Cyril Toumanoff Resource
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The Orontids of Armenia by Cyril Toumanoff
The Orontids of Armenia by Cyril Toumanoff This study appears as part III of Toumanoff's Studies in Christian Caucasian History (Georgetown, 1963), pp. 277-354. An earlier version appeared in the journal Le Muséon 72(1959), pp. 1-36 and 73(1960), pp. 73-106. The Orontids of Armenia Bibliography, pp. 501-523 Maps appear as an attachment to the present document. This material is presented solely for non-commercial educational/research purposes. I 1. The genesis of the Armenian nation has been examined in an earlier Study.1 Its nucleus, succeeding to the role of the Yannic nucleus ot Urartu, was the 'proto-Armenian,T Hayasa-Phrygian, people-state,2 which at first oc- cupied only a small section of the former Urartian, or subsequent Armenian, territory. And it was, precisely, of the expansion of this people-state over that territory, and of its blending with the remaining Urartians and other proto- Caucasians that the Armenian nation was born. That expansion proceeded from the earliest proto-Armenian settlement in the basin of the Arsanias (East- ern Euphrates) up the Euphrates, to the valley of the upper Tigris, and espe- cially to that of the Araxes, which is the central Armenian plain.3 This expand- ing proto-Armenian nucleus formed a separate satrapy in the Iranian empire, while the rest of the inhabitants of the Armenian Plateau, both the remaining Urartians and other proto-Caucasians, were included in several other satrapies.* Between Herodotus's day and the year 401, when the Ten Thousand passed through it, the land of the proto-Armenians had become so enlarged as to form, in addition to the Satrapy of Armenia, also the trans-Euphratensian vice-Sa- trapy of West Armenia.5 This division subsisted in the Hellenistic phase, as that between Greater Armenia and Lesser Armenia. -
The Image of the Cumans in Medieval Chronicles
Caroline Gurevich THE IMAGE OF THE CUMANS IN MEDIEVAL CHRONICLES: OLD RUSSIAN AND GEORGIAN SOURCES IN THE TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH CENTURIES MA Thesis in Medieval Studies CEU eTD Collection Central European University Budapest May 2017 THE IMAGE OF THE CUMANS IN MEDIEVAL CHRONICLES: OLD RUSSIAN AND GEORGIAN SOURCES IN THE TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH CENTURIES by Caroline Gurevich (Russia) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ Chair, Examination Committee ____________________________________________ Thesis Supervisor ____________________________________________ Examiner ____________________________________________ CEU eTD Collection Examiner Budapest May 2017 THE IMAGE OF THE CUMANS IN MEDIEVAL CHRONICLES: OLD RUSSIAN AND GEORGIAN SOURCES IN THE TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH CENTURIES by Caroline Gurevich (Russia) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ External Reader CEU eTD Collection Budapest May 2017 THE IMAGE OF THE CUMANS IN MEDIEVAL CHRONICLES: OLD RUSSIAN AND GEORGIAN SOURCES IN THE TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH CENTURIES by Caroline Gurevich (Russia) Thesis -
Acceptance and Rejection of Foreign Influence in the Church Architecture of Eastern Georgia
The Churches of Mtskheta: Acceptance and Rejection of Foreign Influence in the Church Architecture of Eastern Georgia Samantha Johnson Senior Art History Thesis December 14, 2017 The small town of Mtskheta, located near Tbilisi, the capital of the Republic of Georgia, is the seat of the Georgian Orthodox Church and is the heart of Christianity in the country. This town, one of the oldest in the nation, was once the capital and has been a key player throughout Georgia’s tumultuous history, witnessing not only the nation’s conversion to Christianity, but also the devastation of foreign invasions. It also contains three churches that are national symbols and represent the two major waves of church building in the seventh and eleventh centuries. Georgia is, above all, a Christian nation and religion is central to its national identity. This paper examines the interaction between incoming foreign cultures and deeply-rooted local traditions that have shaped art and architecture in Transcaucasia.1 Nestled among the Caucasus Mountains, between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, present-day Georgia contains fewer than four million people and has its own unique alphabet and language as well as a long, complex history. In fact, historians cannot agree on how Georgia got its English exonym, because in the native tongue, kartulad, the country is called Sakartvelo, or “land of the karvelians.”2 They know that the name “Sakartvelo” first appeared in texts around 800 AD as another name for the eastern kingdom of Kartli in Transcaucasia. It then evolved to signify the unified eastern and western kingdoms in 1008.3 Most scholars agree that the name “Georgia” did not stem from the nation’s patron saint, George, as is commonly thought, but actually comes 1 This research addresses the multitude of influences that have contributed to the development of Georgia’s ecclesiastical architecture. -
Georgian Country and Culture Guide
