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Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation to Rewrite The
Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation to Rewrite the Genetic Code and RNA-peptide Interactions Thesis by Xin Qi In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 2005 (Defended May 19, 2005) ii © 2005 Xin Qi All Rights Reserved iii Acknowledgments I like to sincerely thank my advisor, Dr. Richard W. Roberts, for his great mentorship over the course of my graduate career here at Caltech. This thesis would have not been possible without his tremendous scientific vision and a great deal of guidance. I am also in debt to Dr. Peter Dervan, Dr. Robert Grubbs, and Dr. Stephen Mayo, who serve on my thesis committee. They have provided very valuable help along the way that kept me on track in the pursuit of my degree. I have been so fortunate to have been working with a number of fantastic colleagues in Roberts’ group. Particularly, I want express my gratitude toward Shelley R. Starck, with whom I had a productive collaboration on one of my projects. Members of Roberts group, including Shuwei Li, Terry Takahashi, Ryan J. Austin, Bill Ja, Steve Millward, Christine Ueda, Adam Frankel, and Anders Olson, all have given me a great deal of help on a number of occasions in my research, and they are truly fun people to work with. I also like to thank our secretary, Margot Hoyt, for her support during my time at Caltech. I have also collaborated with people from other laboratories, e.g., Dr. Cory Hu from Prof. Varshavsky’s group, and it has been a positive experience to have a nature paper together. -
The Functional Structure Convergence of China's Coastal Ports
sustainability Article The Functional Structure Convergence of China’s Coastal Ports Wei Wang 1,2,3, Chengjin Wang 1,* and Fengjun Jin 1 1 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China; [email protected] (W.W.); [email protected] (F.J.) 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3 School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 6 September 2017; Accepted: 23 November 2017; Published: 28 November 2017 Abstract: Functional structure is an important part of a port system, and can reflect the resource endowments and economic development needs of the hinterland. In this study, we investigated the transportation function of coastal ports in China from the perspective of cargo structure using a similarity coefficient. Our research considered both adjacent ports and hub ports. We found that the transportation function of some adjacent ports was very similar in terms of outbound structure (e.g., Qinhuangdao and Huanghua) and inbound structure (e.g., Huanghua and Tangshan). Ports around Bohai Bay and the port group in the Yangtze River Delta were the most competitive areas in terms of outbound and inbound structure, respectively. The major contributors to port similarity in different regions varied geographically due to the different market demands and cargo supplies. For adjacent ports, the functional convergence of inbound structure was more serious than the outbound. The convergence between hub ports was more serious than between adjacent ports in terms of both outbound and inbound structure. The average similarity coefficients displayed an increasing trend over time. -
Appendix 1: Rank of China's 338 Prefecture-Level Cities
Appendix 1: Rank of China’s 338 Prefecture-Level Cities © The Author(s) 2018 149 Y. Zheng, K. Deng, State Failure and Distorted Urbanisation in Post-Mao’s China, 1993–2012, Palgrave Studies in Economic History, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92168-6 150 First-tier cities (4) Beijing Shanghai Guangzhou Shenzhen First-tier cities-to-be (15) Chengdu Hangzhou Wuhan Nanjing Chongqing Tianjin Suzhou苏州 Appendix Rank 1: of China’s 338 Prefecture-Level Cities Xi’an Changsha Shenyang Qingdao Zhengzhou Dalian Dongguan Ningbo Second-tier cities (30) Xiamen Fuzhou福州 Wuxi Hefei Kunming Harbin Jinan Foshan Changchun Wenzhou Shijiazhuang Nanning Changzhou Quanzhou Nanchang Guiyang Taiyuan Jinhua Zhuhai Huizhou Xuzhou Yantai Jiaxing Nantong Urumqi Shaoxing Zhongshan Taizhou Lanzhou Haikou Third-tier cities (70) Weifang Baoding Zhenjiang Yangzhou Guilin Tangshan Sanya Huhehot Langfang Luoyang Weihai Yangcheng Linyi Jiangmen Taizhou Zhangzhou Handan Jining Wuhu Zibo Yinchuan Liuzhou Mianyang Zhanjiang Anshan Huzhou Shantou Nanping Ganzhou Daqing Yichang Baotou Xianyang Qinhuangdao Lianyungang Zhuzhou Putian Jilin Huai’an Zhaoqing Ningde Hengyang Dandong Lijiang Jieyang Sanming Zhoushan Xiaogan Qiqihar Jiujiang Longyan Cangzhou Fushun Xiangyang Shangrao Yingkou Bengbu Lishui Yueyang Qingyuan Jingzhou Taian Quzhou Panjin Dongying Nanyang Ma’anshan Nanchong Xining Yanbian prefecture Fourth-tier cities (90) Leshan Xiangtan Zunyi Suqian Xinxiang Xinyang Chuzhou Jinzhou Chaozhou Huanggang Kaifeng Deyang Dezhou Meizhou Ordos Xingtai Maoming Jingdezhen Shaoguan -
Five Phases Belief in Chu 楚: Sacrificing White Dogs to Save The
