Artículo Soft Libre 1

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Artículo Soft Libre 1 COMPLEJO ENTRAMADO SOCIAL RESPONSABLE DEL SURGIMIENTO Y AUGE DEL SOFTWARE LIBRE EN EL MUNDO. Lic. José Luis Montes de Oca Montano Tecnólogo de la Salud. Gestor de Información en Salud Prof. Asistente. Filial Universitaria de Ciencias Médicas. Provincia Cienfuegos. Cuba. Lic. Miriela Roque Gutiérrez Especialidad: Higiene y Epidemiología Prof. Asistente. Filial Universitaria de Ciencias Médicas. Provincia Cienfuegos. Cuba. Resumen (idioma español): El software libre es un fenómeno más antiguo de lo que algunos especialistas suponen, su surgimiento coincide con los albores de la programación para equipos de cómputo y se remonta a los años 50, 60 e inicios de los 70 del siglo XX; época en la que algunas comunidades cooperativas de desarrollo eran responsables de casi todo el software que se producía en el mundo. Por aquel entonces, las relaciones sociales y el roce entre especialistas de diversas instituciones constituían la llave para el tránsito irrestricto de segmentos de código que más tarde formarían parte de soluciones programáticas más complejas y robustas, sin que en sus inicios, el software resultante debiera estar sujeto a acuerdos de no divulgación u otras limitaciones. Entre los años 60, 70 y principios de los 80, los vendedores de computadoras y compañías de software empezaron a cobrar por licencias de software. Por la estrecha relación de estos elementos el presente trabajo aborda, además, el surgimiento del software privativo, su faz mercantilista y la contrapropuesta que constituye en el mundo actual la disponibilidad de diversas variantes de software libre. La forma dinámica y relativa a la comunión de intereses en que se conforman las organizaciones que, en el actual mundo globalizado, desarrollan y ofertan software libre como un producto más, son también centro de mira en el presente artículo. Resumen (en inglés): Free software is more ancient than some experts assume, its emergence coincides with the dawn of programming for computer equipment and goes back to the 50s, 60s and early 70s of the twentieth century, time when some community development cooperatives were responsible for almost all software that was produced in the world. At that time, social relations and social contacts between specialists from several institutions constituted the key for unlimited transit of segments of code that later would constitute a certain part of more complex and robust programmatic solutions, the resulting software should be subject to non-disclosure agreements or other limitations. Between the 60s, 70s and early 80s, computer vendors and software companies started charging for software licenses. Because of the close relationship of these items, this paper also discusses the rise of proprietary software, its mercantilist face and counterproposal that in today's world is the availability of different variants of free software. Its is also included the way organizations are conformed, based on common interests in order to offer free software as a product. Palabras claves (español): software libre, software privativo, software propietario, productos informáticos. Palabras claves (inglés): Free software, private software, informatic products. Introducción: Durante las décadas correspondientes a los años 50, 60 e inicios de los 70 del siglo XX, algunas comunidades cooperativas de desarrollo eran responsables de casi todo el software que se producía en el mundo, tales agrupaciones estaban constituidas por académicos e investigadores corporativos que colaboraban entre sí, sin que el software resultante de esta colaboración fuera visto como un elemento que debiera estar sujeto a severas restricciones en lo tocante a su propiedad o a las formas en que tenía lugar su divulgación. (Lazalde Garcia et al., 2011) En los años 60, las universidades e institutos de investigación, fundamentalmente radicados en Estados Unidos como Berkeley y el Instituto de Tecnología de Massachussets (MIT), así como también diversos centros de investigación privada, como los Laboratorios Bell de la American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T, por sus siglas en inglés), entre otros, desarrollaron distintos sistemas operativos. En ese escenario, compartir el software disponible era algo “natural” e incluso se promovía la posibilidad de intercambiar el formato de código leíble por humanos (código fuente), lo que generó a su vez, importantes avances en el diseño de un sistema operativo que pudiera ser ejecutado en plataformas diversas. En el año 1969, “UNIX” fue uno de los más conocidos sistemas operativos, desarrollado al interior de la empresa AT&T y diseñado con la posibilidad de acceder a su código fuente . (Mochi Alemán, 2007, p. 78 y 79) Desarrollo: Refiere el autor Richard Stallman (n.d., p. 1)que al comenzar a trabajar en el MIT, en 1971; entró a formar parte de una comunidad que compartía software el cual “...había existido por muchos años”, durante su estancia en el citado instituto, el autor pudo constatar que “...el compartir software no se limitaba a nuestra comunidad en particular; es tan antiguo como las computadoras, del mismo modo que compartir recetas de cocina es tan antiguo como cocinar”. Durante este período, los sistemas operativos eran ampliamente distribuidos y mantenidos por comunidades o grupos de usuarios, tales como los llamados ¨SHARE¨ que trabajaban con la Máquina IBM 701 y los pertenecientes a la Digital Equipment Corporation. El código fuente era distribuido con el software porque los usuarios modificaban el software ellos mismos para arreglar errores de programación o agregar nuevas funcionalidades. (Acuña Rodríguez, Bernal Guerrero, Fernández Heras, Fernández Rabadán, Hernando García, & Ruiz Gálvez, (n.d.) p. 27) Todo lo antes referido soporta el criterio de que en aquellos tiempos, estos programas eran en su mayoría, en cierto sentido libres, ya que no estaban sujetos a acuerdos legales de no revelación ni a licencias que impidieran su distribución, como tampoco se prohibía que fueran modificados o se diseminara su código fuente de forma gratuita. Aseveraciones de esta índole se encuentran en los textos de Stallman (n.d., p. 1) quien comenta: “… no llamábamos software libre a nuestro software porque este término todavía no existía; pero eso es lo que era. En cualquier ocasión que personas de otra universidad o de una empresa quisieran portar y usar un programa, les dejábamos con gusto. Si veía a alguien usar un programa que no era familiar aunque sí interesante, siempre podía ver el código fuente, para que pudiera leerlo, modificarlo, o tomar partes del mismo para hacer un nuevo programa”. Estos eran tiempos en los que el software no alcanzaba aún a convertirse en un producto vendible por sí mismo sino que los costosos equipos de computación de la época añadían al precio del hardware el costo de los programas que acompañaban al sistema. Tal situación comenzó a cambiar a finales de los años 60, al evolucionar los sistemas operativos, lo cual fue posible gracias al grado de madurez que estos alcanzaban y a los robustos lenguajes de programación de la época; de los cuales emergían softwares mejor elaborados, dotados de superior acabado y calidad, aunque debe acotarse que su obtención tenía lugar a un mayor costo para las compañías responsables de su producción. (“Historia del Software Libre. Usa software libre,” 2012) Una naciente aunque pujante industria del software le estaba haciendo la competencia a los programas incluidos en el hardware de los fabricantes, el continuo incremento en la robustez de estos primeros, entre otros factores, trajo por consiguiente que algunos usuarios ya no estuvieran dispuestos a pagar por los programas que incluían los ordenadores, ya fuera porque otros programas satisfacían sus necesidades de mejor manera o por que preferían otro software que no fuera el impuesto por el fabricante. (Mediateca Rimed, 1999) El estado de cosas antes descrito propició el crecimiento vertiginoso del valor agregado que podían aportar los programas de ordenador, bajo su influencia el equipo o hardware comenzó a abaratarse frente al nacimiento de un negocio basado en el comercio de software. Apercibidos de esta situación, las compañías de software y los vendedores de computadoras optaron por proteger sus inversiones e impusieron restricciones legales al nuevo software desarrollado, estas maniobras se materializaron en la figura de los derechos de autor, contratos de arrendamiento y las muy conocidas marcas registradas. Ya en los años 70 La American Telephone and Telegraph distribuía al gobierno y a investigadores académicos, libre de costo, las primeras versiones del Sistema Operativo UNIX, pero estas no permitían su distribución ni la difusión de versiones modificadas. La propia AT&T, en 1979, comenzó a hacer