GENERAL ASSEMBLY

GENERAL ASSEMBLY OFFICIAL RECORDS: THIRTY-SEVENTH SESSION SUPPLEMENT No.22 (A/37/22) UNITED NATIONS New York, 1982 REPORT OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE AGAINST

NOTE Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. The present report was also submitted to the Security Council under the symbol S/15383.

(Original: English] (14 October 1982] CONTENTS Paragraphs Page LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL ...... *.* ...... ix I. INTRODUCTION ...... 9...... 1 - 11 1 II. REVIEW OF THE WORK OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE ...... 12 - 281 3 A. Action taken by the General Assembly at its thirtysixth session ...... 12 - 29 3 B. International Year of Mobilization for Sanctions against ...... 30 - 39 8 C. South Africa's aggression against neighbouring States .. 40 - 45 10 1. Hearing of the Special Committee on threat to peace in southern Africa and the implementation of United Nations resolutions for an end to military, nuclear and other collaboration with the racist r4gime of South Africa ...... 41 - 43 10 2. Other activities ...... 44 - 45 11 D. Military and nuclear collaboration with South Africa ... 46 - 52 12 E. Economic and other collaboration with South Africa ..... 53 - 67 13 1. oil embargo ...... 0 54 - 55 14 2. Economic collaboration ...... 56 - 59 14 3. Admission of South Africa and "Transkei" to the World Medical Association ...... 60 - 64 15 4. Other collaboration ...... 65 - 67 15 F. Action against apartheid in sports ...... 68 - 87 16 1. Hearing on sports and apartheid ...... 68 - 69 16 2. Register of sports contacts with South Africa, 1 April-31 December 1981 ...... 70 - 76 16 3. Other activities ...... 77 - 87 17 -iii-

CONTENTS (continued) G. Action against apartheid in the cultural field ...... 1. Promotion of establishment of Committee of Artists of the world against Apartheid ...... 2. Consultation with Mr. Ian Hall, musical director of the Union of London Choir ....a...... 3. Other action ...... *...... H. Women and children under apartheid ...... 1. Mission to Angola, Zambia and the United Republic of Tanzania ...... 2. International Conference on Women and Apartheid .. I. Bantustans ...... *. * ...... J. Campaign against repression and for the release of all political prisoners in South Africa ...... ** K. Assistance to the oppressed people of South Africa and their national liberation movement ...... L. Consultations of the Special Committee at Headquarters ...... * ...... **..*...... 1. Consultation with Mr. Vladimir N. Martynenko, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ...... 2. Consultation with Mr. Carlos P. Romulo, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines ...... 3. Consultations with Mr. Mohamed Sahnoun, Rapporteur-General of the International Conference on Sanctions against South Africa, and Mr. Abdul Samad Minty, Director of the World Campaign against Military and Nuclear Collaboration with South Africa ...... 4. Consultation with Mr. Romesh Chandra, President of the World Peace Council and Chairman of the NGO Sub-Conuittee on Racism, Racial Paragraphs 88 - 91 88 89 - 90 91 92 - 104 93 - 97 98 - 104 105 - 106 107 - 124 125 126 - 144 126 - 128 129 - 130 131 - 141 Discrimination, Apartheid and Decolonization ...... 142 - 144 -iv- page

CONTENTS (continued) M. Missions to Governments ...... 1. Mission by the Chairman to France, Turkey and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ...... 2. Mission by the delegation of the Special Committee to front-line States ...... 3. Mission by the Chairman to Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland ...... 4. Mission of the delegation of the Special Committee to India (21-26 April 1982) ...... 5. Mission by the Chairman to the Philippines, Indonesia and India (24 May-1 June 1982) ...... N. International Seminar on the History of Resistance against Occupation, Oppression and Apartheid in South Africa ...... 0...... 0. Asian Regional Conference on Action against Apartheid P. Encouragement of public action against apartheid ...... 1. Participation in the observance of the fiftythird birthday of the late Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr ...... 2. Consultations with representatives of non-governmental organizations ...... 3. Youth and student action against apartheid ...... 4. Conference on "Southern Africa: The Time to Choose"...... 5. Other activities ...... Q. Observance of the seventieth anniversary of the foundation of the African National Congress of South Africa (ANC) ...... Paragraphs Page 145 - 183 30 145 - 157 159 - 172 173 - 177 178 - 183 184 192 201 - 191 - 200 - 221 201 - 204 205 - 206 207 - 209 210 - 215 216 - 221 222 - 232 42 CONTENTS (continued) R. Meeting in commemoration of the thirtieth anniversary of the Defiance Campaign * ...... S. Observance of international days ...... 1. Observance of the Day of Solidarity with South African Political Prisoners (11 October 1981) 2. Observance of the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (21 March 1982) ...... 3. Observance of Africa Liberation Day (25 May 1982) ...... 4. Observance of the International Day of Solidarity with the Struggling People of South Africa (16 June 1982) ...... 5. Observance of the International Day of Solidarity with the Struggle of Women of South Africa and Namibia (9 August 1982) ...... T. Dissemination of information against apartheid ... U. Representation at conferences and messages to conferences ...... 0 ... - ..- ..-. 1. Representation at conferences ...... 2. Messages of the Special Committee to international and national conferences ...... V. Co-operation with other United Nations organs and with other organizations ...... W. Work of the subsidiary organs of the Special Committee ...... 0 9...... 0...... 1. Work of the Sub-Committee on the Implementation of United Nations Resolutions and Collaboration with South Africa ...... 2. Work of the Sub-Committee on Petitions and Information ...... 3. Work of the Task Forces ...... Paragraphs 233 - 234 235 - 264 235 - 243 244 - 253 254 - 255 256 - 260 261 265 - 264 269 270 - 272 270 - 271 272 273 - 277 278 - 280 278 279 280 -vi- gage CONTENTS (continued) X. List of statements issued by the Special Committee .... III. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... A. Introduction ...... B. The crime of apartheid and its wider dangers ...... C. Responsibility for the survival of apartheid ...... D. Time to choose ...... E. Work of the Special Committee...... F. Main developments during the past year G. Reaffirmation of the policy and commitment of the United Nations and its family of agencies ...... H. Sanctions and related action against the racist rigime of South Africa ...... 1. Arms embargo and the cessation of all military and nuclear collaboration with South Africa ...... 2. Oil embargo against South Africa ...... 3. Other economic measures ...... 4. Sports and cultural boycotts ...... 5. Other measures ...... I. Assistance to the oppressed people of South Africa and their national liberation movement ...... J. Action on some matters to which the Special Committee has devoted particular attention during the past year . 1. Campaign for the release of South African political prisoners ...... 2. Women under apartheid ...... o 3. Solidarity with the black trade-union movement in South Africa ...... Paragraphs 281 282 282 291 306 344 349 353 - 498 - 290 - 305 - 343 - 348 - 352 - 371 372 - 388 389 - 432 396 410 418 425 430 - 409 - 417 - 424 - 429 - 432 433 - 438 439 - 452 439 - 444 445 - 450 451 - 452 -vii- Page 555959606167686971 7475767778787979798081

CONTENTS (continued) Paragraphs Page K. World public opinion and public action against apartheid ...... 453 - 465 81 L. Programme of work of the Special Committee ...... 466 - 476 83 M. Services by the Centre against Apartheid and other units of the Secretariat of the United Nations ...... 477 - 489 85 N. Conclusion ...... 490 - 498 86 ANNEXES I. Review of developments in South Africa since October 1981 ...... 90 II. List of documents issued by the Special Committee ...... 134 -viii-

LITTER OF TRANSMITTAL 17 September 1982 Sir, I have the honour to send you herewith the annual report of the Special Coimittee against Apartheid, adopted unanimously by the Special Committee on 17 September 1982. This report is submitted to the General Assembly and the Security Council in accordance with the relevant provisions of General Assembly resolutions 2671 (XXV) of 8 December 1970 and 36/172 A to P of 17 December 1981. Accept, Sir, the assurances of my highest consideration. (S ) Alhaji Yusuff MAITAMA-SULE Chairman of the Special Committee against Apartheid His Excellency Mr. Javier P6rez de Cuellar Secretary-General of the United Nations New York -ix-

I. INTRODUCTION 1. The Special Committee against Apartheid was established by the General Assembly by resolution 1761 (XVII) of 6 November 1962 as the Special Committee on the Policies of Apartheid of the Government of the Republic of South Africa. In resolution 2671 A (XXV), adopted on 8 December 1970, the Assembly requested the Special Committee constantly to review all aspects of the policies of apartheid in South Africa and its international repercussions and to report from time to time, as appropriate, to the General Assembly of the Security Council or both. 2. In its resolution 36/172 N of 17 December 1981, the General Assembly requested the Special Committee to continue and intensify its activities, in accordance with the relevant resolutions of the Assembly and to give highest priority to: (a) Mobilizing support for sanctions against South Africa; (b) Reviewing the implementation of United Nations resolutions on apartheid, especially those for the promotion and effective monitoring of military, nuclear and oil embargoes against South Africa; (c) Publicizing all developments concerning military, nuclear, economic, political and other collaboration with the racist regime of South Africa; (d) Promoting the world campaign for the unconditional release of all persons imprisoned or restricted for their opposition to apartheid. 3. The Special Committee is now composed of the following 18 Member States: Algeria India Philippines German Democratic Republic Indonesia Somalia Ghana Malayasia Sudan Guinea Nepal Syrian Arab Republic Haiti Nigeria Trinidad and Tobago Hungary Peru Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 4. At its 488th meeting, on 11 January 1982, the Special Committee unanimously re-elected Alhaji Yusuff Maitama-Sule (Nigeria) as its Chairman and Mr. Uddhav Deo Bhatt (Nepal) and Mr. Vladimir Kravets (Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic) as its Vice-Chairmen. At the same meeting, it elected Mr. Gervais Charles (Haiti) as Rapporteur. 5. The Special Committee also re-elected Mr. James Victor Gbeho (Ghana) as Chairman of its Sub-Committee on the Implementation of United Nations Resolutions and Collaboration with South Africa and elected Mr. Abdelkader Messahel (Algeria) as Chairman of the Sub-Committee on Petitions and Information. 6. The Sub-Committee on the Implementation of United Nations Resolutions and Collaboration with South Africa is composed of Ghana (Chairman), Hungary, India, Peru and the Sudan, and the Sub-Committee on Petitions and Information is composed of Algeria (Chairman), the German Democratic Republic, Nepal, Somalia and Trinidad and Tobago.

7. In order to assist in promoting action on specific aspects of the campaigns against apartheid, the Special Committee established two task forces: (a) the Task Force on Women and Children under apartheid, composed of India, Philippines, the Sudan and Trinidad and Tobago, with Mrs. Maria Lourdes Ramiro-Lopez (Philippines) as Chairman and (b) the Task Force on Political Prisoners, composed of the German Democratic Republic, India, Peru and Somalia, with Mr. Vasant Vishnu Nevrekar (India) as Chairman. 8. In pursuance of General Assembly resolution 36/172 H of 17 December 1981, the Special Committee submitted on 31 August 1982, for the attention of the General Assembly and the Security Council, a special report on recent developments concerning relations between Israel and South Africa. 9. At its 508th meeting, held on 17 September 1982, the Special Committee decided unanimously to submit the present report to the General Assembly and the Security Council. It consists of: (a) A review of the work of the Special Committee; (b) Conclusions and recommendations of the Special Committee; (c) A review of developments in South Africa during the period under consideration; (d) A list of documents of the Special Committee. 10. The Special Committee wishes to place on record its gratitude to the Secretary-General for his abiding interest in its work. The Special Committee also wishes to express its deep appreciation to the States members of the Organization of African Unity, the non-aligned States, the socialist States, the specialized agencies of the United Nations, the two South African liberation movements, namely, the African National Congress of South Africa and the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania, and numerous non-governmental organizations for their continued support of the work of the Committee. 11. The Speical Committee also wishes to express its deep appreciation to the Director of the Centre against Apartheid, to the secretariat of the Special Committee and to all other members of the Centre against Apartheid for their efficient and devoted service. -2-

I. REVIEW OF THE WORK OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE A. Action taken by the General Assembly at its tnirty-sixth session 12. During its thirty-sixth session, the General Assembly considered the item, entitled "Policies of apartheid of the Government of South Africa" in nine plenary meetings between 27 November and 17 December 1982 (see A/36/PV.75-79, 81, 101-103). It adopted 16 resolutions relating to various aspects of apartheid and based mainly on the recommendations of the Special Committee. 13. In resolution 36/172 A, on the situation in South Africa, the General Assembly strongly condemned the apartheid regime of South Africa for its brutal repression and indiscriminate torture and killing of workers, school children and other opponents of apartheid, and the imposition of death sentences on freedom fighters, and reiterated its firm conviction that the apartheid r4gime has been encouraged to undertake these criminal acts by the protection afforded by major Western Powers against international sanctions, especially by the pronouncements, policies and actions of the Government of the United States of America. It condemned, in particular, the actions of those States, especially the major trading partners of South Africa, that have increased their political, economic, and military relations with the racist r6gime of South Africa despite repeated appeals by the General Assembly. It urged the Security Council to determine that the situation in South Africa, and in southern Africa as a whole, resulting from the policies and actions of the apartheid regime of South Africa constitutes a grave and growing threat to international place and security and to impose comprehensive and mandatory sanctions against that r6gime under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations. It called upon all States, in particular the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United States of America, the Federal Republic of Germany, France and Israel to take urgent, effective measures to terminate all collaboration with South Africa in the political, diplomatic, economic, trade, military, nuclear and other fields in accordance with the relevant resolutions of the United Nations. The General Assembly reaffirmed the legitimacy of the struggle of the oppressed people of South Africa and their national liberation movement by all available means, including armed struggle for the seizure of power by the people, the elimination of the apartheid r~gime and the exercise of the right of self-determination by the people of South Africa as a whole, again proclaimed its full support of the national liberation movement of South Africa as the authentic representative of the people of South Africa in their just struggle for liberation; and commended the liberation movement, particularly the African National Congress, and the oppressed people of South Africa for intensifying the armed struggle against the racist r~gime. It appealed to all States to provide all necessary humanitarian, educational, financial and other necessary assistance to the oppressed people of South Africa and their national liberation movement in their legitimate struggle. 14. In resolution 36/172 B, on the International Year of Mobilization for Sanctions against South Africa, the General Assembly endorsed the Paris Declaration on Sanctions against South Africa and commended it to the attention of all Governments and organizations; proclaimed the year 1982 as the International Year of Mobilization for Sanctions against South Africa; invited all Governments, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations and institutions to participate effectively in the observance of the Year in co-operation with the United Nations; and requested the Secretary-General to encourage the widest possible observance of the Year and to provide all necessary assistance to the Special Committee in the discharge of its responsibilities. 15. In resolution 36/172 C, on the acts of aggression by the apartheid regime against Angola and other independent Africa States, the General Assembly condemned the unprovoked acts of aggression committed by the racist r6gime of South Africa against Angola, Seychelles and other independent African States; urged the Security Council to adopt effective measures, under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, to prevent breaches of the peace and acts of aggression by the apartheid r4gime, and thereby avert the grave threat to international peace and security; demanded the immediate and unconditional withdrawal of all troops of the apartheid r4gime of South Africa from Angola; demanded that South Africa respect fully the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Angola and other States; and called upon all States and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations to provide moral and material support to the Government and people of Angola and other independent Africa States subjected to acts of aggressesion, subversion and terrorism by the apartheid r~gime. 16. In resolution 36/172 D, on comprehensive and mandatory sanctions against South Africa, the General Assembly endorsed the declarations of the International Conference on Sanctions against South Africa, as well as the reports of its Political and Technical Commissions, the declarations of the international seminars organized by the Special Committee against Apartheid and the recommendations of the Seminar on Effective Measures to Prevent Transnational Corporations and Other Established Interests from Collaborating with the Racist R6gime of South Africa, held at Geneva from 29 June to 3 July 1981. It requested the Security Council urgently to consider the above declarations and reports with a view to the imposition of comprehensive and mandatory sanctions against the apartheid regime of South Africa under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations. It condemned the continuing economic and other collaboration of certain Western and other States, in particular the United States of America, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Federal Republic of Germany and Israel, with the racist r6gime of South Africa. It called upon all Governments that have not yet done so to sever diplomatic, military, nuclear, economic, cultural, academic, sports and other relations with the apartheid r~gime of South Africa; to implement scrupulously the arms embargo against South Africa; prohibit all forms of nuclear collaboration with South Africa; cease all direct and indirect trade and commercial transactions with, as well as loans to and investments in, South Africa; to terminate all government promotion of, or assistance or facilities to, trade with and investment in South Africa; to prohibit the sale of Krugerrands; to prohibit, within their jurisdiction collaboration of corporations and individuals with the racist rigime of South Africa; to cease any facilities to airlines and shipping lines of South Africa and to prevent their national airlines and shipping companies from providing services to and from South Africa; to deny visas and other facilities to South Africa athletes, artists, entertainers and academic personalities; and effectively to prevent their nationals from having cultural, academic and sporting contacts with South Africa. The General Assembly requested and authorized the Special Committee to continue and intensify its campaign to achieve world-wide support for comprehensive and mandatory sanctions against the racist r4gime of South Africa; to strengthen its co-operation with trade unions and other organizations in order to promote effective sanctions against South Africa; to publicize the activities of transnational corporations, financial institutions and other interests collaborating with the apartheid r~gime of South Africa; and to organize conferences and seminars, and to arrange for studies and publications, on all aspects of sanctions against South Africa and the continuing collaboration with South Africa of Governments, corporations and other interests. 17. In resolution 36/172 E on military and nuclear collaboration with South Africa, the General Assembly strongly condemned the collusion by the Governments of certain Western countries and other States, particularly those of the United States of America, the Federal Republic of Germany and Israel, with the racist regime of South Africa in the nuclear field and called upon France and all other Governments to refrain from supplying the racist minority regime of South Africa, directly or indirectly, with installations that might enable it to produce uranium, plutonium and other nuclear materials, reactors or military equipment. It further condemned the manoeuvres to create a South Atlantic Treaty Organization with the racist regime of South Africa and appealed to the Security Council to undertake measures to ensure that this sinister organization is not established. It condemned all States that violate the arms embargo and continue to collaborate with South Africa in the military and nuclear fields, in particular certain Western States and Israel. It expressed its deep concern about reports on the recent talks between the United States of America and South Africa concerning closer collaboration in the nuclear field and urged the Security Council to take immediate steps to ensure the scrupulous and full implementation of the arms embargo imposed by the Council in its resolution 418 (1977) and the effective monitoring of the embargo in the light of the report of the Council Committee established by resolution 421 (1977) concerning the question of South Africa on ways and means of making the mandatory arms embargo against South Africa more effective. The General Assembly again requested the Security Council to take mandatory measures to strengthen the arms embargo and secure the immediate cessation of any form of collaboration with the racist regime of South Africa in the military and nuclear fields. It authorized the Special Committee to follow closely the question of the nuclear plan and capability of South Africa; to continue its efforts to promote a comprehensive and effective embargo on all forms of military and nuclear collaboration with the racist regime of South Africa; and to continue its efforts to expose all developments concerning military and nuclear collaboration with the racist regime of South Africa, particularly: supply of arms, technology and other vital resources in contravention of resolutions of the United Nations, attempts to forge any military alliance with the racist r6gime of South Africa, and development of further links with the apartheid r6gime as an ally in the context of aggravating international tension and conflict. 18. In resolution 36/172 F on the arms embargo against South Africa, the General Assembly urged the Security Council to consider effective measures to reinforce and strengthen the arms embargo against South Africa, taking into account the recommendations of the Council Committee established by resolution 421 (1977) concerning the question of South Africa, the Paris Declaration on Sanctions against South Africa and the Declaration of the International Seminar on the Implementation and Reinforcement of the Arms Embargo against South Africa; called upon all States to take effective measures to ensure that governmental and non-governmental organizations within their jurisdiction cease any relations with the military and police forces, military industry and nuclear institutions of South Africa; and requested all States concerned to take firm steps to prevent any co- operation or contacts with the r6gime of South Africa by military alliances to which they are parties. It requested all States to extend their co-operation to the Special Committee against Apartheid and the Security Council Committee established by resolution 421 (1977) concerning the question of South Africa in the discharge of their respective mandates.

19. In resolution 36/172 G on an oil embargo against South Africa, the General Assembly again requested the Security Council to zon=Lder urgently a mandatory embargo on the supply of petroleum and petroleim products to South Africa under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nation3 and urged all States that have not yet done so to take effective legislative and other measures to ensure the implementation of an oil er.bargo against South Afri a. It requested all States concerned to take effective action against corporations and tanker companies involved in the illicit supply of oil to South Africa and authorized the Special Committee against Apartheid to continue its efforts, including the undertaking of missions, the holding of seminars and the publication of studies, to promote an effective oil embargo against South Africa 20. In resolution 36/17' H on the International Conference of Trade Unions on Sanctions against South Africa, the General Assembl ! requested and authorized the Special Committee against Apartheid to take all necessary steps, in co- operation with the United Nations Council for Namibia, the International Labour Organisation, the Organization of African Unity and tne Organization of African Trade Union Unity, to organize in 1982 an International Conference of Trade Unions on Sanctions against South Africa for the purpose of working out i programme of action towards the enforcement of sanctions against apartheid. 21. In resolution 36/172 I on academic, cuituLal and sports boycotts of South Africa, the General Assembly comm.vended the Specia! Committee against Apartheid for its efforts to promote effective academic, cuicural and sports boycotts of South Africa and to mobilize academic, cultural and sports pefsonalities in the campaign against apartheid. It noted with appreciation the action of the Special Committee in publishing lists of sportsmen, eiitertainers and others visiting South Africa, in order to enable the Governments and organizations to take any action that they may deem appropriate. It condemned those sports organizations, sportsmen and promoters of sports events that have collaborated with South Africa in violation of the resolutions of the General Assembly and the In-ernational Declaration against Apartheid in Sports. 22. In resolution 36/172 J on political prisoners in South Afric:a, the General Assembly demanded again that the racist r6gime of South Africa end repression against the black people and other opponents of apartheid; cease all trials under arbitrary repressive laws; refrain from the execution of persons sentenced under such repressive laws for acts arising from opposition to apartheid; release all political prisoners in South Africa; and abrogate bans imposed on organizations and the media for their opposition to apartheid. It urged all Governments and intergovernmental organizations to take all appropriate action for an end to repression and for the release of all political prisoners in South Africa, and to lend their co-operation to the Special Committee dyainst ;artheid. 23. In resolution 36/172 K on women and children under apartheid, the General Assembly invited all Governments and organizations to observe 9 August annually as the International Day of Solidarity with the Struggle of Women in South Africa and Namibia, encouraged the Special Committee against Apartheid to intensify activities in support of women and children oppressed by apartheid; authorized it to organize conferences, seminars and missions for this purpose; and appealed to all Governments and organizations to provide generous contributions to the projects of the national liberation movements and front-line States for assistance to refugee women and children from South Africa.

24. In resolution 36/172 L on public information and public action against apartheid and role of mass media in the struggle against apartheid, the General Assembly commended the Declaration of the International Seminar on Publicity and Role of Mass Media in the International Mobilization against Apartheid held at Berlin from 31 August to 2 September 1981 and requested the Secretary- General to take steps for the widest dissemination of the Berlin Declaration. It requested the Special Committee against Apartheid to take all appropriate action towards the implementation of the recommendations of the International Seminar on Publicity and Role of Mass Media in the International Mobilization against Apartheid, including the publication of studies by experts and the organization of national and regional seminars for journalists and requested the Secretary-General and the Special Committee to give special attention to encouraging action by non- governmental organizations and the mass media in the international campaign against apartheid. It called upon all non-governmental organizations that have not yet done so to desist from any form of collaboration with the apartheid r4gime and institutions based on racial discrimination in South Africa and requested the Secretary-General to lend his co-operation to the Special Committee iii investigating and publicizing the collaboration of certain non-governmental organizations with the apartheid r4gime and institutions of South Africa, and in persuading them to desist from such collaboration. 25. In resolution 36/172 M on relations between Israel and South Africa, the General Assembly considered collaboration between the two countries, in particular in the military and nuclear fields, as a serious hindrance to international action for the eradication of apartheid, an encouragement to the racist r~gime of South Africa to persist in its criminal policy of apartheid, a hostile act against the oppressed people of South Africa and the entire Africa continent, and as a threat to international peace and security. It strongly condemned the continuing and increasing collaboration of Israel with the racist r6gime of South Africa, especially in the military and nuclear fields; demanded that Israel desist from and terminate all forms of collaboration with South Africa forthwith, particularly in the rilitary and nuclear fields, and abide scrupulously by the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council; and requested the Special Committee against Apartheid to keep the matter under constant review and to report to the General Assembly and the Security Council as appropriate. 26. In resolution 36/172 N on the programme of work of the Special Committee against Apartheid, the General Assembly reaffirmed the mandate of the Special Committee against Apartheid for the promotion of the international campaign against apartheid in accordance with the relevant resolutions of the General Asselibly and endorsed the report of the Special Committee to the Assembly at its thirty-sixth session, in particular the recommendations of the Committee on its programme of work. It requested all Governments, specialized agencies and other institutions in the United Nations system and other organizations to co-operate with the Special Committee in the discharge of its responsibilities. 27. In resolution 36/172 0 on investments in South Africa, the General Assembly again urged the Security Council to consider the matter at an early date with a view to taking effective steps to achieve the cessation of further foreign investments in, and financial loans to, South Africa. 28. In resolution 36/172 P on the United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa, the General Assembly commended the Secretary-General and the Committee of Trustees to the United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa for their efforts to promote humanitarian and legal ass ittir - to p,-,j 'on; persecuted under repressive and discriminatory legislat ion in South Atrica and Namibia, as well as assistance to their families and to refugees rL W South Afria iiid appealed for generous and increased contributions to the Trust Fund. 29. The General Assembly, at its thirty-sixth session, also adopted a number of other resolutions which had a bearing on the question of apartheid. Particular reference may be made to resolutions 36/8, 36/9, 36/11, 36/12, 36/13, 36/51, 36/52, 36/53, 36/68, 36/69, 36/80, 36/86, 36/121 and 36/162. B. International Year of Mobilization for Sanctions against South Africa 30. Throughout the past year, the Special Committee gave maximum attention to planning and promoting the effective observance of the International Year of Mobilization for Sanctions against South Africa. Its programme of work was consistently directed towards that end. On 11 January 1982, the Special Committee held a special meeting for the launching of the International Year. 31. Statements were made by the Secretary-General of the United Nations; Mr. Oleg Troyanovsky (USSR), President of the Security Council; Mr. Francis Kasina (Kenya), representative of the Chairman of the Organization of African Unity; and Mr. J. Dennis Akumu, Secretary-General of the Organization of African Trade Union Unity. Statements were also made by the representative of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, on behalf of the socialist countries represented in the Special Committee, and by the Chairman of the Special Committee (A/AC.105/SR.488). 32. In his statement, the Chairman of the Special Committee said, inter alia: "The General Assembly of the United Nations proclaimed 1982 as the International Year of Mobilization for Sanctions against South Africa at very short notice, of only two weeks. "In taking this exceptional step, the General Assembly and the Member States of the United Nations underscored the need for a sense of urgency in promoting collective action by Governments, organizations and individuals in dealing with the grave situation created by the policies and actions of the Pretoria r6gime - particularly its inhuman oppression of the great majority of the people of South Africa, and its escalating acts of terrorism, subversion, destabilization and aggression against independent African States. "For any objective person who has followed the developments in southern Africa in the past year, the need for urgency and the need for collective action is clear. I need only mention the massive and continuing aggression against the People's Republic of Angola; the grave threat to the security of Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Lesotho; and the attempt to deprive another million and a half Africans of their citizenship through the proclamation of the so-called 'independence of the Ciskei'. "The International Conference on Sanctions against South Africa, held in Paris in May 1981, demonstrated the overwhelming support for sanctions by States from all regions of the world and diverse ideological persuasions. It underlined the need for the mobilization of committed Governments, organizations and individuals to press for mandatory and comprehensive sanctions against South Africa. It has also encouraged unilateral measures by individual States and groups of States, pending action by the Security Council. "The Paris Conference has pointed out that the friends of freedom in South Africa constitute the overwhelming majority of humanity. They have the power, by united effort, to secure effective international action. "We must constantly confront the Powers which continue to resist sanctions against South Africa and their peoples - with the choice between credibility and hypocrisy, with the choice between friendship with a doomed system of apartheid and friendship with most of humanity ..." 33. Messages on the occasion of launching the International Year were received from Mr. Ismat T. Kittani (Iraq), President of the General Assembly; Mr. Salim A. Salim, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the United Republic of Tanzania and President of the International Conference on Sanctions against South Africa; and Archbishop Trevor Huddleston, President of the British Anti-Apartheid Movement. 34. On 16 February 1982, the Special Committee expressed great satisfaction that the Joint Committee of the Consultative Assembly of the Africa, Caribbean and Pacific States (ACP)/European Economic Community (EEC), at its meeting in Salisbury, decided to promote widest participation in the observance of the International Year in co-operation with the United Nations. 35. On 17 February 1982, the Chairman addressed letters to all permanent representatives to the United Nations, drawing the attention of their Governments to the programme of the International Year and inviting them to participate effectively in the observance of the Year. 36. He also addressed a letter to the specialized agencies of the United Nations and other intergovernmental organizations drawing their attention to the programme of the International Year. 37. On the same day, he addressed a letter to the Secretary-General of the United Nations requesting him to instruct all units of the Secretariat concerned, including especially the Department of Public Information, and all United Nations offices to give high priority to promoting the observance of the International Year and to co-operate with the Special Committee. He also requested the SecretaryGeneral to encourage the specialized agencies to observe the Year and to co-ordinate the plans of the United Nations organizations. 38. The observance by the Special Committee of the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination emphasized the purposes of the International Year. 39. The Special Committee took steps throughout the year, during all its missions and consultations, and in other activities, to promote the effective observance of the International Year.

C. South Africa's aggression against neighbouring States 40. The Special Committee continued constantly to draw the attention of the international community to the serious situation in southern Africa resulting from the aggressive policy of the South African r6gime. It stressed that the world confronted in southern Africa not only a threat to international peace but repeated breaches of the peace and acts of aggression against independent African States. 1. Hearing of the Special Committee on threat to peace in southern Africa and the implementation of United Nations resolutions for an end to military, nuclear and other collaboration with the racist r6gime of South Africa 41. The Special Committee held a hearing on 14 June 1982, on "Threat to Peace in Southern Africa and the Implementation of United Nations Resolutions for an end to Military, Nuclear and other Collaboration with South Africa". Sevcrel well-known individuals and experts participated in the hearing. They included: General Costa Gomez, former President of Portugal; Mr. Abdul Samad Minty, Director, World Campaign against Military and Nuclear Collaboration with South Africa; Professor Ulrich Albrecht, Free University of West Berlin; Professor Allan S. Krass, Hampshire College, Amherst, Massachusetts; Professor Ronald Walters, Howard University, Washington, D.C.; Miss Gay McDougall, Director, Southern Africa Project, Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights under Law, Washington, D.C.; Mr. Romesh Chandra, President of the World Peace Council; Mr. Abdullaye Diallo, Member of Presidential Council of the Republic of Guinea; and Mr. James Lamond, Member of British Parliament (A/AC.115/SR.499 and 500). 42. At the conclusion of the hearing, the Special Committee adopted a statement which was transmitted for the attention of the second special session of the General Assembly on disarmament as well as the Security Council. 43. The statement reads, inter alia: "The Special Committee once again draws the urgent attention of the international community to the constant and continuous acts of aggression, subversion, terrorism and destabilization by the racist r6gime of South Africa against independent African States and also to the brutal oppression of the people of South Africa. The situation constitutes not only a threat to peace but continuous breaches of peace and, indeed, an undeclared war against the whole region. "The recent expansion of military forces of South Africa, and the frantic efforts of the apartheid r4gime to acquire nuclear capability and wield the nuclear threat underline the gravest dangers to peace in Africa, the Indian Ocean and South Atlantic and, indeed, the entire world. "The Special Committee notes with utmost concern the continuing collaboration by a number of Governments, corporations and institutions with South Africa, in contravention of United Nations resolutions, in the military and nuclear fields, and particularly the relaxation of the arms and nuclear embargo by the United States of America. -10-

"The Special Committee calls for urgent action for effective sanctions against South Africa - in the military, nuclear and other field - and for the mobilization of world public opinion towards that end" (see A/S-12/AC.l/21; S/15247, annex). 2- 0ther activities 44. After repeated denials of continuing aggression against the People's Republic of Angola, the Pretoria regirne admitted that it had launched a large-scale military invasion of Angola in Decemher 1941 advancing nearly 150 miles inside Angolan territory, and that this invasion had lasted 18 days. In a statement condemning the aggression by South Africa, the Chairman said on 10 December 1981: "The Special Committee has pointed out that the international community confronts in southern Africa not only a threat to international peace but repeated breaches of the peace, and acts of aggression. The Western Powers have repeatedly refused to recognize the threat to international peace, advancing unconvincing interpretations of that term. But after the admission by the Pretoria regime, who can deny the indisputable fact that there has been one more brazen act of aggressior. against the People's Republic of Angola and a further breach of the peace? "I hope the Western permanent members of the Security Council will be persuaded, even at this late hour, to recognize the imperative need for effective action under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations and discharge their solemn responsibili.ties under the Charter." 45. At its 495th meeting, the Special Committee heard a statement by the representative of the German Democratic Republic, as member of the mission to front-line States (see also parags 93 to 97), who drew the Committee's attention to the serious situation in southern Africa brought about by the policy of aggression pursued by South Africa. He said that the racist r6gime had kept up a constant pressure on the Angolan bordeL by its violations of the country's airspace and incursions by heli-transported troops supported by infantry attacks and armed vehicle units. It had also resorted to mine-laying in fields, roads and bridges and destruction of all kinds of natura' .sources and means of production. He continued: "The constant brutal acts of aggression being perpetrated by the racist r4gime of South Africa against the People's Republic of Angola, which pose a very grave threat to international peace and security, provide fresh confirmation that the United Nations General Assembly, at its thirty-sixth session, was justified when it noted in resolution 36/172 that the apartheid regime has been encouraged to undertake these criminal acts by the protection afforded by major Western Powers against international sanctions, especially by the pronouncements, policies avid actions of the Government of the United States of America."