Name: Xueying Kong Department: East Asian Languages and Literatures 30th Hayes Graduate Research Forum (February, 2016) Five Phases Belief in Chu 楚: Sacrificing White Dogs to Save the Kingdom? Abstract: This paper is a corpus-based study on excavated bamboo-slip inscriptions from Chu state around 700 BCE. -300 BCE. It examines in detail a particular sacrifice made of white dogs and the historical and religious contexts for this ritual. The results show that this occult practice was performed as part of the five-god ritual system of Chu state. In the ritual Chu people singled out white dogs as appropriate sacrifice because in their belief, the energy flow from white dogs were able to destroy Chu state. The whole idea was based on the Five Phases theory, which served as a logical foundation for many cultural practices and social custom in early China. Key words: White dog sacrifice, five phases theory, Chu Bamboo-slip Inscriptions, five-god ritual system Introduction “Offering on the road a white dog, wine, and food as sacrifice,” reads a bamboo strip from Chu state (770BCE.-223 BCE.) in ancient China. 1 The same sentence or sentence structure with a dog (usually white) in it, recurs frequently in other bamboo slips from this time. For example, on bamboo slip No. 229 from Bao-shan Mountain, it reads: “making a sacrifice with a white dog, wine, and food” (Figure 2). Bamboo slip No. 233 says: “making sacrifice with a white dog, wine and food, killing the white dog at the main gate” (Figure 3). Bamboo-slip inscriptions (hereafter BSI) are one of the earliest types of written Chinese.2 From the beginning of 20th century, BSI have been unearthed from multiple ancient tombs, creating successive archeological sensations in China. -
The Analects of Confucius
The analecTs of confucius An Online Teaching Translation 2015 (Version 2.21) R. Eno © 2003, 2012, 2015 Robert Eno This online translation is made freely available for use in not for profit educational settings and for personal use. For other purposes, apart from fair use, copyright is not waived. Open access to this translation is provided, without charge, at http://hdl.handle.net/2022/23420 Also available as open access translations of the Four Books Mencius: An Online Teaching Translation http://hdl.handle.net/2022/23421 Mencius: Translation, Notes, and Commentary http://hdl.handle.net/2022/23423 The Great Learning and The Doctrine of the Mean: An Online Teaching Translation http://hdl.handle.net/2022/23422 The Great Learning and The Doctrine of the Mean: Translation, Notes, and Commentary http://hdl.handle.net/2022/23424 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION i MAPS x BOOK I 1 BOOK II 5 BOOK III 9 BOOK IV 14 BOOK V 18 BOOK VI 24 BOOK VII 30 BOOK VIII 36 BOOK IX 40 BOOK X 46 BOOK XI 52 BOOK XII 59 BOOK XIII 66 BOOK XIV 73 BOOK XV 82 BOOK XVI 89 BOOK XVII 94 BOOK XVIII 100 BOOK XIX 104 BOOK XX 109 Appendix 1: Major Disciples 112 Appendix 2: Glossary 116 Appendix 3: Analysis of Book VIII 122 Appendix 4: Manuscript Evidence 131 About the title page The title page illustration reproduces a leaf from a medieval hand copy of the Analects, dated 890 CE, recovered from an archaeological dig at Dunhuang, in the Western desert regions of China. The manuscript has been determined to be a school boy’s hand copy, complete with errors, and it reproduces not only the text (which appears in large characters), but also an early commentary (small, double-column characters). -
China's Fear of Contagion
China’s Fear of Contagion China’s Fear of M.E. Sarotte Contagion Tiananmen Square and the Power of the European Example For the leaders of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), erasing the memory of the June 4, 1989, Tiananmen Square massacre remains a full-time job. The party aggressively monitors and restricts media and internet commentary about the event. As Sinologist Jean-Philippe Béja has put it, during the last two decades it has not been possible “even so much as to mention the conjoined Chinese characters for 6 and 4” in web searches, so dissident postings refer instead to the imagi- nary date of May 35.1 Party censors make it “inconceivable for scholars to ac- cess Chinese archival sources” on Tiananmen, according to historian Chen Jian, and do not permit schoolchildren to study the topic; 1989 remains a “‘for- bidden zone’ in the press, scholarship, and classroom teaching.”2 The party still detains some of those who took part in the protest and does not allow oth- ers to leave the country.3 And every June 4, the CCP seeks to prevent any form of remembrance with detentions and a show of force by the pervasive Chinese security apparatus. The result, according to expert Perry Link, is that in to- M.E. Sarotte, the author of 1989: The Struggle to Create Post–Cold War Europe, is Professor of History and of International Relations at the University of Southern California. The author wishes to thank Harvard University’s Center for European Studies, the Humboldt Foundation, the Institute for Advanced Study, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the University of Southern California for ªnancial and institutional support; Joseph Torigian for invaluable criticism, research assistance, and Chinese translation; Qian Qichen for a conversation on PRC-U.S. -