cumplir sus licencias restrictivas cuando la compañía decidió que se podrían generar utilidades vendiendo el sistema UNIX. (Mediateca Rimed, 1999) A finales de los años 70 y principios de los 80, los vendedores de computadoras y compañías de software empezaron a cobrar por licencias de software de manera rutinaria, comercializándolas como "Productos Informáticos". Este emergente modelo “privatizador” y “mercantilista” se caracterizó por la venta de productos desprovistos de su código fuente, la ocultación de este “idioma” hacía posible camuflar las técnicas de programación utilizadas, así como reutilizar los segmentos que fueran necesarios en la producción de nuevas versiones del producto, lo cual generó ganancias extraordinarias, suficientes para sostener monopolios que hoy perduran. (Vidal, 2000, p. 2) En 1981,
Recommended publications
  • Linux Journal | August 2014 | Issue
    ™ SPONSORED BY Since 1994: The Original Magazine of the Linux Community AUGUST 2014 | ISSUE 244 | www.linuxjournal.com PROGRAMMING HOW-TO: + OpenGL Build, Develop Programming and Validate Creation of RPMs USE VAGRANT Sysadmin Cloud for an Easier Troubleshooting Development with dhclient Workflow Tips for PROMISE Becoming a THEORY Web Developer An In-Depth A Rundown Look of Linux for Recreation V WATCH: ISSUE OVERVIEW LJ244-Aug2014.indd 1 7/23/14 6:56 PM Get the automation platform that makes it easy to: Build Infrastructure Deploy Applications Manage In your data center or in the cloud. getchef.com LJ244-Aug2014.indd 2 7/23/14 11:41 AM Are you tiredtiered of of dealing dealing with with proprietary proprietary storage? storage? ® 9%2Ä4MHÆDCÄ2SNQ@FD ZFS Unified Storage zStax StorCore from Silicon - From modest data storage needs to a multi-tiered production storage environment, zStax StorCore zStax StorCore 64 zStax StorCore 104 The zStax StorCore 64 utilizes the latest in The zStax StorCore 104 is the flagship of the dual-processor Intel® Xeon® platforms and fast zStax product line. With its highly available SAS SSDs for caching. The zStax StorCore 64 configurations and scalable architecture, the platform is perfect for: zStax StorCore 104 platform is ideal for: VPDOOPHGLXPRIILFHILOHVHUYHUV EDFNHQGVWRUDJHIRUYLUWXDOL]HGHQYLURQPHQWV VWUHDPLQJYLGHRKRVWV PLVVLRQFULWLFDOGDWDEDVHDSSOLFDWLRQV VPDOOGDWDDUFKLYHV DOZD\VDYDLODEOHDFWLYHDUFKLYHV TalkTalk with with an anexpert expert today: today: 866-352-1173 866-352-1173 - http://www.siliconmechanics.com/zstax LJ244-Aug2014.indd 3 7/23/14 11:41 AM AUGUST 2014 CONTENTS ISSUE 244 PROGRAMMING FEATURES 64 Vagrant 74 An Introduction to How to use Vagrant to create a OpenGL Programming much easier development workflow.
    [Show full text]
  • Withlinux Linux
    LINUX JOURNAL MISTERHOUSE | F-SPOT | AJAX | KAFFEINE | ROBOTS | VIDEO CODING An Excerpt from Apress’ Beginning DIGITAL LIFESTYLE DIGITAL Ubuntu Linux: From Novice to Professional ™ Since 1994: The Original Magazine of the Linux Community OCTOBER 2006 | ISSUE 150 | www.linuxjournal.com MisterHouse | AL F-Spot DIGIT | Ajax | Kaffeine LIFESTYLE | ux Robots with LinuxLin | Video Coding Video >> F-Spot Tips >> Working with Digital Images >> H.264 Video Encoding for Low-Bitrate Video | Ubuntu >> Linux-Based Do-It-Yourself Robots >> Share Music with Kaffiene, Amarok, Last.fm and more >> Digital Convenience at Home with Open-Source Technology O >> Maddog’s Travel Gadgets C T O B E >> Using MisterHouse for Home Automation R 2006 AN I S S PUBLICATION U E USA $5.00 150 + Doc Searls Breaks the Marketing Matrix CAN $6.50 U|xaHBEIGy03102ozXv,:! Today, Carlo restored a failed router in Miami, rebooted a Linux server in Tokyo, and remembered someone’s very special day. With Avocent centralized management solutions, the world can finally revolve around you. Avocent puts secure access and control right at your fingertips – from multi-platform servers to network routers, your local data center to branch offices. Our “agentless” out-of-band solution manages your physical and virtual connections (KVM, serial, integrated power, embedded service processors, IPMI and SoL) from a single console. You have guaranteed access to your critical hardware even when in-band methods fail. Let others roll crash carts to troubleshoot – with Avocent, trouble becomes a thing of the past, so you can focus on the present. Visit www.avocent.com/special to download Data Center Control: Guidelines to Achieve Centralized Management white paper.