D. Military and nuclear collaboration with South Africa 46. The Special Committee has repeatedly emphasized that any assistance to South Africa in its military build-up is a hostile act against the oppressed people of South Africa and independent African States. 47. On 14 December 1981, the Special Committee learned that Israel's Minister of Defence had visited Namibia. The Chairman of the Special Committee issued a statement (GA/AP/1277) on the same day condemning this visit. He said, inter alia: "On behalf of the Special Committee, I must also express shock at the report that the Israeli Minister of Defense, in company with many American and NATO military analysts, called for the supply of more modern weapons to South Africa. The United States Government and NATO have repeatedly assured the Special Committee that they have no military collaboration with South Africa. The international community is, therefore, entitled to an urgent explanation from them." 48. The Chairman added that the constant denials of collaboration between the South African r6gime and the Israeli Government in the military and nuclear field, repeated by its representative in the General Assembly on 30 November 1981, had again proved to be utterly false. 49. Following reports that the United States Government had relaxed the arms embargo against South Africa, the Chairman issued a statement on 1 March 1982 (GA/AP/1298). He stated that the relaxation of the arms embargo by the United States, under the guise of allowing the sale of so-called non-militay supplies to the South African military establishment, can only encourage the Pretoria r6gime in its crimes. The Chairman recalled that on 17 December 1981 the General Assembly had adopted a resolution on an arms embargo against South Africa by an overwhelming majority of 138 votes to none, with 7 abstentions, urging the Security Council to consider effective measures to reinforce and strengthen the arms embargo against South Africa. The Assembly had also proclaimed 1982 as the International Year of Mobilization for Sanctions against South Africa in order to promote effective international action for the elimination of apartheid and for averting the growing threat to international peace and security. He expressed the hope that the United States Government would be persuaded to reconsider its regrettable decision and to join in effective international action against apartheid. 50. The attention of the Special Committee was drawn in May to reports concerning the adoption of a new policy by the Government of the United States of America allowing the export of dual-use nuclear commodities to South Africa. On 21 May 1982, the Acting Chairman issued a statement (GA/AP/1342) expressing, on behalf of the Special Committee, indignation at the attempts of the Government of the United States to strengthen its collaboraton with the apartheid r~gime in the military and nuclear fields. He stated that this appalling act by the Government of the United States was taken in contravention of the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council. Furthermore, he said, it was reported that a top American nuclear physicist had visited South Africa as a guest of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. While in South Africa, he had spoken on the "Influence of Technology on 20th Century Warfare". -12-

51. The Acting Chairman continued: "I wish to call upon all peace-loving forces in the United States and all over the world to maximize their support for the demands of the Special Committee and the General Assembly for the total isolation of the racist r4gime of South Africa and particularly to ensure that the Apartheid r6gime is prevented from continuing with its dangerous military adventures and nuclear build-up." 52. On 8 June 1982, the Acting Chairman sent a message to the International Seminar on the Military Situation in and relating to Namibia. He noted that the Special Committee had repeatedly condemned the continuing acts of aggression committed by the apartheid r~gime against independent African States. South Africa had used its illegal occupation of the international territory of Namibia as a stepping stone for the escalation of aggression which caused extensive loss of human lives and destruction of economic infrastructure. The Acting Chairman said that the apartheid r4gime was guilty of repeated breaches of the peace which escalated an ever growing threat to international peace and security. Furthermore, it had continued to obtain military equipment, as well as technology and know- how to develop its armament industry and to acquire nuclear weapon capability. He continued: "In this process the racist r~gime has relied on the co-operation of especially Israel and Taiwan. In resolution 36/172 E the General Assembly condemned the ongoing nuclear and military co-operation with South Africa and called upon all Governments to refrain from supplying the racist minority r4gime of South Africa, directly or indirectly, with installations that might enable it to produce uranium, plutonium and other nuclear materials, reactors, and other military equipment. On behalf of the Special Committee, I urge Governments and organizations to take immediate steps to ensure the scrupulous and full implementation of the arms embargo imposed by the Security Council in its resolution 418 (1977). The Council must take mandatory measures to strengthen the arms embargo and secure the immediate cessation of any form of collaboration with the racist r4gime of South Africa in military and nuclear fields. The international community must strengthen its material and moral solidarity with the national liberation movements of southern Africa and the front-line States - victims of the aggressive policy of the South African regime." E. Economic and other collaboration with South Africa 53. The Special Committee continued to follow developments concerning economic and other collaboration with South Africa. It repeatedly condemned the continued collaboration of certain Western States and Israel, as well as transnational corporations, with South Africa as an essential cause for the escalation of South Africa's aggression against independent African States, and the continuation of its policies of oppression against the people of South Africa and its national liberation movement as well as its illegal occupation of Namibia. The attitude of those States that have continued and increased their collaboration with South Africa was deplored in meetings of the Special Committee, during missions of the Special Committee, at international conferences and seminars in which representatives of the Special Committee participated, and in other appropriate ways. -13-

1. Oil embargo 54. The Special Committee has devoted particular attention this year, in pursuance of General Assembly resolution 36/172 G of 17 December 1981, to consultations on promoting an effective oil embargo against South Africa, taking into account the provision of paragraph 5 of that resolution authorizing the Special Committee "in consultation with the Secretary-General of the United Nations and oil-exporting countries, to organize if necessary, under the auspices of the United Nations, a conference of oil-exporting countries which have imposed an oil embargo against South Africa to consider national and international arrangements to ensure the effective implementation of their oil embargo". 55. In this connexion, the Chairman held extensive consultations during the mission he undertook to the Middle East and Western Europe in April 1982. 2. Economic collaboration 56. In a statement issued on 17 September 1981 the Chairman expressed great satisfaction at the announcement by the World Council of Churches that it was breaking off links with the Union Bank of Switzerland, the Swiss Bank Corporation and the Dresdner Bank of the Federal Republic of Germany because of their extensive involvement in financial support to the apartheid r~gime in South Africa. In a cable sent the same day, he congratulated the World Council for its firm action. 57. On 8 October 1981, the Chairman addressed a letter to the Secretary-General drawing his attention to a report that Thomas Cook and United Airlines had set up a company in Johannesburg to promote travel between South Africa and the United States. He requested the Secretary-General to investigate the matter and to take appropriate action in accordance with relevant resolutions of the General Assembly. 58. In a reply dated 12 October 1981, the Under-Secretary-General for Administration, Finance and Management stated on behalf of the Secretary- General that he took the necessary steps to investigate the matter urgently. 59. In a letter dated 10 February 1982, the Chairman drew the attention of the Secretary-General of the United Nations to press reports that the South African regime had arranged to borrow 222.6 million rand (or more than $250 million) from the International Monetary Fund. He stated: "I might recall that the General Assembly, in resolution 36/172 D of 17 December 1981, again requested States Members of the International Monetary Fund to take the necessary steps to deny all assistance and commercial or other facilities to the racist r4gime of South Africa. It further requested the Secretary-General to undertake urgent consultations with the International Monetary Fund to persuade it to respect the repeated resolutions of the United Nations on collaboration with the apartheid r6gime of South Africa, and to report to the General Assembly at its thirty-seventh session. "The Special Committee considers that the grant of a large credit to the South African r4gime by the IMF, so soon after the General Assembly resolution, is a serious matter." The Chairman requested the Secretary-General to take all appropriate action. -14-

3. Admission of South Africa and "Transkei" to the World Medical Association 60. The World Medical Association (WMA), at its Annual Assembly held in Lisbon from 28 September to 2 October 1981, decided to admit the Medical Association of South Africa (MASA) and the Medical Association of the so- called "Transkei" to membership. The Special Committee, which had appealed to WMA against such action, denounced the decision of WMA and called for appropriate action by Governments and organizations. 61. Subsequently, the Chairman of the Sub-Committee on the Implementation of United Nations Resolutions and Collaboration with South Africa represented the Special Committee at a meeting of the Executive Board of the World Health Organization (WHO) at Geneva on 27 January 1982, called for the termination of WHO's official relations with WMA. 62. The Executive Board decided to terminate WHO's official relations with WMA until such time as it expelled MASA and the Medical Association of Transkei. Only the United States of America voted against and Japan abstained. The Special Committee noted the decision of WHO with great appreciation. 63. On 7 April 1982, the Special Committee held a consultation with the delegation of the African Region of WMA. The delegation consisted of Dr. 0. 0. Adekunle (Nigeria), Dr. Albert Boohene (Ghana), Professor J. N. Togba (Liberia) and Dr. Dali Rafaat Mrad (Tunisia) (A/AC.115/SR.496). 64. Dr. 0. 0. Adekunle announced at the meeting that the seven African member associations of WMA had decided to withdraw from that body because its voting system was at present loaded in favour of a few associations and because the Medical Association of South Africa (MASA) did not fulfil the criteria for admission to that body. He called for effective measures to be taken in response, as well, to the WMA's willingness to permit membership of both MASA and the Transkei Medical Association. He suggested mass withdrawal from WMA and the establishment of an alternative world medical body. 4. Other collaboration 65. The attention of the Special Committee was also drawn to the fact that the International Hospitals Federation (IHF) had admitted South Africa, as well as the so-called "independent" States of "Transkei" and "Bophuthatswana". As the congress of IHF was held in Sydney, Australia, on 14 September 1981 the Chairman addressed a letter to the Permanent Representative of Australia, expressing the hope of the Special Committee that the Government of Australia would take the necessary action to deny any form of recognition to and refrain from any dealings with, the so-called "independent" Bantustans. 66. The Special Committee learned that the lth Conference of the International Association on Water Pollution Research would be held in Cape Town, South Africa, from 29 March to 2 April 1982. In a communication to the President of that Association, dated 15 Janury 1982, the Chairman called on the Association to desist from any form of collaboration with the apartheid regime and institutions. He urged the Association to cancel the above-mentioned conference. -15-

67. In a letter dated 18 February 1982 and addressed to the President of CBS News, the Chairman expressed concern over a CBS "60 Minutes" broadcast which included a special feature on the so-called "independent" State of Bophuthatswana. F. Action against apartheid in sports 1. Hearing on sports and apartheid 68. On 11 May 1982, the Special Committee held a hearing on sports and apartheid. At its invitation, the following persons participated in the hearing: Ms. Evilyn Herberg, a field athlete from the German Democratic Republic; Mr. Bishen Singh Bedi, a cricketer from India; Mr. Noel Carroll, an athlete from Ireland; Mr. Clive Lloyd, a cricketer from Guyana; Mr. John Conteh, a boxer from the United Kingdom; Dr. Richard Logan, a rugby player from the United States of America; Mr. Paul Stephenson, a sports administrator from the United Kingdom; and Mr. Sam Ramsammy, Chairman of the South African Non-Racial Olympic Committee (A/AC.115/SR.497). 69. In his statement, the Chairman stated that unless apartheid is totally abolished, unless all the people enjoy equal rights and equal opportunities - in the economic, social and political fields - there can be no equality in sports and no collaboration with South Africa. The sports boycott must be intensified and must be continued until apartheid is totally abolished. 2. Register of sports contacts with South Africa, 1 April-31 December 1981 70. It may be recalled that the Special Committee decided in 1980 to publish a "register of sports contacts with South Africa" as one means of promoting the full implementation of the United Nations resolutions for the cessation of all sports exchanges in South Africa. 71. It noted that, while most Governments and international sports bodies had taken action to boycott apartheid sports, some sportsmen, promoters and others were actively collaborating with apartheid sports bodies enabling them to continue international exchanges. 72. The register was compiled to make those concerned aware of the revulsion felt by most of humanity toward apartheid and its collaborators. Since many sportsmen, sports bodies and administrators were enticed to South Africa by financial rewards, derived from the brutal exploitation of the black people, they were warned that "if they fraternize with and profit from apartheid they cannot expect to fraternize with the sportsmen of many other countries nor make money in those countries". 73. The Special Committee noted with satisfaction that the first register, published on 15 May 1981, received wide attention and helped highlight violations of United Nations resolutions for the boycott of apartheid sport. 1/ Fewer sportsmen competed in South Africa after the publication of the register. Several sportsmen indicated their intention not to compete in South Africa and others were reportedly reconsidering their attitudes for fear of exclusion from competitions in many countries if not because of firm opposition to apartheid. South Africa has had to resort to secret sports tours in order to avoid the increased public attention. -16-

74. The General Assembly, in its resolution 36/172 I of 18 December 1981, noted with satisfaction the action of the Special Committee in publishing the register "in order to enable the Governments and organizations to take any action that they may deem appropriate". 75. The Special Committee published on 1 March 1982, the second register of sports contacts with South Africa, covering the period from 1 April to 31 December 1981. The register contained two lists: (a) A list of sports exchanges with South Africa arranged by the code of sport; (b) A list of sportsmen and sportswomen who participated in sports events in South Africa, arranged by country. 76. On 31 March 1982, the Chairman transmitted the register to various organizations active in the struggle against apartheid. 3. Other activities 77. On 14 September 1981, the Chairman issued a statement expressing concern over the South African Springbok rugby tour of the United States of America. On behalf of the Special Committee he expressed serious disappointment that the United States Government had taken no action to prevent the tour of this apartheid team, despite appeals by the Special Committee, the African States and the President of the International Olympic Committee. 78. The Chairman also addressed cables to Mr. Hugh Carey, Governor of New York State, and to Mr. Peter Korn, City Manager of Rochester, urging them to undertake efforts to cancel scheduled games in Albany and Rochester. Upon learning that Albany would not host the Springbok team, the Chairman sent another cable to Governor Hugh Carey expressing appreciation for that decision. 79. On 14 September, the Chairman issued a statement concerning the South African rugby team tour of New Zealand. He stated, inter alia: "I cannot but reiterate ... the disappointment of the Special Committee at the attitude of the Government of New Zealand. While expressing opposition to the tour, it has, despite numerous appeals by the Special Committee and others, refrained from taking action within its power to stop the tour. It has instead constantly attacked the anti-apartheid movement, provided police protecton to the apartheid team at great public expense, and allowed violence against demonstrators who were moved by their conscience to take individual and collective action to prevent the appearance of the apartheid team on the soil of their country. "I hope that the New Zealand Government will learn from this experience, and reassess its policy in the recognition of the deep convictions of the majority of the people of New Zealand as well as of the rest of humanity." 80. On 23 October the Chairman addressed a letter to the Permanent Representative of the Netherlands drawing his attention to a pamphlet issued by the Royal Dutch Airlines (KLM) and distributed to South Africa's white sports clubs and -17- organizations with the aim of assisting them to compete internationally. He requested the Government of the Netherlands to take urgent action in this matter. 81. In a reply dated 12 November 1981, the Permanent Representative of the Netherlands stated that KL1b's head office had already ordered its office in South Africa to stop distribution of this folder and to recall those copies already sent. Since that time no tours for sports events had been arranged with the assistance of KLM. 82. On 8 December, the Chairman issued a statement commending the Welsh Rugby Union for cancelling its proposed tour of South Africa. 83. At the meeting of the Special Committee held on 10 February 1982, the Chairman appealed to the United States Government to take urgent action to stop deportation proceedings againt Mr. Dennis Brutus, a professor of African literature at Northwestern University, Illinois, and a leader of non-racial sports movements in South Africa for the past 20 years. 84. On 3 March 1982, the Chairman issued a statement (GA/AP/1300/Rev.1) condemning the tour of South Africa by British cricketers as an affront to the oppressed people of South Africa. 85. The attention of the Special Committee was drawn to the fact that the Harlem Globetrotters in New York intended to visit South Africa. In a cable dated 11 May 1982, addressed to the President of the Harlem Globetrotters, the Chairman urged this sports organization to cancel the visit and all other contacts with the apartheid r4gime. 86. On 14 May 1982, the Special Committee learned with great satisfaction that the Harlem Globetrotters cancelled its proposed visit to South Africa. In a letter addressed to its President, the Acting Chairman expressed the appreciation of the Special Committee. 87. In a letter dated 1 April 1982, the Chairman expressed great satisfaction to the Government of Denmark for denying visas to South African tennis players who intended to participate in the "Danish Indoor Championship 1982". G. Action against apartheid in the cultural field 1. Promotion of establishment of Committee of Artists of the World against apartheid 88. The Special Committee encouraged the initiative of Mr. Ernest Pignon-Ernest, a French artist, to promote the establishment of a Committee of Artists of the World against Apartheid and to organize an international art exhibit against apartheid. It invited him for consultations in October 1981 and discussed co- operation by the Special Committee in organizing the exhibit. The Committee of World Artists, which includes prominent artists from many countries of the world, was established on 10 December 1981. On that occasion the Chairman of the Special Committee sent the following message: -18-

"On behalf of the Special Committee against APartheid, I welcome with great satisfaction the establishment in Paris of the Committee of Artists of the World against Apartheid ... "The Special Committee considers that artists and other intellectuals can play an important role in support of the struggle for freedom and human dignity in South Africa." 2. Consultation with Mr. Ian Hall, musical director of the Union of London Choir 89. On 19 February 1982, the Special Committee held a consultation with Mr. Ian Hall, musical director of the Union of London Choir. 90. Mr. Ian Hall referred to the importance of the International Year and called for effective action to isolate South Africa in the cultural field (A/AC.115/SR.491). He said: "Thus, speaking as a black artist, skilled in the science of music, I have no doubt that the arts can be a most potent weapon in the advance of the sanction plan. The proof of this is very clearly seen in the recent increase in South Africa's activities in the area of culture, to win for itself a place in the artistic and cultural community of nations. Those who have followed these matters in the past months will note that the r4gime in Pretoria has placed millions of dollars at the disposal of artists to perform in South Africa, contrary to the objectives of this Committee. Therefore, I feel that one way to frustrate these insidious machinations is to use the same medium of the arts to influence international public opinion against racism and racial discrimination, particularly in reaching many young entertainers, who, out of lack of the full facts, are often deceived into accepting these lucrative offers. "It particularly welcomes the initiatives of the Committee of Artists to organize, in co-operation with the United Nations, an international art exhibition against apartheid in 1982 in order to demonstrate the concern of artists over the grave situation in South Africa and their solidarity with the legitimate aspirations and struggle of the oppressed people of South Africa." The Special Committee has since taken active steps to promote the proposed art exhibit ion. 3. Other action 91. At the meetings of the Special Committee held on 31 August 1982, the Chairman commended the O'Jays, an American group of singers, for their call to boycott South Africa in the cultural field. H. Women and children under apartheid 92. The Special Committee and its Task Force on Women and Children under Apartheid continued to devote special attention to the plight of women and children under apartheid, in the light of General Assembly resolution 36/172 K. -19-

1. Mission to Angola, Zambia and the United Republic of Tanzania 93. In March 1982, the Special Committee sent a mission for consultations with the Governments of front-line States of Angola, Zambia and the United Republic of Tanzania, as well as the leaders of the African National Congress of South Africa (ANC), the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC) and the South West Africa People's Organization of Namibia (SWAPO) on projects for assistance to the oppressed women of South Africa and Namibia. 94. The mission was headed by Mme. Jeanne-Martin Ciss4, Minister of Social Affairs of Guinea and President of the International Committee of Solidarity with the Struggle of Women of South Africa and Namibia. The other members of the mission were Mr. Gerhard Schr6ter (German Democratic Republic), and Mr. Vasant Nevrekar (India), members of the Special Committee against Apartheid; and Mrs. Anne-Marie Lizin (Belgium), Member of the European Parliament and member of the International Committee of Solidarity. 95. In Luanda, Lusaka and Dar es Salaam, the mission held useful discussions with Government leaders on the situation in southern Africa, the South African aggression against neighbouring independent States, notably Mozambique and Angola, and the illegal occupation of Namibia. 96. The mission also held fruitful consultations with the leaders of the national liberation movements of South Africa and Namibia. It visited some of the projects being run by them in the host countries. In Angola the mission visited in Matala (Province of Huila) a camp of Angolan displaced persons from the Province of Cunene, which is the hardest hit by the South African aggression against that country. 97. During its visit, the mission was received by His Excellency Mr. Kenneth Kaunda, President of Zambia, His Excellency Mr. Julius Nyerere, the President of the United Republic of Tanzania, and the Foreign Ministers of Angola, Zambia and the United Republic of Tanzania. 2/ 2. International Conference on Women and Apartheid 98. The International Conference on Women and Apartheid was organized by the Special Committee against Apartheid, in co-operation with the International Committee of Solidarity with the Struggle of Women and Apartheid, and was held in Brussels from 17 to 19 May 1982. / 99. The Conference was intended to promote broader awareness of the struggle of women of South Africa and Namibia, and world-wide assistance - humanitarian, educational and political - to the oppressed women of South Africa and Namibia and their national liberation movements, as well as to the front-line States. The report of the mission sent by the Special Committee to the front-line States, which included particulars on projects of assistance submitted by national liberation movements, was the principal document before the Conference (see also paras. 93 to 97). 100. The agenda of the Conference was as follows: Review of the situation in southern Africa, with particular reference to the repression of women in South Africa and Namibia and their participation in the struggle for national liberation, -20- taking into account the extreme danger to peace and security in the region and to world peace; effects of the militarization and nuclearization of South Africa; effects of acts of aggression against neighbouring States; consideration of the effects of apartheid; means to publicize the plight of women in South Africa and Namibia, and their struggle for national liberation; means to promote greater assistance for the women in South Africa and Namibia, with special reference to projects of the women's sections of national liberation movements, for refugee women and children, for training women cadres and for the needs of the liberation struggle; action to demonstrate solidarity with women under apartheid and support for the struggle for national liberation; adoption of Declaration and recommendations. 101. The Conference was attended by 300 persons, including members of the Special Committee; representatives of relevant United Nations organs and other intergovernmental organizations; front-line States; member States of the European Communities and other States invited by the Special Committee; national liberation movements recognized by the United Nations; international non- governmental organizations; and anti-apartheid movements, trade unions, churches and development associations. A number of prominent leaders attended the Conference on the invitation of the Special Committee. 102. The Conference began with a meeting devoted to oral testimony by women from the national liberation movements of South Africa and Namibia, and from Angola. After the conclusion of that meeting, the Chairman of the Special Committee against Apartheid opened a photographic exhibit on aggression against Angola. The Conference was opened by Alhaji Yusuff Maitama-sule, Chairman of the Special Committee against Apartheid. At the outset, it observed a minute of silence in memory of all the women and children who have laid down their lives in the struggle for freedom and human dignity in southern Africa. After the opening address by the Chairman of the Special Committee, the Conference elected Mne. Jeanne-Martin Ciss6, Minister of Social Affairs of Guinea, as President of the Conference. After the address by the President, statements were made by Mr. Pieter Dankert, President of the European Parliament; Mrs. Leticia Shahani, representative of the SecretaryGeneral of the United Nations, who read the message of the Secretary-General; the representative of the Government of Belgium, the host country; and a number of special guests. 103. The Conference adopted by consensus a Declaration in which it paid tribute to the courage and heroism of women of South Africa and Namibia in the legitimate struggle for liberation. It also paid tribute to the front-line States for their support of that struggle. The Conference called for effective international action in accordance with the United Nations resolutions, for the elimination of apartheid, the independence of Namibia and the establishment of a democratic society in South Africa. 104. The Declaration continued: "The Conference deplores the actions of those Governments, multinationals and interests which continue to collaborate with the apartheid r4gime and, in endorsing the relevant resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly, it calls upon the countries in question to end such collaboration. -21-

"The Conference reiterates its support for the resolutions adopted by the World Conference of the United Nations Decade for Women in Copenhagen condemning the expansion of the South African military and nuclear capacity as a threat to stability and world peace and calls for the implementation of the decisions reached by the United Nations and other international bodies on the military, nuclear and oil embargo against South Africa. "The Conference condemns the acts of aggression and intimidation perpetrated by the South African Government against the front-line States and, in particular, Angola and calls for the immediate and unconditional withdrawal of South African troops from the territory of the People's Republic of Angola ... "The Conference emphasizes, in this context, the urgent need for widest publicity to the plight of women in South Africa and Namibia, and their resistance against apartheid, as well as greatly increased international assistance to alleviate their hardships and enable them to develop further their participation in the struggle for liberation. "It appeals, in particular, for generous assistance by governments, organizations and individuals for relevant projects of the national liberation movements and front-line States." (A/37/26-S/15150). The Conference also adopted a number of other decisions. 4/ I. Bantustans 105. The apartheid r4gime of South Africa proclaimed the so-called "independence" of the Ciskei on 4 December 1981, despite the universal denunciation of the sham "independence" of the bantustans of "Transkei", Bophuthatswana and Venda, and of the policy of bantustanization. 106. On 10 November 1981, the Chairman issued a statement condemning the plans of the racist r!gime to create another "independent" bantustan. On behalf of the Special Committee he called on all Governments and organizations to denounce the so-called "independence" of Ciskei and refrain from any recognition, direct or indirect, or any dealings with its authorities. The text of the statement was transmitted to the General Assembly and the Security Council (A/36/708). J. Campaign against repression and for the release of all political prisoners in South Africa 107. On 27 November 1981 the Chairman of the Special Committee expressed indignation at the brutal assassination in Durban of Mr. Griffith Mxenge, a respected attorney who had defended a number of political prisoners in South Africa. He urged all Governments, organizations and individuals to denounce this crime. 108. In a cable dated 27 November 1981 the Chairman extended his condolences to the family of Mr. Mxenge. -22-

109. In a statement issued on 27 November 1981 (GA/AP/1270), the Chairman of the Special Committee expressed shock at another death in detention of a political prisoner. He said: "I was shocked to hear of the death last week of Tshifhiwa Muofhe, a leader of the Black People's Convention which was banned in 1977. Mr. Muofhe was in good health when he was arrested by the authorities of the so-called 'independent' state of Venda; he died after two days in police custody." 110. On 1 December the Chairman of the Special Committee issued a statement (GA/AP/1272), denouncing arrests of a large number of trade union, student and other leaders and searches of the houses of several clergymen. Over 30 trade unionists were detained including Mrs. Emma Mashinini, General Secretary of the Commercial, Catering and Allied Workers' Union; Mr. Sam Kikine, General Secretary of the South African Allied Workers' Union; and Mr. Samson Ndou, President of the General and Allied Workers' Union. The regime also detained Mr. Pravin Gordham and Mrs. Unus Mahomed, leaders of the , as well as several student leaders including Mr. Firoz Cachalia. Police raided the houses of Mr. Geoff Davies and Mr. Cedric Mayson, heads of religious organizations. 111. He stated: "These detentions and raids demonstrate that the regime's propaganda about reforms in the labour field are a sham, intended only to deceive world opinion and to use new means to suppress the resurgent black trade union movement. They also reflect its determination to take revenge against the leaders of the Indian community who have campaigned for the boycott of the elections to the Indian Council, an apartheid institution; only one tenth of the registered voters went to the polls. "The apartheid r6gime has been shaken by the growing resistance to its policies by the great majority of the population, as well as the increasing activities of freedom fighters. Turning a deaf ear again to reason, it is resorting to further repression in a vain attempt to suppress the indomitable will of the people for justice and freedom." The Chairman again appealed to all Governments and organizations to redouble their efforts to secure an end to repression in South Africa and thereby prevent the apartheid regime from precipitating a wider conflict. 112. On 8 December 1981, the Chairman of the Special Committee expressed grave concern over reports that a number of political prisoners on Robben Island were on a hunger strike. He noted that many leaders of the national liberation movement of South Africa and many militants in the struggle for liberation were imprisoned on Robben Island. The conditions in the prison had been deplorable. The Commissioner of Prisons of the apartheid regime was reported to have announced that visits to the prisoners by their relatives had been suspended. On behalf of the Special Committee the Chairman urged all Governments and organizations to take urgent action for the safety of the political prisoners and secure their unconditional release as demanded repeatedly and unanimously by the United Nations (GA/AP/1274). 113. In a statement issued on 8 February 1982 (GA/AP/1287), the Chairman expressed shock at the death in detention of Dr. Neil Aggett, Secretary of the African Food and Canning Workers Union in the Transvaal. The killing of this physician and -23- trade union leader, he said, represented further evidence that the regime, faced with mounting opposition by workers and other segments of the population, was resorting to an escalation of terror. The Special Committee shared the widespread concern for the safety of the many persons, including trade union leaders, who were held in detention. The Chairman urged all Governments, trade unions and other organizations to take urgent action, in co-operation with the United Nations, to demand the unconditional release of all those imprisoned or restricted for their opposition to apartheid; to demand an immediate end to persecution of trade unionists in South Africa; to condemn the moves for new restrictions on the press in South Africa; to denounce the false propaganda about so-called "reforms" and "improvements" in South Africa; and to support total sanctions against the apartheid r6gime of South Africa. 114. At the meeting of the Special Committee on 19 February 1982, the Chairman of the Task Force on Political Prisoners drew attention to the increasing repression and the gross violation of human rights in South Africa. Urging intensification of the campaign for the release of the South Africa political. prisoners in the light of the Declaration issued by the Special Committee on the Day of Solidarity with the South African Political Prisoners, he said: "The need to link this campaign to the International Year of Mobilization for Sanctions against South Africa is fully recognized as it is also recognized that sanctions are the most effective peaceful measure which the international community can take to support the legitimate struggle in South Africa and that the release of political prisoners is essential for a peaceful or relatively peaceful solution in South Africa." 115. On 19 February the Chairman addressed a telegram to the Commission on Human Rights drawing attention to the death of Mr. Neil Aggett. He recalled that six freedom fighters sentenced to death were still awaiting the results of appeal and that many others were threatened with death sentences. He urged appropriate action by the Commission. 116. In a statement issued on 25 February (GA/AP/1295), the Chairman referred to alarming news from several sources concerning the treatment of trade unionists and others detained by the racist r~gime in South Africa. He referred in particular to a telegram from Mr. Alfred Nzo, Secretary-General of the African National Congress of South Africa (ANC), which read: "According to the most recent information at hand, yet more people currently in the clutches of the South African police are confronted with the immediate possibility of assassination by these licensed killers. Thozamile Gqwetha, President of the South African Allied Workers Union, detained since 8 December 1981, ranks high in the list of possible immediate victims. Last week, he was secretly admitted to the psychiatric ward of the Johannesburg Hospital. His brother, Robert, who subsequently saw him, described him as unrecognizable. He was suffering from severe headaches at the back of the head, acute depression and anxiety, a dramatic loss of weight, difficulty in speaking and partial loss of memory. All this is a result of the systematic physical and psychological torture to which he has been subjected by his racist jailers. "Recent reports further indicate that Yunus Mohamed, a lawyer normally based in Durban and in detention since 27 November 1981, is also in a bad -24- physical state. There is also information that Luyanda Mphahlwa, also detained last year, has similarly been savagely treated. While fresh information about other detainees is not immediately available, it is clear that they too are being subjected to the same brutality that resulted in the death of Dr. Aggett. "Unless the international community raises its voice and demands the cessation of the torture and the immediate release of all detainees in South Africa, yet more opponents of the apartheid r4gime will be murdered in the secrecy of Pretoria's dungeons." The Chairman joined with Mr. Nzo in calling for the mobilization of world opinion to save the lives of these patriots and secure the immediate release of all South African detainees. 117. On 21 March 1982, the Special Committee published a declaration containing the signatures of about 1,500 mayors from cities throughout the world, appealing to the South African Government to release immediately and unconditionally all prisoners detained for their political views under the apartheid laws. The Declaration, which was initiated by the Right Honourable Mr. David Kelly; Lord Provost of Glasgow, following an appearance before the Special Committee on 12 October 1981, called in particular for the immediate release of Nelson Mandela, one of the leaders of the African National Congress of South Africa (ANC), who has been serving a life sentence since 1964 on Robben Island. 118. The text of the Declaration reads as follows: "I, the Mayor of ... am convinced of the need to bring about the end of the practice of apartheid in South Africa. I therefore appeal to the Government of South Africa to release immediately and unconditionally all prisoners detained for their political views under their apartheid laws. Release of such prisoners from long years of imprisonment would help to bring about a spirit of reconciliation. I hereby proclaim my support and feelings of solidarity with political detainees in South Africa and call in particular for the immediate release of Nelson Mandela." 119. At the beginning of April 1982, the Special Committee was informed that the appellate court had rejected the appeals of three young freedom fighters of the African National Congress of South Africa (ANC), Ncimbithi Johnson Lubisi, Petrus Tsepo Mashigo and Mapthali Manana, against death sentences imposed in 1980. 120. In a statement issued on 7 April 1982, the Acting Chairman recalled the statement issued by the President of the Security Council in 1981, on behalf of the Council, urging that the South African r4gime, "in order to avert further aggravating the situation in South Africa, should take into account the concerns expressed for the lives of these three young men". On behalf of the Special Committee, he expressed deep concerr and indignation at the failure of the South African authorities to respond to this appeal by the President of the Security Council, as well as the widespread concern expressed by the international community as a whole. He stated: -25-

