our world? Though science does not offer a positive answer to this question, it can point out that an intelligible world in which intelligent creatures appear seems reasonably to imply an intelligence working in the world, a basis on which most scientific men build their approach to religion. This implies that if our God is the God of Nature, we must recognize the laws of nature as describing the way in which God works, and a basis for a theology is found. We find that through the long, hard struggle of evolution men have come to the stage where they are partly responsible for the development of life, even their own life, on the earth. Thus science can lead to the conception of man as a co-worker with God toward making this world what he wants it to be. –A. H. Compton, 19381 rthur Compton’s emergence as Upon his arrival in Calcutta, Arthur A a public intellectual after win- learned that he was expected immedi- ning the Nobel Prize followed ately to lead a cosmic ray expedition directly from a visit to India he had to Darjeeling in the foothills of the made the previous year.
    [Show full text]