    [Show full text]
  • LINUX JOURNAL (ISSN 1075-3583) Is Published Monthly by Belltown Media, Inc., 2121 Sage Road, Ste
    EPUB, Kindle,SUBSCRIBERS Android, iPhone & iPad editions SQLAlchemy | ConVirt | Fabric | Azure | RaspberryFREE PiTO ™ Make Your Android Device Play with Your Linux Box A Look at SQLAlchemy’s Since 1994: The Original Magazine of the Linux Community Features SYSTEM FEBRUARY 2013 | ISSUE 226 | www.linuxjournal.com ADMINISTRATION Manage Your HOW TO: Virtual Handling Deployment R Packages with ConVirt Spin up Linux VMs on Azure Use Fabric for Sysadmin Tasks on Remote Machines PLUS: Use a Raspberry Pi as a Colocated Server Cover226-Final-banner.indd 1 1/24/13 11:08 AM LJ226-Feb013-bu.indd 2 1/23/13 1:06 PM visit us at www.siliconmechanics.com or call us toll free at 888-352-1173 RACKMOUNT SERVERS STORAGE SOLUTIONS HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING ““ Just Just becausebecause it’sit’s badass,badass, doesn’tdoesn’t meanmean it’sit’s aa game.”game.” Pierre, our new Operations Manager, is always looking for the right tools to get more work done in less time. That’s why he respects NVIDIA ® Tesla ® GPUs: he sees customers return again and again for more server products featuring hybrid CPU / GPU computing, like the Silicon Mechanics Hyperform HPCg R2504.v3. When you partner with We start with your choice of two state-of- Silicon Mechanics, you the-art processors, for fast, reliable, energy- get more than stellar efficient processing.T hen we add four NVIDIA ® technology - you get an Tesla® GPUs, to dramatically accelerate parallel Expert like Pierre. processing for applications like ray tracing and finite element analysis. Load it up with DDR3 memory, and you have herculean capabilities and an 80 PLUS Platinum Certified power supply, all in the space of a 4U server.
    [Show full text]
  • LINUX JOURNAL CROSS-PLATFORM DEVELOPMENT Shoulda | Openfire | Lazarus | Apparmor | Tircd | Titanium | Qt SEPTEMBER 2009 ISSUE+ 185
    Shoulda | Openfire | Lazarus | AppArmor | tircd | Titanium | Qt LINUX JOURNAL ™ LAZARUS a Powerful IDE for Cross- Platform Development CROSS-PLATFORM DEVELOPMENT CROSS-PLATFORM Qt Making Apps Right on All Platforms Build Rich Desktop Apps Since 1994: The Original Magazine of the Linux Community with TITANIUM SEPTEMBER 2009 | ISSUE 185 | www.linuxjournal.com GOOGLE CHROME Open-Source DEVELOPERS Compliance Shoulda | Openfire | Lazarus | AppArmor | tircd | Titanium | Qt | Titanium | AppArmor tircd | Lazarus Shoulda | Openfire Supercharging Best Practices the Web Looking at with V8 AppArmor in Ubuntu Use tircd to Connect to Twitter over IRC SEPTEMBER 2009 ISSUE 185 $5.99US $5.99CAN 09 SHOULDA MAKES +TESTING EASIER FOR RAILS DEVELOPERS 0 09281 03102 4 Temperatures are rising – prices have dropped! 1&1 Summer Specials: 1&1® HOME PACKAGE 2 Domain Names Included (Choose from .com, .net, .org, .biz and .info) N 120 GB Web Space N Credit to start advertising N 1,200 GB Monthly Traffic with major search engines N 1,200 E-mail Accounts like Google™. N Easy-to-use Site Building Tool N 24/7 Customer Support N 1&1 Blog N ... and much more! N 1&1 Photo Gallery 1st year $ .99 per 4 month FREE!* Offer valid through August 31st ! .us Domain Names $2.99 for the first year!* More special offers are available online. For details, visit www.1and1.com Now accepting * Offers valid through August 31, 2009. 24 month minimum contract term and a setup fee of $4.99 apply with the Home Package ® offer. Other terms and conditions may apply. Private domain registration not available with .us domains.