"I appeal to all Governments and organizations to take urgent measures to stop the imminent execution of these three young South African patriots. I call upon them to redouble their efforts to secure prisoner-of-war status for all captured South African freedom fighters." Following world-wide protests, the sentences were commuted in May 1982. 121. At its meeting held on 8 April 1981, the Special Committee observed a minute of silence in tribute to the memory of Solomon Mahlangu, the South African freedom fighter, on the third anniversary of his execution by the South African rigime. 122. At the meeting held on 11 May 1982, the Chairman of the Special Committee drew the attention of the international community to the fact that three South African trade unionists, Mr. Thozamile Gqweta, Mr. Sisa Njikelana and Mr. Sam Kikine were rearrested and held in the John Vorster Square Prison where Neil Aggett had died in detention. He recalled that Mr. Gweta, leader of South African Allied Workers' Union, had been subjected to inhuman persecution by the racist authorities in South Africa and their collaborators in the bantustan of Ciskei. The Chairman appealed for support of black trade unionists in South Africa and urged all trade unions to take all appropriate action. 123. At its meeting on 14 June 1982, the Special Committee took note of a resolution adopted by the Executive Board of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions denouncing the repression against black trade unionists in South Africa. The Acting Chairman addressed a letter of appreciation to ICFTU on the matter. 124. On 4 August 1982, the Chairman issued a statement on the twentieth anniversary of the arrest of Nelson Mandela. He stated that he remained the symbol of resistance and the respected leader of the people of South Africa. Many organizations and leaders have demanded the unconditional release of Nelson Mandela and all other political prisoners. The Chairman continued: "They have recognized that Nelson Mandela and his colleagues are the true leaders of the people, loyal to the cherished aspirations of humanity, while the rulers of South Africa practise the obnoxious policy of apartheid, a crime against humanity. They have recognized further that there can be no peaceful solution in South Africa without the liberation and leadership of Nelson Mandela. "The Special Committee against Apartheid will launch a world-wide campaign for the release of Nelson Mandela and all other South African political prisoners on the twentieth anniversary of his imprisonment." K. Assistance to the oppressed people of South Africa and their national liberation movement 125. On 14 March 1982, the London office of the African National Congress of South Africa was bombed. The Chairman of the Special Committee sent the following message to Mr. Alfred Nzo, Secretary-General of ANC, on the same day: -26-

"The bombing of the ANC office in London is a despicable act which deserves condemnation by all decent men and women. I am convinced that this act of terrorism is the response of the enemy driven to desperation by the great advance of the liberation struggle under the leadership of ANC, and to the growing support it has obtained in the international community. "I would like to assure you and your colleagues that terrorism will not deter us, and that the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid will only redouble its efforts to promote maximum support to the national liberation movement." The Special Committee supported the appeal of the British leaders and the Anti- Apartheid Movement for contributions to the African National Congress to rebuild its office in London. L. Consultations of the Special Committee at Headquarters 1. Consultation with Mr. Vladimir N. Martynenko, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 126. On 9 October 1981, the Special Committee held a meeting for consultation with Mr. Vladimir N. Martynenko, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. 127. The Chairman drew attention to the important contribution which the Ukrainian SSR had made to the work of the Special Committee and to the struggle for the liberation of the people of South Africa, as demonstrated by its material support for the national liberation movements, its educational assistance to hundreds of young South Africans and its repeated condemnations of apartheid. In that connexion, he noted that a delegation of the Special Committee had visited the Ukrainian SSR in 1974 to convey its appreciation to the Government and people of that Republic. He also recalled the support of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as a whole for sanctions against South Africa and for its assistance to the liberation movements and the front-line States. 128. Mr. Vladimir N. Martynenko made a statement (A/AC.115/L.557), in which he stated, inter alia: "Our delegation fully supported in Paris the Final Declaration and the Special Declaration on Namibia, which express solidarity with the legitimate struggle of the peoples of southern Africa, expose the political, economic and military co-operation of a number of Western States and their transnational corporations with the r6gime in South Africa, and emphasize that such co-operation represents the main obstacle to the eradication of the criminal apartheid system in South Africa and the achievement of Namibian independence. The Ukrainian SSR favours the speedy cessation of the illegal occupation of this Territory and the transfer of all power to the South West Africa People's Organization which has been recognized by the United Nations and the Organization of African Unity (OAU) as the sole genuine representative of the Namibian people. -27-

"In our opinion, the Special Committee should devote particular attention to the continuing collaboration of a number of Western States and Israel with South Africa, particularly in the nuclear field, which could have far-reaching implications not only for independent Africa, but for the entire world. We must continue to direct our efforts in the future, also within the framework of the planned International Year of Mobilization for Sanctions against South Africa, toward exposing the nuclear ambitions of Pretoria, which are encouraged in certain parts of the West. As in the past, the Special Committee must resolutely advocate strict implementation of the Security Council arms embargo against South Africa." 2. Consultation with Mr. Carlos P. Romulo, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Philippines 129. On 17 November 1981, the Special Committee held a meeting for consultation with Mr. Carlos P. Romulo, Foreign Minister of the Philippines. The Chairman paid tribute to the contribution of the Philippines to the struggle against apartheid and acknowledged the support that the African countries had received from the Asian nations in their struggle for freedom. He paid particular tribute to the contribution of Mr. Carlos P. Romulo. 130. Mr. Carlos P. Romulo stated (A/AC.115/L.560), inter alia: "In the face of repeated condemnations by the United Nations, South Africa continues its defiance. Indeed, South Africa has passed the point of defiance. In a supreme demonstration of arrogance, it has staged massive armed raids in neighbouring countries, most notably in Mozambique early this year and again in Angola shortly before the start of this session of the Assembly. To further compound the breach of the peace, there is abundant evidence that South Africa is actively aiding minor resistance groups in both Mozambique and Angola in the hope of overthrowing the existing r4gimes in those countries. "The consequences of South Africa's inexcusable acts of aggression are predictable. An aroused black Africa, driven beyond endurance, in its meeting in Paris last May roundly condemned South Africa and requested the Security Council to impose a wide variety of sanctions against South Africa in a comprehensive effort to make that country realize the error of its ways." 3. Consultations with Mr. Mohamed Sahnoun, Rapporteur-General of the International Conference on Sanctions against South Africa, and Mr. Abdul Samad Minty, Director of the World Campaign against Military and Nuclear Collaboration with South Africa 131. On 9 September 1981, the Special Committee held a meeting for consultations with Mr. Mohamed Sahnoun, Rapporteur-General of the International Conference on Sanctions against South Africa and Mr. Abdul Samad Minty, Director of the World Campaign against Military and Nuclear Collaboration with South Africa (see A/AC. 115/SR .481). -28-

132. Mr. Mohamed Sahnoun said the holding of the Conference in Paris was a propitious one. It was a landmark in the struggle against colonialism and apartheid, and its achievements should be highly publicized. Negative publicity attached to the imposition of sanctions, such as how it would allegedly harm African economies, should be corrected. 133. It was the first time that a major conference on apartheid had been held in southern Europe and it had left an impact that should be analysed. Hitherto, uninvolved artists, journalists and writers pledged active support for the cause and political parties, trade unions, youth groups and schools were requesting more information on the situation in South Africa. 134. He also attributed the success of the Conference partly to the new Government in France and the parties supporting the Government in the Parliament. The new developments in Europe, he said, should be taken into account when devising a strategy for eliminating apartheid. 135. He stated the responsibility for the policy of apartheid lay with South Africa and was shared by those States which assisted South Africa. The Security Council could not postpone indefinitely the implementation of its decisions. The participants of the Conference had been anxious, for instance, to know precisely what the Security Council Committee established by resolution 421 (1977) was doing. The Special Committee therefore should seek full information on the work of that Committee. 136. In conclusion, he said that assistance to the liberation movements in southern Africa, to the refugees and to the neighbouring States should be a priority, the unanimous opinion of the Paris Conference. 137. Mr. Minty emphasized the need for the effective implementation of the arms embargo against South Africa, which was now being breached by many countries and companies. He was alarmed because the South African invasion of Angola had obviously been long planned and premeditated. There was no doubt that South Africa had been the clear aggressor, determined to destabilize African States in the area. 138. The dangerous policy of apartheid constituted an even greater menace when the United States Administration kept emphasizing South Africa's role as an ally and claiming that South Africa was of "strategic importance". The implications were serious, he said, if Africa's number one enemy was to be supported and sustained by the United States. The United States, he said, had agreed to provide training for the South African Coast Guard, and there had been increasing reports of moves to create a South Atlantic Treaty Organization. 139. He said the Special Committee should take note of the increasing co- operation between South Africa and such Governments as Israel, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay, and the authorities in Taiwan. The Israeli Defence Minister had announced in August that Israel hoped to bring its exports up to $2,000 million by increasing arms sales to politically sensitive areas such as Taiwan and South Africa. 140. Mr. Minty informed the Committee of the activities of the British Anti- Apartheid Movement in support of the arms embargo against South Africa and against South Africa's aggressive policies. -29-

141. In conclusion, he stated that non-implementation of the arms embargo posed the danger of creating a precedent for non-implementation of other measures taken against South Africa. Therefore, all military collaboration with South Africa must be halted. He also called for an oil embargo against South Africa. Without oil, he said, South Africa would not have been able to invade Angola. 4. Consultation with Mr. Romesh Chandra, President of the World Peace Council and Chairman of the NGO Sub-Ccounittee on Racism, Racial Discrimination, Apartheid and Decolonization 142. On 17 November 1981, the Special Committee held a meeting for consultation with Mr. Romesh Chandra, President of the World Peace Council and Chairman of the NGO Sub-Committee on Racism, Racial Discrimination, Apartheid and Decolonization. 143. Mr. Chandra stated that the Paris Declaration on Sanctions against South Africa required a vast mobilization of Governments, peoples, non-governmental organizations, trade unions and mass media for the purpose of removing obstacles to sanctions against South Africa. The liberation struggle, he said, had reached its highest point and had embarked on its final offensive. All those countries which were collaborating economically, financially, politically and diplomatically with South Africa should understand that world public opinion and the overwhelming majority of the Governments of the world favoured ending apartheid. The imposition of sanctions under Chapter VII of the Charter was the only means to achieve that end. Mr. Chandra stated that in 1982 the world Peace Council would observe the seventieth anniversary of the founding of the African National Congress (ANC). The Council and the NGO Sub-Committee were trying to focus world attention on the question of political prisoners. In that connexion, 1982 marked the twentieth anniversary of the imprisonment of Nelson Mandela; it could be the occasion for a big campaign for the release of all political prisoners. He continued that Human Rights Day, on 10 December, which marked the twentieth anniversary of the awarding of the Nobel Prize to Albert Luthuli, could be the occasion for a new call for sanctions against South Africa and for announcing plans for the International Year of Mobilization for Sanctions against South Africa. The twentieth anniversary of the first United Nations resolution on sanctions against South Africa could be observed in 1982. 144. The Chairman of the Special Committee paid tribute to the valuable contribution of the World Peace Council to the struggle for liberation of peoples from oppression by colonialism, racism and apartheid and for its support of all those who seek genuine and lasting peace in the world. He acknowledged the co- operation of the NGO Sub-Committee and the World Peace Council with the Special Committee for many years (see A/AC.115/SR.487). M. Missions to Governments 1. Mission by the Chairman to France, Turkey and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1-15 March 1982) 5/ (a) France 145. The Chairman of the Special Committee against Apartheid and H.E. Mr. Mohamed Bedjaoui (Algeria), visited Paris from 1 to 3 March at the -30- invitation of the Government of France. They met members of the Government as well as leaders of political parties and trade unions, anti-apartheid groups, artists and others. 146. The delegation was received by the Minister of External Relations, Mr. Claude Cheysson, the Minister for Co-operation and Development, Mr. Jean- Pierre Cot, and the Minister of Culture, Mr. Jack Lang, as well as the adviser to the President on African and Malagasy Affairs, Mr. Guy Penne. 147. The mission also met with the Vice-President of the National Assembly, Mr. Pierre Guidoni, and several members of the Parliament; the Secretary-General of the Socialist Party, Mr. Lionel Jospin; the Secretary-General of the Communist Party, Mr. Georges Marchais; the International Secretary of the Conf~d6ration Francaise du Travail (CFDT), Mr. Jacques Chereque; the Secretary-General of the Conf6d6ration G4n6rale du Travail (CGT), Mr. Georges Seguy; the leaders of the anti-apartheid groups; and numerous artists, professors and other intellectuals. 148. The representatives of the Government of France informed the delegation that France would strictly implement the arms embargo against South Africa. They also assured the delegation that while they had inherited a contract with South Africa in the nuclear field, they would sign no more contracts. Because of the policies of the previous Governments, France had developed unhealthy economic links with South Africa, especially on imports of coal and other minerals. The present Government would take all possible action to explore alternative sources in independent African countries. 149. The Government also assured the delegation of support for the proposed international art exhibition against apartheid. 150. The delegation had extensive consultations with political parties, trade unions and other groups which support the Government. They all assured the delegation that they would do all they could to provide the necessary encouragement to the Government and to mobilize public opinion in support of action against apartheid. The Secretary-General of the Socialist Party, Mr. Lionel Jospin, assured the mission that the Socialist Party would do all it can, in France and in the Socialist International, for freedom in southern Africa. The Socialist Party had already established relations with the ANC and SWAPO and invited them to its last Congress in October. 151. Mr. Georges Marchais, the Secretary-General of the Communist Party, assured the delegation of the full support of his party. The leaders of the two major trade union confederations informed the delegation of their efforts to sensitize public opinion on apartheid and of their participation in anti-apartheid campaigns. The anti-apartheid groups acquainted the Special Committee with their plans and the delegation consulted on means for further co-operation between the Special Committee and the anti-apartheid groups. (b) Turkey 152. The visit of the Chairman to Turkey, at the invitation of the Government of Turkey, was to convey the appreciation of the Special Committee to that Government for its strong support of action against apartheid. -31-

153. During the brief visit to Ankara, the Chairman was able to meet and hold discussions with Professor Dr. Ilian Oztrak, the Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs, as well as the Under-Secretary and the Deputy Under-Secretary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Government of Turkey assured the Chairman of the full support of Turkey in all efforts of the Special Committee for the elimination of apartheid. (c) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 154. A delegation led by the Chairman of the Special Committee visited the United Kingdom primarily to participate in the conference entitled "Southern Africa: The Time to Choose", organized by the British Anti-Apartheid Movement in co-operation with the Special Committee (see also paras. 210-215). 155. In the course of the Conference, the delegation of the Special Committee held two meetings with the anti-apartheid and solidarity movements from nearly 20 countries in order to exchange information on activities and consult on means for greater co-operation. 156. During the visit, the Chairman met with Lord Carrington, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Relations and Mr. Richard Luce, Minister of State, for consultations on international action against apartheid. 157. He also met with the Commonwealth Secretary-General, Mr. Shridath S. Ramphal, and the Deputy Secretary-General, Mr. E. C. Anyaoku, to convey the appreciation of the Special Committee for their work and to consult with them. He stressed in particular the significance of the communiqu4 issued by the Commonwealth Heads of State and Government at Melbourne in 1981, and the importance of effective implementation of its provisions concerning southern Africa. 2. Mission by the delegation of the special Committee to front-line States 158. Details of this mission are to be found under "Mission to Angola, Zambia and the United Republic of Tanzania", section H, paragraphs 93 to 97. 3. Mission by the Chairman to Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland (a) Mission to Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia 159. At the invitation of the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs and Information of Kuwait, Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Aljaber Alsabah, the Chairman of the Special Committee attended the Extraordinary Meeting of the Co-ordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Countries on the Question of Palestine, held in Kuwait from 5 to 8 April 1982. He delivered a statement at the plenary meeting of the Conference, in which he emphasized the close relationship between the Special Committee and the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries. He drew attention to the parallels between the situation in the Middle East caused by the constant acts of aggression by Israel, and the situation in southern Africa caused by similar actions by the Pretoria r~gime. He underlined the serious concern of the Special Committee at the growing collaboration between Israel and South Africa, -32- particularly in the military and nuclear fields. He stated that the exchange of experience by the Tel Aviv and Pretoria regimes, and the encouragement they have both received from one or more permanent members of the Security Council posed a serious challenge to the international community. 160. During his stay in Kuwait, the Chairman had discussions with several leaders of the host country especially on the effective implementation of an oil embargo against South Africa. 161. He also met with the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of Algeria, Indonesia and Iraq, and the Heads of delegations of Bahrain, Oman and Qatar and had consultations on the oil embargo against South Africa and on the work of the Special Committee. He also had a very fruitful meeting with the Secretary- General of the Organisation of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC), Dr. Ali Attiqa, and senior officials of the organization. 162. From Kuwait, the Chairman proceeded to the United Arab Emirates where he met with the Director-General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Mr. Yacoub Alkindy, the Chairman was assured of the support of the United Arab' Emirates to the efforts of the United Nations to impose comprehensive sanctions, and in particular, an oil embargo, against South Africa. 163. The Chairman then visited Saudi Arabia. He conveyed the appreciation of the Special Committee to the Government of Saudi Arabia for imposing an oil embargo against South Africa, and for its support for the resolution of OAPEC concerning the strengthening of the oil embargo. (b) The Netherlands 164. In the Netherlands, the Chairman was received by the Deputy Director- General for International Co-operation, and other senior officials of the Government of the Netherlands and had useful discussions on all aspects of the campaign against apartheid. 165. The Chairman had meetings with the Holland Committee on Southern Africa, Workgroup Kairos, Anti-Apartheid Movement, and other groups which are doing commendable work in mobilizing the people of the Netherlands in support of liberation of South Africa. He met with the Shipping Research Bureau (SHIREBU), a non-governmental group, which has done useful research on tankers supplying oil to South Africa, often in violation of the laws of oil- exporting countries. 166. In The Hague, the Chairman inaugurated the National Committee for the International Year of Mobilization for Sanctions against South Africa. (c) Nordic countries 167. The Chairman began his visit to the Nordic countries with a special message addressed to all the Nordic Governments and peoples, paying tribute to their support of the struggle for freedom and human dignity in southern Africa (GA/AP/1327). 168. During his visit he was received by the Foreign Ministers of Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland, and held discussions with senior officials of Ministries of Foreign Affairs and aid agencies. He met with leaders of different political -33- parties and Foreign Affairs Committees of Parliaments. He held consultations with Mr. Olaf Palme, the leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party and Mr. Ordvar Nordli, the former Prime Minister and now President of the Parliament of Norway. He also held discussions with trade union federations, anti-apartheid groups and other non-governmental organizations. 169. In the discussions with the Nordic Governments, the Chairman appealed for an intensification of the campaign in the Western world on action against apartheid. He requested them to help persuade other Western countries to co- operate in effective international action. In all the Nordic countries, he discussed means to ensure the implementation and reinforcement of the arms embargo against South Africa. All the Nordic countries expressed interest in the efforts of the Special Committee for the effective enforcement and monitoring of the embargoes against South Africa imposed by almost all major oil-exporting countries. He also consulted with Nordic countries on other economic sanctions against South Africa. 170. During his stay in Sweden, the Chairman visited Uppsala on 23 April and laid a wreath at the grave of Dag Hammarskj6ld, the late Secretary-General of the United Nations. He also held consultations with the heads of several institutions in Uppsala. 171. In Oslo, the Chairman held consultations with Mr. Abdul Samad Minty, Director of the World Campaign against Military and Nuclear Collaboration with South Africa and honorary secretary of the British Anti-Apartheid Movement on the problem of military and nuclear collaboration with South Africa, especially in the light of the constant acts of aggression and threats of wider aggression by the Pretoria r4gime. 172. In the report on the mission (see A/AC.115/SR.498), the Chairman drew the conclusion for the Special Committee to ensure the effective implementation of the oil embargo, to secure the co-operation of oil exporting countries and oil transporting countries, and also of trade unions, non-governmental organizations and experts and to take urgent action to stop military and nuclear collaboration with South Africa, and encourage Western countries to take even partial steps on economic sanctions. 4. Mission of the delegation of the Special Committee to India (21-26 April 1982) 173. The delegation of the Special Committee which took part in the World Conference on the Indian Ocean as a Zone of Peace, New Delhi from 23-25 April 1982, held consultations with officials of the Indian Government and non- governmental organizations. The delegation was headed by Mr. Vladimir A. Kravets (Ukrainian SSR), Vice-Chairman, and included Mr. Hernan Couturier (Peru) and Mr. Keshav Raj Jha (Nepal). 174. The delegation conveyed the great appreciation of the Special Committee to the Government and people of India for their important contribution to the struggle against racism, racial discrimination and apartheid, and gratitude for the assistance and support of India to the national liberation movements of southern Africa. -34-

175. The delegation held a meeting with international and national organizations attending the World Conference. The various organizations informed the delegation about their activities in the struggle against the evils of apartheid. The delegation commended the initiatives and actions of these organizations in fighting the racist apartheid r4gime and assured them of the full support of the Special Committee. 176. The delegation also held consultations with the President and other officials of the World Peace Council who informed it about the action taken by that organization in observance of the International Year of Mobilization for Sanctions against South Africa and in commemoration of the seventieth anniversary of the ANC. 177. In the consultation with the All-India Peace and Solidarity Organization, the delegation noted with appreciation the efforts made by that organization in the campaign against apartheid. 5. Mission by the Chairman to the Philippines, Indonesia and India (24 May-i June 1982) (a) Philippines 178. During the Asian Regional Conference on Action against Apartheid which was held in Manila, Philippines, 24-26 May 1982, the Chairman held discussions with the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Mr. Carlos P. Romulo and senior officials of the Ministry on the international campaign against apartheid. The delegation of the Special Committee was received by the President of the Philippines, His Excellency Mr. Ferdinand E. Marcos (see paras. 192-200). (b) Indonesia 179. After the Manila Conference, the Chairman made a visit to Indonesia to convey the appreciation of the Special Committee to the Government and people of Indonesia. 180. During the visit, he met with the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Parliament, and the Acting Minister for Foreign Affairs, and held discussions with the Director-General and senior officials of the Foreign Ministry. 181. The Chairman was received by the Head of State of the Republic of Indonesia, His Excellency Mr. Suharto. The President assured the Chairman that Indonesia, in close co-operation with the countries of South-East Asia and Africa, would contribute its utmost to the freedom of southern Africa. (c) India 182. At the invitation of the Government of India, the Chairman visited that country from 29 May to 1 June 1982. He was received by the Minister of Finance in the absence of the Minister for Foreign Affairs, and by the Deputy Minister of Information and Broadcasting. The Chairman also held detailed discussions with the senior officials of the Ministry of External Affairs. He was received by the Speaker of the Lower House of Parliament (Lok Sabha) and by the Deputy Chairman of the Upper House (Rajya Sabha). He was invited to speak to a meeting of members of Parliament. He delivered an address at the Indian International Centre and held discussions with a number of organizations. -35-

183. During the visit, the Chairman was received by the Prime Minister of India, Her Excellency Mrs. Indira Ghandi. He took the opportunity to pay tribute to India and its great leaders for their historic contribution to the struggle for freedom in South Africa. N. International Seminar on the History of Resistance against Occupation, Oppression and Apartheid in South Africa 184. The International Seminar on the History of Resistance against Occupation, Oppression and Apartheid in South Africa was organized by the Special Committee in co-operation with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). It was held at UNESCO House, Paris, from 29 March to 2 April 1982, in pursuance of United Nations General Assembly resolution 36/172 N of 17 December 1981. 185. The agenda of the Seminar consisted of the following items: resistance of the African people against occupation and dispossession from 1652 to 1912) development of the national movement for the right to genuine self-determination through organized political resistance (from the establishment of the South African Native Congress in 1912 to the Sharpeville massacre and the banning of the African National Congress and the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania in 1960)1 and the latest phase of the struggle for liberation. 186. Participants in the Seminar included historians and experts from all regions of the world, representatives of the Special Committee against Apartheid, the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), Africa institutes and other academic institutions. 187. The Seminar elected Professor Bethwell Ogot, Chairman, Department of History, University of Nairobi (Kenya) as its President- Mr. Elleck K. Mashingaidze, Permanent Representative of Zimbabwe to the United Nations and former Professor of History at the National University of Lesotho as its Vice-Chairman and Professor Bernard Magubane, Department of Anthropology, University of Connecticut (United States of America) as its Rapporteur. 188. At the concluding session, on 2 April 1982, the Seminar adopted by consensus the declaration and recommendations of the Seminar. On the recommendation of the Chairman, it decided that the declaration would be entitled "Paris Declaration on the History of Resistance in South Africa". 189. In its Declaration the International Seminar emphasized that the struggle for liberation in South Africa and Namibia was a genuine struggle for national liberation. It expressed the opinion that the aggressive policies of the illegitimate apartheid r6gime constituted the main destabilizing factor in southern Africa and an increasing threat to international peace and security in the region. The Seminar stressed that the national liberation movement of South Africa deserved credit for its perseverance and continued efforts at unifying the forces of resistance in South Africa as well as for its conduct of the legitimate armed struggle with a great sense of responsibility as evidenced by the minimum loss of civilian life. 190. The Seminar called on historians, experts and the academic community at large, through their writings and other activities, to mark the seventieth anniversary of -36- the African National Congress which the Special Committee against Apartheid has decided to promote, and to observe the International Year of Mobilization for Sanctions against South Africa in 1982. The Seminar called upon historians and experts on southern Africa and, more generally, the academic and cultural communities throughout the world, to observe cultural and academic boycotts againstapartheid South Africa advocated by the General Assembly of the United Nations and urged the Special Committee against Apartheid to publish as soon as possible the list of cultural and academic personalities who violate the cultural and academic boycotts against South Africa. 191. The Seminar proposed a number of recommendations for the attention of the United Nations, UNESCO, Africa institutes and other academic institutions and cultural and other organizations concerned. 0. Asian Regional Conference on Action against Apartheid 192. The Asian Regional Conference on Action against Apartheid was organized by the Special Committee against Apartheid in co-operation with the Government of the Philippines, and was held in Manila from 24 to 26 May 1982. 193. The agenda of the Conference included a review of action taken by Governments and peoples in Asia and Oceania in solidarity with the struggle for liberation in South Africa) a review of continuing relations of South Africa with the countries of the region; and the consideration of further action by Governments, organizations and the United Nations. 194. At the invitation of the Special Committee, the Conference was attended by representatives of Governments in Asia and Oceania- representatives of relevant United Nations organs and other intergovernmental organizations, national liberation movements recognized by the United Nations) international non- governmental organizations and a number of national non-governmental organizations in the region. Several prominent leaders in the campaign against aartheid also attended the Conference. 195. The Conference elected Mr. Carlos P. Fbmulo, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Philippines as President and Mr. Leandro I. Verceles, Assistant Minister for United Nations and International Organizations, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Philippines, as Chairman. It elected five Vice-Chairmen. As Rapporteur it elected Mr. Vasant Vishnu Nevrekar, representative of India in the Special Committee. 196. The Conference was opened by Alhaji Yusuff Maitama-sule, Chairman of the Special Committee against Apartheid. At his invitation, Mr. Viacheslav A. Ustinov, representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, read the message of the Secretary-General. Addresses were delivered by Mr. Carlos P. romulo, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Philippines; Madame Jeanne-Martin Cisse, Minister of Social Affairs of Guineal Mr. Ahmed Hassan Daria, Ambassador of the United Republic of Tanzania; and Mr. Othy Kaakungu, representative of SWAPO on behalf of the national liberation movements. The Chairman of the Special Committee delivered an address. 197. At its concluding session, on 26 May 1982, the Conference adopted a Declaration by consensus and acclamation. On the proposal of the Chairman of the Drafting Committee, the representative of Indonesia, the Conference decided that the Declaration be known as the Manila Declaration for Action against Apartheid. 6/ -37-

198. In the Manila Declaration, the Conference recognized that apartheid was a crime against the oppressed people of South Africa and Namibia and, indeed, against all humanity. It also recognized the legitimacy of the struggle for the elimination of all forms of racism and for the exercise of the right of self-determination by all the people of the country as a whole irrespective of race, colour or creed. It declared that the international community has a special responsibility to assist the oppressed people of South Africa and their national liberation movements. The Conference reaffirmed that the oppressed people of South Africa and Namibia have a right to choose their means of struggle for liberation. In the face of the brutal repression against the oppressed people and their national liberation movement by the Pretoria regime and its intransigence and defiance of the international community, it said, the oppressed people have had no choice but to resort to armed struggle. 199. The Conference called on the Governments and peoples of Asia and Oceania to intensify all forms of assistance to the oppressed people of South Africa and Namibia and their national liberation movements, in close co-operation with the Organization of African Unity. The Conference condemned the acts of aggression, sabotage, terrorism and destabilization committed by the Pretoria regime against independent African States, especially the front-line States, and considered that the situation constituted a grave threat to international peace and security. The Conference noted with grave concern that the South African regime, which has tremendously expanded its military establishment since 1960, had embarked on a further expansion this year. 200. In this connexion, the Declaration (see A/37/265-S/15157) read% "Its efforts to become integrated in the over-all Western defence and security system in the southern Oceans, if successful, will present very grave dangers for the peace and security of the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean areas. The Conference urges all States in the region to exercise maximum vigilance and exert all their influence to ensure that South Africa's designs in this regard are not fulfilled. "The Conference is alarmed that despite South Africa's known nuclear weapon capability, several governments are continuing and some even expanding their nuclear collaboration with that country. It calls for immediate and total cessation of all nuclear collaboration with South Africa. "It emphasizes the need for the full implementation of the United Nations mandatory arms embargo against South Africa; the effective enforcement of the embargoes imposed by oil exporting States to prevent supplies of oil to South Africa) cessation of loans to and investments in South Africa and the implementation of the other economic measures recommended by the United Nations; and the implementation of sports, cultural and other boycotts against South Africa. "Having reviewed the actions taken by Governments and organizations in Asia and Oceania against apartheid, the Conference strongly condemns the authorities in Israel and Taiwan for their growing economic, military and especially nuclear collaboration with the racist r4gime of South Africa." -38-

P. Encouragement of public action ajainst apartheid 1. Participation in the observance of the fifty-third birthday of the late Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. 201. At the invitation of Mrs. Coretta Scott King, Fresident of the Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Non-Violent Change, a delegation of the Special Committee took part in the observance of the fifty-third birthday of the late Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. 202. The delegation was composed of the Chairman of the Special Committee, Alhaji Yusuff Maitama-Sule (Nigeria), the Vice-Chairman Mr. Vladimir A. Kravets (Ukrainian SSR) as well as the Permanent Representatives of India, Somalia and Trinidad and Tobago. 203. The delegation participated in seminars and other events commemorating the birthday of the late Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. It also met with several personalities to discuss action against apartheid during the International Year of Mobilization for Sanctions against South Africa. On 14 January 1982 it was received by the Mayor of Atlanta, Mr. Andrew J. Young, and consulted with him on ways and means of promoting public action against apartheid. 204. On 15 January 1982, the delegation laid a wreath on behalf of the Special Committee at the grave of Dr. Martin Luther King. It attended an Ecumenical Service at Ebenezer Baptist Church and the dedication of Freedom Hall Complex of the King Centre for Non-Violent Social Change (see A/AC.115/SR.490). 2. Consultations with representatives of non-governmental organizations 7/ 205. On 6 April 1982, the Special Committee held a meeting for consultations with repre-entatives of non-governmental organizations. 206. It heard statements by Mr. Michael Terry, Executive Secretary, British Anti- Apartheid Movement, London; Mr. Toine Eggenhuizen, Administrative Secretary, International Committee against Apartheid, Racism and Colonialism in Southern Africa (ICSA), London; Mrs. Melba Koositsile, Continuation Committee, Conference on Solidarity with the Liberation Struggles of the Peoples of Southern Africa, New York; and Mr. Joshua Nessen, Student Co-ordinator at the American Committee on Africa, New York. They informed the Special Committee about actions taken by them or planned during the International Year of Mobilization for Sanctions against South Africa (see A/AC.115/SR.495). 3. Youth and student action against apartheid 207. The Special Committee attached great importance to student and youth action in solidarity with the heroic struggle of the students and the oppressed people of South Africa and Namibia. It assisted and participated in the International Conference of Youth and Students in Solidarity with the Peoples, Youth and Students of South Africa, held in Luanda, Angola, in November 1981. 8/ -39-

208. The Special Committee also encouraged student groups in the United States of America which organized "Two Weeks of Action in Support of Southern Africa Liberation Movements" from 20 March to 3 April 1982. On 22 March 1982, the Chairman issued a statement in which he said, inter alia: "The Special Committee welcomes the efforts for the intensification, development and greater co-ordination of the student campaign in the United States as most timely. The recent and current efforts by powerful interests to develop closer relations with the racist rdgime of South Africa in the political, economic, military and other fields represent a most alarming and dangerous phenomenon. These moves are in direct contravention of United Nations resolutions and in defiance of the appeals of African, non-aligned and other States." 209. On 4 June 1982, the Chairman addressed a message to the Eleventh Assembly of the World Federation of Democratic Youth. He said that the Special Committee attached great importance to youth action in solidarity with the heroic struggle of the oppressed people of South Africa and Namibia. He recommended the efforts made by WFDY in the campaign against apartheid. 4. Conference on "Southern Africa: The Time to Choose" 210. The Special Committee co-sponsored the conference "Southern Africa: The Time to Choose", organized in London from 11 to 13 March 1982 by the Anti- Apartheid Movement of the United Kingdom. 211. The Conference considered the responsibility of Britain in relation to the grave situation in southern Africa resulting from escalating repression and aggression launched by the apartheid r~gime of South Africa, the ominous implications of its nuclear plans, as well as the advance of the struggle of the oppressed people, including armed struggle for liberation. 212. His Excellency Dr. Alex Ekwueme, the Vice-President of Nigeria, delivered the keynote address of the Conference. He stressed the call of the African States and a large majority of the international community for the imposition of sanctions against the racist regime of South Africa. 213. The Conference was also addressed, among others, by Alhaji Yusuff Maitama-Sule, Chairman of the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid; leaders of British Labour and Liberal Parties, the Right Honourable Michael Foot and the Right Honourable David Steel; representatives of the front- line States; Mr. Shridath Ramphal, Secretary-General of the Commonwealth; Mr. Jacques Hodoul, Foreign Minister of Seychelles; Mr. Mohamed Sahnoun of Algeria, Rapporteur-General of the International Conference on Sanctions against South Africa (Paris, May 1981); Mr. Tom Jackson, Chairman of the International Committee of the Trade Union Congress; Mr. Alfred Nzo, Secretary-General of the African National Congress of South Africa; Mr. David Meroro, Chairman of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO); and representatives of many organizations and experts from Britain and other countries. 214. The addresses and the discussions at the Conference stressed the extreme gravity of the situation in South Africa, engulfed in an escalating conflict, the legitimacy of the struggle of the national liberation movements of South Africa and -40-

