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Domenico Guglielmini E La Sua Opera Scientifica Icilio Guareschi Domenico Guglielmini e la sua opera scientifica www.liberliber.it Livros Grátis http://www.livrosgratis.com.br Milhares de livros grátis para download. Questo e-book è stato realizzato anche grazie al sostegno di: E-text Editoria, Web design, Multimedia http://www.e-text.it/ QUESTO E-BOOK: TITOLO: Domenico Guglielmini e la sua opera scientifica AUTORE: Guareschi, Icilio TRADUTTORE: CURATORE: NOTE: DIRITTI D'AUTORE: no LICENZA: questo testo è distribuito con la licenza specificata al seguente indirizzo Internet: http://www.liberliber.it/biblioteca/licenze/ TRATTO DA: "Storia della Chimica X, Domenico Guglielmini e la sua opera scientifica"; di Icilio Guareschi; Contiene la Ristampa della Memoria: - Riflessioni filosofiche dedotte dalle figure de'sali (1688) - Estratto dal Supplemento annuale all'Enciclopedia di Chimica, diretta dal Prof. I. Guareschi vol. XXX, 1914; Unione Tipografico Editrice Torinese; Torino, 1914 CODICE ISBN: informazione non disponibile 1a EDIZIONE ELETTRONICA DEL: 16 luglio 2005 INDICE DI AFFIDABILITA': 1 0: affidabilità bassa 1: affidabilità media 2: affidabilità buona 3: affidabilità ottima ALLA EDIZIONE ELETTRONICA HANNO CONTRIBUITO: Paolo Alberti, [email protected] Catia Righi, [email protected] REVISIONE: Claudio Paganelli, [email protected] PUBBLICATO DA: Claudio Paganelli, [email protected] Alberto Barberi, [email protected] Informazioni sul "progetto Manuzio" Il "progetto Manuzio" è una iniziativa dell'associazione culturale Liber Liber. Aperto a chiunque voglia collaborare, si pone come scopo la pubblicazione e la diffusione gratuita di opere letterarie in formato elettronico. Ulteriori infor- mazioni sono disponibili sul sito Internet: http://www.liberliber.it/ Aiuta anche tu il "progetto Manuzio" Se questo "libro elettronico" è stato di tuo gradimento, o se condividi le fina- lità del "progetto Manuzio", invia una donazione a Liber Liber. Il tuo sostegno ci aiuterà a far crescere ulteriormente la nostra biblioteca. Qui le istruzioni: http://www.liberliber.it/sostieni/ 2 Dr ICILIO GUARESCHI Professore ordinario nella R. Università di Torino STORIA DELLA CHIMICA X. DOMENICO GUGLIELMINI E LA SUA OPERA SCIENTIFICA INTRODUZIONE Brevi cenni sullo stato della scienza e particolarmente della Chimica nella seconda metà del secolo XVII Ristampa della Memoria: "Riflessioni Filosofiche dedotte dalle Figure de' Sali" (1688) TORINO UNIONE TIPOGRAFICO-EDITRICE TORINESE (già Ditta POMBA) MILANO - NAPOLI - PALERMO -- ROMA Ottobre 1914 Domenico Guglielmini e la sua opera scientifica Icilio Guareschi Estratto dal Supplemento Annuale all'Enciclopedia di Chimica, diretto dal Prof. I. GUARESCHI, vol. XXX, 1914 Torino - Tipografia dell'Unione Tipografico-Editrice Torinese - 1914. 4 Domenico Guglielmini e la sua opera scientifica Icilio Guareschi SOMMARIO Introduzione Brevi cenni sullo stato della scienza e particolarmente della chimica ai tempi di Guglielmini Histoire des sciences mathématiques di Max Marie Blainville, Houssay Cenni su Giordano Bruno Le arti ai tempi di Guglielmini La chimica ai tempi di Guglielmini Vari autori antichi di chimica applicata Chimici francesi. Duclos, Bourdelin Boerhaave Pietro Maria Canepari Antonio Neri, Vigani, Donzelli Scienziati italiani al tempo di Guglielmini a Bologna Notizie biografiche di Guglielmini Ricerche scientifiche di Guglielmini Ricerche