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Index

Entries in bold refer to figures

abscisic acid (ABA) 194, 208 Barbilophozia floerkei 48 acclimitization 211 basidiomycete 61, 100 acidification 36 basipetaly 72 acropetaly 72 Bazzania 44, 46 Acroschisma wilsonii 76 Bazzania trilobata 45 adaptation to drought 185, 201 Betula 65 alga 42 biodiversity indicator species 226, 241 allopolyploidization 152 bioindicator 224 Alsia californica 28 biomonitoring-direct 225, 227 alternation of generation 3 indirect 225 aluminium (Al3þ) 205 Blasia 64 amber 142 Blasia pusilla 62 Amblystegiaceae 105 Blepharostoma trichophyllum 48 Ambuchanania leucobryoides 76 bog 37, 153 analogue 16 chemistry 39 Andreaea 71, 77, 88, 89, 90, 94, Brachythecium rutabulum 164, 179, 184, 105, 114 203, 207 Andreaea rupestris 76 Breutelia azorica 194 Andreaeobryopsida 91, 101, 102 Bryophyta 5 Andreaobryum 77, 94 -annual production 30 macrosporum 77 biomass 29 Andreaeopsida 101, 102 cover 159 Anomodon rugelii 80 diversity 154, 160, 168 Anthoceros 24, 120, 121 economic value 32 Anthoceros neesii 122, 123 epiphyte 166 Anthocerotophyta 7, 15 epiphyte diversity 164 antibiotic properties 41 life cycle 3 Antitrichia californica 151 mineral content 34, 202 Aphanorrhegma serratum 88 monoicy 132 Arabidopsis thaliana 16 monophyly 2 arachidonic acid 42 soil crust 36 Archidiaceae 182 spore number 179 89, 182 spore size 179 Archidium alternifolium 176, 179 101 Ascomycete 61, 100 81 Asterella 59 Bryum 176 Atrichum 83 Bryum argenteum 134, 230 Atrichum crispum 140 Bryum capillare 206 Atrichum undulatum 91, 134 Bryum dichotomum 178 Austrofossombronia 51 Bryum rubens 99, 178 Azolla 120 Bryum schleicheri var. latifolium 247, 248

294

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Index 295

Buxbaumia 78, 103, 136, 179 extinction 234, 237, 238–244 viridis 135 focal species approach 245 fortress concept 245 calcicole 205 genetic diversity 244 calcifuge 204, 205 habitat destruction 238 Calliergon 41 horticulture 237 Calliergon obtusifolium 81 immigration 238–244, 249, 251 Calliergonaceae 104 indirect threats 238 Calliergonella cuspidata 222 invasive 238 Calluna vulgaris 38 legislation 234 calorific value 40 levels of threat 233 Calypogeia 51 management 244, 252 Calypogeia fissa 161 peatland 248, 251 calyptra 23 protected areas 244 Campylium stellatum 105 regeneration 252 Campylopodium allonense 143, 145 reintroduction 246 Campylopodium medium 145 restoration 248, 254 introflexus 38, 140, 141, 238 Sphagnum 255 Campylopus pilifer 39, 80 strategies 244 99, 100 threat categories 233, 235, 237 carbon cycling 26 threatened species 237 storage 27 unsuitable conditions 251 storage in ecosystem 30 continental drift 124 carnivory 47 coprophily 95 Catharomnion ciliatum 79 cost of reproduction 133 cation exchange capacity (CEC) 37, 204, 205 Crossidium crassinerve 187 Cavicularia densa 62 Cryphaea heteromalla 217 cavitation 19 cryptic speciation 144 cell water content 188 cryptogamic crusts 35 Cephalozia connivens 23 Cryptothallus 65, 66 purpureus 179 cuticle 19, 41, 186, 187, 196, 214, 227 Chandonanthus hirtellus 165 cyanobacterium 33 12 Cyathophorum adianthum 79 Cheilolejeunea 165 cytoplasmic polarity 20 chemical composition 41 Chiloscyphus polyanthos 210, 217, 218 Dawsonia 19 chlorophyll content 215, 216 Dawsonia lativaginata 179 cladistic biogeography 146 Dawsonia superba 132 cleistocarpy 182 decomposition 27, 33 Climacium americanum 73 rate 37 Climacium dendroides 78 deficiency zone 203 climate change 214 Dendroceros 107, 109, 118, 120, 121 bryophyte diversity 223 desiccation resistance 19 Cololejeunea biddlecomiae 48 desiccation tolerance 16, 186, 189, 190, 193, Colura 47 239, 252 Colura zoophaga 49 bryophyte vs vascular 192 compensation point 197, 222 constitutive 194 competition 168 inductive 194 compression fossil 10 physiology 194 conducting cells 17–22 protective mechanism 191 Conocephalum 52 repair mechanism 192 Conocephalum conicum 45, 56, 179 trade-off 196 conservation-axenic cultures 247 variation 188 bryophyte diversity 232, 244 diaspore 132 colonization 243, 250 bank 180 commercial harvest 237 palustre 206 cryopreservation 247 86, 144, 145, 186, 217 deforestation 238, 241 75 direct threats 237 Dicranella cerviculata 145 dispersal limitation 249 Dicranella heteromalla 179 ex situ conservation 247 94

