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Diplomarbeit / Diploma Thesis DIPLOMARBEIT / DIPLOMA THESIS Titel der Diplomarbeit / Title of the Diploma Thesis „Norway and Sweden: Similarities and differences in protected area policy with a focus on international demand and domestic protection politics“ verfasst von / submitted by Annette Huber angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Magistra der Naturwissenschaften (Mag. rer. nat.) Wien, 2017 / Vienna, 2017 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 190 344 456 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt / Lehramtsstudium Geographie und Wirtschaftskunde degree programme as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: ao. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Norbert Weixlbaumer Eidesstaatliche Erklärung Hiermit versichere ich, dass ich die vorliegende Diplomarbeit selbstständig verfasst, andere als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel nicht benutzt und mich auch sonst keiner unerlaubter Hilfe bedient habe, dass ich dieses Diplomarbeitsthema bisher weder im In- noch im Ausland in irgendeiner Form als Prüfungsarbeit vorgelegt habe und dass diese Arbeit mit der vom Begutachter beurteilten Arbeit vollständig übereinstimmt. ……………………………………… Wien, Mai 2017 Acknowledgment First of all, I would like to express great gratitude to my supervisor, ao. Univ. – Prof. Dr. Norbert Weixlbaumer, who supported the whole process of creating this diploma thesis enthusiastically, from the first interview to the last paragraph. Furthermore, special thanks go to my interview partners in Norway and Sweden, who did not hesitate to meet me for long conversations and who donated their precious time to me, even during summer holidays. Additionally, this thesis could not have been created without my supportive partner, Thomas Scherz, not only because of his endless encouragement during the writing process, but especially due to his support touring through Scandinavia for weeks, visiting numerous National Park Centers. Last but not least, I would like to thank my parents for their support, who made my trips to Scandinavia possible, and who assisted me throughout my entire studies. Abstract Since the beginnings of nature protection, the Scandinavian neighboring countries, Norway and Sweden, have continuously been trying to harmonize the protection of environmental concerns, with the interests and rights of user groups. While in both countries nature protection policy has traditionally been centralized, in recent years, one could observe a significant shift towards decentralized management strategies. However, these new bottom-up approaches manifested differently in Norway and Sweden. While Sweden has started to establish partnership models in newly founded national parks, Norway’s policy underwent substantial changes in 2009, due to a major reform, the Nature Diversity Act. Consequently, this thesis investigates and compares how successful the neighboring countries have been in implementing the new strategies. Thereby, a special focus is being put on the four newly established national parks, Kosterhavets Marina National Park and Fulufjället National Park in Sweden as well as Ytre Hvaler National Park and the Norwegian Expansion of Fulufjället National Park in Norway. Furthermore, also Hardangervidda National Park is being investigated, as it is Norway’s largest National Park in size. The investigation is not only based on an extensive literature analysis, but moreover, on an empirical local research in all national parks listed. Due to the fact that the national parks under analysis are situated in close borderline proximity to one another, a further research focus is being put on investigating, in how far there are transboundary management strategies to be found between Norway and Sweden. The results have shown that – despite the fact that recent years have exhibited remarkable improvements – both countries have so far not been extraordinarily successful in combining protection and use. Furthermore, neither the adjacent Kosterhavets Marine National Parks, nor National Parks in the Fulufjället borderline area, might be labeled as ‘transboundary national parks’ yet. Zusammenfassung Seit den Anfängen des Naturschutzes, haben die benachbarten skandinavischen Länder, Norwegen und Schweden, stets versucht, die Anliegen der Naturschutzpolitik mit den Interessen der Nutzergruppen in Einklang zu bringen. Ursprünglich war die Naturschutzpolitik in beiden Ländern zentralisiert und lag völlig im Aufgabenbereich des Staates. Die letzten Jahre haben allerdings eine signifikante Wende, hin zu dezentralisierten Managementstrategien, in beiden Ländern gebracht, die sich allerdings auf unterschiedliche Weise manifestiert haben. Während Schweden begonnen hat, partnerschaftliche Managementmodelle zu etablieren, hat sich die Naturschutzpolitik Norwegens durch eine grundlegende Reform im Jahr 2009 nachhaltig verändert. Diese Arbeit stellt daher einen Vergleich zwischen den beiden Ländern an und zielt darauf ab herauszufinden, wie erfolgreich sie die neuen Strategien umgesetzt haben. Dabei wird ein spezieller Fokus auf folgende neu- begründete Nationalparks gelegt: Kosterhavets Nationalpark und Fulufjället Nationalpark in Schweden, sowie Ytre Hvaler Nationalpark und die norwegische Erweiterung des Fulufjället Nationalparks in Norwegen. Des Weiteren wird auch der Hardangervidda Nationalpark aufgrund seiner flächenmäßig großen Ausdehnung näher beleuchtet. Die Basis für nachfolgende lokale Recherchen in den genannten Nationalparks, bildet eine tiefgreifende Analyse bereits bestehender literarischer Erkenntnisse. Die Tatsache, dass die Nationalparks, die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit untersucht werden, im Grenzgebiet zwischen Norwegen und Schweden liegen, rechtfertigt darüber hinaus, das Augenmerk auf einen weiteren Forschungsaspekt zu legen, und zwar wie weit grenzüberschreitende Management-Kooperationen zwischen Norwegen und Schweden bestehen. Die Ergebnisse haben gezeigt, dass trotz bemerkenswerter Verbesserungen im Laufe der letzten Jahre, beide Länder bislang keine außergewöhnlich großen Erfolge in der Beilegung des ‚Schützen-Nützen Konfliktes‘ erzielen konnten. Darüber hinaus ist es bisher weder im Koster Archipel Lago, noch in den Gebieten der Fulufjället Parks, gelungen, die Managementsysteme der Parke zu vereinheitlichen und es kann bisher kaum von ‚grenzüberschreitender Zusammenarbeit‘ gesprochen werden. Table of Contents 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 2 Historical Overview .............................................................................................. 3 2.1 Development of protected area management in Sweden .............................. 5 2.2 Development of protected area management in Norway ............................... 7 3 Paradigmatic Development ................................................................................. 9 3.1 Paradigm shifts ............................................................................................ 11 3.2 The Swedish Approach ............................................................................... 17 3.2.1 Fulufjället National Park ........................................................................ 22 3.2.2 Kosterhavets Marine National Park ....................................................... 27 3.3 The Norwegian Approach ............................................................................ 30 3.3.1 The Norwegian Reform ......................................................................... 32 3.3.2 Hardangervidda National Park .............................................................. 34 3.3.3 Ytre Hvaler National Park ..................................................................... 37 3.3.4 Fulufjället National Park (Norwegian Expansion) .................................. 39 3.4 Cross-border Cooperation: Transboundary Protected Areas ...................... 41 3.5 Conflict fields ............................................................................................... 45 3.5.1 Protection vs. use ................................................................................. 45 3.5.2 The extent of delegated authority (bottom up vs. top down approaches) 45 3.5.3 Cross-border Cooperation .................................................................... 46 4 Research Question & Aims ................................................................................47 5 Methods ..............................................................................................................48 6 Findings ..............................................................................................................50 6.1 Fulufjället National Park, Sweden ................................................................ 50 6.2 Kosterhavets National Park, Sweden .......................................................... 55 6.3 Hardangervidda National Park, Norway ...................................................... 59 6.4 Fulufjället National Park, Norway ................................................................ 62 6.5 Ytre-Hvaler National Park, Norway .............................................................. 66 7 Discussion ..........................................................................................................71 8 Conclusion & Further Development opportunities ..............................................79 9 References .........................................................................................................81
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