di idraulica Ricerche di cristallografia Dei sali e della loro forma cristallina Fontenelle scrive di Guglielmini Quintino Sella, 1856 Alcuni brani della famosa Memoria del 1688 L'idea dell'infinitamente piccolo, dell'atomo, in Guglielmini Lemery ed i cristalli Boerhaave, De La Garaye, ecc. Memoria originale : Riflessioni filosofiche dedotte dalle Figure de' Sali . Bologna 1688 Alcune pagine della Memoria : " De Salibus Dissertatio Epistolaris Physico-medico- mechanica " del 1705, tradotte dal dott. Mario Zucchi Guglielmini filosofo atomistico Lettres di Bourguet Leeuwenhoek, Stenone, Buffon Gelosie tra Buffon e Romé de l'Isle Romé de l'Isle non ricorda Guglielmini Lancisi e Mercati Cenno sul Mercati e sua Metallotheca Raffronto fra alcuni brani delle Memorie di Guglielmini e la Cristallographie di Romé de l'I- sle Bergman Le molecole integranti di Haüy O. Mattirolo e Aldrovandi riguardo a Linneo Haüy e Romé de l'Isle Whewel e Guglielmini Anonimo nella Prefazione del Trattato della Natura dei fiumi . Milano 1821 Daubrée Fr. v. Kobell, H. Kopp Zantedeschi Probabile plagio di Romé de l'Isle e di Haüy riguardo a Guglielmini Tutton (1911) elogia Guglielmini Ricerche di Guglielmini riguardanti la medicina Ricerche di astronomia, di fisica, ecc. Bibliografia 5 Domenico Guglielmini e la sua opera scientifica Icilio Guareschi Altri cenni sui lavori idraulici 6 Domenico Guglielmini e la sua opera scientifica Icilio Guareschi ALLA MEMORIA DELL'AMATO ZIO GIOVANNI GUARESCHI CON GRATO ANIMO Torino, ottobre 1914. 7 Domenico Guglielmini e la sua opera scientifica Icilio Guareschi DOMENICO GUGLIELMINI e la sua opera scientifica "L'historien ne peut être vrai qu'en étant juste, il ne peut être juste qu'en étant impartial. Le patrio- tisme est une partialité, partialité nécessaire et sainte, quand il s'agit de défendre ou de servir son pays, partialité pitoyable et menteuse, quand il s'agit de juger à leur point de vue local et rela- tif les grands hommes qui, après leur mort, n'ont plus de parti que la posterité" (A. DE LAMARTINE, Portraits et Bio- graphies: William Pitt , pag. 1). INTRODUZIONE Già discorrendo della legge della dilatazione dei gas di Volta, ho chiaramente detto che il far rivivere delle antiche Memorie dimenticate o poco conosciute, o il rivendicare al proprio autore i lavori scientifici erroneamente attribuiti ad altri, è semplicemente giustizia e null'altro; penso e sono convinto che il far ciò sia dovere altissimo, morale; l'agire diversamente sarebbe una forma di indif- ferentismo che io disprezzo. Col dare a Cesare ciò che è di Cesare è atto doveroso; in questo caso speciale, il riconoscere i meriti di Guglielmini non vuol dire togliere i meriti al Romé de l'Isle ed all'Haüy, ma vuol dire ri- conoscere come proprie a Guglielmini quelle idee che poi meglio furono svolte dai due grandi mi- neralogisti e cristallografi francesi, senza ricordare il nostro grande naturalista. Si deve scorgere in Guglielmini il vero precursore di Romé de l'isle e di Haüy. L'opera scientifica di Guglielmini si è prodotta dal 1680 al 1710, cioè essenzialmente alla fi- ne del secolo XVII, quando il metodo sperimentale era in pieno svolgimento, specialmente in Italia. È bene avere almeno un poco di entusiasmo per la scienza, ma non dobbiamo solamente e- logiare la scienza moderna. Il dire che all'epoca attuale si può qualificare la scienza non solamente in senso relativo, ma anche assoluto, come meravigliosa , parrebbe quasi