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296 Index

Dicranum 42, 165, 169, 170 Erpodium biseriatum 126, 129 flagellare 174, 175 Exormotheca pustulosa 68 Dicranum montanum 217 external water conduction 186, 194 Dicranum polysetum 170 extracellular water 193, 196 Dicranum tauricum 217 digestibility 41 favourability gradient 167 Dinckleria 54 42 dioicy 52, 59 fertilization range 132 Diphyscium 103 81 Diphyscium foliosum 78 Fissidens bryoides 81 Diplophyllum albicans 179 Fissidens celticus 133 Diplophyllum obtusatum 48 157, 160 disjunction 124 Fissidens serrulatus 197, 198 dispersal 126 Folioceros 121 distance 133, 134 Folioceros appendiculatus 117 mode 132, 133 Fontinalis 207, 211 distribution pattern 127, 156 Fontinalis antipyretica 213 evolutionary significance 141 Fontinalis dalecarlica 104 human influence 139 food conducting cell 20 origin 130 forest productivity 37 flexicaule 81 fossil 142 Douinia 46 amber 142 Douinia ovata 45 fossilization 10, 11 drought avoidance 186 Fossombronia 59 escape 186 freezing tolerance 208 resistance 192 Frullania 47, 163 dry deposition 203, 215 Frullania appalachiana 48 Frullania polysticta 49, 54 Echinodium prolixum 240 Funaria 11, 176 ecological amplitude 105 Funaria hygrometrica 79, 88, 93, 97, 135, 169, 178, index 225 179, 206, 230, 231 niche 162 Funariaceae 104, 186 role 40 90, 103 role-invertebrate 40 fungal infection 41, 48 soil development 34 water erosion 35 viability 188 weathering 34 Garovaglia 197 significance 26, 34–39, 232 gene flow 150 switch 36 recruitment 193 ecology-global 153 genetic structure 156 landscape 156 Gingko biloba 42 population 162 glaciation 156 species interaction 166 Glomales 120 economical significance 31 Glomerales 24 ecosystem engineer 35 glomeromycete 24, 61, 100 ectohydry 187 Glomus 24 elaiosome 39 Gondwana 130 2, 8, 15, 50 greenhouse effect 157 endemic radiation 152 212 endemism 127, 130 176, 178, 188, 189 endohydric species 186 104 endomycorrhizae 23 growth rate 169 endozoochory 40, 139 growth-form 171, 172, 195 entomophily 94, 95 cushion 171 Eopolytrichum antiquum 144 feathery mat 171 Ephemeropsis tjibodensis 4 mat 171 Ephemerum 103 pendent 171 epiphyll 162 turf 171 epiphyte 162 wet 171 zonation 164 Gymnostomiella orcutii 80 epizoochory 138 Gymnostomiella vernicosa 78

