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Sustainable Transportation in Al-Buraimi, Oman

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Sustainable Transportation in Al-Buraimi, Oman Sustainable Transportation in Al Buraimi, Sultanate of Oman. Analysis and Concepts for the city of Al Buraimi Moving towards a more sustainable transportation mode Thesis by: Pedro Becerra Rodriguez (Student Number: 0360189) Supervision by: Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Prof. Sonja Nebel, TU Berlin Technische Universität Berlin Fak VI Habitat Unit Urban Management Master Program 2013/2015 Berlin, Germany Colfuturo Scholarship Holder 2013 I Sustainable Transportation in Al-Buraimi, Sultanate of Oman Analysis and concepts for the city of Al-Buraimi Moving towards a more sustainable transportation mode Thesis by: Pedro Becerra Rodriguez (Student Number: 0360189) Supervision by: Prof. Dr. Sonja Nebel, TU Berlin Berlin, Germany 2015 In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Urban Management Technische Universität Berlin Fak VI Habitat Unit Urban Management Master Program 2013/2015 Berlin, Germany Cover Image by the Author. Berlin, December 2014. Colfuturo Scholarship Holder 2013 II STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICITY OF MATERIAL This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any institution and to the best of my knowledge and belief, the research contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text of the thesis. Pedro Becerra Rodriguez Berlin, the 31st of January 2015 Colfuturo Scholarship Holder 2013 III ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to thank the Governorate of Al Buraimi for the opportunity to carry out this research in Oman. Special thanks to His Excellency the Governor of Al Buraimi, Mr. Sayyid Ibrahim Bin al Busaidy, and the Municipal Councillor Mr. Mohammed Al Baddi. I am also highly thankful to Dr. Hamad Al Gharibi, Head of the Urban Planning Section of the Ministry of Housing in Al Buraimi, for his support during the field trip to Oman. I also want to thank all of the people that I met and interviewed during the field work for their valuable time and cooperation. I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. Sonja Nebel for her valuable guidance and strong support with the supervision of this study. I also thank the administrative staff of the Urban Management Master Programme of TU Berlin. Lastly, I would like to thank Colfuturo (Fundación para el futuro de Colombia) and my parents for its support during this period of studies. Colfuturo Scholarship Holder 2013 IV ABSTRACT The city of Al Buraimi, located in the northwest of the Sultanate of Oman, has experienced a rapid urban growth characterized by patchy and unsustainable development over the last years. As a result of this process, the city is facing challenges in different dimensions of the urban structure. One of these problems is transportation, which is automobile dependent and road based. Additionally, Al Buraimi presents segregated land use patterns, low densities, reduced travel choices, considerable occupation of land for car facilities and high accidents rates, among other issues. Thus, the increasing transportation needs may lead to social, environmental and economical problems. On the other hand, the transportation planning process is characterized by a lack of coordination among institutions and shortage of vision. Car dependency can be attributed to different reasons; firstly, the national transportation policy and legal framework are focused on roads development. Secondly, prices of cars and oil are relatively affordable in the Sultanate, and there is a car culture based on foreign auto models. Furthermore, the current strong top down approach does not facilitate the instruments necessary to implement a sustainable mode of transportation. A more balanced transportation system achieved via a more holistic, coordinated, and inclusive planning approach would provide many benefits to the city. This research project firstly has the aim of analyzing the current transportation system in Al Buraimi, by comparing its performance with theoretical principles, concepts and definitions of sustainable transportation. Afterwards, this study intends to provide proposals which are based on criteria and concepts to switch into a more balanced/sustainable transportation mode in Al Buraimi. Colfuturo Scholarship Holder 2013 V TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICITY OF MATERIAL ............................................ III ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................... IV ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... V TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................... VII LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... IX LIST OF BOXES ................................................................................................. IX LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................. IX ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................... XII 1. REVIEW OF AL BURAIMI .............................................................................. 12 1.1. Geographical Location ............................................................................. 12 1.2. History ...................................................................................................... 13 1.3. Population ................................................................................................ 15 1.4. Economy .................................................................................................. 16 2. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 18 2.1. Al Buraimi urban development process .................................................... 18 2.2. Current mode of transportation in Al-Buraimi ........................................... 22 2.3. Impacts of road based mode of transportation ......................................... 24 2.3.1. Social Impacts ................................................................................... 24 2.3.2. Environmental Impacts ...................................................................... 25 2.3.3. Economical Impacts ........................................................................... 26 3. METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................... 28 3.1. Rational for Study ..................................................................................... 28 3.2. Research Objectives ................................................................................ 29 3.3. Research Question ................................................................................... 30 3.4. Secondary Questions ............................................................................... 30 3.5. Project Phases ...................................................................................... 31 3.6. Techniques for Research ......................................................................... 33 3.6.1. Semi -Structured Interviews ............................................................... 33 3.6.2. Community Questionnaires ................................................................ 34 3.6.3. Direct Observation ............................................................................. 34 3.7. Limitations ................................................................................................ 35 3.6. Expected Outcomes ................................................................................. 36 4. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ..................................................................... 38 4.1. Literature Review ..................................................................................... 38 4.1.1. Sustainable Urban Development ....................................................... 38 4.1.2. Literature review on Sustainable Transportation ................................ 39 4.1.3. Transportation Planning ..................................................................... 41 4.1.4. Land Use Planning – Transportation ................................................. 44 4.2. Hypothesis ............................................................................................................................... 46 Colfuturo Scholarship Holder 2013 VI 5. TRANSPORTATION GOVERNANCE IN AL BURAIMI ................................. 47 5.1. Government Institutions Involved ............................................................. 47 5.2. Transportation Planning Procedure .......................................................... 49 5.3. Laws, Regulations and Strategies ............................................................ 51 5.3.1. Oman Highway Design Manual Standards ........................................ 52 5.3.2. Omani Environmental Regulations .................................................... 53 5.3.3. Oman Planning Guidelines ................................................................ 53 5.3.4. Development Control Plan Framework .............................................. 54 5.5.5. Oman National Spatial Strategy ......................................................... 54 5.4. Transportation Planning Issues ................................................................ 56 5.4.1 Governance / Procedures ................................................................... 56 5.4.2. Legal
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