Namibia, the need for effective international action to secure the liberation of South Africa and Namibia; and the responsibility of Britain and the West. 215. The Conference concluded with the adoption of a Declaration (A/AC.115/L.568). 5. Other activities 216. In a cable dated 13 October 1981 and addressed to the British Anti-Apartheid Movement, the Chairman of the Special Committee commended the initiative of the British, Irish and other Anti-Apartheid Movements to observe, during that month, a week of Trade Union action to isolate South Africa. On 13 October 1981, the Chairman addressed a cable to Mrs. Simone Veil, President of the European Parliament, commending the opening of the European Parliament of the exhibition, "Nelson Mandela - struggle of my life". 217. On 30 November 1981, the Chairman received Mr. Kurt Seibt, President of the Solidarity Committee of the German Democratic Republic. Mr. Kurt Seibt presented a calendar for the year 1982 published by the Solidarity Committee of the German Democratic Republic in co-operation with the United Nations Centre against Apartheid. The calendar entitled "Struggle for Freedom in South Africa" contains photographs by Mr. Eli Weinberg and portrays some of the events in the liberation struggle in South Africa in the period between the coming to power of the apartheid r6gime in 1948 and its banning of the African National Congress of South Africa (ANC). The photographs particularly portray the mass actions led by the African National Congress of South Africa (ANC) and the South African Congress of Trade Unions (SACTU) with which Mr. Weinberg was associated. 218. The Chairman expressed great appreciation to the Solidarity Committee for its valuable contribution to the struggle for the liberation of South Africa and its co- operation with the Special Committee. 219. On 24 February 1982, the Chairman sent a message to the National Conference of Solidarity for the Independence and Sovereignty of Southern Africa, held in Rome on 26 and 27 February. 220. In a message dated 10 May 1982, addressed to the Annual Congress of the Mouvement contre le Racisme et pur l'Amit4 entre les Peuples, 4MRAP), Paris, the Chairman commended MRAP for its dedicated and determined support of the struggle of the South African people against the inhuman system of apartheid. He recalled its efforts to denounce the gross violations of human rights in South Africa and to stop the collaboration of France with the racist r4gime in the military, economic, sports and cultural fields. 221. On 10 May 1982, the Chairman addressed letters of appreciation to the President of the World Peace Council and all the other co-sponsors of the World Conference on the Indian Ocean as a Zone of Peace, held in New Delhi from 23- 25 April 1982. He expressed appreciation that the Conference gave special attention to the militarization and nuclearization of South Africa and to the condemnation of the r~gime's aggressive intentions. He commended the organizations for their active contribution to the struggle against the racist r6gime of South Africa and their important political, moral and material solidarity with the liberation movements of southern Africa. -41-

Q. Observance of the seventieth anniversary of the foundation of the African National Congress of South Africa (ANC) 222. The Special Committee decided in August 1981 to promote the observance of the seventieth anniversary of the establishment of the South African Native National Congress (later renamed African National Congress of South Africa), on 8 January 1982, as well as the twentieth anniversary of Umkhonto we Sizwe, military wing of ANC, on 16 December 1981. 223. On 11 November 1981, the Chairman of the Special Committee issued an appeal (see A/36/708) in connexion with the anniversaries calling for international action in support of the righteous struggle of the African National Congress of South Africa. He recalled that in the course of the past seven decades, this movement had struggled with perseverance, determination and courage for the inalienable rights of the African people, made great sacrifices, and had produced eminent leaders deserving of respect all over the world. He stated that it became the spearhead of the struggle of all the oppressed people of South Africa, and of men and women of conscience, for a democratic society, in which all the people of the country irrespective of race, colour or creed, would enjoy freedom, equal rights and human dignity. In the face of the unrelenting brutality of the successive racist minority regimes, it had always upheld the principles of non-racialism and genuine self-determination. 224. He continued: "While extending our greetings to the South African people on this anniversary, we must acquaint world public opinion of the heroic struggle for liberation in South Africa and the forces which have frustrated its triumph. We must mobilize all Governments and all decent men and women in a determined effort to isolate the apartheid r~gime and assist the South African people in their just struggle. 'We witness today a powerful national mobilization of all the oppressed people of South Africa - workers and peasants, women and schoolchildren, churchmen and journalists - for national liberation, and a courageous struggle by freedom fighters against the tyrannical regime. International action must correspond to this crucial and final stage of the struggle for the elimination of apartheid. "The anniversary of the ANC will appropriate or coincide with the International Year of Mobilization for Sanctions against South Africa. Let us pay tribute to the heroic struggle of the South African people by effective international action in solidarity with their struggle." 225. In observance of the seventieth anniversary of the African National Congress of South Africa, and the twentieth anniversary of its military wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe, the African Group at the United Nations held a special meeting on 16 December 1981. The meeting was chaired by Alhaji Yusuff Maitama-Sule, Chairman of the Special Committee. 226. On behalf of the Special Committee, the Chairman extended greetings to the African National Congress and to its President, Mr. Oliver R. Tambo, and to Mr. Nelson Mandela, founder and leader of Unkhonto we Sizwe who was serving his twentieth year of imprisonment. The Chairman stated that Nelson Mandela had become -42- a symbol both of uncompromising resistance against apartheid and of hope for a peaceful transition to a democratic society. The Special Committee would, therefore, continue and intensify its support to the campaign of the South African people for the release of Nelson Mandela and all other political prisoners. 227. On the same day, the Chairman of the Special Committee sent a message of greetings to the President of the African National Congress of South Africa, Mr. Oliver R. Tambo. 228. On 12 January 1982, the Special Committee held a special meeting to hear Mr. Oliver R. Tambo, President of the African National Congress, in connexion with the observance of the twentieth anniversary of ANC and the launching of the International Year of Mobilization for Sanctions against South Africa. 229. In his statement, Mr. Tambo welcomed the decision of the General Assembly to designate the year 1982 as the International Year of Mobilization for Sanctions against South Africa. He saluted the coalescence that is found in 1982, the International Year and the "Year of Unity in Action" observed by ANC in commemoration of its seventieth anniversary. In this sense, Mr. Tambo said, 1982 was the meeting point between the liberation struggle of a people over a continuous period of 70 years, and a concerted effort by the United Nations, directed at the same goal throughout the latter half of that period. 230. Mr. Tambo continued% "Today, the stage has been reached when the racist regime, in its armed offensive, is terrorizing the entire region of southern Africa - with armed invasions, massacres, assassinations, economic sabotage, the infiltration into independent States, of armed bandits to engage in acts of destabilization and it is now occupying part of the territory of the People's Republic of Angola a crime against all Africa, an outrage on the very concept of national independence and territorial integrity. This aggression is in part a strategy of defence against the mounting offensive by the liberation movements, whose objective of national liberation enjoys the support of the UN and the international community. In part, the strategy seeks to reverse the revolutionary gains achieved by the peoples of Southern Africa by overthrowing their legitimate governments and replacing them with its own puppets. This offensive is bound to grow as the armed struggle within Namibia and South Africa is intensified, which is inevitable. It is in this context that the imposition of mandatory and comprehensive sanctions has become both imperative and urgent, if the trend towards a regional war is to be arrested and the duration of the war situation limited through the effective isolation of the racist r~gime by the international community ... 231. The Chairman congratulated Mr. Tambo on the seventieth anniversary of the founding of his organization and noted that the United Nations General Assembly had decided, in an unprecedented gesture, to extend its greetings to ANC on that occasion. The Special Committee had been actively promoting the world-wide observance of that anniversary, which marked a very important event in the history of the struggle of the African people and all oppressed peoples for emancipation. The 70 years of struggle by ANC was an epic which must be made more widely known all over the world, both in order to pay tribute to the movement and to mobilize greater support for the final victory of its legitimate and righteous struggle. The Special Committee would do its share in that regard. He expressed great -43- admiration for the significant advance of the struggle in South Africa in the previous year and paid tribute to the many heroic freedom fighters who had fallen in that struggle. 232. The Chairman of the Special Committee sent a number of messages to national meetings which were organized in observance of the seventieth anniversary of ANC. R. Meeting in commemoration of the thirtieth anniversary of the Defiance Campaign 233. On 24 June 1982, the Special Committee held a meeting in commemoration of the thirtieth anniversary of the Defiance Campaign launched by the South African people in protest against racist laws. It recalled that it was during the Defiance Campaign that the United Nations General Assembly began consideration of the question of apartheid at the request of Asian-African States. 234. Statements were made of the meeting by Mr. M. B. Yengwa and Mr. Peter Molotsi, participants in the Defiance Campaign; Mr. George Houser, former Executive Director of the American Committee on Africa; Mrs. Valentina Tereshkova, Chairman of the Soviet Women's Committee; Mrs. Paulette Pierson- Mathy, Secretary of the Belgian Committee against Colonialism and Apartheid; Mr. Haindongo of the Afro-Asian Peoples' Solidarity Organization and Mr. Jan Lonn of the International Youth and Student Movement for the United Nations. S. Observance of international days 1. Observance of the Day of Solidarity with South African Political Prisoners (11 October 1981) 235. On 24 Septemeber 1981, the Chairman of the Special Committee issued an appeal for the observance of the Day of Solidarity with South African Political Prisoners (GA/AP/125 9). 236. On 12 October 1981, the Special Committee held two meetings in observance of the Day of Solidarity with the participation of delegations from Member States of the United Nations, liberation movements, non-governmental organizations and special invitees. 237. Statements were made by the President of the General Assembly; the President of the Security Council; the Chairman of the Special Committee of 24; the Chairman of the Committee of Trustees of the United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa; the President of the United Nations Council for Namibia; the chairmen of the regional groups at the United Nations; the representative of Cuba as representative of the Chairman of the Movement of the Non-aligned Countries; the representative of the United Kingdom, on behalf of the 10 Member States of the European Communities; the representative of Denmark, on behalf of the Nordic countries; the representative of Kenya on behalf of the current Chairman of the Organization of African Unity; and the representative of Mozambique. 238. At the invitation of the Chairman, the Secretary-General of the African National Congress, the Chairman of the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania and the observer of the South West Africa People's Organization made statements. -44-

239. At the invitation of the Chairman, statements were also made by the special guests invited by the Special Committee: The Rt. ibn. Dr. Michael Kelly, the Lord Provost of Glasgow; Mr. Keba M'Baye, the Chief Justice of the Republic of Senegall Mr. Ernest Pignon-Ernest, French artist; and Mr. Khoti Andrew Mulotsane and Mr. Hamilton Keke, South African trade unionists. 240. Representatives of the following non-governmental organizations made statements: International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa, International Progress Organization, International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights under Law (see A/AC.115/PV.484 and 485). 241. The Special Committee received a number of messages from Member States, specialized agencies, non-governmental organizations and solidarity committees. The representatives of Guinea and Pakistan read messages of their respective Heads of State (A/AC.115/L.559 and Add.l). 242. At the meeting, the Special Committee adopted a declaration on the occasion of the Day of Solidarity with South African Political Prisoners. In the declaration, the Special Committee appealed to all Governments, organizations and individuals to denounce the brutal repression in South Africal to demand an immediate and unconditional amnesty to all those imprisoned, restricted, banished or exiled for their opposition to apartheid, to publicize and mobilize support for the noble ideals for which they have dedicated their livesi to honour in all appropriate ways the martyrs and leaders in the struggle for liberation in South Africa; and to support the struggle for liberation by implementing all resolutions of the United Nations for the isolation of the criminal apartheid r4gime and for all necessary assistance to the national liberation movement. 243. It transmitted the declaration to the General Assembly and the Security Council (see A/36/592-S/14724). 2. Observance of the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (21 March 1982) 244. On 4 March 1982 the Chairman of the Special Committee issued a statement (GA/AP/1303) calling for the widest observance of the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. 245. On 22 March 1982, the Special Committee held two solemn meetings in observance of the International Day. 246. Statements were made by the President of the General Assembly) the Secretary-General of the United Nations; Chairman of the Special Committee of 24; President of the United Nations Council for Namibia; Chairman of the Committee of Trustees of the United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa; Chairman of the Commission on the Status of Women; Chairman of the Preparatory Sub-Committee of the Second World Conference to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination) and representatives of regional groups of the United Nations. 247. At the invitation of the Chairman, Ms. Siobhan McKenna, prominent Irish actress, and Mr. Chinguis Aytmatov, prominent Soviet writer, made statements as special guests of the Special Committee. -45-

248. The representative of Kenya read a message from the current Chairman of the Organization of African Unity and the representative of Cuba read a message from the current Chairman of the Conference of Non-Aligned Countries. The representatives of Afghanistan, Algeria, Australia, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Brazil, Cyprus, Democratic Kampuchea, Democratic Yemen, Guinea, Haiti, Indonesia, Jamaica, Maldives, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Senegal, Suriname, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, Turkey, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen and Yugoslavia read messages of their respective Heads of State or Government. The observer of the Palestine Liberation Organization read a message from the Chairman of PLO. 249. At the invitation of the Chairman, the observers of the African National Congress of South Africa, the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania and the South West Africa People's Organization made statements. 250. The Chairman of the Special Committee also made a statement (see A/AC.115/PV.492 and 493). 251. In addition to the messages from the heads of States and Governments, the Special Committee received messages from the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Barbados, Belgium, China, the Central African Republic, Hungary, India, Iraq, Japan, Malaysia, Malta, Mongolia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Thailand and Trinidad and Tobago, and from the Permanent Representative of Argentina as well as the Foreign Minister of the Republic of Korea. 252. Messages were also received from the Food and Agriculture Organization and the International Labour Organization, from the Soviet Afro-Asian Solidarity Committee, the Polish Committee for the Solidarity with the Peoples of Asia and Africa, the Czechoslovak Solidarity Committee with the Peoples of Africa and Asia, as well as the Solidarity Committee and the Committee for the Decade for Action to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination of the German Democratic Republic. A message from the former Mayor of Geneva was also received (see A/AC.115/L.567). 253. The Chairman of the Special Committee's Task Force on Women and Children under Apartheid took part in the observance of the International Day at the European Office of the United Nations in Geneva and delivered a message by the Chairman of the Special Committee. 3. Observance of Africa Liberation Day (25 May 1982) 254. During the Asian Regional Conference for Action against Apartheid, the Special Committee and all participants in the Conference held a solemn meeting in the observance of the African Liberation Day. 255. After a minute of silence in memory of all those who have laid down their lives in the just struggle for freedom, independence and equal rights in Africa, statements were made by the representative of the Philippines who read the message of the Head of State of the Philippines; the Chairman of the Special Committee against Apartheid; and representatives of the German Democratic Republic, world Peace Council, HART - the anti-apartheid movement of New Zealand, and the national liberation movements of South Africa, Namibia and Palestine. -46-

4. Observance of the International Day of Solidarity with the Struggling People of South Africa (16 June 1982) 256. The Special Committee held a special meeting on 16 June 1982 in observance of the International Day of Solidarity with the Struggling People of South Africa. At the beginning of the solemn meeting the Special Committee observed a minute of silence in memory of the victims of Soweto and all other victims of apartheid. 257. The Acting Chairman of the Special Committee read a message received from the President of the General Assembly. The Under-Secretary-General for Political and Security Council Affairs read a message from the Secretary-General. Statements were made by the Chairman of the Committee of 24; the President of the United Nations Council for Namibia; the representative of Kenya on behalf of the Chairman of the Organization of African Unity; the representative of Cuba who read a message from the Chairman of the Conference of Non-Aligned Countries; and chairmen of regional groups of the United Nations. 258. The Reverend Canon L. John Collins, President of the International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa, made a statement as special guest of the Special Committee. 259. At the invitation of the Chairman, the observers of the African National Congress of South Africa, the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania and the South West Africa People's Organization also made statements. 260. On the occasion of the International Day the Special Committee received a message from His Excellency Mr. Pham Van Dong, President of the Council of Ministers of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam; His Excellency Mr. Ahmed Sdkou Tour6, President of the Republic of Guinea; His Excellency General Mohammed Zia-ul-Haq, President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan; and Mr. Khien Samphan, President of the Presidium of State of Democratic Kampuchea. It also received messages from the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Barbados; the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Syrian Arab Republic; the Junta of National Reconstruction, Government of Nicaragua; Permanent Representative of Argentina; the Director-General of the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO); and the Committee for the Decade for Action to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination of the German Democratic Republic and its Solidarity Committee (for the texts, see A/AC.115/L.572). 5. Observance of the International Day of Solidarity with the Struggle of Women of South Africa and Namibia (9 August 1982) 261. On 9 August 1982, the Special Committee held a special meeting in observance of the International Day of Solidarity with the Struggle of Women of South Africa and Namibia (A/AC.115/PV.504). 262. At the invitation of the Chairman statements were made by Madame Jeanne- Martin Cisse, Minister of Social Affairs, Guinea; Madame Yvette Roudy, Minister of Women's Rights, France; Mrs. Flerida Ruth P. Romero, Director of the University of the Philippine Law Center, Philippines; Professor Edith Oeser, Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin, German Democratic Republic; Mrs. Luisa Chongolola, representative of Angola Women's -47-

Organization; Sra. Ifigenia Martinez, Ambassador of Mexico, Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Mrs. Dorothy Height, President, National Council for Negro Women of Greater New York, United States of America; Ms. Barbara Masakela, representative of ANC; Ms. Nombulelo Maphoyi, representative of PAC; and Miss Lucia Hamutenya, representative of SWAPO. 263. The Chairman made a statement on behalf of the Special Committee. 264. The participants observed a minute of silence in tribute to the gallant women who sacrificed their lives for the freedom of their country. T. Dissemination of information against apartheid 265. During the period under review, the Special Committee continued to encourage and promote dissemination of information against apartheid by the Centre against Apartheid and the Department of Public Information, as well as a number of non-governmental organizations, through publications in several languages and audio-visual material. 266. The Special Committee has continued during the year to promote voluntary contributions to the Trust Fund for Publicity against Apartheid established in pursuance of General Assembly resolution 3151 C (XXVIII) of 14 December 1973. Contributions and pledges received between 1 January and 31 July 1982 were as follows: (in United States dollars) Austria ...... 4,500 Brazil ...... 20,000 Cyprus...... 225 F inland...... 11,004 Greece...... 2,000 India...... 500 Japan ...... 10,000 Malaysia ...... 500 Norway ...... 55,000 Philippines ...... 500 Surina ...... 1,000 Sweden ...... 26,087 Syrian Arab Republic ...... 1,000 Trinidad and Tobago ...... 1,000 Turkey ...... 1,500 Venezuela ...... 1,000 -48-

267. Since its establishment in 1975, the Trust Fund has received contributions and pledges from the following 45 Governments: (in United States dollars) Algeria...... 2,000 Argentina ...... 4,000 Austria...... 24,500 Bah a ...... 1,500 Barbados ...... 1,500 Belgium ...... 42,698 Benin ...... 227 Brazil ...... 140,000 Cyprus ...... 1,259 Egypt ...... 4,000 Ethiopia ...... 5,000 Finland ...... 69,890 Ghana ...... 3,610 Greece ...... 9,500 Guinea ...... 500 Haiti ...... 700 India ...... 4,000 Ireland ...... 11,912 Japan ...... 70,000 Kuwait ...... 20,000 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ...... 35,000 Malaysia ...... 2,500 Mali ...... 1,767 Mauritania ...... 912 Mauritius ...... 2,000 Mexico ...... 1,000 New Zealand...... 6,500 Niger ...... 501 Nie a ...... 40,000 Norway ...... 315,000 Papua New Guinea ...... 200 Philippines ...... 3,500 Saudi Arabia ...... 10,000 Sudan...... 500 Suriname...... 2,000 Syrian Arab Republic ...... 9,000 Sweden ...... 48,825 Togo...... 613 Trinidad and Tobago ...... 6,500 Tunisia ...... 15,000 Turkey ...... 4,500 Uganda ...... 1,351 United Arab Emirates ...... 4,000 Venezuela ...... 5,000 Zambia ...... 3,120 268. In addition, the Governments of the German Democratic Republic, India and the Philippines, as well as several organizations, have assisted the Centre against Apartheid by printing publications in co-operation with it. -49-

269. Modest grants from the Trust Fund have been utilized by the Centre against Apartheid, in consultation with the Special Committee, for the production of information material, the purchase and distribution of films, essay competitions and art exhibits, through United Nations Information Centres and appropriate non-governmental organizations. U. Representation at conferences and messages to conferences 1. Representation at conferences 270. During the period under review, the Special Committee sent representatives or messages to a number of national and international conferences concerned with the problem of apartheid. 271. The Special Committee was represented at the following conferences: (i) Meeting of the Preparatory Committee of the International Youth and Student Conference in solidarity with the Struggle of the Peoples, Youth and Students in southern Africa, Helsinki, Finland, 26-27 September 1981. Mr. Kennedy F. Apoe (Nigeria) (ii) United States National Student Anti-Apartheid Strategy Conference, New York, 2-3 October 1981. Mr. Kennedy F. Apoe (Nigeria) (iii) World Congress of Women, Prague, Czechoslovakia, 8-13 October 1981. Ms. Maria Lourdes Ramiro Lopez (Philippines) (iv) Conference in Solidarity with the Liberation Struggle of the Peoples of Southern Africa, New York, United States of America, 9-11 October 1981. Mr. John 0. Aje (Nigeria) (v) Conference of the Irish Anti-Apartheid Movement, Dublin, Ireland, 24 October 1981. Mr. James Victor Gbeho (Ghana) (vi) Trade Union Week of Action against Apartheid, Ireland and the United Kingdom, 24-31 October 1981. Mr. James Victor Gbeho (Ghana) (vii) International Youth and Student Conference in Solidarity with the Struggle of the Peoples, Youth and Students of Southern Africa, Luanda, Angola, 13-15 November 1981. Mr. Izhar Ibrahim (Indonesia) Mr. Kennedy F. Apoe (Nigeria) (viii) Celebration of the 53rd birthday of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Atlanta, United States of America, 13-15 January 1982. Mr. Alhaji Yusuff Maitama-Sule (Nigeria), Chairman Mr. Natarajan Krishnan (India) Mr. Ahmed Mohamed Adan (Somalia) Mr. Frank Owen Abdulah (Trinidad and Tobago) Mr. Vladimir Alekseyewich Kravets (Ukrainian SSR) -50-

(ix) Meeting of the NGO-Sub-Committee on Racism, Racial Discrimination, Apartheid and Decolonization, 25 January 1982, Geneva, Switzerland. Ms. Maria Lourdes Ramiro Lopez (Philippines) (x) Preparatory Meeting of the International Conference on Women and Apartheid, 26-27 January 1982, Brussels, Belgium. Mr. Janus Matus (Hungary) Ms. Maria Lurdes Ramiro Lopez (Philippines) (xi) Meeting of the Executive Board of WHO, 27 January 1982, Geneva, Switzerland. Mr. James Victor Gbeho (Ghana) (xii) Inauguration of lecture series for the International Year of Mobilization for Sanctions against South Africa, organized by the Africa Centre and the Anti-Apartheid Movement, London, United Kingdom. Mr. James Victor Gbeho (Ghana) (xiii) British Anti-Apartheid Movement Conference on "South Africa: The Time To Choose", organized in co-operation with the Special Committee, London, United Kingdom, 11-13 March 1982. Alhaji Yusuff Maitama-Sule (Nigeria), Chairman Mr. Wirjono Sastrohendojo (Indonesia) Mr. Luis Sandiga (Peru) Mr. Vladimir Khandogy (Ukrainian SSR) (xiv) Preparatory Committee for the 1983 Second World Conference to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination, New York, 15-26 March 1982. Alhaji Yusuff Maitama-Sule (Nigeria), Chairman (xv) Fifth United Nations Seminar on Palestinian Rights, New York, 15-19 March 1982. Mr. Gervais Charles (Haiti), Rapporteur (xvi) Special Meeting to Mark the Week of Solidarity with the Peoples Struggling against Racism and Racial Discrimination, organized by the United Nations Department of Public Information in co-operation with the Special Committee and several non-governmental organizations, New York, 25 March 1982. Alhaji Yusuff Maitama-Sule (Nigeria), Chairman (xvii) International Seminar on Resistance against Occupation, Oppression and Apartheid in South Africa, organized by the Special Committee in co-operation with UNESCO, UNESCO House, Paris, France, 29 March-2 April 1982. Mr. Gervais Charles (Haiti) Mr. J~non Matus (Hungary) Mr. Yadab K. Silwal (Nepal) (xxviii) Emergency meeting of Foreign Ministers of the Non-aligned Countries, Kuwait, 6-8 April 1982. (xix) International Preparatory Committee for the Conference on Solidarity with Frontline States, Lisbon, Portugal, 17-18 April 1982. Mr. Babiker Khalifa (Sudan) Mr. Vladimir Khandogy (Ukrainian SSR) -51-

(xx) Forum on the United Nations Year for Sanctions against South Africa, Bermuda, 19 April 1982. Mr. Abdelkader Messahel (Algeria) (xxi) World Conference on the Indian Ocean - Zone of Peace, New Dehli, India, 23-25 April 1982. Mr. Vladimir A. Kravets (Ukrainian SSR) Mr. Hernan Couturier (Peru) Mr. Keshav Raj Jha (Nepal) (xxii) Canadian Conference in Solidarity with the Liberation Struggles of the Peoples of Southern Africa, Ottawa, Canada, 7-9 May 1982. Mr. Bassy Camara (Guinea) Miss Olajumoke Oladayo Abafemi (Nigeria) (xxiii) Extraordinary Plenary Meeting of the United Nations Council for Namibia, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania, 10-14 May 1982. Mr. James Victor Gbeho (Ghana) (xxiv) International Conference on Women and Apartheid, organized by the Special Committee in co-operation with the International Committee of Solidarity with the Struggle of Women of South Africa and Namibia, Brussels, Belgium, 17-19 May 1982. Mr. Alhaji Yusuff Maitama-Sule (Nigeria) Dr. Ferenc Somogyi (Hungary) Ms. Maria Lourdes Ramiro Lopez (Philippines) (xxv) Asian Regional Conference on Action against Apartheid, organized by the Special Committee in co-operation with the Government of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines, 24-26 May 1982. All members of the Special Committee. (xxvi) Preparatory Meeting for the International Conference on Solidarity with the Frontline States, Lisbon, Portugal, 28-31 May 1982. Mr. Hilary Kuwele Ziniel (Ghana) (xxvii) Meeting of the Co-ordinating Bureau of the Non-aligned Foreign Ministers, Havana, Cuba, 31 May-4 June 1982. Mr. James Victor Gbeho (Ghana) (xxviii) Meeting of the Non-Governmental Organization Sub-Committee on Racism, Racial Discrimination, Apartheid and Decolonization, Geneva, Switzerland, 15 July 1982. Mr. Djebel Coumbassas (Guinea) (xxix) International Seminar on Students Actions for Peace and National Liberation, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 7-10 July 1982. Mr. Vladimir D. Khandogy (Ukrainian SSR) (xxx) Meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group of Experts on Southern Africa, Commission on Human Rights, London, United Kingdom, 12-16 July 1982. Mr. Yusuf Ismail Khalaf (Somalia) -52-

2. Messages of the Special Committee to international and national conferences 272. The Chairman of the Special Committee sent messages to the following conferences: (a) Observance of the Day of Solidarity with South African Political Prisoners in Paris, organized by several French organizations, 11 October 1981. (b) Trade Union Week against Apartheid, Bermuda, 25-31 October 1981. (c) Congress of the French Anti-Apartheid Movement (CAO), Paris, 31 October-i November 1981. (d) Second ICSA-Workshop on Material Aid, Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany, 6-8 November 1981. (e) Conference on Apartheid and Health, Brazzaville, Congo, 16-20 November 1981. (f) Tenth Meeting of the Presidium of the Afro-Asian Peoples Solidarity Organization, Kabul, Afghanistan, 18-22 November 1981. (g) Meeting on the occasion of the ANC anniversary, organized by the Association Francaise d'Amiti4 et de Solidarit4 avec les Peuples d'Afrique (AFASPA), Mouvement contre le Racisme, et pour l'Amiti4 entre les Peuples (MRAP), and Mouvement Anti-Apartheid (MAA), Paris, France, 8 January 1982. (h) Message to Lord Provost of Glasgow on the occasion of the opening of an exhibit on Nelson Mandela, 8 January 1982. (i1 Message to churches in Glasgow, United Kingdom, on the occasion of Day of Prayer for political prisoners in South Africa on 10 January 1982. (j) Message to the African Students Association in New Delhi, India, on the occasion of the Africana Festival, dedicated to freedom fighters of Namibia and the 70th anniversary of ANC. (k) Meeting of the Standing Committee on NGOs of the WHO Executive Board, 24 January 1982, Geneva, Switzerland. (1) National Conference of Solidarity for the Independence and Sovereignity of Southern Africa, Rome, Italy, 26-27 February 1982 (GA/AP/1296). (m) Session of the OAU Council of Ministers, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 22 February to 1 March 1982. (n) Meeting to Commemorate the seventieth anniversary of the ANC, organized by the Belgian Anti-Apartheid Committee, Brussels, Belgium, 5 May 1982. (o) Congress of Mouvement contre le Racisme et pour l'Amiti4 entre les Peuples, Paris, France, 8-9 May 1982. -53-

(p) Eleventh Assembly of the World Federation of Democratic Youth, Prague, Czechoslovakia, 3-9 June 1982. (q) International Seminar on the military Situation in and relating to Namibia, organized by the United Nations Council for Namibia, Austria, 8-11 June 1982. (r) Meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, Tunis, Tunisia, 14-16 June 1982. (s) Seminar on Apartheid, organized by the India Council of World Affairs, Lucknow, India, 24 August 1982. (t) International Conference "Youth Against South Africa's Destabilization in the Sub-Continent" (organized by the Committee for Action and Solidarity for Southern African Students), Maseru, Lesotho, 8-11 September 1982. V. Co-operation with other United Nations organs and with other organizations 273. The Special Committee maintained close co-operation with other United Nations organs concerned with southern Africa, especially the Special Committee on the situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, the United Nations Council for Namibia and the Committee of Trustees of the United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa. It invited them to several special meetings and conferences of the Special Committee and sent representatives to attend and address their special meetings. 274. The Special Committee continued to co-operate with the Commission on Human Rights and its Ad Hoc Working Group of Experts on Southern Africa. 275. The Organization of African Unity has been represented in the Special Committee as an observer and its representatives were especially invited to attend and address several special meetings and conferences of the Special Committee. 276. The Special Committee continued to maintain close co-operation with the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries to its special meetings and conferences. 277. At its 487th meeting, the representative of UNESCO presented the special Committee with a publication entitled "South Africa and its Bantustans". The Chairman commended UNESCO for its valuable contribution to the struggle against apartheid. W. Work of the subsidiary organs of the Special Committee 1. Work of the Sub-Committee on the Implementation of United Nations Resolutions and Collaboration with South Africa 278. The Sub-Committee on the Implementation of United Nations Resolutions and Collaboration with South Africa held a number of meetings to consider questions related to collaboration of Governments, transnational corporations and individuals -54- with the racist regime of South Africa as well as the implementation of United Nations resolutions on the question of South Africa. Acting on the recommendations of the Sub-Committee, the Special Committee decided to publish as a document the report on "Transnational Corporations with Major Investments in South Africa" (A/AC.115/L.574) and to submit to the General Assembly a special report on "Recent developments concerning relations between Israel and South Africa" (A/37/36/Add.l). 2. Work of the Sub-Committee on Petitions and Information 279. The Sub-Committee on Petitions and Information held a number of meetings and considered communications received from non-governmental organizations opposed to Apartheid. It maintained close liaison with anti-apartheid movements and other non-governmental organizations in order to promote international campaign for the elimination of apartheid. 3. Work of the Task Forces 280. The Task Force on Women and Children under Apartheid and the Task Force on Political Prisoners held several meetings during the period under review, and submitted recommendations to the Special Committee on: (a) Arrangments for the observance of the International Day of Solidarity with the Struggle of Women of South Africa and Namibia; (b) The International Conference on Women and Apartheid (Brussels, 17-19 May 1982); (c) Arrangements for the observance of the Day of Solidarity with South African Political Prisoners; (d) Wider international campaign for the release of Nelson Mandela and other political prisoners in South Africa; (e) A number of other matters within their terms of reference. X. List of statements issued by the Special Committee 281. During the period under review, the Special Committee issued the following statements: 14 September 1981 Statement by the Chairman expressing regret over the arrival of the South African Rugby Team in the United States of America (GA/AP/1254) 14 September 1981 Statement by the Chairman commending opposition in New Zealand to the South African Rugby Team tour (GA/AP/1255) 17 September 1981 Statement by the Chairman appealing for denunciation of threats against the South African Council of Churches (GA/AP/1256) -55-