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Index 297

Haplomitrium 18, 25, 44, 46, 47, 52, 55, seta 7 61, 62, 64 sperm cell 111 Haplomitrium gibbsiae 45 spore 116, 117, 120 Hattorioceros striatisporus 117 sporocyte 114 Herbertus aduncus 48 7, 9 Herbertus dicranus 165 stoma 8, 22, 110–111, 115, 116, 120 herbivory 41 symbiosis 118, 119 defence 41, 51 tuber 118 Herzogobryum 125, 129 water retention 107 historical biogeography 146 water conducting cells 7 Homalothecium 146, 148 zygote 112 Homalothecium sericeum 164 hyalocyst 100 homologous recombination 32 hydroid 18, 21 homologue 16, 17 Hygroamblystegium 74 homoplasy 21 Hygroamblystegium fluviatile 74 Hookeriales 104 Hygroamblystegium tenax 74 178 Hylocomium splendens 28, 79, 150, 169, 216 amphithecium 114 104 antheridium 111, 112, 114, 120 Hypnum imponens 79 apical cell 107, 108, 118 Hypnum lacunosum 80 111, 113, 119 asexual reproduction 118 index of atmospheric purity (IAP) 225 basal meristem 8, 113, 115 intercontinental dispersal 124 biogeography 121 International Union for the Conservation of capillary space 107 Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) carbon-concentrating mechanism 106 233, 235 columella 8, 113, 115 IUCN categories 235 cuticle 110 criteria 234 cyanobacterium 106, 107, 119 introduced species 139, 140 dehiscence 8, 107, 117 invasive species 140, 141 desiccation 116 involucre 23 dioicy 111, 118 Isothecium stonoliferum 28 ecology 121 endothecium 113 Jamesoniella autnmnalis 48 evolution 120 Jenssenia wallisii 45 foot 7, 113 Jubula 58 gametophyte 7 Jungermannia 51, 53 gas exchange 110 Jungermannia vulcanicola 206 gemmae 118 Jungermanniales 63 germination 118 Jungermanniidae 63 haustorium 113 heterocyst 118, 119 starkei 219 homology 110 kingdom 127 homoplasy 121 Holantarctic 127, 129 involucre 114, 115 Holarctic 125, 127, 128, 153 106 Neotropic 127, 129 midrib 106 Paleotropic 127, 129 monoicy 111 South African 127 mucilage 107, 110, 116, 118, 120 mucilage cell 108, 119 land plant 8 mucilage cleft 109, 110 adaptation to land 16 nitrogen 118 archegonium 8, 9 Nostoc 110, 111, 118, 119 archegonium role 9 phylogeny 122 cuticle 8, 10, 11 placenta 113, 115 embryo 8 pseudo-elater 8, 13, 116, 117, 120 evolution 9 pseudo-elaterocyte 116 fossil 10–12 pyrenoid 111, 120 8 reduction 120 origin 15 rhizoid 108, 109, 118 phylogeny 11, 12–14 schizogeny 107, 110, 112 placenta 9