Georgian Country and Culture Guide მშვიდობის კორპუსი საქართველოში Peace Corps Georgia 2017 Forward What you have in your hands right now is the collaborate effort of numerous Peace Corps Volunteers and staff, who researched, wrote and edited the entire book. The process began in the fall of 2011, when the Language and Cross-Culture component of Peace Corps Georgia launched a Georgian Country and Culture Guide project and PCVs from different regions volunteered to do research and gather information on their specific areas. After the initial information was gathered, the arduous process of merging the researched information began. Extensive editing followed and this is the end result. The book is accompanied by a CD with Georgian music and dance audio and video files. We hope that this book is both informative and useful for you during your service. Sincerely, The Culture Book Team Initial Researchers/Writers Culture Sara Bushman (Director Programming and Training, PC Staff, 2010-11) History Jack Brands (G11), Samantha Oliver (G10) Adjara Jen Geerlings (G10), Emily New (G10) Guria Michelle Anderl (G11), Goodloe Harman (G11), Conor Hartnett (G11), Kaitlin Schaefer (G10) Imereti Caitlin Lowery (G11) Kakheti Jack Brands (G11), Jana Price (G11), Danielle Roe (G10) Kvemo Kartli Anastasia Skoybedo (G11), Chase Johnson (G11) Samstkhe-Javakheti Sam Harris (G10) Tbilisi Keti Chikovani (Language and Cross-Culture Coordinator, PC Staff) Workplace Culture Kimberly Tramel (G11), Shannon Knudsen (G11), Tami Timmer (G11), Connie Ross (G11) Compilers/Final Editors Jack Brands (G11) Caitlin Lowery (G11) Conor Hartnett (G11) Emily New (G10) Keti Chikovani (Language and Cross-Culture Coordinator, PC Staff) Compilers of Audio and Video Files Keti Chikovani (Language and Cross-Culture Coordinator, PC Staff) Irakli Elizbarashvili (IT Specialist, PC Staff) Revised and updated by Tea Sakvarelidze (Language and Cross-Culture Coordinator) and Kakha Gordadze (Training Manager). -
Buildings in Their Patrons' Hands? the Multiform Function of Small Size
Transkulturelle Perspektiven 3/2014 - 1 - و Maria Cristina Carile Buildings in their patrons’ hands? The multiform function of small size models between Byzantium and Transcaucasia The representation of the church model in the hands order to understand the value of these models after of the church's patron or founder finds its roots in the the twelfth century – following the chronological frame arts of Late Antiquity. Since the sixth century, this mo- of this volume – it is important to determine their im- tif adorned church apses, as an image of offering to portance in Caucasian visual culture, first tracing the Christ or the Virgin. 1 Later, it became a strong iconic evolution of the donation image. This will help us to image conveying the role of the patron/founder in the evaluate the meaning of architectural models in the construction and his devotion, which was embodied changed historical context of the Transcaucasian in the model as well as in the building itself. As such, principalities between the late twelfth and the thir- the theme had particular fortune in medieval Rome teenth centuries, when architectural models on and spread to the East as far as the Caucasus. After church walls were enriched with new meanings. the Latin conquest of Constantinople during the fourth crusade (1204 AD), the motif was widely adopted in The first appearance of the motif in the Transcaucasi- the Balkans and in the territories in close contact with an area probably dates back to the sixth century. This Byzantium. 2 This paper will focus on church models is testified by a now-lost sculpted relief with the im- as a motif, reflecting on their spread and role in the age of a woman holding a church model, which may decoration of the external façades of the churches in have decorated the outer walls of the cathedral com- the Caucasus and, specifically, in the area of Trans- plex at Agarak (region of Ayrarat), formed by a fifth- or caucasia. -
Tbilisi As a Center of Crosscultural Interactions (The 19Th– Early 20Thcenturies)
Khazar Journal Of Humanities and Social Sciences Special Issue, 2018 ©Khazar University Press, 2018 DOI: 10.5782/kjhss.2018.233.252 Tbilisi as a Center of Crosscultural Interactions (The 19th– early 20thCenturies) Nino Chikovani Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia The city of Tbilisi – the capital of Georgia, during its long period of existence, has been an interesting place of meeting and interaction of different cultures. In this context, the present paper deals with one of the most interesting periods in the history of the city. From the beginning of the 19th century, when the establishment of the Russian imperial rule started in the Caucasus, Tbilisi became an official political center of the region; political and economic changes, occurring during the second half of the 19th century, significantly influenced ethnic and religious composition of Tbilisi, its cultural lifetime and mode of life in general. For centuries-long period, Tbilisi, like other big cities (how much big does not matter in this case), was not only the Georgian city in ethnic terms; but also, it represented a blend of different religious and ethnic groups. Not only in a distant past, but just a couple of decades ago, when the phenomenon of the so called ‘city yards’ (which are often called as ‘Italian yards’ and which have almost disappeared from the city landscape) still existed in Tbilisi, their residents spoke several languages fluently. Ethnically and religiously mixed families were not rare. Such type of cities, termed as Cosmo-policies by some researchers, has an ability to transform a visitor, at least temporarily, into a member of “in-group”, in our case – into Tbilisian. -