    [Show full text]
  • We've Got Bugs, P
    Billix | Rails | Gumstix | Zenoss | Wiimote | BUG | Quantum GIS LINUX JOURNAL ™ REVIEWED: Neuros OSD and COOL PROJECTS Cradlepoint PHS300 Since 1994: The Original Magazine of the Linux Community AUGUST 2008 | ISSUE 172 WE’VE GOT Billix | Rails Gumstix Zenoss Wiimote BUG Quantum GIS MythTV BUGs AND OTHER COOL PROJECTS TOO E-Ink + Gumstix Perfect Billix Match? Kiss Install CDs Goodbye AUGUST How To: 16 Terabytes in One Case www.linuxjournal.com 2008 $5.99US $5.99CAN 08 ISSUE Learn to Fake a Wiimote Linux 172 + UFO Landing Video Interface HOW-TO 0 09281 03102 4 AUGUST 2008 CONTENTS Issue 172 FEATURES 48 THE BUG: A LINUX-BASED HARDWARE MASHUP With the BUG, you get a GPS, camera, motion detector and accelerometer all in one hand-sized unit, and it’s completely programmable. Mike Diehl 52 BILLIX: A SYSADMIN’S SWISS ARMY KNIFE Build a toolbox in your pocket by installing Billix on that spare USB key. Bill Childers 56 FUN WITH E-INK, X AND GUMSTIX Find out how to make standard X11 apps run on an E-Ink display using a Gumstix embedded device. Jaya Kumar 62 ONE BOX. SIXTEEN TRILLION BYTES. Build your own 16 Terabyte file server with hardware RAID. Eric Pearce ON THE COVER • Neuros OSD, p. 44 • Cradlepoint PHS300, p. 42 • We've got BUGs, p. 48 • E-Ink + Gumstix—Perfect Match?, p. 56 • How To: 16 Terabytes in One Case, p. 62 • Billix—Kiss Install CDs Goodbye, p. 52 • Learn to Fake a UFO Landing Video, p. 80 • Wiimote Linux Interface How-To, p. 32 2 | august 2008 www.linuxjournal.com lj026:lj018.qxd 5/14/2008 4:00 PM Page 1 The Straight Talk People
    [Show full text]
  • U | UML | Xen | Wine REVIEWED Vmware 5.5
    Jon “maddog” Hall | GPL 3 | GCJ | VMware | QEMU | UML | Xen | Wine REVIEWED VMware 5.5 ™ Since 1994: The Original Magazine of the Linux Community MAY 2006 | www.linuxjournal.com Virtual Linux NEW COLUMN: Jon “maddog” Hall’s Beachhead Tales from the Beach Embedded Java with GCJ Using RTNETLINK AN PUBLICATION USA $5.00 PLUS CAN $6.50 U|xaHBEIGy03102ozXv!:; Is Linux VoIP Ready? MAY 2006 CONTENTS Issue 145 FEATURES ON THE COVER: IMAGE BY AYAAZ RATTANSI 60 RUNNING SOUND APPLICATIONS UNDER WINE 72 XEN You can make Linux sound better with a little Wine. Xen’s unusual approach to virtual systems can give it a speed edge. Dave Phillips Irfan Habib 64 USER-MODE LINUX ON THE COVER Run Linux on top of Linux? It makes sense. Really. • VMware 5.5, p. 56 Matthew E. Hoskins • Jon "maddog" Hall's Beachhead, p. 46 68 QEMU: A MULTIHOST, MULTITARGET EMULATOR • Embedded Java with GCJ, p. 76 Can a free virtual system offer what you need? • Using RTNETLINK, p. 86 Daniel Bartholomew • Is Linux VoIP Ready? p. 80 2 | may 2006 www.linuxjournal.com MAY 2006 CONTENTS Issue 145 COLUMNS REVIEW 22 REUVEN LERNER’S 56 VMWARE WORKSTATION 5.5 AT THE FORGE FOR LINUX HOSTS Google Web Services Mick Bauer 28 MARCEL GAGNÈ’S COOKING WITH LINUX The Virtual Streets of $HOME INDEPTH 80 IS LINUX VOICE OVER IP READY? 76 EMBEDDED JAVA WITH GCJ 34 DAVE TAYLOR’S GCJ may not be for end-user applications, WORK THE SHELL but it’s the bomb for embedded systems. Counting Cards Gene Sally Next Month 36 MICK BAUER’S 80 IS LINUX VOICE OVER IP READY? PARANOID PENGUIN What are the viable VoIP options for Linux Security Features in Debian 3.1 and how do they compare? Machtelt Garrels STORAGE 42 DEE-ANN LEBLANC’S Next month, we’re going fishing.