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298 Index

land plant (cont.) capsule dehiscence 5 sex organs 8 carpocephalum 56 sexual reproduction 8 cleistocarpy 59, 69 spore 11 coelocaule 53 spore tetrad 11 columella 5, 43, 56 sporophyte protection 9 conducting cell 17, 18 stoma 11 cyanobacterium 43, 62 time tree 14–15 dehiscence 57, 58 tracheid 10 ecology 65 transfer cells 9 elater 5, 13, 57, 58, 59 zygote 8 elaterocyte 56 Late Embryogenesis Abundant Proteins (LEA) 191 endemism 128 Laurasia 130 endothecium 56 leachate 33 evolution 62–65 Leiosporoceros 116, 119, 120 foot 55 Leiosporoceros dussii 7, 22, 117 fungal arbuscule 23 Lejeunea 44 gametangia 52 Lejeunea cavifolia 45 gametophyte 5 Lejeuneaceae 43, 61, 63, 65, 67 gemmae 45, 47, 57, 61 Lepidozia 165 gemmae cup 6, 60 Lepidozia reptans 125, 128, 132 haustorium 55 leptoid 21 heterotrophy 66 Leptoscyphus australis 6, 54 incubous 47, 44, 63 86 intercalary meristem 55 84, 85, 186, 188, 237 involucre 54, 55 179 isophylly 44 LFY gene 16 leaf 6 life cycle 2 leaf-initial 46 history 175 leaf shape 46, 48 span 176, 178 lobule 45, 48, 49 life strategy 174, 176 midrib 46 annual shuttle species 183 mucilage 52, 61 annual species 176, 178, 181, 182, 186 mycorrhizae 23, 43, 61–62, 65 colonist 176, 178, 180, 181, 182, 246 nitrogen 62 dominant species 176, 184 ocelli 50 fugitive 176, 178 oil body 47, 50, 51 fugitive species 178, 182, 241 oil body function 51 K-species 177 oil cell 64 long-lived shuttle species 178 oldest fossil 11 perennial species 176, 181, 183, 184 operculum 59 r-species 175 origin 43 shuttle species 178, 181, 186 parallel evolution 64 sporophyte production 183 paraphysis 52 stress-tolerant species 184 pegged rhizoid 50 lignin 18, 27 perianth 45, 53, 54, 57 liverwort-acrogyny 53 perigynium 53, 54 air chamber 6, 44, 45, 64 phylogeny 63 amphigastria 44, 45, 48 placenta 55 amphithecium 56 pores 44, 64 anacrogyny 45, 53 propagule 59, 60 anisophylly 44 pseudoperianth 54 antheridium 52, 53, 64 reduction 63 apical cell 44, 46, 55, 65 rhizoid 47–50, 61, 62 archegoniophore 53 rhizoid function 50 archegonium 52–53, 55 seta 5, 6, 55, 56, 64 asexual reproduction 59–61 shoot calyptra 53, 54 biogeography 65 slime cell 52 bract 52, 53 slime hair 52 bracteole 53 species richness 67 calyptra 53, 57 sperm cell 52 capsule 6, 55, 56 sporangium 43, 53

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Index 299

spore 56, 58, 59, 69 Mitthyridium 151, 152 spore dispersal 57 Mniaceae 81 spores 5 Mnium hornum 20, 105, 179 sporocyte 56 Mnium thomsonii 93 sporophyte 5, 9, 56 molecular clock 14 stalk 52 dating 149 stomata 5, 43 Monoclea 59, 63, 64 storage cells 44 morphological stasis 144 succubous leaves 46, 47, 63 -acrocarpy 72, 78, 83 symbiotic associations 61 algae 101 terpenoid 50, 52 amphithecium 89, 103 thalloid community 68 annulus 89 trigone 46 antheridium 86, 87 tuber 50, 61 apical cell 70, 71, 83, 87 ventral scale 51 apophysis 95 vitta 46 archegonium 86, 87 water conducting cell 5, 63 arthrodontous peristome 91, 94 water conduction 52 asexual reproduction 99–100 water retention 52 autoicy 86 water-sac 47 axillary hair 77, 79 xerothalloid 68 basal membrane 93 long-distance dispersal 132, 134, 140, 174 biogeography 104, 124 Lophocolea bidentata 157, 160, 179 branch-initial 72 Lophocolea cuspidata 48 branching 72 Lophocolea heterophylla 166 Bryum-type peristome 93 Lophocolea semiteres 139 bud 72 Lophozia bicrenata 60 bulbil 100 Lophozia capitata 60 caducous leaf 99 Lophoziaceae 130 calyptra 9, 98 Lunularia 59, 61 cilia 93 Lycopodium 25 cladocarpy 72 columella 5, 89 macrofossil 153, 155 costa 82 Mannia androgyna 68 cryptoporous stoma 90 Marchantia 44, 51, 52, 60, 61 cucullate calyptra 98 Marchantia berteroana 6 cyanobacterium 100 Marchantia foliacea 23, 24 cytokinin 101 Marchantia inflexa 132 decurrency 83 Marchantia polymorpha 204, 230 dehiscence 76, 94 Marchantiales 61, 62, 182 Dicranum-type peristome 93 5 dioicy 86, 99 Marsupella 51 diplolepideous 93, 103 matrotrophy 9 ecology 104, 153 Meesia triquetra 80 elaters 5 Megaceros 108, 111, 120, 121 endophyte 100 Megaceros aenigmaticus 118, 133 endostome 91, 93, 103 methanotrophic bacterium 101 endothecium 89 methylobacterium 101 epigonium 9, 98 Metzgeria 65 epiphragm 91, 94 Metzgeria furcata 45, 131 evolution 101 Metzgeriidae 53, 63 exostome 91, 93 microbial infection 41 external water conduction 75, 81, 83 curvicolle 89 food conducting cell 20, 21 Microbryum starckeanum 211 foot 87 microhabitat 170 Funaria-type peristome 92 Mielichhoferia 149 fungi 100 Mielichhoferia elongata 149, 150, 230 gametangia 86 Mielichhoferia mielichhoferiana 149, 150 gametophyte 5 mineral capital 33 gemmae 77 content 40 guide cell 82 91 haplolepideous 94