17 September 1981 17 September 1981 24 September 1981 2 October 1981 10 November 1981 11 November 1981 27 November 1981 27 November 1981 1 December 1981 8 December 1981 8 December 1981 10 December 198i 14 December 1981 16 December 1981 Statement by the Chairman commending the World Council of Churches for breaking ties with banks lending to South Africa (GA/AP/1257) Statement by the Chairman calling on national medical associations to oppose readmission of the Medical Association of South Africa to the World Medical Association (GA/AP/1258) Statement by the Chairman in support of the Conference on Solidarity with the Liberation Struggles of the Peoples of Southern Africa in New York, 9-11 October 1981 (GA/AP/1260) Statement by the Chairman denouncing the decision of the World Medical Association to readmit the Medical Association of South Africa (GA/AP/1261) Statement by the Chairman denouncing the proclamation of the so-called "independence" of Ciskei (GA/AP/1267) Appeal by the Chairman for international observance of the seventieth anniversary of the African National Congress of South Africa (ANC) (GA/AP/1268) Statement by the Chairman expressing shock at the death in detention of a political prisoner, Mr. Tshifhiwa Moufhe (GA/AP/1270) Statement by the Chairman denouncing the murder of Mr. Griffith Mxenge, attorney, in Durban (GA/AP/1271) Statement by the Chairman denouncing the detention of trade unionists and other leaders in South Africa (GA/AP/127 2) Statement by the Chairman commending the Welsh Rugby Union for its cancellation of a South African tour (GA/AP/127 3) Statement by the Chairman urging international action for the safety of political prisoners on Robben Island (GA/AP/127 4) Statement by the Chairman condemning the invasion of Angola by South Africa (GA/AP/1276) Statement by the Chairman on the visit of Defence Minister of Israel to Namibia (GA/AP/1277) Cable by the Chairman congratulating the African National Congress of South Africa (ANC) on the twentieth anniversary of armed struggle in South Africa (GA/AP/1278) -56-

8 February 1982 16 February 1982 19 February 1982 25 February 1982 1 March 1982 2 March 1982 4 March 1982 15 March 1982 22 March 1982 7 April 1982 20 April 1982 21 May 1982 15 June 1982 1 July 1982 Statement by the Chairman expressing shock at death in detention of Mr. Neil Aggett, trade union leader (GA/AP/1287) Statement by the Chairman expressing satisfaction at ACP/EEC decision to support the International Year of Mobilization for Sanctions against South Africa (GA/AP/1291) Message by the Chairman to the Commission of Human Rights (GA/AP/1294) Statement by the Chairman calling for the mobilization of world opinion to secure immediate release of South African detainees (GA/AP/1295) Statement by the Chairman expressing regret at United States decision on arms embargo (GA/AP/1298) Statement by the Chairman condemning South African tour by a British cricket team (GA/AP/1300) Statement by the Chairman appealing for the widest observance of the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (GA/AP/1303) Message by the Chairman to the Secretary-General of the African National Congress concerning the bombing of the ANC office in London (GA/AP/1310) Statement by the Chairman commending the "Two Weeks of Action in Support of Southern Africa Liberation Movements" organized by United States student groups (GA/AP/1315) Statement by the Chairman appealing for urgent measures to stop the imminent execution of three ANC freedom fighters (GA/AP/1326) Message by the Chairman to Nordic Governments and people calling for full support in all efforts to free South Africa and the entire African continent (GA/AP/1327) Statement by the Acting Chairman expressing indignation at United States attempts to strengthen military and nuclear collaboration with South Africa (GA/AP/1342) Statement by the Acting Chairman criticizing the denial or delay in the issuance of United States visas to persons invited by the Special Committee Statement by the Chairman appealing for concrete measures to aid the oppressed women of South Africa and Namibia (GA/AP/1353) -57-

9 July 1982 4 August 1982 6 August 1982 13 August 1982 17 August 1982 24 August 1982 15 September 1982 Statement by the Chairman on the strike of gold mine workers in South Africa (GA/AP/1354) Statement by the Chairman on the occasion of the twentieth anniversary of the arrest of Nelson Mandela (GA/AP/1355) Statement by the Chairman asking for non-participation of scientists in a Coal Conversion Conference in Pretoria (GA/AP/1358) Statement by the Chairman condemning death sentences imposed on three freedom fighters in South Africa (GA/AP/1361) Statement by the Chairman appealing for effective action to end killings of Africans by the Pretoria r~gime (GA/AP/ 136 2) Statement by the Chairman calling for active support of the Conference of West European Parliamentarians on Sanctions against South Africa (GA/AP/1364) Appeal by the Chairman for funds to finance the work of the International Committee of Solidarity with the Struggle of Women of South Africa and Namibia (GA/AP/136 7) -58-

III. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS A. Introduction 282. The Special Committee has repeatedly emphasized that apartheid is a crime against humanity and a challenge to the United Nations and the international community. 283. Apartheid is an intolerable system of racist domination, exploitation and humiliation of the great majority of the people of South Africa. It has resulted not only in immense suffering of the people of South Africa, but has led to constant breaches of the peace and acts of terrorism and destabilization by the racist regime of South Africa in the whole of southern Africa, in violation of international law and morality. It poses a danger of a much wider and ghastlier conflict and threatens the maintenance of international peace and security and the development of genuine international co-operation. 284. The year 1982 marks 30 years since the General Assembly began consideration of the "question of race conflict in South Africa resulting from the policies of apartheid of the Government of the Union of South Africa" - when the apartheid r~gime, which came to power in 1948, began consolidating racist domination through an escalation of repression in gross violation of the Charter of the United Nations and when the oppressed people, led by the African National Congress of South Africa and its sister organizations, launched the "Campaign of Defiance of Unjust Laws", a historic non-violent campaign of passive resistance against injustice. 285. It is 20 years since the General Assembly - in resolution 1761 (XVII) of 6 November 1962 - appealed to Member States, separately and collectively, to take a series of concrete measures to bring about the abandonment of apartheid, and established the Special Committee to facilitate effective action by the United Nations. 286. This year, proclaimed by the United Nations as the International Year of Mobilization for Sanctions against South Africa, coincides with the seventieth anniversary of the establishment by the African people of South Africa of a national movement, the African National Congress, to strive for their inalienable rights, following the transfer of power in the country to a white minority regime which proceeded to dispossess them of their land and liberty. 287. This national movement has inspired the world by the legitimacy and, indeed, righteousness of its cause, by the sacrifices it made, and by its consistent advocacy of non-racialism in the face of intolerable provocations and attacks by the racist minority r4gime. In the service of the legitimate aspirations of its people, and inspired by the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, it has set for itself the objective of the elimination of apartheid and the establishment of a democratic society. It deserves universal respect and support. 288. It will soon be five centuries since the beginning of European settlement of the continent of Africa which began a tragic and shameful era of world history, causing enormous injustice, suffering and humiliation for the sons and daughters of the continent of Africa. The compact of colonial Powers in Berlin, almost a century ago, for a colonial carving-up of Africa, has perpetuated this tragedy. -59-

289. Many African nations have attained independence in the past generation through great sacrifices and with the goodwill of men and women of conscience in other continents. The United Nations may proudly recall the positive role it played in this historic process. Today, the liberation of South Africa and Namibia stands as the last hurdle for the completion of the emancipation of Africa and the heralding of a new era in world history. 290. In this historic context, the Special Committee urges that the United Nations and the international community undertake an urgent and serious assessment of their efforts for the elimination of apartheid, and decide on all necessary measures to discharge their responsibilities, taking into account the escalation of oppression in South Africa, the acts of aggression by the racist regime and the wider dangers of the military build-up and nuclear plans of that r6gime with its almost unparalleled record of defiance of the international community. B. The crime of apartheid and its wider dangers 291. The problem of settler colonialism and racism in South Africa took on an extremely serious form since 1948 when the National Party, espousing apartheid, came to power in 1948 by obtaining a minority of the votes of the enfranchised white minority. Influenced greatly by Nazi ideology, it propagated the so-called "black peril" and swore to entrench racist domination. 292. Despite its antecedents, this party was able to obtain the goodwill and support of major Western Powers by offering its co-operation in the emergent "cold war" and in the plans of colonial Powers to arrest liberation in Africa. By assuring continued facilities for profitable operations by transnational corporations, especially through repression and exploitation of African workers, it secured the collaboration of powerful vested interests. 293. As the apartheid r~gime proceeded to implement its programme, the oppressed people, representing the overwhelming majority of the population, launched the historic Campaign of Defiance of Unjust Laws in 1952. In the same year, at the request of Asian-African States, the United Nations began consideration of the problem of apartheid. 294. During these 30 years, despite the efforts of the international community, racist oppression in South Africa has increased at the cost of enormous suffering. A few facts are illustrative. 295. In these 30 years, over 3 million black people have been uprooted from their homes. 296. About 13 million Africans have been arrested under the humiliating "pass laws" which restrict their freedom of movement outside the reserves. 297. The racist regime has sought to deprive 7 million Africans of their citizenship in their own land through its policy of bantustans, and is proceeding with that policy. 298. It has resorted to massacres - such as the gruesome events in Sharpeville in 1960 and Soweto in 1976 - in which thousands of unarmed men, women and children have been killed and maimed. -60-

299. Since South Africa introduced laws for indefinite detention without trial in 1963, over 5,000 people have been held in the custody of the Security Police for various lengths of time. Sophisticated and brutal torture of detainees held for interrogation - both those suspected of offences under its arbitrary laws and even those believed to be possible witnesses - has become a regular feature. Even women and children have not been spared. 300. Many trade union leaders ai.d activists (such as Lawrence Ndzanga, Elijah Loza and Neil Aggett), other tested leaders of the people (such as Looksmart Ngudle, Suliman Saloojee, Caleb Mayekiso, Ahmed Timol, Joseph Mdluli, Mapetla Mohapi, Wellington Tshazibane, Dr. Nanoath Ntshuntsha, Samuel Malinga, and Steve Biko) and even a religious leader (Iman Abdullah Haron) have died of torture in prison. 301. The regime introduced arbitrary banning orders under which thousands of men and women have been severely restricted. Many of the greatest patriots, writers, men of religion and others cannot even be quoted in South Africa. Even Chief Albert Lutuli, a Nobel Peace Prize winner, spent the last years of life in restriction. 302. With the attainment of independence by African countries in the past generation the racist r~gime became desperate and increasingly resorted to aggression in an effort to stop the march of freedom or at least to surround itself by a "constellation" of client States. 303. It not only militarized Namibia and expanded the war against the Namibian people and their sole and authentic representative, the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), but also intervened to support the illegal Smith r~gime in Southern Rhodesia and the Portuguese colonialists in Angola and Mozambique in their wars against the African people. 304. It undertook a massive invasion of Angola in 1975-1976 and has followed with numerous acts of aggression in subsequent years. It launched a series of large-scale attacks since August 1981 and is now occupying vast areas of that country. It has committed aggression against Zambia and Mozambique and acts of terrorism and destabilization and violations of sovereignty against almost every independent State on its borders. It was recently involved in a criminal mercenary invasion of Seychelles, an island republic in the Indian Ocean. 305. The desperation of the racist r~gime, its military build-up and its nuclear plans threaten a wider conflict with enormous repercussions for international peace and security. C. Responsibility for the survival of apartheid 306. In the 20 years since the General Assembly called for specific measures by Member States, international commitment and action have registered great advances. 307. Many Governments - especially the African and non-aligned States and the socialist States - have imposed comprehensive sanctions against South Africa. This has involved great sacrifices by some countries, especially developing countries, and reflected their firm commitment to the elimination of apartheid and their loyalty to the United Nations. The States neighbouring South Africa have suffered constant threats and acts of aggression, terrorism and destabilization by the -61- racist r~gime in the discharge of their responsibilities to the oppressed people of South Africa and to humanity. 308. Meanwhile, the principle of sanctions against South Africa has come to be supported by a majority even among the Western States which opposed General Assembly resolution 1761 (XVII) of 6 November 1962. A number of them have taken significant partial measures against the apartheid r4gime. 309. Governments from all regions of the world have contributed increasingly to funds for assistance to the oppressed people of South Africa and their national liberation movement. 310. A powerful and highly significant public movement against apartheid has developed all over the world through actions of anti-apartheid and solidarity movements, religious bodies, trade unions, and organizations of youth, students, women and other sections of the population. 311. Yet, as noted earlier, apartheid is far from being eliminated. The Pretoria regime is entrenching apartheid by brute force behind a smokescreen of diversionary propaganda. It has proceeded to dispossess the African population of all its rights through the so-called "independence" of bantustans, forced removals of population and other measures. Already it purports to have excluded almost one third of the indigenous African population of South Africa from rights in South Africa through its diabolical bantustan policy. 312. The Special Committee cannot but draw attention again to the responsibility of the major Western Powers and many transnational corporations and other interests which have, in spite of numerous resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council, helped sustain apartheid by their collaboration by providing military, economic, technological and other support to the apartheid r~gime. They have thereby delayed the triumph of the legitimate and epic struggle of the South African people for freedom. 313. Several Western countries and Israel have provided the racist r~gime with an enormous arsenal of military equipment and technology, as well as assistance in its nuclear plans. They have allowed corporations under their jurisdiction to invest in the armaments industry in South Africa. 314. These Western countries - particularly the United Kingdom, the United States of America, the Federal Republic of Germany and Switzerland - have greatly 1increased their investments in South Africa. 315. The major trading partners of South Africa have greatly increased their trade with South Africa, thereby frustrating the sacrifices of many developing countries. -62-

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317. The Western permanent members of the Security Council have frustrated repeated appeals by the General Assembly and other organs, adopted by overwhelming majorities, that the Council take mandatory measures against the racist regime under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations. Indeed, numerous requests by the General Assembly are not even considered by the Security Council because of their stubborn resistance and threats of vetoes. 318. The Powers which have rushed to impose sanctions, individually and collectively, against several other countries have constantly opposed sanctions against the racist regime of South Africa and increased their collaboration with that regime. Having assisted South Africa in its efforts for self-sufficiency in arms and strategic goods, they claim that they have little leverage on South Africa. 319. The Governments, transnational corporations and other interests which provide military and other support to the apartheid regime and protect it from imperative action under the Charter of the United Nations bear a grave responsibility for the crimes of that r~gime against the people of South Africa and other African countries. 320. As the Paris Declaration on Sanctions against South Africa (A/36/319- S/14531) stated: "The continuing political, economic and military collaboration of certain Western States and their transnational corporations with the racist r~gime of South Africa encourages its persistent intransigence and defiance of the international community and constitutes a major obstacle in the elimination of the inhuman and criminal system of apartheid in South Africa and the attainment of self-determination, freedom and national independence by the people of Namibia." 321. The oppressed people of South Africa and their friends have felt compelled to ask whether the inconsistency between the professions and actions of certain Western Powers was the result of racism in their policies, whether they cared more for the hundreds of millions of dollars that flowed annually to their countries in profits derived from the exploitation of black workers obliged to work under slave-like conditions, and whether those Governments were totally unwilling to cut the close fraternal links they had developed with the rulers of South Africa in the period when much of Africa was under their colonial domination. 322. Because of the selfish and short-sighted attitudes of a small minority of States, particularly the major Western Powers, the authority of the United Nations has been eroded. The Security Council, the organ of the United Nations endowed with the highest authority, has been paralysed, and the Pretoria r~gime has been enabled to treat even resolutions of the Security Council with contempt. Respect for international law and morality has been undermined. 323. The Security Council has been made impotent in the face of constant aggression committed by the Pretoria r~gime against Namibia, for which the United Nations assumed special responsibility, and against the front-line States, because of the protection afforded to that r~gime by the misuse of the veto by one or more Western Powers. Even the arms embargo against South Africa, a minimum measure designed to restrain the repressive and aggressive capacity of the racist r~gime and protect the lives of the African people and the security of African States, is not fully implemented. -64-

324. The Special Committee deplores the policies of the Western Powers concerned which have undermined the authority of the Security Council with support to the grave situation in southern Africa. It considers that all those dedicated to freedom and peace, and concerned with the authority of the United Nations, must seriously consider the situation confronting the United Nations. 325. The Special Committee feels obliged to express particular distress at the policies of the Government of the United States of America. 326. The United States bears a great responsibility both as a permanent member of the Security Council and a major trading partner of South Africa, and as a Power which can play a crucial role in facilitating the attainment of the objectives of the United Nations in South Africa. 327. It recalls that in 1963 the Government of the United States had announced an arms embargo against South Africa before the adoption of Security Council resolution 181 (1963) of 7 August 1963 and that its Permanent Representative had assured the Special Committee of the co-operation of his Government towards efforts to eliminate apartheid. The Special Committee had on several occasions expressed appreciation for the positive, though limited, measures taken by that Government to demonstrate abhorrence of apartheid. 328. The Special Committee was obliged to draw attention, however, to the enormous increase in the United States trade with, and investments in, South Africa since 1963, as well as the development of other forms of collaboration. 329. The recent actions of the United States not only reflect an unwillingness to co-operate in sanctions and other international efforts for the elimination of apartheid, but represent serious retrograde moves: (a) That country has based its policy on the premise that South Africa was its traditional ally, ignoring the links between the ruling party in South Africa and the Nazi regime. It has sought to describe the freedom fighters, risking their lives in a legitimate struggle for the principles enshrined in the Charter and, indeed, professed by the United States, as "terrorists", while embarking on a so-called policy of "constructive engagement" with the racist r6gime; (b) It has vetoed the draft resolution in the Security Council on 31 August 1981 condemning the massive aggression by the South African regime against Angola, and thereby paralysed any Security Council action on continuing acts of aggression by that r~gime; (c) It has relaxed its implementation of the arms embargo, as well as its former decisions to suspend co-operation with South Africa in the nuclear field, and increased its economic and other relations with South Africa. 330. The votes and explanations of vote of the United States delegation on the resolution on apartheid at the thirty-sixth session of the General Assembly have been most disturbing. The United States and the United Kingdom were alone in not casting a positive vote on any of 14 draft resolutions which were voted upon in the General Assembly. The Working Group of the Special Committee pointed out: "The Working Group notes with particular concern the serious regression of the United States of America, as reflected in its opposition to most proposals before the General Assembly. The fact that it was alone in voting -65- against the resolution on aggression by the apartheid r6gime against independent African States is illustrative. It has thereby become the main protector of the apartheid regime against any effective international action." 331. Transafrica News, Washington, reported in June 1982: "Clearly, south Africa's system represents the extreme antithesis of the values espoused by American democracy. "Nevertheless, the Reagan Administration has only encouraged South African intransigence on the issue of power sharing by calling it a friendly country and treating it as an ally. While repression inside South Africa has increased considerably over the past year, the United States has continued to broaden its friendship with this regime by: defending it in the United Nations; violating the mandatory United Nations Arms Enbargo; allowing South Africa to enlarge the size of its defense attach6 in the U.S. and increase the number of consulates in the U.S.; offering to renew nuclear cooperation with South Africa; training the South African Coast Guard; tolerating South African stalling tactics in the negotiations for Namibian independence; and lifting trade sanctions against South Africa's military and police. "In the spring of last year, top U.S. officials informed their South African counterparts that domestic change within South Africa would not be a precondition for improved U.S./South African relations. The South Africans were further informed that the U.S. seeks to 'move forward toward a future in which South Africa returns to a place within the regional framework of Western security intersts,' and to work to end South Africa's polecat status in the world." 332. The South African r~gime has derived great encouragement from the recent policies of the Government of the United States of America, which have caused serious concern among all opponents of apartheid. 333. The Special Committee, therefore, cannot but express serious concern over the pronouncements, policies and actions of the United States Government. It earnestly appeals to the United States Government to harmonize its policies with those of the overwhelming majority of nations of the world, and co-operate in concerted international action for the elimination of apartheid under the auspices of the United Nations. 334. The Special Committee expresses great concern of the collaboration of the United States and the United Kingdom with South Africa, as such collaboration has encouraged the Pretoria regime to persist in its effots to perpetuate and consolidate apartheid, and made the legitimate struggle of the oppressed people extremely difficult. 335. It considers that these Powers, as well as France and the Federal Republic of Germany, can make a crucial contribution to international efforts to avert a wider conflict and undue suffering in the inevitable triumph of freedom in South Africa. It invites them to co-operate in the implementation of the resolutions of the General Assembly. 336. The Special Committee has repeatedly drawn the attention of the General Assembly to the collaboration between Israel and South Africa, which has come to represent a serious challenge to the United Nations. -66-

337. This collaboration has greatly increased in all fields - including military, nuclear and political - since the visit of the South African Prime Minister, Mr. B. J. Vorster, to Israel in 1976, the year of the massacre of African schoolchildren in Soweto. 338. Israel has, as a result, become a major supplier of military equipment to South Africa - providing the latter with patrol boats and missiles - in utter contempt for the decisions of the United Nations. 339. The Special Committee has submitted a further special report to the General Assembly and the Security Council this year on developments concerning the collaboration between Israel and South Africa. 340. In view of the nature and extent of the collaboration between Israel and South Africa - which has greatly increased while the United Nations has been making active efforts for the isolation of the South African regime - the Special Committee hopes that those States which have opposed condemnation of the attitudes and actions of the Government of Israel will reassess their positions and persuade it to disengage forthwith from racist oppression. The Special Committee proposes to take more active steps to publicize this collaboration and its significance and promote efforts to secure an end to this collaboration. 341. The virtual alliance between South Africa and Israel, as the Special Committee has pointed out since 1976, is part of an effort by the apartheid r6gime to build an alliance of unpopular r~gimes defiant of world public opinion as a second line of defence for apartheid. In the context of this developing alliance, the acquisition of nuclear capability by South Africa poses a particularly grave menace. 342. The Special Committee also notes with grave concern the rapid development of multi-faceted relations between the racist r~gime of South Africa and the authorities in Taiwan. South Africa's imports from Taiwan increased from R2.7 million in 1970 to R228.3 million in 1981. During the same period, South Africa's exports to Taiwan have increased from R1.4 million to R192.7 million. These trade relations have been complemented by military, nuclear and other relations. 343. The Special Committee, taking duly into account the outstanding role played by Latin America in the struggle against apartheid, notes with concern the reports about the relations of a few Latin American countries with South Africa in the military field. The Committee will publish all the pertinent information in the hope of persuading the Governments concerned to put an end to such relations. D. Time to choose 344. The Special Committee has repeatedly emphasized that all Governments, organizations and individuals must make in inescapable choice: a choice between racism and respect for the dignity of men and women; a choice between collaboration with the apartheid r6gime and friendship with the great majority of Governments which abhor apartheid; a choice between a bitter past and a secure future. 345. Appeals and moral arguments have, however, fallen on deaf ears in the case of certain Western and other Governments. The Paris Declaration on Sanctions against -67-

South Africa has, therefore, pointed out that the material interests of the Governments concerned dictate a choice againt apartheid. It stated: "It urges all States to take note of the fact that their trade with the independent States of Africa alone - not to count their trade with all countries committed to sanctions againt South Africa - is already far greater than trade with South Africa." 346. The Declaration of the Conference on Southern Africa - The Time to Choose, held in London in March 1982 (A/AC.IIS/L.568), stated: "The African leaders, as well as all the participants in the Conference, stressed that the West must make a choice without any further delay between racist tyranny in southern Africa and the just struggle of the national liberation movements for a democratic and non-racial society; between friendship and collaboration with the racist and aggressive r~gime in Pretoria, and fruitful relations with independent African States and all others committed to African liberation ... "They (Western countries) must be persuaded and pressed to support the cause of freedom and peace by effective action to isolate the apartheid r~gime and implement the resolutions of the United Nations. The glaring contradiction between their professed opposition to apartheid and their continued collaboration with, and protection of, the apartheid r6gime must be ended." 347. The Special Committee notes with appreciation the declaration made at the Conference by the Vice-President of Nigeria, Mr. Alex Ekwueme: "We in Africa feel that the time has come when we shall no longer tolerate the disregard which some Western nations display at issues that affect us seriously. And when we can no longer ignore the action of these Western nations in the southern African region in our respective bilateral relations with them. In other words there must be clear linkage between what is happening in southern Africa and our relations with these Western nations." 348. The Special Committee considers that Governments which ally with the racist r~gime, transnational corporations which are eager to profit from apartheid slavery, and sportsmen, entertainers and others willing to go to South Africa under the enticement of large financial rewards, must be reminded that the rest of the world cannot condone their contempt and hostility for the oppressed people of South Africa and their defiance of the appeals of the United Nations. E. Work of the Special Committee 349. Since its inception in 1963, the Special Committee has attempted do all it could - despite the handicap caused by the non-participation of the Western and other group of States in its work - to discharge the mandate of the General Assembly. 350. It has constantly followed and publicized the situation in South Africa and its international repercussions. It has undertaken or sponsored many studies on the matter. It has sent missions to many Governments - especially those which had -68- opposed sanctions or other concrete measures against South Africa - to persuade them to co-operate in international action. It has organized or co-sponsored international, regional and national conferences to promote concerted action. It has promoted funds for humanitarian, educational, political and other assistance to the oppressed people of South Africa and their national liberation movement. It has encouraged public action against apartheid. It has taken many initiatives to obtain the understanding and support of world public opinion - of trade unions and religious leaders, of writers and artists, of sportsmen and youth and other segments of population - for the efforts of the United Nations. 351. By its dedicated efforts, the Special Committee has earned the co-operation of a number of Western Governments and large sectors of public opinion in the Western countries. It has been greatly encouraged by the increasing support in the General Assembly, the growing appreciation of the oppressed people of South Africa and their national liberation movement and the goodwill and co-operation of many leaders of public opinion all over the world. 352. At the same time, it is acutely conscious that there is an urgent need for greater effort by the international community. In the light of that awareness, it wishes to draw attention to some of the main developments in the past year and present a number of recommendations for action by the General Assembly and the Security Council so that the international community can take action commensurate with the gravity of the present situation. F. Main developments during the past year 353. The situation in South Africa during the past year has been characterized by the further development of organized resistance by all segments of the population; the increased repression by the racist regime, encompassing not only blacks but also a significant number of democratic whites who have participated in the resistance; the propogation of so-called "reforms" by the racist regime to divide the oppressed people; and the rejection of those "reforms" by the black people. At the same time, the racist r~gime embarked on anl extension of its aggressive acts against independent African States so that the whole of southern Africa has become the theatre of an undeclared war. 354. There was an impressive growth of the black trade-union movement in the country which demonstrated great courage in defending the rights of the black workers despite extensive persecution of its leaders and members. Strikes by tens of thousands of workers occurred in several major industries for wages, working conditions and trade union rights, as well as the freedom of movement of workers, and against victimization. 355. A series of strikes obliged the r~gime to withdraw the Preservation of Pensions Interest Bill which sought to prevent black workers from withdrawing their pension contributions until retirement age. There was greater co-operation in struggles between trade unions and African communities. 356. The black trade-union movement spread to the mining qector. 357. There was continued and courageous demonstration of defiance by the students and by black communities. -69-

358. Commemorative dates and funerals of martyrs increasingly became impressive manifestations of defiance of the r~gime and occasions to recall the continuity of the long struggle for liberation. 359. Tens of thousands of Africans demonstrated in protest against the killing in detention of Dr. Neil Aggett, a white physician who had worked as secretary of the African Food and Canning Workers' Union. Several thousand Africans courageously marched in Johannesburg at his funeral, displaying flags of the African National Congress of South Africa (ANC), thereby demonstrating their attachment to liberation and non-racialism. 360. The anniversaries of the Sharpeville and Soweto massacres of 1960 and 1976 were widely commemorated in order to recall the historic struggles such as the positive action campaign led by the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC) and the resistance against discrimination in education led by black student organizations. 361. Armed attacks by the military wing of the African National Congress of South Africa, Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation), increased and attained greater precision and success, often resulting in extensive damage or total destruction of guarded strategic or economic installations of the r~gime. The armed attacks were co-ordinated with political events in the country such as the campaign against the elections to the South African Indian Council (SAIC), strikes in the motor industry, school boycotts, resistance against population removals, boycotts of rent and fare increases, and discussion of constitutional proposals by the President's Council. 362. These constitutional proposals envisaged a limited form of subordinate political representation for the Coloured people and Asians, and excluded the Africans. They were denounced not only by the African majority, but also by the Coloured and Asian people. The virtually total boycott of SAIC in November 1981 demonstrated the growing unity of the black people and their rejection of all manoeuvres by the r~gime to divide them through deceptive reforms. 363. The increased resistance of the oppressed people and the moves for these so- called "reforms" led to a split in the ruling National Party, because of differences on means to perpetuate racist domination; the dissident group founded the Conservative Party of South Africa. 364. The "reforms" of the Botha regime were also intended to divert attention from its attempts to dispossess and repress the African people. Ciskei was granted so-called "independence" in December 1981 in an attempt to deprive 1.5 million Africans of citizenship rights in South Africa. The regime subsequently announced its intention to cede Ingwavuma and KaNgwane to Swaziland. 365. There were new death sentences in South Africa, as well as several deaths in detention and extensive evidence of torture of political detainees. Reports of brutal torture and repression in the so-called "independent" bantustans have shown that one of the main purposes of bantustanization was to use black collaborators to repress the African people. 366. The r~gime increased the mandatory military service for the whites, and reinforced its arsenal of repressive laws. 367. Internal repression was accompanied by aggression abroad, The Pretoria r6gime -70- was engaged in almost continual and large-scale aggression throughout the year againt the People's Republic of Angola. It also continued attempts at destabilization in Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Lesotho. Acts of terrorism against members of the national liberation movements were committed in all the States neighbouring South Africa. 368. On 25 November 1981, a group of mercenaries launched an abortive invasion of Seychelles with the intention of overthrowing the Government of tat country. The report of the committee of the Security Council and the testimony of the mercenaries have shown incontrovertibly that the invasion was planned and mounted from South Africa, in collusion with the authorities at the highest level. 369. This invasion further underlined the conclusion of the Special Committee that the Pretoria regime is a terrorist regime acting as an outlaw, and drew attention to the menace to the security of the Indian Ocean territories arising from apartheid in South Africa. 370. The Summit Meeting of Front-line States, held at Maputo from 6 to 7 March 1982, stated: "The Front-line States Summit noted the ever-increasing aggressiveness of imperialism perpetrated by the racist r4gime of South Africa, its instrument of aggression in the region. The invasion and military aggressions, the utilization of armed bandits and agents, the acts of sabotage and economic blackmail, the massive and subversive propaganda campaigns conducted by South Africa are proof that there is currently an undeclared war situation engendered and supported by South Africa ... "The occupation of areas in the southern part of the People's Republic of Angola by the Pretoria racist forces and the attempt to promote the UNITA puppets aims at creating an international precedent which could be made applicable to any of the countries in the region. The African peoples have the right to expect a vigorous reaction from the international community, which should condemn and demand the immediate cessation of this intolerable violation of sovereignty and territorial integrity of a member State of the OAU and the United Nations." 371. The Special Committee emphasizes that the grave situation resulting from the escalating acts of aggression and terrorism by the racist r~gime of South Africa demands firmer action by the international community to isolate that r6gime, to defend the front-line States and to mobilize increased support to the national liberation movement of South Africa. G. Reaffirmation of the policy and commitment of the United Nations and its family of agencies 372. Over the years, the United Nations has clearly defined its objectives in South Africa and the means to promote the fulfilment of those objectives. 373. As early as 30 years ago - in resolution 616 B (VII) of 5 December 1952 - the General Assembly stated: -71-

"1. Declares that in a multi-racial society harmony and respect for human rights and freedoms and the peaceful development of unified community are best assured when patterns of legislation and practice are directed towards ensuring equality before the law of all persons regardless of race, creed or colour, and when economic, social, cultural and political participation of all racial groups is on a basis of equality." 374. In the Declaration on South Africa - adopted in resolution 34/93 0 of 12 December 1979 - the General Assembly called for the exercise of the right of self- determination by all the people of South Africa irrespective of race, colour or creed; the establishment of a non-racial society guaranteeing the enjoyment of equal rights by all the people of South Africa; and the establishment of a democratic government of South Africa based on the will of the people as a whole, as the imperative guarantee to lasting peace and security in southern Africa. 375. It thereby recognized that South Africa belongs to all its people. The usurpation of political, economic and other power by a racial minority through the legacy of colonial conquest and the transfer of power by the colonial authorities to the minority of European origin has led to grave injustice and indeed to a wider threat to the international community. 376. The United Nations is committed to assist the South African people in attaining a just and lasting solution which can only be based on the recognition of human equality. 377. The South African racist r~gime has defied all appeals to abandon apartheid and seek such a solution. It has, moreover, taken Draconian measures to consolidate white supremacy and domination by inhuman repression of the great majority of the people, and has proved incapable of abandoning racist domination. 378. Its so-called "adaptations" are meant only to make such changes as are presumed acceptable to the privileged minority, while proceeding with the dispossession of the African majority and the escalation of repression. They can by no means be regarded as signs of positive change. 379. The international community has, therefore, the duty to exert such pressures as it legitimately can against the illegitimate racist regime in South Africa, and to provide all appropriate assistance to those engaged irk the legitimate struggle for a society based on the prinicples of the Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 380. Towards this end, the minimur, programme must consist of denying the South African racist r~gime the benefits of international co-operation - so long as it follows the inhuman policy of apartheid and continues to commit acts of aggression. The General Assembly has repeatedly called for such action by concrete measures under Chapter VII of the Charter. 381. The International Conference on Sanctions against South Africa, held in Paris, in may 1981, clearly defined the purposes of sanctions against South Africa as follows: "(a) To force South Africa to abandon its racist policy of apartheid and to put an end to its illegal occupation -f Namibia; -72-