    [Show full text]
  • Linuxvilag-34.Pdf 5767KB 8 2012-05-28 10:19:04
    Beköszöntõ Végre megjelent a har- kedtem (márkás, drága, új, csilli-villi), mincnegyedik számunk, amihez adtak Windows XP-t. Ponto- © Kiskapu Kft. Minden jog fenntartva ami azt is jelenti, hogy sabban elõtelepítették nekem a teljes háromévesek lettünk. lemezre. Ha akartam újratelepíthettem, Ezt a matematikailag s egy csöpp szöveg figyelmeztetett, nehézkesen bizonyítható hogy a telepítõ egyedi, abban az érte- kijelentést úgy is megfo- lemben, hogy elsõ lépésként fûbe vágja galmazhattam volna, hogy az egész merevlemezt, ledarálja az három évvel ezelõtt, no- összes adatot, és feltesz nekem egy gyá- vemberben jelent meg az rilag elõtelepített Windowst. Hiába na, ország méltán legnépsze- angyalok ezek az OEM-rendszerek. rûbb Linuxszal foglalkozó Azért (így utolsóként) a „pénzes” terü- nyomtatott sajtóorgánu- letek is kezdenek alkalmazkodni. Már mának elsõ száma. De ez vannak helyek, ahol még azt a plusz talán egy csöppet felleng- két-háromtízezrest sem kell kifizetnünk, zõsen hangzana. ha esetleg más operációs rendszert Szy György Az elsõ szám még irkafûzéssel, sok akarunk a gépünkhöz. Idõ kérdése, és a Linuxvilág fõszerkesztõje, lelkesedéssel és még több sajtóhibával talán eljutunk a nyugaton (és keleten) a Kiskapu Kiadó vezetõje. látott napvilágot. Azóta sokat változ- immár több éve szokásos módihoz: Mindenki levelét örömmel tunk, például nem irkafûzéssel jele- megkérdezik a kereskedõk, mit szeret- várja a következõ levélcímen: nünk meg. A másik kettõ még megvan. nénk. Mert ugye az elég fontos. Lega- [email protected] Ugyanúgy, ahogy a parázs viták is, lábbis nekünk. A vevõ pedig olyan, amelyeket a fordításokkal kapcsán foly- hogy oda megy, ahol azt kapja, ami kell tatunk, vagy a siránkozások, hogy neki, nem azt, amirõl úgy tudja az nyugaton mennyivel szélesebb körben eladó, hogy kell neki.
    [Show full text]
  • Puppy Linux (Notes) 07/28/15 17:32
    07/28/15 17:30 Welcome (Notes) Intro to Linux Welcome A Basic Introduction to Linux stan reichardt [email protected] 1 07/28/15 17:32 Introduction (Notes) Introduction stan reichardt GNU/Linux for Beginners Brought to you by the Hazelwood Linux Users Group http://hzwlug.sluug.org/ A Special Interest Group of the St. Louis Unix Users Group (SLUUG) http://www.sluug.org/ 2 2 07/28/15 17:32 Linux Basics (Notes) Linux Basics An Introduction 4 Section I The name of the operating system is usually pronounced “Lin-” as in “Fin”, and “-ux” as in “Trucks”, with the emphasis on the first syllable. Linux is a Unix-like and mostly standards compliant (POSIX) computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open-source software development and distribution. The defining component of Linux is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on 5 October 1991 by Finnish software developer Linus Torvalds. Linux was originally developed as a free operating system for Intel x86–based personal computers, but has since been ported to more computer hardware platforms than any other operating system. Linux is the leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers and supercomputers, but is used on only around 1% of desktop computers. Linux also runs on embedded systems, which are devices whose operating system is typically built into the firmware and is highly tailored to the system; this includes mobile phones, tablet computers, network routers, facility automation controls, televisions and video game consoles. Android, 4 Preview (Notes) 07/28/15 17:32 Preview • Like DOS, MS Windows, or Mac OS-X, Linux is an Operating System.