Argus China Petroleum News and Analysis on Oil Markets, Policy and Infrastructure
Argus China Petroleum News and analysis on oil markets, policy and infrastructure Volume XII, 1 | January 2018 Yuan for the road EDITORIAL: Regional gasoline The desire to avoid tax has been a far more significant factor underlying imports markets are so far unmoved by a of mixed aromatics than China’s octane deficit. potential fall in Chinese exports The government has announced plans to make it impossible to buy or sell owing to stricter tax enforcement gasoline without producing a complete invoice chain showing that consumption tax has been paid, from 1 March. And gasoline refining margins shot to nearly $20/bl, their highest since mid-2015. Of course, Beijing has tried to stamp out tax evasion in the gasoline market many times before. But, if successful, this poses Mixed aromatics imports 2017 an existential threat — to trading companies and the blending firms that use ’000 b/d Mideast mixed aromatics to produce gasoline outside the refining system, largely avoiding US Gulf 4.39 the Yn2,722/t ($51/bl) tax collected on gasoline produced by refineries. Around 22.59 300,000 b/d of gasoline is produced this way. And that has caused the surplus that forces state-owned firms to market their costlier fuel overseas. Europe But there is little panic outside south China, where most blending takes place. 77.69 The Singapore market is discounting any threat that a crackdown on tax avoidance might choke off Chinese exports — gasoline crack spreads fell this month. China’s prices are now above those in Singapore, yet its gasoline exports show no sign of letting up. -
Proof of Investors' Binding Borrowing Constraint Appendix 2: System Of
Appendix 1: Proof of Investors’ Binding Borrowing Constraint PROOF: Use the Kuhn-Tucker condition to check whether the collateral constraint is binding. We have h I RI I mt[mt pt ht + ht − bt ] = 0 If (11) is not binding, then mt = 0: We can write the investor’s FOC Equation (18) as: I I I I h I I I I i Ut;cI ct ;ht ;nt = bIEt (1 + it)Ut+1;cI ct+1;ht+1;nt+1 (42) At steady state, we have bI (1 + i) = 1 However from (6); we know bR (1 + i) = 1 at steady state. With parameter restrictions that bR > bI; therefore bI (1 + i) < 1; contradiction. Therefore we cannot have mt = 0: Therefore, mt > 0; and I h I RI thus we have bt = mt pt ht + ht : Q.E.D. Appendix 2: System of Steady-State Conditions This appendix lays out the system of equilibrium conditions in steady state. Y cR + prhR = + idR (43) N R R R r R R R UhR c ;h = pt UcR c ;h (44) R R R R R R UnR c ;h = −WUcR c ;h (45) 1 = bR(1 + i) (46) Y cI + phd hI + hRI + ibI = + I + prhRI (47) t N I I I h I I I h [1 − bI (1 − d)]UcI c ;h p = UhI c ;h + mmp (48) I I I h I I I r h [1 − bI (1 − d)]UcI c ;h p = UcI c ;h p + mmp (49) I I I [1 − bI (1 + i)]UcI c ;h = m (50) bI = mphhI (51) 26 ©International Monetary Fund. -
Ssu K'u Ch'üan Shu, Its Continuing Series and Selections, and Their Acquisitions in North America
Journal of East Asian Libraries Volume 1998 Number 116 Article 5 10-1-1998 Ssu k'u ch'üan shu, Its Continuing Series and Selections, and Their Acquisitions in North America Guoqing Li Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/jeal BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Li, Guoqing (1998) "Ssu k'u ch'üan shu, Its Continuing Series and Selections, and Their Acquisitions in North America," Journal of East Asian Libraries: Vol. 1998 : No. 116 , Article 5. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/jeal/vol1998/iss116/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of East Asian Libraries by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. SSUKUssukvchuanshuch17anshu continuing SERIES selections acquisitions NORTH AMERICAAMIERICA guoguoqingqing li ohio state university ssu kuvu chuan shu great source cainaschinas literary cultural tradition compilation ssu vuk u ch gianfianuan shu Q jfsjsjisjib complete library four categories greatest event cainaschinas publishing history 3800 chinese scholars worked ten years 177217811772 1781 project undertaken order emperor chien lung 13254 titles collected country valuable titles 3461 total selected ssu kuvu chlianchfianch uan shu 6793 titles left Ts un mu 4-9 political reasons 3000 titles rejecterejectedd destroyed either totally partially mainly political reasons 1 see chart 1 chart I1 ssu kuvu collections -
Achieving High Coverage for Floating-Point Code Via Unconstrained Programming