1 Tonoyan.Indd
Rising Armenian–Georgian Tensions and the Possibility of a New Ethnic Conflict in the South Caucasus Artyom Tonoyan Abstract: This article analyzes the recent geopolitical developments in Georgian and Armenian societies and the possibility of a new interstate conflict between the two nations. The article focuses on the role of internal and external political factors, such as the the integration of the Armenian minority in Georgia’s Javakheti region into the political processes and economic projects in that country; unresolved issues concerning the ownership of Armenian churches in Georgia; third-party geopolitical overtures in the region; and the role of new information technologies in social mobilization and political activism. The article finds that despite a centu- ries-old relationship between these two countries, the possibility of new con- flicts in the South Caucasus is, though small, not entirely out-of-the-question. Keywords: Armenia, Georgia, ethnic conflict, South Caucasus he South Caucasus region is in the news again, and not for good reasons. There have T been occasional bursts of headline-grabbing events in the Caucasus since the heyday of Gorbachev-era political reforms and following the collapse of the Soviet Union, many of them having to do with military confrontation between the region’s various ethnoreli- gious inhabitants. Considered the traditional domain of Russian economic, political and military influence, the South Caucasus has generally been absent from Western political and media analysis, but with the recent engagement of the United States and the Euro- Artyom Tonoyan is a doctoral candidate in Religion, Politics & Society in the J.M. Dawson Institute of Church-State Studies at Baylor University, where he also lectures on nationalism, ethnic conflict, and international human rights. -
CAUCASIA and the FIRST BYZANTINE COMMONWEALTH: CHRISTIANIZATION in the CONTEXT of REGIONAL COHERENCE an NCEEER Working Paper by Stephen H
CAUCASIA AND THE FIRST BYZANTINE COMMONWEALTH: CHRISTIANIZATION IN THE CONTEXT OF REGIONAL COHERENCE An NCEEER Working Paper by Stephen H. Rapp, Jr. Independent Scholar National Council for Eurasian and East European Research University of Washington Box 353650 Seattle, WA 98195 [email protected] http://www.nceeer.org/ TITLE VIII PROGRAM Project Information* Principal Investigator: Stephen H. Rapp, Jr. NCEEER Contract Number: 826-5g Date: January 19, 2012 Copyright Information Individual researchers retain the copyright on their work products derived from research funded through a contract or grant from the National Council for Eurasian and East European Research (NCEEER). However, the NCEEER and the United States Government have the right to duplicate and disseminate, in written and electronic form, reports submitted to NCEEER to fulfill Contract or Grant Agreements either (a) for NCEEER’s own internal use, or (b) for use by the United States Government, and as follows: (1) for further dissemination to domestic, international, and foreign governments, entities and/or individuals to serve official United States Government purposes or (2) for dissemination in accordance with the Freedom of Information Act or other law or policy of the United States Government granting the public access to documents held by the United States Government. Neither NCEEER nor the United States Government nor any recipient of this Report may use it for commercial sale. * The work leading to this report was supported in part by contract or grant funds provided by the National Council for Eurasian and East European Research, funds which were made available by the U.S. Department of State under Title VIII (The Soviet-East European Research and Training Act of 1983, as amended). -
Georgia (Country)
Georgia (country) This article is about the country. For the U.S. state, brief Russo-Georgian War in August 2008. see Georgia (U.S. state). For other uses, see Georgia Georgia is a member of the United Nations, the Council (disambiguation). of Europe, and the GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development. It contains two de facto in- Coordinates: 42°00′N 43°30′E / 42.000°N 43.500°E dependent regions, Abkhazia and South Ossetia, which Georgia ( i/ˈdʒɔːrdʒə/; Georgian: საქართველო, tr. gained limited international recognition after the 2008 Russo-Georgian War. Georgia and a major part of the Sakartvelo, IPA: [sɑkʰɑrtʰvɛlɔ]) is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads international community consider the regions to be part of Georgia’s sovereign territory under Russian military of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to [7] the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the occupation. south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. The capital and largest city is Tbilisi. Geor- gia covers a territory of 69,700 square kilometres (26,911 1 Etymology sq mi), and its 2016 population is about 3.72 million. Georgia is a unitary, semi-presidential republic, with the Main article: Name of Georgia (country) government elected through a representative democracy. “Georgia” probably stems from the Persian designation During the classical era, several independent kingdoms became established in what is now Georgia. The king- doms of Colchis and Iberia adopted Christianity in the early 4th century. A unified Kingdom of Georgia reached the peak of its political and economic strength during the reign of King David IV and Queen Tamar in the 12th and early 13th centuries. -