che anche in altri tempi non fosse meravigliosa. La meraviglia è più o meno grande secondo il grado di cultura di chi pensa a queste cose. E ai tempi di Franklin, quando questo grand'uomo dimostrava che il fulmine era do- vuto all'elettricità, non era questo un fatto meraviglioso? E le scoperte di Lavoisier, di Spallanzani, i metalli alcalini di Davy, la pila di Volta, non erano e non sono cose ancora meravigliose? E non era meravigliosa la scoperta della legge della conservazione dell'energia, e tutte le esperienze sulla ter- mocrosi (Melloni) e la scoperta della spettroscopia, ecc. ecc.? E non sono meravigliose le leggi di Kepler? In ogni tempo, specialmente dopo Galileo, si sono fatte delle scoperte meravigliose; quelle attuali non sono che graduali e continuative conseguenze del metodo sperimentale, che nel vero senso moderno ci fu dato da Galileo, e solamente da Galileo. Già da tempo avevo pensato di esporre in un ampio quadro lo stato della scienza e della col- tura scientifica in Italia nel secolo XVII; e non ho ancora abbandonata del tutto questa idea, perchè ho raccolto molto materiale. Però ora voglio qui limitarmi, nel mentre discorro di Guglielmini, di dare un brevissimo cenno sullo stato della scienza e particolarmente della Chimica in quel tempo. Brevi cenni sullo stato della scienza e particolarmente della Chimica ai tempi di Guglielmini. Un quadro completo dello stato delle scienze in Italia nel secolo XVII, che io ho chiamato il secolo del vero rinascimento, ci manca. È doloroso a dirsi, ma ci manca. E ciò indipendentemente 8 Domenico Guglielmini e la sua opera scientifica Icilio Guareschi da quanto ci ha lasciato il Libri nel vol. IV della sua famosa Storia delle scienze matematiche in Ita- lia (1) sia perchè egli non trattò che della prima metà del secolo, ed anche di questa incompiutamente, sia perchè, nell'opera sua, prese in esame solamente le scienze fisico-matematiche. È assai difficile dire qualche cosa di nuovo intorno al secolo XVII, sul quale tanto si è scrit- to, e anche a sproposito. Io non ho certo la pretesa di esporre qui delle idee nuove, dei fatti o rac- conti non conosciuti. A me basta il tentare di dimostrare che il Seicento, nel suo grande complesso, (1) G. Libri, Histoire des sciences mathématiques en Italie depuis la renaissance des lettres jusqu'à la fin du dixseptième siècle , 4 vol. in 8°. Paris 1838-1841. Per scrivere la storia e fare la vera critica storica, bisogna risalire sempre alle fonti, ma il fare ciò è lavoro lungo e difficile. Spesso si trova più comodo citare e ricordare autorevoli scrittori senza conoscerli. Non si può scrivere la storia delle scienze da un solo uomo; già lo scrivere la storia delle scienze ma- tematiche e fisiche è oggi difficilissimo, è un campo estremamente vasto. Guai se vi aggiungiamo la storia delle scienze naturali, della medicina, ecc. Lavori tanto comprensivi non possono essere fatti che da intelligenze eccezionali, o da associazioni scientifiche. E che questo sia vero, lo dimostra il fatto che talune storie, le quali pur son tenute fra le migliori, so- no invece molto manchevoli. Valga ad es. l' Histoire des sciences mathématiques el physiques di Max Marie, 12 vol. in-8°, Paris 1880-1888: voluminosa, ma non priva di inesattezze e manchevolezze molto gravi; senza ordine e senza proporzionalità fra l'importanza dei lavori dei vari scienziati e l'ampiezza della trattazione.
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