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300 Index

moss-acrocarpy (cont.) sexual dimorphism 86 haustorium 87 sperm dispersal 86, 99 heteroblasty 81 splash-cup 86 homology 91, 102 spore 97 hyalocyst 85 spore dispersal 94–97 hyalodermis 75 spore germination 96 hydroid 19, 77, 186 sporophyte 5 inner peristomial layer (IPL) 92 sporophyte reduction 88 intercalary meristem 5, 87 stem anatomy 79 lamellae 83 stem appendage 79 laminal cell 84 stereid 19, 82 leaf 80, 81–85 stoma 5, 75, 78, 88, 89, 90, 104 leaf dimorphism 81, 84 stomatal crypt 90 leaf-initial 83 symbiosis 100 leaf margin 82 sympodial branching 72 leaf plasticity 74 synoicy 86 leptoid 77 -type peristome 92 metal 105 tomentum 194 metamer 71 tuber 99, 100 midrib 82 volatile compound 95 mitrate calyptra 98 water conducting cell 5, 75 modular architecture 70–72 wax 198 module 71 mycorrhizae 23–25 monoicy 86, 99 Myurella sibirica 80 monopodial branching 72 myxomycete 40 mucilage 77, 86 mycorrhizae 100 Nardia succulenta 34, 35 nematodontous peristome 77, 91 naturalized species 139 nitrogen 100 Neckera complanata 79 oldest fossil 11 Neckera pennata 133, 135, 136, 173, 187, 188 operculum 5, 89, 94, 97, 104 neophyte 139 origin 102 neoteny 5 outer peristomial layer (OPL) 92 net primary production 27 papillae 84 niche conservatism 104, 229 paraphyllia 75, 79 breadth 166 paraphysis 86 differentiation 162 paroicy 86 realized 166 perichaetium 86 Nipponolejeunea 142, 156 perigonium 86 Nipponolejeunea europaea 142, 143 peristome 89, 91, 145 Nipponolejeunea subalpina 143 peristome segment 93 non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) 200, 201 peristomial layer 91 Nostoc 8, 33, 62 phaneroporous stoma 90 Noteroclada 63 phyllodioicy 86 Notothylas 114, 115, 120, 121 phylogeny 102 Notothylas orbicularis 107 placenta 87 Nowellia curvifolia 60 plasmodesmata 77 nutrient availability 37 pleurocarpy 72, 78, 83, 104 cycling 26, 32–34, 203 primary peristomial layer (PPL) 92 storage capacity 33 primordium 72, 77 toxicity 203 propagule 75, 99 protonema 4, 5, 74, 75 Odontoschisma denundatum 47 pseudoparaphyllium 77, 79 82, 103 pseudopodium 76, 88 ombrotrophic bog 154 pseudostoma 90, 94 Orthodicranum flagellare 100 reduction 70, 94 Orthodontium lineare 139, 140 rhizoid 77–81 Orthotrichaceae 86 segments 93 Orthotrichum 90, 176, 217 seta 5, 7, 87, 95, 145 Orthotrichum cupulatum 179 seta anatomy 79 Orthotrichum diaphanum 165 sex organ distribution 86 Orthotrichum freyanum 84