OPENING of NEW WING New Possibilities”
ARARAT HYE LIGHTS A Publication of Ararat Home of Los Angeles, Inc. ® Summer 2018 “Building on GALA CELEBRATES Our Successes to Reach OPENING OF NEW WING New Possibilities” he new wing of Ararat Assisted Living Facility is complete and officially open! this milestone marks an achievement that has been built on the successes of the Home’s nearly t70 year history. For seven decades, the generous support and dedicated work of countless individuals has carried the vision of the Home’s founders to ever-increasing heights. And, with the opening of this 44-room, 56-person-capacity new wing, Ararat Home reaches higher in its service to meet the growing needs of our community. By providing quality care in a loving, peaceful, uniquely Armenian, home-like environment to a greater number of our elderly, Ararat Home offers a greater number of families peace of mind in knowing that their loved ones are safe and living with dignity and comfort. to celebrate this achievement, the Ararat Home family came together on August 4th in deukmejian grand Ballroom for the opening gala – an elegant and jovial evening aended by sponsors, supporters, friends, residents and staff members. Residents escorted into the ballroom by staff members IN THIS ISSUE gala Celebrates opening of new Wing . 1 even More Possibilities are on the Horizon . 3 nursing Facility earns Prestigious national Award . 3 new Acquisition enriches AeM’s Research Library . 4 Save the dates . 4 ContInued on PAge 2 >> GALA CELEBRATES OPENING OF NEW WING Building Commiee Chair Nazar Ashjian Board Chair Master of Ceremonies Michael Surmeian David Mgrublian Chief Operating Officer ALF Administrator Derik Ghookasian Rita Noravian 2 To view more photos from the event, please visit www.ararathome.org . -
The Mamikonids and the Liparitids (Journal Article)
THE MAMIKONIDS AND THE LIPAR1TIDS Two important Caucasian princely houses, playing a decisive role in Armenian history, claimed imperial Chinese origin: the Mamikonids and the Lipa r itids. This legendary claim was, as we now realize, quite erroneous; and we, moreover, know how it originated. The Mamikonids were immemorial dynasts of the Armeno-Georgian march of Tayk or Tao, appearing for the first time in history with Man- caeus, one of the war-lords of Tigranes the Great, King of Armenia (95-56 B. C). They held the hereditary o f iice of High Constable of Ar- menia; reigned, in addition to Tayk, in a half of Taron (centred at Oia- kan); and acquired, through the marriage in the f ifth century with the heiress of the patriarchal Gregorids, the latter's principalities: the other half of Taron (centred at AJtiSat), Bagravandene, and Acilisene. The Mamikonids were among the greatest Armenian princes and their role in the history of Armenia and, also, of the Eastern Empire is too well known to require comment. The eighth century, as a result especially ushered of the unsuccessful insurrection against the Caliph in 771-772, in an era of decline for the dynasty. Most of their principalities were lost , chiefly to the rival house of the Bagratids, but they managed to retain the sovereignty of the south-western part of Taron until the end of the twelfth century '. The Liparitids made their appearance in southern Georgia (in Lower Ibe r ia) in the second half of the ninth century, as dynasts of Trialeti, with the stronghold of Klde-Kami, and then acquired a great number of ducal fiefs. -
The Five-Day Russia-Georgia War: Origins and Interpretations
The Five-Day Russia-Georgia War: Origins and Interpretations A thesis submitted to the Miami University Scholars Program in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Scholars Certificate. by Andrew James Welbaum Miami University Oxford, Ohio 2009 ii ABSTRACT THE FIVE-DAY RUSSIA-GEORGIA WAR: ORIGINS AND INTERPRETATIONS by Andrew J. Welbaum The 2008 Russia-Georgia War was a significant geopolitical event that refocused the world‟s attention on an oft-forgotten region of the world. After the fall of the Soviet Union, the Caucasus has become more important for security and economic reasons, leading to a growth of external involvement in the region. The competition for influence is especially intense between the West and a resurgent Russia. Ever since the early 2000s, Georgia has re-aligned itself away from its historical sponsor toward the United States and Europe. This new orientation, in particular Georgia‟s desire to become a full-fledged member of the NATO alliance, is very disconcerting to the Kremlin, which views the region as its traditional “backyard.” Thus, as the West has increased its presence in the Caucasus, Russian interference has intensified. The ensuing geopolitical jostle was a consequential factor in the August 2008 conflict between Russia, Georgia and the separatist enclaves of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. While the Five-Day War in early August 2008 gripped the world‟s attention, its origins are obscure. South Ossetia and Abkhazia, two restive regions that actively sought independence from Georgia after the Soviet Union‟s disintegration, have played a pivotal role in the deterioration of Russian-Georgian relations.