"(b) To demonstrate, by action, the universal abhorrence of apartheid and solidarity with the legitimate aspirations and struggles of the peoples of South Africa and Namibia; "(c) To deny the benefits of international co-operation to the South African r6gime so as to oblige it and its supporters to heed world opinion, to abandon the policy of racist domination and to seek a solution by consultation with the genuine leaders of the oppressed people; "(d) To undermine the ability of the South African regime to repress its people, commit acts of aggression against independent States and pose a threat to international peace and security; "(e) To remove economic suppor-t fLom apartheid so as to mitigate suffering in the course of the struggle of the people of South Africa and Namibia for freedom, and thereby promote as peaceful a transition as possible." 382. The United Nations has further declared its recognition of the legitimacy of the struggle of the oppressed people of South Africa and their national liberation movement, by all means at their disposal, including armed struggle, for freedom and democracy. It affirmed the duty of the international community to provide all necessary and appropriate support to them in their legitimate struggle. 383. The Special Committee recommends that the General Assembly reaffirm the policy and commitment of the United Nations enunciated in nuerous resolutions since the inception of the Organization, particularly the resolutions adopted at the thirty-sixth session of the General Assembly in 1981, and reject all manoeuvres toward co-operation with the racist r6gime of South Africa. 384. The Special Committee emphasizes that apartheid affects the fundamental principles of the United Nations and its family of agencies. It considers that all the agencies should take appropriate action, within their respective mandates, in the light of the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council. 385. It notes with satisfaction that many of the agencies have excluded the racist r~gime of South Africa and provided humanitarian, educational and other assistance to the oppressed people of South Africa and their national liberation movement. It makes special mention of the contribution of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the International Labour Organisation, the World Health Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 386. The Special Committee, however, notes with serious concern that the International Monetary Fund (IMF) continues to provide large-scale assistance to the South African racist r6gime, despite the resolutions of the General Assembly. It recommends an urgent review of the agreement of co-operation between the United Nations and IMF if the latter does not forthwith cease such assistance. 387. It also recommends that the International Atomic Energy Agency and the World Bank be requested to consider exclusion of South Africa from membership or, as a first step, to suspend all privileges of membership to the racist r~gime of South Africa. -73- 388. It recommends further that all agencies in the United Nations family take measures to ensure that none of the projects financed by them involve collaboration with South Africa. H. Sanctions and related action against the racist rgime of South Africa 389. The Special Committee has emphasized since its inception that comprehensive mandatory sanctions against South Africa under Chapter VII of the Charter are the most appropriate, effective and peaceful measures which the international community can and must take in order to secure the elimination of apartheid. 390. The oppressed people of South Africa and their national liberation movement have constantly appealed for sanctions as the most effective form of international assistance to their just struggle. Recognizing that sanctions may involve suffering for them - especially as the racist r~gime may seek to transfer the burden of sanctions mainly to the voteless black people - they have declared that they are prepared for the sacrifices which help their deliverance from racist tyranny and bring justice and security for future generations. 391. The arguments advanced by the major Western Powers in their constant opposition to sanctions against South Africa have proved diversionary and hypocritical, especially as those Powers have imposed sanctions against other countries even without any United Nations decisions. 392. On the recommendation of the Special Committee, the General Assembly decided in resolution 36/172 B of 17 December 1981, to proclaim 1982 as the International Year of Mobilization for Sanctions against South Africa in order to promote concrete actions by Governments which have not yet done so to end all forms of collaboration with the apartheid r~gime, and to encourage wider public action against apartheid through activities such as a consumer boycott, a sports boycott, cultural and academic boycotts, and divestment from transnational corporations and financial institutions operating in South Africa. 393. As described in section II of the present report, the Special Committee has actively promoted the effective observance of the International Year. It expresses its great appreciation for the co-operation of many Governments, organizations and individuals. 394. The Special Committee considers, however, that it is essential to continue the programme of activities for the International Year beyond the end of 1982. It recommends that the General Assembly should make provision for that purpose. 395. The Special Committee attaches utmost importance to international action to stop continued acts of aggression and terrorism by the South African racist r~gime in order to restore peace in southern Africa and the islands in the Indian Ocean, ensure the security of the independent States in the region and save the lives of the African people. It recommends that the General Assembly and the Security Council: (a) Warn the Pretoria regime against any acts of aggression, terrorism and subversion, and any support for mercenaries; -74- (b) Demand that the Pretoria r~gime pay damages for the acts of aggression, especially to Angola and Seychelles; (c) Call upon all States to assist the independent African States in the defence of their countries against aggression, and in reconstruction. 1. Arms embargo and the cessation of all military and nuclear collaboration with South Africa 396. The Special Committee expresses its alarm at the continued collaboration by certain States and transnational corporations with the racist r6gime of South Africa in the military and nuclear fields. 397. The international community welcomed Security Council resolution 418 (1977) instituting a mandatory arms embargo against South Africa as the first effective action against apartheid, and hoped that it would be the beginning of a programme of sanctions against South Africa. 398. The Special Committee, for its part, emphasized the importance of that resolution, though it took 15 years of pleas to the major Western Powers and despite the limitations of its provisions. It constantly emphasized the need for an effective monitoring of the implementation of that resolution and the closing of loopholes in its provisions. It drew particular attention to the restrictive interpretations of the major Western Powers which allowed the supply to South Africa of sophisticated equipment for military use through arbitrary exceptions for the so-called "dual purpose" equipment; the continued transfer of technology and capital to facilitate the further development of a domestic armament industry in South Africa; and military co-operation of various kinds. It pointed to the weakness of the provision concerning nuclear collaboration and stressed the imperative need for the total cessation of all such collaboration. It urged that all States institute effective legislative measures to implement the arms embargo. It also called for the strengthening and reinforcement of the arms embargo by instituting an effective oil embargo against South Africa. 399. Since the adoption of the Security Council resolution and with the encouragement of the Special Committee, several anti-apartheid movements, trade unions, journalists and others uncovered a series of shocking violations of the letter and spirit of the arms embargo. The World Campaign against Military and Nuclear Collaboration with South Africa, established with the encouragement of the Special Committee, performed an effective service in that respect. 400. The Special Committee also organized seminars and conferences, and held expert consultations, to draw attention to concrete measures to strengthen the embargo. The General Assembly has endorsed the recommendations of the Special Committee by overwhelming majorities. 401. But the major Western Powers have resisted any strengthening of the embargo, and even effective monitoring of the embargo. 402. It may be recalled that, in resolution 473 (1980) of 13 June 1980, the Security Council unanimously requested its Committee on the Question of South Africa to recommend measures to close all loopholes in the arms embargo, and reinforce and make the embargo more comprehensive. The report of the Committee, -75- submitted in September 1980, showed that the major Western Powers were opposed even to minimum measures towards that end. 9/ The Security Council has so far failed to act on the recommendations of that Conittee and, indeed, the Committee has become paralysed so that there is hardly any monitoring of the arms embargo by the Security Council. 403. Meanwhile, South Africa has been able to expand its military apparatus and escalate its aggression against neighbouring States. Particularly alarming was the fact that the new administration which came to power in the United States in January 1981 had deliberately relaxed its embargo. 404. The Special Committee draws urgent attention to the continued collaboration by certain States, corporations and institutions with South Africa in the nuclear field, and the enormous dangers of such collaboration. 405. It also notes that a number of countries continue to station military attaches in or accredit military attaches from South Africa and have not heeded appeals to end such relations. 10/ The United States of America has, instead, increased the number of its military attach6s in South Africa. 406. The Special Committee canntr but emphasize that the situation resulting from the above constitutes a grave undermining of the authority of the United Nations, and a betrayal of the commitments of the international community. 407. It has caused enormous suffering and numerous breaches of the peace, and threatens a wider conflict. 408. The international community must find ways to expose all military and nuclear collaboration with South Africa, and to stop all such collaboration. 409. The Special Committee recommends that the General Assembly: (a) authorize the Special Committee to monitor the implementation of its recommendations on military and nuclear collaboration with South Africa, and to publicize all relevant information on this matter; and (b) make adequate provision to enable the Special Committee, in co-operation with the World Campaign and other interested groups, to launch the broadest mobilization of public opinion against any military and nuclear collaboration with South Africa. 2. Oil embargo against South Africa 410. The Special Committee devoted special attention, during the past year, to the effective implementation of an oil embargo against South Africa, with particular reference to the provision in resolution 36/172 G of 17 December 1981 concerning a conference to consider national and international arrangements for that purpose. 411. The Chairman of the Special Committee held extensive consultations, during missions to Governments and at Headquarters, with many oil-exporting and oil- transporting countries. The Special Committee is gratified at the positive responses of the Governments concerned. 412. The Special Committee hopes to make proposals, during the thirty-seventh session of the General Assembly, on a conference of oil-exporting and oil-transporting countLies committed to an oil embargo against South Africa, and preparatory meetings to ensure its success. -76- 413. The Special Committee emphasizes that, while efforts for concerted action by oil-exporting and oil-transporting countries are pursued, individual States must take national measures to prevent their oil being supplied directly or indirectly to South Africa. They must enact necessary legislation and regulations, and punish the corporations and other interests which violate the embargoes of oil-exporting States. 414. It recommends that the United Kingdom Government should be called upon forthwith to stop the supply of oil from Brunei to South Africa. 415. The Special Committee emphasizes the need for the Security Council to consider and impose a mandatory embargo on the supply of petroleum and petroleum products to South Africa under Chapter VII of the Charter. Such an embargo is an essential complement to the arms embargo and would be an important measure for the maintenance of international peace and security in southern Africa. 416. The Special Committee will continue, with the co-operation of all organizations concerned, to encourage support by Parliaments, the trade unions and other bodies for an oil embargo against South Africa. 417. It intends to publicize information on tankers and corporations involved in supply of oil and oil products to South Africa so that Governments and public opinion may take appropriate action. 3. Other economic measures 418. The Special Committee wishes again to emphasize the crucial importance of economic sanctions against South Africa, and recommends that the General Assembly reaffirm its resolutions on this matter. 419. While stressing the need for total economic sanctions against South Africa, under Chapter VII of the Charter, the Committee wishes to draw attention to certain specific measures in addition to the oil embargo. 420. It recalls that the General Assembly has repeatedly and by overwhelming majorities expressed its conviction that a cessation of all new foreign investment in and financial loans to South Africa would constitute an important step in international action for the elimination of apartheid, as such investments and loans abet and encourage the apartheid policies in that country. It welcomed the actions of those Governments which have taken legislative and other measures towards that end. It urged the Security Council urgently to consider the matter with a view to takig effective steps to achieve the cessation of further foreign investments in and financial loans to South Africa. 421. The Security Council, however, has so far not taken any action. 422. The South African r4gime has obtained large loans from foreign financial institutions and is now reported to be seeking even larger loans. There has been a substantial increase in foreign investment in South Africa, especially by a number of large transnational corporations. Some countries have even invested in the so- called "independent" bantustans in flagrant defiance of unanimous resolutions of the General Assembly. -77- 423. The Special Committee, therefore, reiterates the need for urgent action by the Security Council in this respect. 424. The Special Committee, moreover, emphasizes the importance of withdrawing all forgeign investments in South African undertakings providing supplies to the Defence Force of South Africa, as well as investments in all strategic industries. 4. Sports and cultural boycotts 425. The Special Committee reiterates the special importance of sports and cultural boycotts of South Africa. With the progress of the boycotts, the racist r~gime and its supporters have resorted to enticing prominent sportsmen and sports teams, as well as entertainers, by offers of exorbitant payments. 426. The Special Committee notes with satisfaction that many sportsmen and entertainers have rejected such offers. It also notes with great satisfaction that several sports tours and cultural events, secretly arranged by South African and other promoters, have proved abortive because of wide international opposition. 427. A significant development has been the action by the oppressed people of South Africa and their organizations in organizing effective boycotts of such events despite all intimidation by the racist r~gime. 428. The Special Committee proposes to intensify publicity for sports and cultural boycotts; to publicize the names of sportsmen, entertainers and others visiting South Africa; and to promote all appropriate action by the international community. 429. It also considers that the United Nations should recognize and express appreciation to all those sports and cultural personalities who have boycotted South Africa and made sacrifices in demonstration of their opposition to apartheid and solidarity with the oppressed people of South Africa. 5. Other measures 430. The Special Committee notes with concern the growing tourism to South Africa. 431. A number of travel agencies, airlines and other establishments are promoting tourism to South Africa in co-operation with the racist r~gime. Some international non-governmental organizations have been enticed by the racist r~gime and apartheid institutions to hold their conferences in South Africa. The tourists include military officers as well as other influential personalities, especially from the Western countries. 432. The Special Committee intends, in co-operation with organizations concerned, to promote a campaign for an end to tourism to South Africa as a means of educating public opinion on the evil system of apartheid and the implications of tourist visits to South Africa. -78-

I. Assistance to the oppressed people of South Africa and their national liberation movement 433. In view of the intensified repression in South Africa, as well as the great advance of resistance by the people, the Special Committee emphasizes the need for increased assistance - humanitarian, educational, political and other - to the oppressed people of South Africa and their national liberation movement. It expresses its appreciation to the many Governments, and organizations and individuals who have contributed to such assistance, either directly to the liberation movements recognized by the Organization of African Unity (OAU) namely, the African National Congress of South Africa and the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania - or through United Nations and other funds. 434. The Special Committee intends to devote special attention to providing assistance to the oppressed people of South Africa and their national liberation movement, and to publicizing the struggle for liberation in South Africa, and its great contribution to the purposes of the United Nations. It considers it essential to denounce moves by collaborators with apartheid to slander the national liberation movement as a means to justify their collaboration with apartheid, recognized unanimously by the United Nations as a crime against the conscience and dignity of mankind. ii/ 435. The Special Committee again recommends that the General Assembly should continue the authorization of funds from the regular budget of the United Nations to enable the South African liberation movements recognized by OAU to maintain their offices in New York. 436. The Special Committee notes with appreciation that several institutions have in the past year honoured South African political prisoners and other leaders in the struggle for freedom in South Africa. 12/ These honours are not only a just recognition of the contributions of the recipients but are an expression of solidarity with all those persecuted by the racist r~gime for their opposition to apartheid and struggle for a democratic society. 437. The Special Committee recommends that the lives and contributions of opponents of apartheid be made more widely known and that honours to them by appropriate institutions be encouraged. 438. It suggests that all Governments consider support for the campaign by declarations, radio and television programmes, postage stamps, etc., devoted to the South African political prisoners. J. Action on some matters to which the Special Committee has devoted particular attention during the past year 1. Campaign for the release of South African political prisoners 439. During the past year, the Special Committee instensified its efforts to promote the campaign for the release of all political prisoners in South Africa, and for an end to all repression against the opponents of apartheid. -79-

440. It has encouraged the declaration of mayors for the release of Nelson Mandela and all other political prisoners. It has promoted the marking of the twentieth anniversary of the imprisonment of Nelson Mandela on 5 August 1962. It proposes to launch a wider campaign for the release of political prisoners on 11 October 1982, the Day of Solidarity with South African Political Prisoners. 441. The Special Committee recalls that the General Assembly and the Security Council have repeatedly demanded the release of all political prisoners in South Africa. They have recognized that an unconditional amnesty is a prerequisite for a just and peaceful settlement in South Africa. Resolution 1881 (XVIII) - adopted by the General Assembly on 11 October 1963 by 106 votes to 1, with only South Africa voting against - was a landmark in this respect. 442. While recognizing Nelson Mandela as a symbol of resistance, the Special Committee will promote publicity for all political prisoners and restrictees irrespective of political and other affiliations. 443. It intends to give special attention to women, children, trade unionists and journalists. It also will promote, in co-operation with Governments and organizations, world-wide denunciation of torture and ill-treatment of political prisoners, the denial of remissions to political prisoners, and death sentences against patriots. 444. The Special Committee also considers it essential that the United Nations intensify efforts to secure prisoner-of-war status for captured freedom fighters under the relevant Geneva Convention. 2. Women under apartheid 445. The Special Committee also devoted special attention in the past year, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 36/172 K of 17 December 1981, to the plight of women under apartheid and their heroic resistance against that inhuman system. It sought to promote publicity for the situation, as well as increased assistance to the oppressed women of South Africa, particularly through projects of the national liberation movements and front-line States for assistance to refugee women and children from South Africa. 446. It received valuable co-operation from the International Committee of Solidarity with the Struggle of Women of South Africa and Namibia, composed of eminent women leaders and established in 1981 with the l1,couragement of the Special Committee. 447. The Special Committee sent a delegation to Angola, Zambia and the United Republic of Tanzania - in co-operation with the International Committee - in order to consult with Governments and national liberation movements, and investigate the need for assistance. It organized the International Conference on Women and Apartheid, held at Brussels from 17 to 19 May 1982, also in co-operation with the International Committee. It has taken steps to promote the implementation of the conclusions of that important Conference. 448. In this connexion, the Special Committee, in co-operation with the International Committee, proposes to send high-level delegations of women leaders to various capitals to publicize the situation and promote assistance. -80-

449. It recommends that the General Assembly should endorse this proposal and invite all Governments and organizations concerned to lend their co-operation to the delegations. 450. The Special Committee also suggests that relevant programmes of the United Nations agencies, including in particular the Voluntary Fund for the United Nations Decade for Women, should consider increased assistance to the oppressed women of South Africa and Namibia. 3. Solidarity with the black trade-union movement in South Africa 451. The Special Committee also devoted particular attention, in view of the ruthless repression against black trade unions in South Africa and their courageous resistance, to promoting solidarity with the black trade-union movement in South Africa. 452. It intends to present a special report to the General Assembly on this important matter. K. World public opinion and public action against apartheid 453. The Special Committee has always emphasized the importance of informed action by world public opinion against apartheid as a great moral challenge of our time. It has recognized that public institutions, organizations and individuals can not only make an important direct contribution by demonstrating solidarity with the struggle for liberation in South Africa, but can also thereby facilitate governmental and intergovernmental measures. Such action is particularly important in countries which have resisted or not fully implemented the relevant United Nations resolutions. 454. The Special Committee notes with great appreciation the activities of many parliamentarians in pressing for sanctions against South Africa. It is co- sponsoring a Conference of West European Parliamentarians for Sanctions against South Africa, in November 1982, to promote consultations for greater action. 455. The Special Committee has also been greatly encouraged by actions of a number of state governments and municipal and other local authorities, especially in Western countries, in divesting from apartheid. It welcomes the moves of cities in the United Kingdom to declare themselves "anti-apartheid zones" by taking concrete measures. 456. During this International Year, the Special Committee once again wishes to commend the activities of numerous anti-apartheid and solidarity movements, religious bodies, trade unions, women's, youth and student organizations and other non-governmental groups for their active support of the just struggle of the South African people and their invaluable co-operation with the United Nations. 457. They have helped inform public opinion of the crimes of the apartheid rigime and the heroic struggle of the oppressed people of South Africa; led campaigns for the isolation of the South African racist r4gime and for support to the national liberation movement; pressed the trading partners of South Africa, as well as banks and transnational corporations concerned, to cease their collaboration with the apartheid regime; and organized sports, cultural and other boycotts of South Africa in solidarity with the national liberation movement. 458. Through their dedicated efforts, the campaign against apartheid has become one of the most significant and effective world campaigns of our time. The progress in international efforts against apartheid is due, to a substantial extent, to their activities in co-operation with the United Nations. 459. The development of the world-wide anti-apartheid and solidarity movement is a tribute to the sacrifices of the South African people and the consistent espousal by the national liberation movement of the principles of the United Nations. 460. The Special Committee -feels compelled to draw attention to the fact that countless people have made great sacrifices in this movement. They have not only given of their time and energy but have suffered imprisonment or risked life and limb because of their conviction that all the people of the world have a duty to demonstrate effective solidarity with the oppressed people of South Africa. 461. The Special Committee pays a tribute to them for their contribution to the purposes of the United Nations. 462. The Special Committee has, from its inception, co-operated with and encouraged anti-apartheid and solidarity movements and other non-governmental organizations genuinely committed to freedom in South Africa, and benefited greatly from close relations with them. It feels that the contribution of these organizations must be duly recognized, and all other non-governmental organizations should be urged to take active measures against apartheid. It recommends that all United Nations offices and the family of United Nations agencies should extend and intensify co-operation with non-governmental organizations in their activities in support of freedom in South Africa. 463. Towards this end, the Special Committee intends to prepare a list of organizations and communicate it to the Secretary-General and others concerned. 464. The Special Committee has encouraged co-ordination of efforts by non- governmental organizations by promoting the establishment of: (a) the Non- Governmental Organizations Sub-Committee on Racism, Racial Discrimination, Apartheid and Decolonization; (b) the World Campaign against Military and Nuclear Collaboration with South Africa; and (c) the International Committee of Solidarity with the Struggle of Women of South Africa and Namibia. The co- operation of these bodies has been valuable to the Special Committee. The Committee has also encouraged concerted activities by people of African origin all over the world in the campaign for the liberation of South Africa. 465. The Special Committee must draw attention to the activities of a few non- governmental organizations which continue to collaborate with South Africa and even hold conferences in South Africa. It recommends firm measures to suspend all co-operation by the United Nations and its family of agencies with such organizations. 1/ -82-

L. Programme of work of the Special Committee 466. The Special Committee considers it essential that it should further intensify its activities, in the light of the grave situation in southern Africa, in order to promote united action by all Governments, organizations and individuals to secure the speedy eradication of apartheid. 467. It proposes to give utmost attention to consultations with Governments and intergovernmental organizations in order to translate the consensus in condemnation of apartheid into commitment for concerted action; to promote appropriate action by Parliaments, cities and local authorities, to encourage campaigns by religious bodies, trade unions, anti-apartheid and solidarity movements and other non-governmental organizations in solidarity with the struggle for liberation of South Africa; to promote greater assistance by Governments, organizations and individuals to the oppressed people of South Africa and their national liberation movement; and to disseminate objective information on the situation in South Africa and its wider repercussions as widely as possible. 468. The Special Committee has emphasized that the problem of apartheid is a grave moral challenge confronting humanity. To meet this challenge, the Special Committee considers it essential to devote special efforts to encourage the involvement of writers and artists, sportsmen, scientists, religious leaders, and other prominent personalities in a campaign of conscience against apartheid. 469. The Special Committee intends to mark the twentieth anniversary of its establishment by an analysis of its past efforts - with the participation of Governments, national liberation movements, non-governmental organizations and others - and formulate plans for further action by the Special Committee in particular, and the United Nations and the international community in general. 470. The Special Committee proposes in 1983 to intensify its efforts to promote campaigns for the total isolation of the racist r4gime of South Africa; for full support to the struggle for liberation in South Africa; for the unconditional release of all South African political prisoners; for solidarity with the black trade-union movement; for academic, cultural and sports boycotts of South Africa, and an end to tourism to South Africa; and for other objectives approved by the General Assembly. 471. It intends, in particular: (a) To organize several missions to Governments, specialized agencies and non- governmental organizations; (b) To organize or promote conferences, seminars and consultations to secure greater action in support of the United Nations resolutions; (c) To organize or promote art exhibits and other projects against apartheid; (d) To ensure the expansion of information activity against apartheid; (e) To develop the monitoring of the implementation of United Nations resolutions with a view to publicizing the progress of the international campaign against apartheid as well as the activities of collaborators with apartheid. -83-

472. It has under consideration for 1983, in addition to the conference of oil- exporting and oil-transporting countries on an oil embargo against South Africa (referred to earlier): (a) An international conference of trade unions for sanctions and other action against apartheid, to be organized by the Workers' Group of the ILO Governing Body with the support of the United Nations; (b) An international non-governmental Conference on Apartheid and Racial Discrimination, to be organized by the Non-Governmental Organizations Sub- Committee on Racism, Racial Discrimination, Apartheid and Decolonization, with the co-operation and support of the Special Committee; (c) A Latin American Regional Conference against Apartheid; (d) An International Conference on Sanctions against Apartheid Sports, to be organized in co-operation with the Supreme Council on Sport in Africa; (e) An International Conference on the Alliance of South Africa and Israel, to be organized by non-governmental organizations with the support of the Special Committee; (f) A colloquium of religious leaders and theologians on apartheid; (g) An international consultation to promote the world campaign for the release of South African political prisoners; (h) A special session, in connexion with the twentieth anniversary of the Special Committee, on the role of international solidarity and action in support of the struggle for liberation in South Africa. 473. The Special Committee intends to devote special attention to hearings of persons active in the struggle against apartheid in South Africa, and those who have recently left South Africa because of persecution by the racist r~gime, so that world public opinion may be acquainted with live testimony of the oppressed people of South Africa and their genuine leaders. 474. It also intends to make an effective contribution to the Second World Conference to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination. 475. It requests that the allocation for special projects be increased to $400,000 in 1983; that the Special Committee be authorized to seek and receive voluntary contributions for its special projects; and that the Secretary-General be requested to establish a trust fund for such contributions. 476. The Special Committee recommends that the Secretary-General be requested to ensure the provision of all necessary assistance by the Secretariat in the discharge of its activities. -84-

M. Services by the Centre against Apartheid and other units of the Secretariat of the United Nations 477. In its efforts to secure widest support of Governments, organizations and public opinion for the international campaign against apartheid, the Special Committee, with the endorsement of the General Assembly, has undertaken a great variety of activities and initiatives: in reporting on, and widely publicizing, the situation in South Africa; in disseminating information on the legitimate struggle of the South African people and the efforts of the United Nations towards the elimination of apartheid; in encouraging campaigns for disengagement from apartheid and support to the struggle for liberation; and in promoting humanitarian, educational and other assistance throuqh the United Nations and other funds. 478. In all these activities, the Special Committee required effective assistance from the Secretariat of the United Nations, not only in servicing the Committee and its sub-committees, task forces and missions, but also in research, publicity, fund-raising, liaison with intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, organization of conferences, seminars and other events. 479. Recognizing that the United Nations has a fundamental interest in combating apartheid, and acting on the recommendations of the Seminar on Apartheid held at Brasilia, Brazil, in 1966, the General Assembly decided, in resolution 2144 A (XXI) of 26 October 1966, to request the Secretary-General to establish a unit in the Secretariat to deal exclusively with policies of apartheid in consultation with the Special Committee. The Unit on Apartheid was thus established in 1966. 480. In 1975, the General Assembly, endorsing the recommendations of the Special Committee, requested the Secretary-General to rename the Unit on Apartheid as the Centre against Apartheid and strengthen it adequately. The establishment of the Centre against Apartheid was a reaffirmation of the determination of the United Nations to redouble efforts for the elimination of apartheid. 481. The work of the Unit on Apartheid and later the Centre against Apartheid, in close consultation with the Special Committee, has been crucial for all United Nations action against apartheid. 482. The Special Committee recalls with great appreciation the co-operation it has constantly received from the Secretary-General and the steps taken by him, at the request of the General Assembly, to strengthen the Centre in order to enable it to meet new responsibilities entrusted to it by resolutions of the General Assembly and requests of the SpeciAl Committee. 483. It records its admiration for the dedicated and efficient services rendered by the Director and the staff of the Centre, and their unfailinq co-operation with the Special Committee. 484. In order to fulfil the plan of action outlined in this report, it is essential that the Centre against Apartheid should be provided witl additional resources and facilities as may be required, including the full co-operation of all other units of the Secretariat concerned. The Special Committee stresses in particular the need for even greater research and dissemination of information; for wider and more frequent liaison with Governments and intergovernmental and non-governmental -85- organizations; and more intensive monitoring of collaboration with South Africa, of repression in South Africa, and of the international campaign against apartheid. 485. The Centre against Apartheid, under the guidance of the Special Committee, must become the clearing-house and a focal point for the international campaign against apartheid. 486. The Special Committee considers it essential: (a) That the status of the Centre against Apartheid be enhanced; (b) That the Liaison Office of the Centre in Geneva be strengthened; (c) That adequate office space and other facilities be provided to the Centre; (d) That necessary administrative arrangements be made to enable the Centre to act flexibly and promptly in assistance to the Special Committee; (e) That the Centre be provided adequate travel funds, especially for speaking engagements to acquaint the public with the efforts of the United Nations against apartheid. 487. The Special Committee has drawn the attention of the Secretary-General to these matters and trusts that necessary action will be taken by him with the endorsement by the General Assembly as required. 488. The Special Committee emphasizes, moreover, that several departments and units of the Secretariat have a role to play in the campaign against apartheid. It makes special mention of the United Nations Information Centres and other offices around the world. 489. It requests the Secretary-General to take effective measures to see that the firm commitment of the United Nations for the elimination of apartheid, as a matter of utmost priority, is reflected throughout the Secretariat and other agencies working under his guidance. It recommends that all United Nations offices, especially in countries collaborating with South Africa, intensify dissemination of information on apartheid and co-operation with organizations and institutions active in opposition to apartheid. It requests that the Special Committee be informed periodically of their activities in furtherance of the United Nations resolutions against apartheid with an assessment of the results. N. Conclusion 490. The Special Committee has tried to emphasize in this report the extremely grave situation in southern Africa resulting from the policies and actions of the racist r6gime of South Africa, as well as the serious challenge faced by the United Nations. The aggressive posture of the Pretoria rigime, its military build-up, its nuclear plans, and its links with certain Western countries, and with Israel and several other regimes, pose an enormous danger. 491. The Special Committee considers it essential that the international effort to eliminate apartheid - and thereby secure peace and freedom in southern Africa must be intensified. International action should be commensurate with the growing -86- danger and must, indeed, reflect a determination to achieve the long-sought objectives of the United Nations. 492. During the nearly two decades of its existence, the Special Committee, in the discharge of its mandate, has attempted to promote such action. 493. It has obtained increasing co-operation from Governments and intergovernmental organizations. It has been greatly encouraged by the appreciation expressed by Governmuents, national liberation movements and by all those committed to freedom in South Africa. 14/ 494. Many positive changes have taken place since the first meeting of the Special Committee on 2 April 1963, especially in terms of international understanding of, and international action on, apartheid in South Africa. But the Special Committee is acutely conscious that despite its best efforts for nearly two decades, apartheid is far from being eliminated in South Africa and indeed constitutes an ever growing menace. 495. The Special Committee is confident, however, that the United Nations and the international community have the power to take decisive action for the eradication of apartheid, the crime against humanity. The Governments and organizations now committed to this objective can, if they concert their efforts, persuade the few recalcitrant Powers and selfish interests to cease their support of apartheid. 496. In view of the continued efforts of the main trading partners of South Africa to hinder imperative action by the Security Council, the General Assembly has a special obligation to intensify action within its responsibilities, under the Charter, and help promote action by Member States and world public opinion. 497. The Special Committee ardently hopes that 1983 - the twentieth anniversary of the OAU and the Africa Liberation Day, as well as of its own establishment - will mark the turning-point in international action against apartheid. 498. While pledging its efforts to that end, it invites the co-operation of all Governments, organizations and individuals. Notes l/ The first register covered the period from 1 September 1980 to 31 March 1981. 2/ For report of the mission see document A/AC.115/L.569. 3/ The International Committee, established on 9 August 1981 with the support of the Special Committee, is composed of the following members: President: Madame Jeanne-Martin Ciss4, Minister of Social Affairs of Guinea Members: Mrs. Coretta Scott King, Atlanta; Dr. Hortensia Busi de Allende, Co-Chairman of the Latin American Anti-Apartheid Committee; Mrs. Krishna Sahi, Member of Parliament of India; Mrs. Anne-Marie Lizin (Belgium), Member of European Parliamentl Mrs. Lajosnee Duscheck, President of the National Council of -87-

Note s Hungarian Women; Mrs. Constance Le Duc, Chairman of International Affairs Department, Ligue des Femmes du Quebec; Mrs. Valentina Tereshkova, Chairman of the Soviet women's Committee; Mrs. Freda Brown of Australia, President of the Women's International Democratic Federation; Mrs. Edith Ballantyne, Secretary-General of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (Secretary of the International Committee). 4/ For report of the Conference see document A/AC.115/L.54. 5/ See A/AC.115/SR.494. 6/ For report of the Conference, see document A/AC.115/L.573. 7/ See also section L, "Consultations of the Special Committee". 8/ Final documents of the Conference were issued in document A/AC.115/L.564. 9/ The Special Committee must, in this context, express satisfaction at the positive action taken by some States. It refers in particular to the Netherlands and Denmark. 10/ Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, France, Germany, Federal Republic of, Malawi, Paraguay, Portugal, Switzerland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America; also the authorities in Taiwan. l/ In this connexion, it particularly deplores the action of a Sub-Committee of the United States Senate in staging a hearing, in collusion with the Pretoria regime, of deserters from the liberation movements and police informers, with a view to slandering the African National Congress of South Africa during the observance of its seventieth anniversary. 12/ Haverford College in Pennsylvania, United States of America, awarded an honorary degree on 17 May 1982 to Mrs. Winnie Mandela, a courageous opponent of apartheid who has been under cruel banning orders since 1963. Columbia University in New York City awarded an honorary degree to Bishop Desmond Tutu, Secretary-General of the South African Council of Churches, on 19 May 1982. Mr. Nelson Mandela was nominated in March 1982 as a candidate for the chancellorship of the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg. The Special Committee promoted the observance of the seventieth birthday of Walter Sisulu on 18 May 1982. Mr. Joe Thloloe, a black South African journalist banned by the r~gime, was awarded the Nieman Foundation's Louis Lyon Award for Conscience and Integrity for 1982. Mr. Neil Aggett, the trade union leader killed in detention, was awarded the George Meany Human Rights Award for 1982 by the AFL-CIO, the national trade union federation of the United States of America. 13/ In this connexion, the Special Committee draws attention to Economic and social Council resolution 1982/16 of 4 May 1982. -88-

Notes 14/ For instance, Mr. Oliver Tambo, President of the African National Congress of South Africa, said at the meeting of the Special Committee on 12 January 1982: we should like to salute the Special Committee against Apartheid, which has been a fighting weapon of the people of South Africa. It was a great moment in 1962 when the General Assembly decided to establish this body. We had then relatively few supporters. But today, we are assured of the backing of the international community, thanks to the highly commendable work being done by the Committee." Similar sentiments were expressed on several occasions by leaders of the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania and many other spokesmen of the oppressed people of South Africa. -89-

ANNEX I Review of developments in South Africa since October 1981 CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION ...... 92 II. REPRESSION AGAINST OPPONENTS OF APARTHEID ...... 93 A. Detentions, torture, murders and bannings ...... 93 B. Political trials ...... 96 C. Political prisoners and prison conditions ...... 97 D. Repressive legislative measures ...... 98 III. GROWING RESISTANCE TO APARTHEID ...... 100 A. General ...... 100 B. Workers' resistance ...... 101 C. Boycott of the South African Indian Council elections ...... 102 D. Opposition by South African churches ...... 103 E. Underground and armed struggle ...... 104 IV. INFLUX CONTROL AND POPULATION R124OVALS ...... 104 V. BANTUSTANS -...... 105 VI. SO-CALLED REFORMS WITHIN APARTHEID ...... 106 VII. MILITARY BUILD-UP -...... 108 A. General ...... 108 B. Defence budget ...... 109 C. Increase in military forces ...... 109 D. Acquisition of military equipment ...... 109 E. Armaments industry ...... 110 F. Nuclear collaboration ...... 110 -90-