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Index 301

Orthotrichum rupestre 78 Pleurozium schreberi 33, 38, 169, 170, 179, orthotropy 72 204, 216 overtopping 173 dentatum 139 oxidative stress 200 Pogonatum urnigerum 198 Oxyrrhynchium hians 164 Pohlia 100 Pohlia nutans 179, 249 Pachyschistochyla 48 Pohlia wahlenbergii var. glacialis 27 paleoendemism 142 poikilohydry 33, 47, 157, 187, 195, Pallavicinia 46 214, 241 Pallavicinia lyellii 55 pollutant 214 paludification 36, 38 accumulation 227 Pangea 130 pollution-acidic mist 215 Papillaria nigrescens 189, 190 acidification 215 Parafunaria 11 air quality 226 peat accumulation 36 aromatic hydrocarbon 228 mining 31 bog 220 production 31 bryophyte diversity 221 peatland 27, 29, 155 cadmium 229 distribution 158 copper 230 Pellia epiphylla 179 eutrophication 219 Pelliidae 53, 62 fen 217 periphyton 40 heavy metal 227, 229 permafrost 35 heavy metal deposition programme 227 permineralized fossil 10 lead 228 Phaeoceros 107, 120, 121 mercury 229 Phaeoceros carolinianus 117 nitrogen 215, 219, 220, 221 Phaeoceros laevis 111, 112, 113 ombrotrophic mire 217 Phaeomegaceros fimbriatus 117 phosphorus 221, 222 Phaeomegaceros squamiligerus 109 SO2 215 Phascum cuspidatum 179, 181 toxicity 229 phenology 208, 211 polyphenols 41 phenotypic plasticity 73 Polysporangiophyte 11, 23 photo-protective mechanism 200 81, 83, 91, 199 Phymatoceros phymatodes 117 Polytrichales 21 Physcomitrella 88 Polytrichastrum alpinum 202 Physcomitrella patens 16, 209, 210 Polytrichastrum formosum 179, 211 Physcomitrium pyriforme 88, 179 Polytrichopsida 77, 101 physiological acclimatization 231 Polytrichum 42, 83, 91, 150, 255 physiology-light 195 Polytrichum commune 21, 77, 244 mineral nutrition 202 Polytrichum juniperinum 169 nutrient requirement 203 Polytrichum piliferum 179 nutrient uptake 202 Polytrichum strictum 176, 184, 249 temperature 206 Porella 44, 46, 58, 63 water 185 Porella platyphylla 45 Pinus 65 Porella swartziana 48 pit 17 Porellales 56, 59, 63 Plagiochila 48, 60 83, 103, 182, 186, 200 Plagiochila colorans 165 Preissia quadrata 179 Plagiochila ericifolia 165 propagule 174 Plagiochila sharpii 48 protease 47 Plagiochilaceae 65 protonema 3 Plagiothecium 81 protozoan 47 Plagiothecium undulatum 78 Pseudoscleropodium purum 93, 140, 203, 246 plagiotropy 72 Pterigynandrum filiforme 79 plasmodesmata 19, 21 Ptilidium 63, 169, 173 plate tectonics 126, 130 Ptilidium ciliare 170 Platyhypnidium riparioides 217, 218 Ptilidium pulcherrimum 179 Pleurochaete squarrosa 151 Ptilium crista-castrensis 170 Pleurozia 63, 64 Pyramidula tetragona 80 Pleurozia gigantea 64 pyrenoid (see also under hornwort) 15 Pleurozium 169, 173 Pyrrhobryum mnioides 144