    [Show full text]
  • The Open Pitt What's Cooking in Linux and Open Source in Western Pennsylvania Issue 9 February 2005
    The Open Pitt What's cooking in Linux and Open Source in Western Pennsylvania Issue 9 February 2005 www.wplug.org Wireless Tunes by Drew Celley I've heard it said that one in ten Amer- I had to scan the dial with a couple icans has an MP3 player of some sort. of radios to find a quiet spot on the Hot Off the Grill... That's a pretty big number, though I'm FM dial which would let me hear it Recent software releases not one of them. Why wouldn't I have clearly enough. The Tunecast is most Debian GNU/Linux 3.0 revision 4 an MP3 player? I built my own port- useful in this scenario, because it lets was released on January 1. This up- able radio station instead. you choose the transmission fre- date adds security and bug fixes to I was inspired by a Wired article quency across the range of 88-108 the stable “woody” series. about the Radio Re-Volt project at the Mhz. Most little FM jobs for MP3 Mandrakesoft announced on Walker Art Center in Minneapolis players do one of 4 stations, and they January 4 the availability of two new <http://projects.walkerart.org/radio/> don't have a backlit LCD display. products: Corporate Desktop 3.0 where people are creating their own After all this, I plugged the Tun- and Corporate Server 3.0. Featur- radio stations using tiny inexpensive ecast into my laptop and fired up my ing the 2.6 Linux kernel and a 5-year transmitters and a little creativity.
    [Show full text]
  • Sun's Chief Open Source Officer +
    RJS | PYTHON | SCGI | OPENOFFICE.ORG | Qt | PHP LINUX JOURNAL ™ METAPROGRAMMING PRIMER LANGUAGES VIEW CODE IN YOUR BROWSER SCGI FOR FASTER Since 1994: The Original Magazine of the Linux Community WEB APPLICATIONS JUNE 2007 | ISSUE 158 OPENOFFICE.ORG RJS EXTENSIONS | Python Validate E-Mail LUA OVERVIEW | SCGI Addresses | OpenOffice.org in PHP | Database Comparison Interview with SUN’S CHIEF OPEN | Qt SOURCE OFFICER | PHP The Object Relational Mapping Quagmire JUNE www.linuxjournal.com USA $5.00 | CAN $6.50 2007 ISSUE 158 U|xaHBEIGy03102ozXv+:' + Qt 4.x Asynchronous Data Access Today, Jack confi gured a switch in London, rebooted servers in Sydney, and watched his team score the winning run in Cincinnati. With Avocent data center management solutions, the world can fi nally revolve around you. Avocent puts secure access and control right at your fi ngertips — from multi-platform servers to network routers, remote data centers to fi eld offi ces. You can manage everything from a single screen, from virtually anywhere. This means you can troubleshoot, reboot or upgrade your data center devices — just as if you were sitting in front of them. Avocent simplifi es your workday. What you do with the extra time is up to you. For information on improving data center performance, visit www.avocent.com/control Avocent, the Avocent logo and The Power of Being There are registered trademarks of Avocent Corporation. All other trademarks or company names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Copyright © 2007 Avocent Corporation. Today_BB2_Linux.indd 1 4/3/07 12:36:29 PM JUNE 2007 CONTENTS Issue 158 COVER STORY 46 Interview with Simon Phipps Why did Sun decide to GPL Java? Glyn Moody FEATURES 50 Programming Python, Part I 70 Christof Wittig and Ted Neward on Find out what the love for Python is about.