CONTENTS (continued) Page VIII. INTENSIFICATION OF ACTS OF AGGRFSSION AGAINST NEIGHBOURING STATES ...... i... i IX. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS ...... 112 A. General ...... 112 B. Trade ...... 113 C. Gold and other minerals ...... 114 D. Foreign investment and loans ...... 6 115 E. Tourism ...... 116 F. Shipping ...... 116 G. Airways ...... 116 X. APARTHEID IN SPORTS ...... 116 XI. CULTURAL COLLABORATION ...... 118 Append ices I. List of political arrests and detentions ...... 120 II. Persons served with banning orders ...... 128 III. Chronology of incidents relating to the underground and armed struggle in South Africa ...... 130 -91- I. INTRODUCTION During the period under review, the racist South African r6gime intensified its repression of the opponents of apartheid. It resorted to large-scale arrests, detentions and bannings as well as to various methods of torture of political detainees. The death of two political detainees under torture and the hospitalization of others for psychiatric treatment aroused a public outcry both inside and outside South Africa. The apartheid r~gime continued with political trials based on arbitrary security laws, imposing severe sentences of freedom fighters. It took, among others, hundreds of trade unionists to court. The conditions of political prisoners and detainees worsened. In addition to calls from inside the country for better prison conditions and the release of all political prisoners and detainees, there were renewed appeals from all over the world calling for the immediate and unconditional release of all political prisoners in South Africa. The r6gime proposed further repressive legislation. It enacted legislation to force people to appear before the President's Council and to prohibit fund-raising without hearing the party concerned. It also proposed measures further to restrict freedom of the press and of assembly, to punish publishers, and to consolidate the security laws. Despite the repressive measures above, the resistance to apartheid was greater than ever. Opponents of apartheid from all segments of the population resisted that evil system at every opportunity and showed a growing political consciousness. The underground and armed struggle by the national liberation movement showed a stronger determination as well as a sense of co-ordination with the other actions of mass resistance, including action by workers, students, church leaders and community organizations. In the month preceding the anniversary of Soweto Day, there were nine bomb explosions in acts of sabotage in South Africa. Persisting in its nefarious policy of bantustanization despite national and international condemnations, the r6gime proclaimed Ciskei an "independent homeland". It also decided Lo cede the Kangwane bantustan and the Ingwavuma area (which is part of Kwazulu) to Swaziland. It continued to remove urban Africans forcibly from white areas, and enforced the Admission of Aliens to the Republic Act for "deporting" offenders against the pass laws to bantustans. For political purposes inside and outside the country, the regime proposed some constitutional changes, which in essence, are designed to maintain the white minority domination and exploitation. In what it called "limited power sharing", it proposed to get Coloured and Asian representation in separate Chambers in the Parliament on a proportional basis which will guarantee the whites a majority. These proposals led to the greatest split in the National Party since its inception and to the formation of the Conservative Party of South Africa. The aforesaid proposals excluded the Africans, who constitute the overwhelming majority of the country's population, from the Parliament. The r~gime debated measures that would give urban Africans only some rights in their local affairs, at what is called "the third level of government". This so-called dispensation has been strongly opposed by the black people. -92-

The apartheid r4gime increased its military forces, expanded its arms industry, and acquired more military equipment. It has benefited from collaboration with certain countries in both conventional armament and nuclear fields. It also continued to commit acts of aggression against neighbouring independent States. In the economic field, due mainly to the sharp decline in the price of gold, South Africa's exports decreased, its imports increased and its economic growth rate was below the expectations of the r6gime. South Africa continued to borow from private international financial institutions. While the boycott of apartheid sports continued to make advances, South Africa was able to entice a number of sportsmen mainly through offers of large amounts of money. Again, because of such financial enticements, its r6gime was able to attract a number of entertainers. II. REPRESSION AGAINST OPPONENTS OF APARTHEID A. Detentions, torture, murders and bannings Calling any and every form of opposition a threat to State security and claiming that it faced a "total onslaught" from opposition forces inside and outside the country, the Pretoria regime intensified its repression against opponents of apartheid and increased its military preparedness. The wave of systematic repression and arrests that began in August 1981 continued abated, a/ In November 1981, trade unionists, students, professional and religious as well as community leaders of all races were arrested on a mass scale. The Lawyers for Human Rights Organization and others strongly condemned the detentions. In the second half of 1981, 19 persons were charged with offences under the Internal Security Act. As at 24 March 1982, six of them were still awaiting trial; eight of them had waited for over three months each, ranging from 93 to 232 days, before being charged or released. During the same period, 22 males and two females under the age of 18 were detained under the security laws. By 24 March, six of them had been tried for sabotage, but none was convicted of the offence charged. The regime asserted that the country was threatened not only by the armed struggle but also by the propagation of ideas undermining the foundations of the Republic. The Minister of Defence claimed that "front organizations" were being used by the African National Congress to promote labour unrest. The racist r~gime, therefore, directed its repression against the independent black trade union movement. Workers and trade union leaders were imprisoned because of their union activities. In February, virtually all the leaders of the South African Allied Workers Union (SAAWU), five leaders of the General and Allied Workers Union (GAWU) and five members of the Natal-based National Federation of Workers were in detention. In March, there were 13 trade unionists in detention. In April, in a pre-dawn raid, the police briefly detained 11 people in Soweto, mostly members of the Federation of South African Women, including Mrs. Albertina Sisulu. -93- on 2 April, 85 persons were in detention under section 6 of the Terrorism Act and seven under section 22 of the General Law Amendment Act. Sixty of the former had been in detention longer than three months. From the inception of the Terrorism Act until 24 February 1982, a total of 4,094 persons had been held under the infamous section 6 of that Act. While in 1980 there were 222 persons detained under that Act, in 1981 the number rose to 320. In June, the police arrested 250 people at a memorial service held for Mr. Joseph Mavi and had barred all whites from attending his funeral by refusing to give them permits to go into Soweto. On 16 June, Soweto Day, youths and police clashed in Soweto and other parts of the country; police arrested 47 white iournalists and confiscated their passes for entry into Soweto. A few days later, police arrested Mr. Quariash Patel and three other journalists, and invoked the controversial clause of the Police Act (Section 27C) to prohibit the publication of information about those detentions. b/ The South African Society of Journalists strongly protested the invocation of that clause. In the so-called "independent" bantustans, the Pretoria r~gime ensured that the authorities carried out their newly-designed function for counter-insurgency. The Ciskeian authorities, for example, detained hundreds of people, opened fire on a crowd of trade unionists returning from a funeral service, and used brutal methods to suppress the independent trade union SAAWU which has consistently rejected Ciskei's so-called "independence". In Venda, the authorities launched widespread repression after an attack in October 1981 on the Sibasa police station. In 1981, they held 21 persons in detention under section 6 of the Terrorism Act. In January, 18 persons were still in detention. Police arrested four ministers of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. One of them, Rev. T. S. Farisani, Dean of the Church, was admitted to hospital after having been in detention for a month, with critical wounds caused under torture. Another minister, Isaac Muofhe, died in detention as a result of torture. c/ The Church had refused to participate in Venda's "independence" celebrations. In their repressive actions, the Venda authorities were guided by the South African security police. In February, it was disclosed in Parliament that nine members of the South African police had been seconded to Venda as advisers and training officials. South African officers were operating also in the other so-called "independent" bantustans. World public opinion was shocked again to learn that Dr. Neil Aggett, a trade unionist, had died in detention on 5 February. Police termed his death a suicide, but national and international organizations demanded an inquest. About 85,000 workers across the country participated in a work stoppage to protest his murder and the system of detention without trial. In a statement made to the police before his death, Dr. Aggett claimed that he had been tortured. He had been also interrogated for 62 hours continuously. Dr. Vernon Kemp, district surgeon, who conducted the post mortem examination, testified on 7 June at the inquest that the physical evidence was consistent with Dr. Aggett's complaint. Despite strong police objections, Dr. Aggett's statement was admitted as part of the evidence at the inquest after a ruling by the Transvaal Supreme Court. -94-

There were a number of reports of physical and psychological torture. Many detainees, especially from among those arrested in November 1981, were kept in solitary confinement for a very long time. In particular, Mr. Thozamile Gqweta, president of SAAWU, and Mr. Sam Kikine, SAAWU general secretary, were hospitalized for psychiatric treatment in February and March, along with Dr. Liz Floyd and Dean Farisani. d/ Mr. Alexander Mbatha, a field worker for the Southern African Catholic Bishops' Conference, claimed that he had been brutally beaten and given electric shock treatment in detention. He and his wife were released in April after six months detention under section 6 of the Terrorism Act. His wife suffered a heart attack and a mild stroke in detention. Electric shock, suffocation, forced standing, sleep deprivation, beating, poisoning and long solitary confinement are among the torture methods used. Assailing those methods, the South African Psychological Association called on the Ministers of Law and Order and of Justice to disregard detainees' statements because they were made under duress. The British public also got a taste of the South African security laws when, in January, Mr. Steve Kitson went to visit his father, Mr. David Kitson, a political prisoner in South Africa. While visiting his father, he was arrested and subjected to vicious interrogation and torture by the police, who wanted information on his mother's links with ANC. The day after he left South Africa, his aunt, Mrs. Jean Weinberg, was found murdered. Mr. Griffith Mxenge, a lawyer and ANC member, was murdered in November 1981. ANC claimed that this was another political assassination by the agents of the apartheid regime. The Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights under Law, Washington D.C., sent notes of protest to authorities in South Africa and the United States. On 4 June, Mr. Petrus Nyaose, ANC representative in Swaziland, and his wife died when a bomb exploded in their car. ANC termed their death a political assassination and blamed the South African regime. The r6gime continued to resort to bannings to silence the opposition to apartheid. On 19 February, 82 persons were under banning orders in South Africa under the Internal Security Act, and 29 other banned persons had left the country. In solidarity with the banned and detained persons, Mr. Brian Bishop, chairman of the Civil Rights League, called upon all South Africans to live like a banned person for one week beginning 24 May 1982. For a list of persons banned during the period under review, see appendix I. To prevent the dissemination of information critical of apartheid, the r4gime banned publications and harassed and detained journalists, particularly black journalists. In April, a permanent ban was imposed on SASPU-National, the largest campus newspaper in the country. e/ In the same month, a ban was imposed on Work in Proress, an academic journal which focused on detentions, labour matters and political trials. f/ The wave of systematic repression was condemned both inside and outside South Africa. The Detainees' Parents Support Committee, which consists of members of all races, monitored and disseminated information on the status of detainees. The -95-

Committee has chapters throughousL the country. They organized weekly public protests, meetings and deputations to the Minister of Prisons. The Committee called for the release of all political detainees and the repeal of the security laws. Its appeal received wide support from national and international organizations. Its demands are based on the Declaration of Tokyo, adopted by the World Medical Association in 1975, which provides guidelines for doctors attending to detainees and prisoners. The South Africa Catholic Bishops' Conference deplored detentions without trial and declared its solidarity with the Committee. At the international level, there were many calls for an end to repression against the oppressed people iii South Africa. To mention but a few, in October 1981 a vigil was held in London with a view to securing the release of trade unionist Oscar Mpetha. Also in the United Kingdom, the Chairman of "South Africa - The Imprisoned Society" (SATIS) called on the South Africa r6gime to release two ANC members who were captured during a South African raid into Mozambique in 1981. In the Netherlands, several churches, trade unions and political parties organized protest demonstrations against detentions without trial in South Africa. In addition, the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, the International Labour Organisation and the International Federation of Commercial, Clerical, Professional and Technical Employees (Geneva) appealed to the United Nations to look into the matter of the detention of trade unionists, while AFL-CIO president Lane Kirkland sent a telegram to Prime Minister Botha describing the detentions as serious violations of trade union rights. On 25 February, the Commission on Human Rights adopted a resolution calling upon South Africa to allow a United Nations team to investigate prison conditions in the country. It also demanded that the r~gime stop the torture and ill-treatment of political detainees in South Africa and Namibia. B. Political trials Political trials under the arbitrary security laws affected hundreds of people, particularly trade unionists. In September 1981, E. B. Khumalo and three other freedom fighters were sentenced to imprisonment ranging from 10 to 16 years. They were tried on charges under the Terrorism Act and the Unlawful Organization Act. On 30 October 1981, 76 African workers were brought before the court, while in December 1981, over 140 trade unionists appeared before the court under the Riotous Assemblies Act. In February, the Minister of Police announced that 21 security trials were pending and that preparations for 12 other trials had been finalized. Press reports indicated that the r~gime was planning a series of trials in an attempt to draw attention to alleged links between the ANC and trade unions and to link a number of anti- apartheid actions, such as consumer boycotts, anti-Republic Day protests, trade union activity and sabotage, into a single conspiracy charge. In April, two freedom fighters, namely, T. S. Mogoerane and J. S. Mosololi, appeared in court, charged with treason in connexion with attacks on police -96- stations in Orlando, Moroka and Wonderboom Poort. In mid-July, the trial continued. Three others, P. N. Maqubela, B. R. Maqhutyana and S. Mtumelelo Gaba, appeared in connexion with explosions in buildings in Durban. In the same month, the Court of Appeal upheld the death sentence imposed earlier on N. J. Lubisi, P. T. Mashigo and N. Manana, three ANC members. On 9 April, the United Nations Security Council adopted a resolution calling upon the South African r4gime to commute those death sentences. The Council also urged all States and organizations to use their offices to save the lives of the three freedom fighters. On 3 June, under national and international pressure, the r4gime commuted their sentences to life imprisonment. The marathon trial of Oscar Mpetha, elderly trade union leader, and 18 others continued at the Cape Town Supreme Court. They were accused of murder and "terrorism" relating to the death of two whites during the Crossroads incidents in August 1980. Mr. Mpetha's health seriously deteriorated during his long detention. Because of ill health, he was excused from the court in February. In May, Mr. Thozamile Gqweta, Mr. Sam B. Kikine and Mr. Sisa J. Njikelana, three executive members of the South African Allied Workers' Union, appeared briefly in court under the Terrorism Act. They were not asked to plead. Three members of ANC, namely, F. G. Sithole, J. Ngcobo and T. Mtenyane, were sentenced to jail on 8 July by the Durban Regional Court for contravening the Terrorism Act. They were each jailed for an effective total of five years on charges of encouraging people to go outside South Africa for military training and conspiring to commit acts of sabotage and violence in the Republic. In other trials under the Terrorism Act, the r~gime imposed severe sentences especially in cases where the accused were charged with "subversive" activities. One leader of the South African Youth Revolutionary Council, K. S. Seathlolo, was sentenced in March to 10 years' imprisonment and another, M. M. Loate, to five years under the Terrorism Act. Seven witnesses who had refused to testify in that trial received sentences ranging up to 18 months in prison. One of those who received 18 months was journalist Thami Mazwai who had been detained in solitary confinement for five months during which period he was brutally assaulted by police. q/ The political trials revealed also police brutality and torture in detention. At Mr. Mpetha's trial, the State witnesses claimed that they had been intimidated by the police. Several of them said that they had made their statements under duress and that they had been assaulted by the police. During their trial under the Internal Security Act, three students from the University of Witwatersrand testified that they had been treated violently by the security police. C. Political prisoners and prison conditions The international community repeatedly expressed its deep concern for political prisoners and their conditions in South Africa and appealed for their release. In March, the Lord Provost of Glasgow, Michael Kelly, and the Special Committee against Apartheid published a declaration signed by over 1,400 mayors from cities throughout the world. The Declaration appealed to the Pretoria regime -97- to releas- imm,-diately and unconldtioiallv' all prisoikers detained under the aprtheid 1-iws he-1.1se of -lieir 04-1- vw. Tn perticular, it called for the release of rp-.qon manclela. In April, Nelso',n Mandela, Walter :isulu, Raymond Mhlaba and Andrew Mlangeni, four ANC leaders serving life impri ormeil-, wepr tranf~rred from Robben Island to Polismoor prison in ('ap- Town. The authoritieq gave no reason, but it appeared t'iat they believed that Mr. Maunvela hed bcomn a dominant influence among the pol itical pri.soners on Robber, Island. Ill h di -ir-laiiized a large-scale educational pr<-'t amie fi, his fel low pri.soners. In the same month, a letter writtern by (ohar Mbeki, political prisoner on Rohhe, Island, disclosed that, althouqh the r~gime had widely publicized its decisior to allow prisoners to pursue studies at any level as of 1982, his request to enrol for a Master's Degree in economics was ,enied after the r4gime amended the relevant regi;lations. OUi 4 _ut[y, within 12 hours, 1.9r) me,,bers of all parties in the House of Commins in 1ondon signed a motion to put- pre-sure on South Africa to release Nelson Mandela and other political pl isoners in that country. This motion was presented by Labour Party spokesman for Foreign Affairs, Mr. Stanley Clinton- Davis, who had accompanied Miss Amard3a J1itson to South Africa earlier this year when she visited her imprisoned father, Oavid ",itson, a trade unionist serving a sentence of 20 years allegedly for sao-,age -9 d furi-hert q tho ms of cormrunism. Overcroding in the prisons wa:F extremely high. Also, it was disclosed that many prisoners had been locke 'i p ii o-,l]i.Fnry t-nfinement for 23 hours every day for Periods of iiore than two years, Accordinq to the Minist'er of Justice, as at 30 March there were 368 prisoners 'virq sentences on Robben Tsland for crimes against the security of the State and zu others for other crimne. 1'ive of th- 1attar category were under 18 years of . Pep,-ess~,~1 eo.ative measures 'he P.wers and Privileges of the President's Council Act (No. 103) of 1981, gazetted on 6 November 1981, made it a punishable offence for any person who fails to : cp'ar before the Council, having heen sunmoned to do so. The real goal of the Ac is to cnpe1 opponents of the rdgime wh"o do not believe in the usefulness of the Council to appear before that institution. The Find-.raising Second Amendment. Act, puhlished in Government Gazette of 9 October 1981, authorizes the Mirister of Health, Welfare and Pensions to prohibit furad-raising by any organization, without haviilq even heard the party concerned. The Act aimed at orgai"zations such as thb Federation of South African Trade Unions and the South African Cok,,,c-il of (huhes which are strongly critical of apartheid. New security legislation, based on the recommendations of the Rabie Commission on security laws, was adopted by the Parliament. The new measures aimed at consolidating the existing secrikv laws (about 12) into one single Act, namely, the Tnternal Security Act of lP2 (Pc,. 14 of 1982) which came into operation on

2 July 1982. The new Act consolidated all the harshest provisions of the then existing security laws, retaining the provisions for indefinite detentions without trial and without appeal. The Association of Law Societies and the General Council of the Bar, both of South Africa, stated in May that the proposed Internal Security measures did not provide effective safeguards against injustice and abuse. The measures were opposed also by other organizations, including the Lawyers for Human Rights. The Parliament also passed the Protection of Information Act (No. 84 of 1982) which broadens the definition of information which may not be disclosed. This Act has superseded the Official Secrets Act of 1956; the Official Secrets Amendment Act of 1956; Section 27C of the Police Act of 1958; Sections 10, 11 and 12 of the General Law Amendment Act of 1969; and Section 10 of the General Law Amendment Act of 1972. It was adopted "to provide for the protection from disclosure of certain information". Among other things, the Act prohibits the obtaining or preparation of documents or information relating to the defence of the Republic, any military or security matter or the prevention or combating of terrorism for the purpose of disclosure thereof to any foreign State, hostile organization and certain other institutions or persons. The Intimidation Act, No. 72 of 1982, which makes it a crime to put pressure on anyone "to assume or abandon a particular standpoint", is likely to affect community campaigns held in solidarity with black trade unions. The vaguely- worded Act has already been used in recent strikes in Durban when unionists were charged under that Act. It provides for a maximum of 10 years in jail. The Parliament passed in June the Co-operation and Development Amendment Act (No. 83 of 1982) which requires secrecy in matters affecting Africans. It also passed the Demonstrations in or near Court Buildings Prohibitions Act (No. 71 of 1982) which prohibits all demonstrations and gatherings within the radius of five hundred metres from court buildings under the penalty of one year's jail. It further enacted the Nuclear Energy Act (No. 92 of 1982) which further curbs the press by prohibiting disclosure of information relating to reserves of ores containing source material and to nuclear licences and installations. At the same time, the Parliament debated the measures contained in the Population Registration Amendment Bill which would require fingerprints from all South Africans. All these measures infringe individual liberties and curb the freedom of the press. The International Federation of Journalists warned in May against the implementation of the Steyn Commission's proposals on drastic controls on the Press and condemned the repression of journalists in South Africa. Another measure before the Parliament in June aimed at revising the "pass laws", retrogressively. The Orderly Movement and Settlement of Black Persons Bill, also known as the Influx Bill, would provide a ten-fold increase in the fine for employers of Africans, grant extraordinary powers to the minister to summarily remove African settlements, and prohibit unauthorized Africans from staying in white areas overnight, thus necessitating massive night raids. It is intended to replace the Urban Areas Act of 1945 and control the lives of urban Africans more stringently. The Bill, together with the Black Communities Development Bill, was referred in July to a parliamentary select committee for inquiry and report. Representations would be submitted by the end of August 1982. -99-

On 2 June, the Minister of the Interior rushed the Registration of Newspapers Amendment Bill through Parliament to give statutory power to the Government to cancel registration of newspapers. The new Registration of Newspapers Amendment Act (Act 98 of 1982), which was promulgated in the Government Gazette on 30 June and which amends the Newspaper and Imprint Registration Act of 1971 and the Publications Act of 1974, requires that all newspapers and publications register as members of a controlling body and submit to its disciplinary authority. Failure to do so may lead to the cancellation of the registration by proclamation. To regain registration requires the Interior Minister's approval. The Bill was passed despite a strong opposition by all South African journalists and their organizations. The Act would come into force on a date to be fixed by the State President who might fix different dates for different provisions of the Act. III. GROWING RESISTANCE TO APARTHEID A. General Resistance to apartheid has grown during the past year. Workers, students, church leaders, journalists, intellectuals and others gave greater expression to their opposition to apartheid. Mass meetings were held during funerals of political activists and anniversaries, which provided occasions for political mobilization. Such was the case with Dr. Aggett's funeral and the anniversaries of the Sharpeville massacre and the execution of freedom fighter Solomon Mahlango, and the ceremony for the unveiling of the tombstone of the late Mangaliso Sobukwe, leader of PAC. Militant demonstrations took place in or near courtrooms where political trials were proceeding. Spectators sang freedom songs, chanted liberation slogans and raised clenched fists together with the defendants upon the announcement of sentences. There was mass resistance to the appalling housing conditions, rents, and transportation fares. About 2,000 residents of Mitchells Plain protested against exorbitant rent increases. More than 33,300 persons signed a petition against rent increases throughout the Western Cape. The Soweto Committee of Ten, the Inkatha Movement and other African organizations formed the Commuter's watchdog Association to fight against the fare increases proposed by the Putco Bus Company. Women actively participated in these community struggles. At a meeting called by the Women's Federation of South Africa in October 1981, the residents of Soweto vowed to organize against unacceptable rent increases. Women also spearheaded demonstrations against evictions and forced population removals, as they did in the case of the Nyanga squatter camp. Students continued to reject the inferior black education system. They boycotted classes and called meetings to support the campaign against the elections to the South African Indian Council and to show their solidarity on other occasions. It is noteworthy that the democratic white students were increasingly involved in the opposition to the security laws and provided support to workers on strike and township residents who opposed rent and fare increases. -100-

In May, about 500 students at the University of Fort Hare (African) prevented Chief Lenox Sebe and his entourage from attending the graduation ceremony. The Ciskeian police shot two students and detained 25 others. The Detainees' Parents Support Committee held a number of demonstrations, rallies and vigils to publicize the plight of political detainees and prisoners. It received wide national and international support. In March, it called for a nation- wide Detainees' Week Campaign to draw attention to more than 200 political detainees being held under the security laws. B. Workers' resistance Black workers not only demanded better wages and working conditions but also challenged the tenets of the apartheid system. The independent black trade union movement, which has become a vehicle for achieving wider social and political goals, grew in impressive numbers. Police regularly detained unionists without trial, raided their offices and banned their meetings. Despite the fact that labour laws restrict severely the right to strike and make "illegal" strikes a crime, the number of strikes considerably increased. Nearly all strikes were "illegal" and there was more police intervention, with heightened factory tensions. More industrial strikes occurred in 1981 than ever before. In that year, there were 283 strikes and 59 work stoppages. Some 92,842 workers and 297 companies were involved in strikes and stoppages in 1981. A total of 84,706 of them were Africans and the rest were Coloureds and Asians. This was an increase of 50 per cent over the 1980 figures. The figures do not take into account other forms of worker resistance such as go-slows and overtime bans. Large strikes took place in the sugar, metal, clothing and automobile industries and concerned mainly wage demands, dismissal of workers and union recognition. In October 1981 alone, more than 20,000 workers were involved in disputes affecting about 40 firms. Also many strikes occurred over the workers pension fund. h/ Many strikes involved the issues of union recognition. The independent black trade union movement increased its ranks. The Federation of South African Trade Unions represents 95,000 signed-up union members in comparison to 60,000 in 1980. It claims majority membership in 387 factories, 30 recognition agreements and more than 1,500 shops stewards. The South African Allied Workers Union (SAAWU), too, showed a remarkable growth. It has more than 75,000 members and is the largest and most influential union in the Ciskei. It was a leading force in the opposition to the "independence" of Ciskei and was subjected to severe repression by the Ciskeian authorities. Black people organized rallies and consumer boycotts in solidarity with striking workers, such as the boycott of the products of the Wilson-Rowntree and the Henkel Company. Police used repressive measures to suppress such solidarity. They arrested persons reading boycott literature or wearing boycott buttons. They threatened groups of five or more persons with arrest on account of forming "illegal gathering". -101-

The international trade union movement strongly denounced repression against independent black trade unions in South Africa. In May, the Executive Board of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions adopted a resolution which, among other things, deplored the apartheid r4gime's systematic and brutal repression of the black independent trade union movement and demanded the immediate release of trade union detainees. In a telegramme to Prime Minister Botha, the International Confederation strongly condemned the arrest and harassment of black trade unionists. In another telegramme it called upon the Secretary-General of the United Nations to undertake appropriate action for the release of all trade unionists. At the beginning of July, after a week's protest by African mineworkers, at least 10 of them were killed by the police and security guards, many of them injured and arrested and over 1,000 of them bused to "homelands" and neighbouring States. The unrest began because of a wage dispute and because of accidents that often occurred owing to inadequate safety measures. The African mine workers' wages are about seven times less than white miners' wages. African miners do not have the right to negotiate their wages as do white miners who also have higher paid jobs reserved for themselves. C. Boycott of the South African Indian Council elections On 4 November 1981, the Indian community gave a resounding "no" to the South African Indian Council (SAIC) by boycotting the elections to that apartheid institution. The Anti-SAIC movement had called on all democratic forces to organize effective forms of protest and reject participation in such institutions, with the slogan that "a vote for SAIC is a vote for apartheid". In its campaign against the elections, the Anti-SAIC Committee had enlisted the support of trade unions, schools, religious bodies, community organizations and others. It had organized protest rallies and inter-racial gatherings. On one such occasion, Mrs. Albertina Sisulu, leader of the banned South African Women's Federation and ANC Women's League, and wife of the imprisoned ANC leader Walter Sisulu, said: "We must all unite to fight these puppet organizations because our solidarity is a threat to the government." The extremely low average turnout in the elections (10.5 per cent) was due to the fact that SAIC is seen by the people as a device to divide them and to detract from the central issue, namely, the need for a truly representative system of government based on universal adult suffrage. It is also seen as a tool used to perpetuate and validate apartheid, in total opposition to people's desire for justice, freedom and equality in the country. The effective mass boycott of the elections was widely hailed as a strong show of unity by all democratic forces in South Africa and demonstrated that, despite the r6gime's efforts to divide the people along racial and ethnic lines, the people are more united than ever in their struggle against apartheid. However, the unrepresentative nature of the elections notwithstanding, the racist r6gime has recognized the newly-elected SAIC as the only representative body of the Indian community. -102-

D. Opposition by South African churches Churches in South Africa continued to show a determined resistance to apartheid and to extend their support to the opponents of that evil system, despite the r~gime's repeated warnings that churches should not interfere with politics. The South African Council of Churches (SACC) supported the campaign to boycott the elections for the South African Indian Council and provided financial assistance to the Nyanga squatters when they were forcibly expelled from the area by the police. Bishop Desmond Tutu, SACC's general secretary, deplored the so- called "independence" of Ciskei, describing it as a fraudulent and spurious act. In October 1981 the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church called upon ministers to defy the Mixed Marriages Act and to ignore bans on speeches and writings when preaching from the pulpit. It urged its congregations to organize peaceful protests against apartheid, called on employers to recognize representative trade unions, whether registered or not, and appealed to the r6gime to improve the labour legislation allowing financial and other material assistance to be given to striking workers. The Methodist Church called for common citizenship for all South Africans, the abrogation of the "pass laws", an end to forced removals, and a common education system for all. In a report, which was prepared in October and which was submitted to the Church of England's Synod, the Church recommended the support of guerrilla movements in southern Africa. It urged disinvestment from companies connected with South Africa and support to conscientious objectors and international bans against South African sportsmen. i/ In June, the synod of the Methodist Church of southern Africa called for a national convention of all races to work out a system restoring hunan rights to all South Africans. The Catholic Church attacked the Mixed Marriages Act and declared that priests should marry couples across the colour line. in response to an urgent plea to assist millions of migrant workers, the Catholic Bishop's Conference called for recognition of a Charter of Rights for workers. In May, the Synod of the Catholic Archdiocese of Durban expressed support for the South African Council of Churches and described the Council's work as prophetic. Dr. Allan Boesak, a member of the Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk (NGK), declared in April that South Africa was the most blatantly racist country in the world. In a paper submitted to the World Alliance of Reformed Churches, he stated that the r4gime enforced an un-Christian apartheid ideology through the use of violence. In the Netherlands, the Synod of the Gereformeerde Kerk adopted a resolution on 21 April repudiating direct links with the white NGK in South Africa. The Synod thus warned the South African white NGK that the latter's support for apartheid was unacceptable. The Synod also urged the withdrawal of all Dutch investments from South Africa as well as a boycott of South African fruits and tourism, and supported oil sanctions against the apartheid rigime. Also the Reformed Churches of the Federal Republic of Germany broke off dialogue with the South African NGK until the latter rejects apartheid. -103-

In a letter published in the NGK's official journal, Die Kerkbode, on 8 June, 123 NGK ministers from all parts of South Africa stated that there was no biblical justification for the Government's racial policies. They condemned the very foundations of the apartheid philosophy. They also rejected the system of bantustans and the racial basis of the new constitutional proposals. The press described the letter as a historic document. The NGK has an official membership of more than 1.5 million whites, one third of South Africa's total white population. E. Underground and armed struggLje The underground and armed struggle continued with great determination despite escalating repression by the apartheid r4gime. Freedom fighters operated with sophistication and aimed mainly at police stations, apartheid institutions and military installations. The timing and sequence of events show that the operations were increasingly co-ordinated with resistance by students, workers and other segments of the population. A chronology of events of the underground and armed struggle in South Africa during the period under review is contained in appendix 3. The co-ordination of activities could be seen, for example, when leaflet bombs exploded hours before Dr. Aggett's funeral and when a powerful bomb exploded in January in Orlando East offiqes of the West Rand Administration Board following the r6gime's announcement of rent and fare increases. Also, on the eve of the anniversary of the Sharpeville massacre a bomb exploded in the Langa Commissioner's court in Cape Town where innumerable pass law offenders are tried every year. In one month alone, from about mid-May to mid-June 1982, there were nine explosions. All were attributed to, or claimed by, the ANC and were launched particularly because of the approaching anniversary of the Soweto Day (Heroes Day) on 16 June. According to the security police, there were 60 attacks by ANC freedom fighters in 1981, as compared to 19 in 1980 and 12 in 1979. While the national liberation movement advanced its struggle, the regime intensified its brutal repression against the movement. On 14 March, a bomb caused major damage to the premises of the ANC headquarters in London. ANC blamed the South African r4gime for the incident. A number of organizations, including the British Council of Churches and the British National Union of Students, condemned the bombing and pledged material support to ANC. IV. INFLUX CONTROL AND POPULATION RE4OVALS Despite its propaganda about "reforms," the r4gime continued to strictly enforce the "pass laws" and its unrelenting war against homeless Africans in white- designated areas. It will be recalled that after the Riekert Commission's report the r6gime tightened the controls on African labour, both in relation to workers' freedom of movement and their right to organize. Ignoring national and international calls and condemnations, the r~gime continued with mass population removals and raids into squatter camps. It enforced the "immigration" laws (Admission of Aliens to the Republic Act) and summarily "deported" pass offenders to bantustans. It thus treated the so-called illegal Africans in urban areas as foreigners. -104-