Achieving High Coverage for Floating-Point Code via Unconstrained Programming Zhoulai Fu Zhendong Su University of California, Davis, USA [email protected] [email protected] Abstract have driven the research community to develop a spectrum Achieving high code coverage is essential in testing, which of automated testing techniques for achieving high code gives us confidence in code quality. Testing floating-point coverage. code usually requires painstaking efforts in handling floating- A significant challenge in coverage-based testing lies in point constraints, e.g., in symbolic execution. This paper turns the testing of numerical code, e.g., programs with floating- the challenge of testing floating-point code into the oppor- point arithmetic, non-linear variable relations, or external tunity of applying unconstrained programming — the math- function calls, such as logarithmic and trigonometric func- ematical solution for calculating function minimum points tions. Existing solutions include random testing [14, 23], over the entire search space. Our core insight is to derive a symbolic execution [17, 24], and various search-based strate- representing function from the floating-point program, any of gies [12, 25, 28, 31], which have found their way into many whose minimum points is a test input guaranteed to exercise mature implementations [16, 39]. Random testing is easy to a new branch of the tested program. This guarantee allows employ and fast, but ineffective in finding deep semantic is- us to achieve high coverage of the floating-point program by sues and handling large input spaces; symbolic execution and repeatedly minimizing the representing function. its variants can perform systematic path exploration, but suf- We have realized this approach in a tool called CoverMe fer from path explosion and are weak in dealing with complex and conducted an extensive evaluation of it on Sun’s C math program logic involving numerical constraints. -
(And Misreading) the Draft Constitution in China, 1954
Textual Anxiety Reading (and Misreading) the Draft Constitution in China, 1954 ✣ Neil J. Diamant and Feng Xiaocai In 1927, Mao Zedong famously wrote that a revolution is “not the same as inviting people to dinner” and is instead “an act of violence whereby one class overthrows the authority of another.” From the establishment of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949 until Mao’s death in 1976, his revolutionary vision became woven into the fabric of everyday life, but few years were as violent as the early 1950s.1 Rushing to consolidate power after finally defeating the Nationalist Party (Kuomintang, or KMT) in a decades- long power struggle, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) threatened the lives and livelihood of millions. During the Land Reform Campaign (1948– 1953), landowners, “local tyrants,” and wealthier villagers were targeted for repression. In the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries in 1951, the CCP attacked former KMT activists, secret society and gang members, and various “enemy agents.”2 That same year, university faculty and secondary school teachers were forced into “thought reform” meetings, and businessmen were harshly investigated during the “Five Antis” Campaign in 1952.3 1. See Mao’s “Report of an Investigation into the Peasant Movement in Hunan,” in Stuart Schram, ed., The Political Thought of Mao Tse-tung (New York: Praeger, 1969), pp. 252–253. Although the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) was extremely violent, the death toll, estimated at roughly 1.5 million, paled in comparison to that of the early 1950s. The nearest competitor is 1958–1959, during the Great Leap Forward. -
The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2012 Dynamics of Disintegration: The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier Wai Kit Wicky Tse University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Asian History Commons, Asian Studies Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Tse, Wai Kit Wicky, "Dynamics of Disintegration: The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier" (2012). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 589. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/589 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/589 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Dynamics of Disintegration: The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier Abstract As a frontier region of the Qin-Han (221BCE-220CE) empire, the northwest was a new territory to the Chinese realm. Until the Later Han (25-220CE) times, some portions of the northwestern region had only been part of imperial soil for one hundred years. Its coalescence into the Chinese empire was a product of long-term expansion and conquest, which arguably defined the egionr 's military nature. Furthermore, in the harsh natural environment of the region, only tough people could survive, and unsurprisingly, the region fostered vigorous warriors. Mixed culture and multi-ethnicity featured prominently in this highly militarized frontier society, which contrasted sharply with the imperial center that promoted unified cultural values and stood in the way of a greater degree of transregional integration. As this project shows, it was the northwesterners who went through a process of political peripheralization during the Later Han times played a harbinger role of the disintegration of the empire and eventually led to the breakdown of the early imperial system in Chinese history.