    [Show full text]
  • LINUX JOURNAL (ISSN 1075-3583) Is Published Monthly by Belltown Media, Inc., 2121 Sage Road, Ste
    Unicode | AIDE | Nexus 7 | Linux Worms | RPi | DevOps ™ SPONSORED BY Since 1994: The Original Magazine of the Linux Community JUNE 2013 | ISSUE 230 | www.linuxjournal.com WORKING WITH ANDROID USE MultiROM + to Multi-Boot A LOOK Your Nexus 7 AT WORMS AND LINUX CODE BUILD A REDUNDANT ON THE WEB CLUSTER RUN WITH RPi with AIDE A GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING for Android UNICODE OPINION: TEST 21ST CENTURY Your DEVOPS—AN END TO Android STATIC BUILD Implementation AND DEPLOY SCRIPTS How To: Get Started Mining Cryptocurrency LJ230-June2013.indd 1 5/23/13 6:01 PM Put Your Android App Under the Microscope with New Relic See what you’ve been missing. GET TOTAL VISIBILITY INTO YOUR ENTIRE APPLICATION IMPROVE PERFORMANCE & SPEED SPOT ADJUST YOUR CODE-LEVEL MONITORING ERRORS SETTINGS AND GET AS GRANULAR AS YOU NEED newrelic.com/android LJ230-June2013.indd 2 5/22/13 2:18 PM ,+, #! Father and son take their need for speed from the track to the data center. Is your current storage solution slowing down your Tier 1 applications? #%,, (, !!,#&, , ",'!#",&,##,"#!,!!,",!$,!,#(*",,, S ,##!,(#", ,) #', #!!,,$+,"#!,,'",#,!! ! $!#",,#(*",$""",&#$#,!"#!#,$"#!",#,(,!!#!(,!&! ,) #', #!!,,","+(,#!,#,#,#,"#!,! $!#",!,##!,#",, %!#$)#,$,$#, ,,"#&!+,"#!,!##$!",#,,!#,,#,"#,,(, "#!,%!" Take a ride on the zStax StorCore 104. Best-­in-­class storage, full of win. (, !! #%, !! SERVERS Expert included. LJ230-June2013.indd 3 5/22/13 2:18 PM JUNE 2013 CONTENTS ISSUE 230 ANDROID FEATURES 72 AIDE—Developing for Android on Android Code on the run, no matter where you are, with AIDE. Joey Bernard 88 Compatibility Test Suite—Test Your Android Implementation Test your Android implementation before you go to customers. Nitish Tiwari 98 Multi-Booting the Nexus 7 Tablet Stop flashing your device over and over just because you want to try something new.
    [Show full text]
  • Linux Journal | January 2011 | Issue
    HTML5 | VLAN | SOGo | LVM 2 | Swap Space | KVM | Clonezilla ™ CLONEZILLA High-Performance Open-Source Cloning SOGo a Real Exchange Replacement Since 1994: The Original MagazineSystem of the Linux Community Administration LVM2 Snapshots for Data Backup Manage KVM Build Your with Virtual Own SAN Machine with AoE Manager TurnYour Fault Linux Box Tolerance into a VLAN with Ethernet Smart Bonding Switch Configure JANUARY 2011 | ISSUE 201 Swap Space for www.linuxjournal.com $5.99US $5.99CAN Stability and 01 Performance 0 09281 03102 4 More TFLOPS, Fewer WATTS Microway delivers the fastest and greenest floating point throughput in history 2.5 TFLOPS Enhanced GPU Computing with Tesla Fermi 480 Core NVIDIA® Tesla™ Fermi GPUs deliver 1.2 TFLOP single precision & 600 GFLOP double precision performance! New Tesla C2050 adds 3GB ECC protected memory New Tesla C2070 adds 6GB ECC protected memory Tesla Pre-Configured Clusters with S2070 4 GPU servers WhisperStation - PSC with up to 4 Fermi GPUs OctoPuter™ with up to 8 Fermi GPUs and 144GB memory New Processors 12 Core AMD Opterons with quad channel DDR3 memory 8 Core Intel Xeons with quad channel DDR3 memory Superior bandwidth with faster, wider CPU memory busses Increased efficiency for memory-bound floating point algorithms Configure your next Cluster today! 10 TFLOPS 5 TFLOPS www.microway.com/quickquote 508-746-7341 FasTree™ QDR InfiniBand Switches and HCAs 45 TFLOPS 36 Port, 40 Gb/s, Low Cost Fabrics Compact, Scalable, Modular Architecture Ideal for Building Expandable Clusters and Fabrics MPI Link-Checker™ and InfiniScope™ Network Diagnostics FasTree 864 GB/sec Achieve the Optimal Fabric Design for your Specific Bi-sectional Bandwidth MPI Application with ProSim™ Fabric Simulator Now you can observe the real time communication coherency of your algorithms.
    [Show full text]