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302 Index

Racomitrium 155 Sphagnum papillosum 220, 221, 222 lanuginosum 153, 202, 206 Sphagnum squarrosum 156 Radula 63 Splachnaceae 94, 95 Radula australis 60 Splachnum 182 Radula complanata 47, 57 Splachnum luteum 95, 96 Reboulia hemisphaerica 179 Splachnum rubrum 95 reciprocal transplant 171 Splachnum sphaericum 95 reduction 4 sporangium 2 refugium 156, 212 spore germination 134, 136, 137 relative growth rate 188 longevity 135 relictualism 149 viability 135, 136 Rhachitheciopsis 89 sporopollenin 97 Rhachitheciopsis tisserantii 97 stoma 2, 19, 22–23, 186, 187, 227 Rhachithecium papillosa 97 homology 22 rhizoid 16, 23 sun plant 239, 241 Rhizomnium punctatum 81 swamp 37 Rhynchostegium confertum 179 symbiosis 33 Rhynchostegium megapolitanum 158 Symphyogyna 17 Rhythidiadelphus squarrosus 229 caninervis 188 Rhytidiadelphus loreus 28 Syntrichia laevipila 164, 165 Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus 157 Syntrichia pagorum 133 Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus 203 191, 192, 195, 196 Riccia 48, 59, 69, 186, 188 Syrrhopodon 100 Riccia argenolimbata 68 Syrrhopodon texanus 99 Riccia atromarginata 68 Riccia glauca 179 77, 81, 90, 94 Riccia huebeneriana 59 Takakia ceratophylla 76 Ricciales 55 Takakiopsida 101 root hairs 16 Targionia 69 Rubisco 15 Targionia hypophylla 201 Tayloria dubyi 95, 96 Sanionia 199 Tayloria gunnii 78 Sanionia uncinata 80, 200 Tayloria mirabilis 95 saturation point 222 temperature optimum 206, 207 Scapania 46 Tetraphidopsida 101 Scapania nemorosa 48 Tetraphis pellucida 77, 168, 174, 175 Scapania undulata 179, 217, 218 Tetraplodon fuegienus 95 Scapaniaceae 130 Tetraplodon paradoxus 94 maritimum 104 Thelia hirtella 79 Schizomitrium pallidum 81 Thuidium delicatulum 78, 79 Sciurohypnum plumosum 7 Thuidium tamariscinum 210 Scopelophila cataractae 105, 229, 230 Timmia 93, 103 Scorpidium scorpioides 222 Timmia megapolitana 93, 139 Scouleria aquatica 97 tolerance-cold 208 seed 9 copper 231 shade plant 196, 239, 241 heat 210 Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) 237 light 200 sperm cell 4 metals 230 Sphaerocarpales 182 temperature 213 Sphaerocarpos michelii 179 zinc 231 Sphaerocarpos 59 182 101 178 Sphagnum 9, 27, 29, 31, 32, 36, 66, 71, 72, 77, 81, 84, Tortula plinthobia 93 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 94, 100, 101, 104, 114, 153, Tortula truncata 179 155, 156, 157, 176, 184, 186, 188, 206, 217, 237, tracheid 18, 19 244, 248, 255 tracheophyte 13, 15, 17, 19 Sphagnum angermannicum 246 Trachycystis flagellaris 142 Sphagnum fallax 220, 221, 222, 252, Treubia 25, 61, 62, 64 Sphagnum fimbriatum 74, 76 Treubia lacunosa 45 Sphagnum fuscum 252 tuber 178 Sphagnum magellanicum 220, 221, 222, 252 Tulasnella 65

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Index 303

UV radiation 51 holding capacity 33, 237 wet deposition 202, 203 vitrification-biological glass 191, 208 Wiesnerella 53 wind connectivity 138

water conducting cell 17, 186 zoochory 137 homology 18 Zoopsis 46 water cycle 26–32 Zygodon fragilis 100 retention 173, 186 Zygodon viridissimus 165 storage 188

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