In September 1981, about 2,520 Africans travelling to Cape Town were stopped in road block operations and "deported" to the Transkei. In the second half of 1981, about 3,410 Africans were forcibly moved to bantustans from Cape Town, Alexandra, Germiston, Johannesburg and Durban. During the same period, 30,534 male and 7,265 female Africans were arrested by police for offences relating to reference books and influx control. On 8 March, 56 squatters from Nyanga area, mostly women and children, began a fast at Cape Town's St. George's Cathedral demanding legal residence rights in the Cape area. Religious, opposition and black leaders appealed on behalf of the squatters. After 23 days fasting and following an agreement that the MinisteL would meet with them, the squatters ended their hunger strike but the Minister announced, much to the dismay of the international community, that he could not assure them that they could stay in Cape Town. The r~gime maintained absolute control over the administration boards whose officials conducted the raids and arrests. The changes in regulations brought about earlier upon the Riekert Commission's recommendations on African labour have led to the increased relocation of the unemployed Africans to bantustans. The flood of African workers to white areas is the result of the discredited policy of bantustanization. Three decades after the introduction of that policy as the final solution to the country's racial structure, only 13 per cent of the income of bantustans is generated internally, and the bantustans can absorb only 28 per cent of the labour force that they generate annually. The cumulative result of growing large-scale unemployment and very limited resources in bantustans is increasing poverty and starvation leading to search for work in white areas. V. BANTUSTANS The racist r4gime persisted in its policy of bantustanization. On 4 December 1981, it declared the impoverished bantustan of Ciskei as an "independent homeland", despite national and international condemnations and protests. Ciskei thus became the fourth homeland to be given such sham "independence". The Quail Commission's survey had earlier indicated that 90 per cent of the persons interviewed were against such independence and favoured a system of "one person, one vote" in a unitary South Africa. On 15 December 1981, the Security Council issued a statement condemning "the purported proclamation of the 'independence' of the Ciskei" and declaring it "totally invalid". The Council also declared that South Africa's proclamation was "designed to divide and dispossess the African people and establish client-states under its domination in order to perpetuate apartheid". It called upon all Governments to deny any fo m of recognition to the so-called "independent bantustans", to refrain from having any dealings with them, and to reject travel documents issued by them. Ciskei has an area of 8,300 kilometres, 47 per cent of which is eroded and 37 per cent overgrazed. It has a high density of population and extreme unemployment, poverty and malnutrition. Out of its population of 800,000, about 158,000 workers are not "gainfully employed". -105-

With the so-called "independence" of four bantustans - Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei - 9 million Africans have been made aliens in their own country. In June, the r6gime announced its intention to cede the Kangwane bantustan and the coastal Ingwavuma area of the Kwazulu bantustan to Swaziland. To that end, on 18 June the r6gime abolished by proclamation the legislative assembly of Kangwane, without consulting the 750,000 people of that bantustan and in spite of the objections of all Africans. This deal is expected to give South Africa a buffer zone between Natal and Mozambique. It will deprive about 1 million Africans of their South African citizenship. j/ The legislative assemblies of Kwazulu and Kangwane opposed the decision. The Kangwane Legislative Assembly decided to defy the Government decree dissolving it. In the meantime, security police began visiting the homes of chiefs in the bantustan. In a related development, the Durban Supreme Court ruled on 25 June that the Government's action in excising the Ingwavuma region from Kwazulu was illegal on the grounds that insufficient consultation had been held with the Kwazulu cabinet. On 28 June, the Government issued another proclamation to re-assert its control. Two days later, the full bench of the Natal Supreme Court declared the second proclamation null and void. The Government, however, gave notice of application to appeal. The case would be heard again on 2 August. In mid-July, ANC issued a statement saying that it was discussing the proposed land deal with the Government of Swaziland with a view to reaching an agreement in the interest of the African people and in keeping with the Charter of the United Nations and the Charter of the Organization of African Unity. As a result of lack of concern by the minority r4gime for Africans' basic needs, there were epidemics of cholera and polio in South Africa. The cholera epidemic began in Eastern Transvaal areas lacking sanitation and piped water, and soon spread to the Reef and Natal. Between August 1981 and May 1982, about 185 people died and 46,200 treated in Natal and Kwazulu alone. The polio epidemic spread within the second quarter of the current year, with the highest incidence in Gazankulu, South-East Transvaal, where 200 children were being treated at mid-July and a number of others had died, and the so-called "independent homeland" of Venda. By 20 July, five persons had died of polio in Pretoria where many others were being treated. In all, there were 22 deaths and 242 patients of polio. VI. SO-CALLED REFOR4S WITHIN APARTHEID To appease national and international demands for meaningful change, the Pretoria r~gime attempted at cosmetic constitutional changes. At the same time, it stressed that there was no departure from the fundamental principles of apartheid. The President's Council, which has been in existence since January 1981 and on which the Africans are not represented, recommended that the Coloureds and Asians but not the Africans - be given some kind of representation in the Parliament. -106-

Thereupon, the r4gime decided that the Parliament would consist of three chambers, for whites, Coloureds and Asians. Elections for the legislature would be done by means of separate voters' rolls. There would be no "one man, one vote". Bills would have to be passed by the Joint Committees of the three chambers by consensus before they are tabled in the Parliament. Furthermore, memberships in the Parliament and cabinet would be on a proportional basis, ensuring, in effect, white domination. Strong opposition was voiced to this kind of "power-sharing" by the official Progressive Federal Party and by the black people. A growing coalition of civil organizations, action committees, youth groups and trade unions firmly rejected the new constitutional proposals which they viewed as nothing but a device to divide the population and perpetuate apartheid. In another measure, the President's Council proposed a non-parliamentary executive to govern the country, headed by an indirectly elected president and appointed cabinet. Thus, the President would be elected by the Parliament, while the cabinet would be appointed by the president. The cabinet would not be responsible to the Parliament. The proposal was widely described as quasi dictatorship. The proposals have not yet been given effect. Although they would still keep the Coloureds and Asians under white domination, they led to a serious split in the National Party and the establishment of the Conservative Party of South Africa composed of members who were opposed even to a semblance of "power sharing". Because of their refusal to support Prime Minister Botha's proposal for "limited power sharing", 16 members were expelled from the Party on 3 March. Soon after, 14 others were expelled from the Party's Transvaal Branch. The expulsions led to the resignation of Dr. Treurnicht and Mr. Hartzenberg from their cabinet posts and caused the greatest split in the Party, shattering the seemingly monolithical unity within the Party. On 20 March, Dr. Treurnicht founded his Conservative Party of South Africa. The Conservative Party rejects power-sharing in any form and supports a policy of separate development and self-determination for each population group. It insists that the Coloureds and Asians should not exercise political rights in or through the same political structure as that of the whites. It does not agree to anything more than the 1977 constitutional proposals which envisaged a council of cabinets comprising representatives of whites, Coloureds and Asians, only in advisory capacity, not with executive powers. With regard to Africans, the new Party believes that the "national states" of Africans must be led to independence, that their political existence in white areas should take place in association with their own people and their "national states", and that influx control must be applied effectively. The r~gime also adopted legislation affecting urban Africans. The Black Local Authorities Act, which replaced the Community Councils Act of 1977, envisages some rights for urban Africans in their local affairs, that is, on what is called "the third level of government in South Africa". It provides for the establishment of local committees and village and town councils for Africans in white areas, and eliminates the community councils. The r4gime expects that the measure will provide the urban Africans with a channel to air their views in a future umbrella -107- confederal system and in a future African council which could be consulted by the President's Council. In another measure of adjustment within the system, without even remotely touching the pillars of apartheid, in June the r4gime was considering the Black Communities Development Bill concerning urban Africans and the consolidation of certain laws pertaining to them. In the field of education, despite the r~gime's propaganda about improvement of education for blacks, the system of separate and inferior education for blacks continued. Two commissions of inquiry submitted reports on education. The contents of the Relief Commission were not disclosed. The report submitted by the De Lange Commission towards the end of 1981 recommended equal education for all and freedom for the State schools to decide whether they wished to become multiracial. It also recommended that the present racially separate departments of education should be unified into one department under one cabinet minister. In addition to these recommendations, more and more voices were raised for the establishment of a single Ministry of Education for all races in South Africa, including calls from the Association of Chambers of Commerce and the University of Witwatersrand. But the r~gime has taken no action to abandon segregation and discrimination in education. VII. MILITARY BUILD-UP A. General The United States State Department announced in September 1981 that more South African military officers could be accepted for training with the United States Coast Guard. As of May 1982, only three South Africans have been trained by the United States Coast Guard. Major-Generals L. B. Neethling and H. V. Vorster, Deputy Commissioners of the South African Police, participated in the annual conference of the International Association of Chiefs of Police held in New Orleans, United States from 26 September to 8 October 1981. In the same month, Lieutenant-General E. J. H. Claassen, Commissioner of the South African Railways Police, participated in the meeting of the board of directors of the International Association of Airport and Seaport Police in New York. In October 1981, General Cesar Mendoza, Director-General of the Chilean Police, visited South Africa. The Government of Chile awarded the Grand Cross of Merit of Chile to General Michael Geldenhuys, Commissioner of Police of South Africa. In December 1981, the Government of the United States appointed a naval attach4 to the United States embassy in Pretoria, an action which was to be followed by the appointment of an air attach6 in 1982. Despite widespread public opposition, in February the United States Administration decided to relax restrictions on sales to the South African military -108- and police. The relaxation is limited to the sale of so-called "non-military" items such as helicopters, light aircraft, transport planes and computers. A South African delegation headed by Mr. Brand A. Fourie, the senior civil servant in the South African Foreign Ministry, visited the United States in March 1982 and participated in meetings with Mr. Chester A. Crocker, the United States Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs. Mr. Fourie was accompanied by Lieutenant-General P. W. Van der Westhuizen, Chief of South African Military Intelligence, who had previously visited the United States in March 1981. According to the United States media, the latest visit of the South African delegation was seen as relaxing "a long-standing practice of not allowing high- ranking South African military officers into the United States on official business.". k/ The previous Administration had not only minimized contacts with the South African military establishment but also, inter alia, reduced its military representation in Pretoria to a single military attach4. B. Defence budget The 1982-83 defence budget provided a substantive increase for defence. The budget totalled R3,068 million, a 24 per cent increase from the 1980-1981 defence budget of R2,465 million. The defence budget increased the allocation of landward defence from R1,293 million in 1981-1982 to R1,637 million in 1982-1983. C. Increase in military forces The over-all manpower of the South African Defence Force (SADF) increased by 7.7 per cent from 86,050 in 1980 to 92,700 in 1981, and by 46.5 per cent from 1979. Total conscripts in the armed forces decreased by 150 from 66,250 in 1980 to 66,100 in 1981. In 1981, African and Coloured regulars increased by 1,000 to 4,000. The Navy increased its manpower by 1,650 to 6,400 in 1980, and the Air Force increased its manpower by 300 regulars to 6,300 in the same year. The rigime introduced a draft Bill, an amendement to the Defence Act, in Parliament on 24 March according to which all white males between the ages of 17 and 60 would be liable for military training and service in home guard units. After the age of 60, men would be held in reserve status until the age of 65. The Bill also triples the period of service and imposes compulsory part-time service in the commando units for white males who were not previously conscripted. The Bill was enacted during the last session of the South African Parliament in July 1982. D. Acquisition of military equipment Mr. Yaacov Meridor, Minister of Economic Affairs of Israel, was reported to have announced in September 1981 that Israel hoped to increase its arms exports to politically sensitive areas such as South Africa and Taiwan by more than R2 billion. In the same month, Vice-Admiral R. A. Edwards said that the South African Navy would acquire new Corvette-type vessels as its main attack force during the next 10 years. Vice-Admiral Edwards also hinted that South Africa might produce submarines in the future. -109-

In 1981, SADF acquired 200 Ratel Armoured Personnel Carriers (APC). Cactus (Croatale) missiles were increased to 24 from 18 and other weapons were acquired. In the same period, the Navy acquired one Minister (Reshef) fast attack FAC (M) craft with six skerpion (Gabriel) missiles, and two Dabur FAC (M)s with a single Gabriel missile. Furthermore, the Navy has seven Minister-class FAC (M)s under construction. The Air Force acquired 15 L-100 (Hercules), 30 T- 6G Harvard and 30 MB-326 M/K Impala aircraft; 23 Alouette III and 13 Puma helicopters; sidewinder and V-3 missiles. i/ E. Armaments industry Piet Marais, Chairman of the Armaments Development and Production Corporation (ARMSCOR), said that 141 types of ammunition requirements of the South African military were being produced locally. Since the introduction of the United Nations mandatory arms embargo, ARMSCOR's expenditure for ammunition production totalled R628 million. In addition, R3,800 million in defence allocations was spent in South Africa over the past five years. South Africa, according to Mr. Marais, has its own independent weapons production system and has been closely following developments in the French weapons system. ARMSCOR disclosed in April 1982 that it was manufacturing G-5, a 155-man artillery howitzer. Furthermore, General Magnus Malan, the Minister of Defence, stated that ARMSCOR was supplying 141 different calibres and types of ammunition to the South African military. General Malan claimed that "South Africa would not be affected by any embargoes on the supply of ammunition in the foreseeable future and many years to come". In October 1981, a new explosives and propellants factory was opened in Krantzkorp, South Africa, by Mr. P. W. Botha, the Prime Minister. The new factory was owned by Somchem, the principal explosives and propellants contractor of ARMSCOR. A spokesman of the Somchem group said, without mentioning names, that two countries had "assisted" South Africa in setting up certain arms manufacturing processes. F. Nuclear collaboration In September 1981, the Electricity Supply Commission of South Africa (ESCOM) was reported to have delivered raw uranium to the Oak Ridge (enrichment) facility in Tennessee, United States, and a group of South African officials toured the enrichment plant in Portsmouth, Ohio, United States. %/ In the same month a group of nuclear safeguard experts from the United States visited South Africa. According to the media reports, the purpose of the visit was to persuade South Africa to modify its safeguard standards in order to obtain enriched fuel from the United States. In November 1981, the international media reported that South Africa had "broken" the 1978 embargo and had found a secret supply of enriched uranium. It was reported that the enriched uranium had been obtained from a Swiss firm after political and ecological controversy had delayed the construction of a nuclear reactor near Basle, Switzerland. Its builder, Kaiserangst A. G., wanted to sell the large and costly supply of the enriched uranium it had ordered for the -110- reactor. The enriched uranium was at the Einudiw ei:iiiah=int vlant in I'ance, .i joint venture between France, ital%, iran, Spain and Belgium. A Jew york (United States) company bought enriched uranium and re-ofd it to ISCOM of South Africa without moving the enriched fuel from Er,.Jdi 'his enriched uraniiaiu will be manufactured into rods by Eurodif for the Koeberg rej,-tor, in accorda,ce with a contract under which a French-Belgian comipany tas to manufacture fuel cods for French-supplied South African nuclear x>wer plant6. According to the British media, tit Anthrly Guopbill, formerly a dz',-ty manager of Hinckley Point, a nuclear power plant in Sevehjth Estuary, the Unit d Kingdom, was on assignment in South Africa. Mr- kopsill atJ 29 British subject- were working with ESCOM as consultants tLoI4 british Llectricity, United Kingdom. Furthermore, Mr. Gopsill's salary was 1beinq paid by the Central Electricitli Generating Board, a publicly-owned electricity 6ervice in the United Kingdom Moreover, FSCOM has undertakki a rccruitmcnt drive int the United Ki,19dol uc nuclear power technicians. ESCOM is planning to increase its present capacity of 19,000 mw to 35,000 mw by 1990. In May, the United States media rtep Led that the Jiited States Administration "had adopted a more flexible policy that will allow the United States to increase its sales of nuclear materials to South Africa". The rigime has proposed to aJlocatt kdUb,li,UO0 in the 1983 budget to the Atomic Energy Research Fund. In 1981, the allocation was R68,526,000. Furthermore, according to 1983 budget estihkates, the current expenses on uranium enrichment was expected to increase by, 32 per cent to R85 million from R*4 million and the total estimated budgetary expenditue on uranium-related activities was to increase by 26 per cent to R315,558,000 frot A250,235,000. Approximately 75 per cent of the Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs' 1983 proposed budgetary allocation (R477,645,000) will be absorbed by uranium and related research. VIII. INTENSIFICATIrON OF ACTS Ot' AGGR6SSION AGAINST NE IGHBOURING STATiZ During the period under review, Sou,th AtLi c pe.-isted i1i its military aggression on neighbouring States, especially, Aigola, under the usual pretext of hot pursuit of so-called terrorists. Airborne landings, ground attdks, iooti,, ali raids atid violatioii or Augolan airspace continued with deeper strikes into that country. South African forces continued with their occupation of a part ot Angola bordering on Namibia. As of ,April 1982, approximately 19,000 squa.re miles of Angolan territoLy was under the occupation of the South African Defence Force (SADF). In 1981, South Africa's acts of aygre Jn against Aigola involved 1,651 reconnaissance flights, 103 ait boibaidmeiits, 50 raids, 64 airborne troop landings, 30 land reconnaissances, 74 troop concentrations, 9 land bombardments and 11 landmine plantings. As a result, Any. la had to divert more of its resources from economic development into deten,:e exipeiiditure to resist South Afriodu aggression.

Indiscriminate aggression by SADF in Angola, especially the use of napalm bombs, resulted in wanton killings among the civilians, particularly in hospitals and schools, and further destruction of the infrastructure causing billions of dollars of damage and displacing over 160,000 people in 1981 alone. In November 1981, a group of 100 mercenaries, comprised mostly of former members of SADF, arrived by a scheduled Royal Swazi National Airways flight to Seychelles. They attacked Seychelles International Airport and took airport personnel as hostages. After being repulsed by Seychelles security forces, a group of the mercenaries hijackea an Air India plane to Durban, South Africa. The captured mercenaries in Seychelles were brought to trial and accused of an attempt of coup d'4tat against that Government. The mercenary invasion force was led by Colonel Michael (Mike) Hoare, a well- known mercenary of the 1960s. All the returning mercenaries, with the exception of Colonel Hoare and four others, were released after being detained for only a few days. At first, the detained mercenaries were charged with "hijacking" the Air India plane and were released on bail. Later, however, under international pressure, the South African rigime charged all the mercenaries, but only of "hijacking" the Air India plane and jeopardizing the safety of the international airport in Seychelles. During the trial of the captured mercenaries in Seychelles and in the current trial of 43 mercenaries in South Africa, the testimonies of the mercenaries and witnesses indicated that the South African r~gime had the full knowledge of the planned aggression against Seychelles and that the operation was undertaken with the full support of the authorities concerned in South Africa. In this connexion, Colonel Hoare claimed during his trial in South Africa that the South African Cabinet had approved plans to overthrow the Government of Seychelles and that the military intelligence of SADF had supplied the mercenaries with weapons for the abortive coup. In July 1982, the Court in Seychelles sentenced four of the mercenaries to death for their part in attempting to overthrow the Seychelles Government in November 1981. IX. ECONOMIC DEVhLOPNENTS A. General South Africa's economic growth rate was 4.5 per cent per annum in 1980 and was expected to be less in 1981. Real gross national product (GNP) increased by only 1.5 per cent in 1981 as against 11 per cent in 1980, mainly due to the sharp decline in the price of gold. The consumer price index (CPI) increased by 15.2 per cent in 1981, primarily as a result of constraints on production, increasing level of money supply as well as domestic expenditure, especially defence allocations, depreciation of rand, and increases in prices, particularly the food prices. During the first quarter of 1982, goods, utility and transport prices increased further, raising the annual inflation rate to 16.5 per cent. This has inevitably caused more hardships for the majority of Africans who were already -112- below the poverty-datum-line. The high inflation rate coupled with balance-of- payments difficulties resulted in higher taxes and high interest rates, prime rate reaching 20 per cent in March. South Africa's economic downturn started toward the end of 1980. This was caused by lower gold prices, recession in North America and Western Europe, its main trading partners, and the severe shortage of skilled African manpower, resulting from apartheid job reservation and lack of training. During the current year, South Africa's trade-and-services deficit was expected to exceed the deficit of 1981. It was reported that as of March 1982, South Africa's borrowings from the international financial markets totalled $1.1 billion. Furthermore, South Africa's aggression against neighbouring African States resulted in further diversion of resources into the apartheid war machine. As a result, South Africa was forced to rely more on the international financial markets to finance its balance-of-payments deficit and, indirectly, its military expansion in 1981 and in the current year. B. Trade In 1981, South Africa's exports totalled R18,094 million, a decrease of 8.8 per cent from R19,847 million in 1980. Imports totalled R18,440 million, an increase of approximately 28 per cent from R14,288 million in the previous year. In 1981, the current account of balance of payments gave a deficit of R3,947 million as compared to the surplus of R3,947 million in 1980. According to the South African Foreign Trade Association (SAFTA), the actual deficit was higher, R4,300 million. The deficit on the current account was counterbalanced by a net inflow of capital of R1,112 million in 1981. In the previous year, the net outflow was R2,299 million. In 1981, South Africa's trade deficit totalled R8,843 million, an increase of 93 per cent from R4,564 in 1980. Furthermore, net service and transfer payments increased by 25 per cent to R3,442 million from R2,747 million. South Africa's exports to North America and Western Europe in 1981 totalled approximately R6,859 million, or 38 per cent of total exports. Imports from the same region totalled R6,859 million, approximately 37 per cent of total imports. During 1982, SABTA is expecting an 18 per cent increase in non-gold exports to approximately R11,000 million from R9,328 million in 1981 and a 3 per cent increase in imports to R18,716 million from R18,171 million in 1981. -113-

Current account of balance of payments of South Africa (Seasonal adjusted annual rate in million rands) 1980 1981 Merchandise exports 9,643 9,328 Net gold output 10,141 8,338 Merchandise imports -14,207 -18,171 Net service and transfer payments - 2,747 - 3,442 Deficit on current account - 2,830 - 3,947 Source: The South African Reserve Bank, Quarterly Bulletin, March 1982. During the first quarter of 1982, according to provisionary figures, imports totalled R4,818 million, approximately 43 per cent higher than in the same period in 1981. Exports totalled R4,534 million, approximately 27 per cent less than in 1981. The trade deficit alone for the first quarter totalled between R284 and R362 million. From January through March 1982, South Africa's gross gold and foreign exchange reserves decreased by R300 million to R3,453 million, below the R4,818 million import figures for the same period. The minimum desirable safety level for foreign exchange reserves should roughly be equal to the import figures. As a result of lower gold prices, the market value of the Reserve Bank's gold holdings decreased by R139 million to R2,776 million. In order to increase its foreign exchange reserves, South Africa received R223 million from the International Monetary Fund (TMF) in February as standby credit. C. Gold and other minerals In 1981, South Africa's mineral exports, including gold, totalled R12,655 million, an 11.7 per cent decrease from R13,204 million in 1980. During 1981, South African gold production decreased to 21,120,000 ounces, from 21,670,000 ounces in 1980, showing a decline of 3 per cent from 1980. In 1980, the gold price averaged $613 per ounce, decreased to $460 per ounce in 1981, and continued to decrease to $325 per ounce during the first quarter of 1982. Approximately 80 per cent of gold is still being exported through London and Zurich. Gold exports totalled R8,557 million in 1981, a 17.6 per cent decline from R10,370 million in the previous year. However, as a result of lower gold prices, Krugerrand sales in 1981 totalled 3,500,000 ounces, as compared to 3,100,000 ounces in 1980. In 1979 and 1980, the gold industry supplied 17.6 per cent of the gross domestic product (GDP), and 45 per cent of the export revenues in 1980. In 1981, gold still remained the major component of aggregate export revenues, 47 per cent of the export revenues and 68 per cent of the mineral export earnings. -114-

Coal production increased to 130 million tons in 1981 from 115 million tons in 1980. The total value of coal exports increased by only R700,000 to R29.9 million. In October 1981, the Department of Energy of Kentucky, United States, announced that high sulphur coal from Western Kentucky was successfully gassified by the South African Oil, Coal and Gas Corporation Ltd.'s (SASOL) plant in Sasolburg, South Africa. SASOL's process was to be used by the Tri- State Synfuels Company, a joint venture of Texas Eastern Corporation of Houston, Texas, and Texas Gas Transmission Corporation of Owenborough, Kentucky, at their $4 billion fuel complex in Western Kentucky. Diamond production increased to 9,525,876 carats in 1981 from 8,420,000 carats in 1980. However, the total value decreased from R560 million in 1980 to R340 million in 1981. D. Foreign investment and loans In 1981, South Africa's net inflow of capital totalled R1,122 million, consisting mostly of net foreign borrowing by public corporations and, to a lesser degree, by the central government and banking sector. In 1980, South Africa's net capital outflow totalled R2,299 million, mostly as investment income of foreign companies. In 1981-82 private international financial institutions continued to collaborate with South Africa. During 1981, according to reliable sources, South Africa borrowed approximately R2 billion from the international financial markets as short-term credit. This represented a threefold increase from R632 million in 1980. As of the beginning of 1982, the Electricity Supply Commission of South Africa (ESCOM) and the South African Railways and Harbours (SAR and H) have reportedly been negotiating international loans totalling $1 billion. The France- based Indo-Suez banking group was assembling a 250 million Eurodollar loan from ESCOM in addition to $250 million complementary buyers credits, altogether totalling $500 million. Recently, ESCOM announced investment plans totalling R5 billion for two new power stations. Anglo-American Chemical Industries (AECI) of South Africa is reportedly seeking $100 million as medium credit with Citicorp of the United States as lead manager. In addition to the South African Government-backed $160 million Soweto loan, SAR and H expected to renew its DM 67 million loan, while the Standard Bank Import and Export Finance Company raised a three-year loan of SF 50 million for SAR and H. Furthermore, according to London-based financial sources, there were several Government-backed loans ranging from $39 to $50 million and many para-statals such as ARMSCOR were also seeking loans from the international financial markets. In April, ESCOM announced investment plans for two new power stations. Hence, it was expected that ESCOM would apply for new loans in international financial markets to finance part of its investments. -115-

E. Tourism During the first 10 months of 1981, a total of 697,228 tourists visited South Africa. Approximately 49 per cent were from Western Europe, 11.5 per cent from North and South America, and 3 per cent from New Zealand and Australia. South Africa earned R550 million from tourists in 1981. In 1981, some 33,160 applications for South African visas were made in the United States as compared to 28,886 applications in the previous year. Business visas increased by 19 per cent to 7,531 from 6,314 and tourist visas by 14 per cent to 25,627 from 22,525. The South African Tourist Corporation (SATOUR) expected a 12 per cent annual growth in the number of United States tourists visiting South Africa until 1986. F. Shipping In October 1981, Bulkcharters, a South African shipping company specializing in ocean transportation of bulk cargoes, announced its order for two bulkcarriers costing R46 million. The carriers were to be built in Japan and operating by early 1983. In the same month, Rennies Shipping of South Africa expanded its operations in Canada, offering sea and airfreight export consolidation from South Africa to Canada. G. Airways In September 1981, United Airlines (UA), the largest domestic airline in the United States, launched a major sales and marketing campaign in South Africa for South African tourists visiting the United States. In April 1982 Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) of the United States resumed its flights to and from South Africa. Pan Am has suspended its weekly flights to South Africa in 1979 due to economic reasons. Recently, South African Airways (SAA) sold its nine Boeing 727 carriers to United States companies and ordered 13 new Boeing 737s and two Boeing 747s from the United States and two A300 Airbuses from Western Europe at a total cost of R446 million. X. APARTHEID IN SPORTS During the period under review, South African sporting organizations continued their efforts to overcome their international isolation. South Africa and its supporters continued with a well-financed and organized campaign to increase contacts through tours to other countries, to involve foreign teams in South Africa and to organize boxing, golf, squash, tennis and other competitions in South Africa. On the one hand, many Governments took strong action earlier by cancelling tours by South African teams and sportspersons to their countries or by pressuring and persuading their national teams not to go to South Africa. On the other hand, -116- certain Western Governments were reluctant to act in accordance with their international commitments and, hence, did not interfere in sports contacts with South Africa. While the cricket boycott of South Africa continued with the full support of the overwhelming majority of the Commonwealth countries and the cricket players, the media reported, in March, that 15 outstanding British cricketers from various county teams were to play a series of test matches in South Africa during the current cricket season. It was reported that the players were enticed by high fees ranging from £30,000 to £50,000, or in some cases even higher. However, despite alluring financial inducements, many outstanding players, including Mr. Ian Botham, a former captain of the British cricket team, refused to play in South Africa. The British Test and County Cricket Board (TCCB) appealed to the 15 players not to go to South Africa, warning them of negative consequences, particularly the possibility of cancellation of cricket tours by the Indian and Pakistani national teams, scheduled for the 1982 cricket season in the United Kingdom. TCCB warned the players that the cancellation of the tours would have crippling financial effects on clubs and, hence, on cricket players. In this connexion, Indian and Pakistani cricket authorities warned the British cricket authorities that participation by any of the cricketers in the March 1982 tour of South Africa would result in the cancellation of the tour by the Indian and Pakistani teams. In March, the Governments of Barbados and Jamaica informed the West Indies Cricket Board of Control that they would not allow any of the players to enter their countries to participate in cricket or in any other kind of sport. On 8 March, Mr. Paul Stephenson, member of the British Sports Council, resigned from the Council, saying that British Prime Minister Mrs. Margaret Thatcher's condemnation of the British cricket players' touring of South Africa was not strong enough. The British Test and County Cricket Board decided in spring 1982 to exclude the 15 touring cricketers from the Tests for three years. The South African athletes and players continued to participate in the privately-organized regional competitions as private citizens, mainly in North America and Western Europe. However, most of the internationally-recognized athletics and sports organizations continued to bar South African participation ir) their competitions. The World Boxing Association (WBA), still with many South Africans on its committees and despite the decisions of the General Assembly and international and regional sporting organizations, continued to plan, help and secure South African participation in international boxing events and overseas participation in South Africa. -117-

XI. CULTURAL COLLABORATION During the period under review, financial inducements continued to attract a broad range of internationally-known artists, vocal groups, folk singers and others to South Africa. Most of the performances took place in Sun City, the capital of the so-called Republic of Bophuthatswana, where audiences are alleged to be multiracial. However, high ticket prices, soinetimes as much as R75 or over, effectively bar black South African attendance. Moreover, the effective boycott initiated by the liberation movement curtails black South African attendance at these performances. The performers appear therefore before overwhelmingly white South African audiences disproving claims to the contrary. In October 1981, the University of Georgia, United States, cancelled the performances of the Drakensberg Boys Choir (South Africa) concert at the University campus. The concert was opposed by both the University's Black Student Union and the African Student Union, on the ground that the Drakensberg Boys Choir's appearance would be tantamount to the University's unofficial acceptance of South Africa's apartheid policy. Despite protests, however, the Drakensberg Boys Choir performed at Agusta College in Georgia. The protest was led by the members of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People, and the members of the Georgia Black Legislative Caucus. In October 1981, the Associated Actors and Artists of America which has 240,000 members, decided that its members should boycott South Africa. In April, the 16 members of the Caldicot Male Voice Choir, wales, United Kingdom, who had performed in South Africa in 1981 as "Jones Boys" Choir, resigned after being identified by the British anti-apartheid campaigners. The Gwent County Council in Wales had been considering the banning of organizations with "apartheid links", including Caldicot Male Voice Choir, frcm council premises. Notes a/ For a list of political arrests and detentions, see appendix I. b/ Mr. Patel and Mr. Soni were released on 20 July. c/ At the inquest into the death of Mr. Muofhe, the Magistrate decided on 19 July that he had died as a result of an unlawful assault by two policemen. d/ Mr. Kikine was released on bail on 13 July 1982. e/ On 9 July, the Publications Appeal Board lifted the ban. f/ Apparently, the ban on Work in Progress, too, has been lifted. gj/ For further information on political trials, see International Defence and Aid Fund, Focus (London) Nos. 38, 39 and 40. -118-

Notes h/ It should be recalled that in 1981 an unprecedented wave of strikes followed the introduction of the Preservation of Interest Bill, affecting contribution payments, retirement and transfer of funds. The Bill proposed that workers should not be allowed to withdraw their pension contributions before retirement age (between 60 and 65). This would have withdrawn the only resources that most workers can rely on when fired as a result of strike action. As the implications of this proposal became clear to workers, spontaneous strikes took place throughout the country and, finally, in November, the r~gime withdrew the Bill. i/ Rand Daily Mail, 28 October 1981. j/ In July, the Minister of Manpower, Mr. Fanie Botha, said that it would be cheaper for the South African r6gime to cede Kangwane to Swaziland than to give it "independence". k/ The New York Times, 12 March 1982. 1/ Military Balance 1981-82, International Institute for Strategic Structures, London, September 1981. m/ In 1974, the South African r~gime and the United States administration signed a uranium supply agreement. Accordingly, South Africa was to supply the United States with uranium and the United States would, in return, supply South Africa with enriched uranium for the research reactor Safari I in Pelindaba and for Koeberg in Western Cape. However, when in 1978 the United States Congress passed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act, the United States administration suspended further supplies of enriched uranium to the South African r~gime until it agreed to sign the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. As early as 1979, Dr. de Villiers had stated that South Africa had the technology to make highly-enriched uranium and "if the government should so decide, in the future we could produce it". Dr. Ampie Roux, Chairman of Uranium Corporation of South Africa (UCOR), announced in April 1981 that South Africa would "eventually" supply its own fuel for Koeberg power station if the United States "insisted" on not resuming the supply agreement. -119- o r 0ut Mir* '0 0 c o ~.44 fl4> LiPi 0 00. 4> fl ~-a. V "4laoe C q>Li..40% ~ MtUda SP. c ~ 4>44 * uu*da4> Li 4> .0 fl t 'MC CU ~4o-.-i0. f-. ~ 4>0w ~t 4< "4 * g g g M fl LO 4 g g g g g I g 4- 4 OC>*D 0% ø -4 -4 12 CP4 *m g 4 4 444 0t fl~~~~1 c<4 ~" > l'N D ,4i l -4 " -120- >> Li '4 ØD -.4 -,4 ti I o g g g g g g i0 0 4a 0 et la '4 4> '4 '4 fl .44 0 4> 0 fl 4-4 0. '4 0 "4 la 0 4> la g V v 0 fl I-II fl da fl -I Li *0 4> In 'g fl fl fl "4 4> fl 44. 044 4>4>fl .44 la 4> .44 da ~ 4>o 0 g: >4 (10.0 "4 fl fl44 "4, -444 0 4> -4 ru E-w "4 '0 'v '~4> la .4-4 0 -4

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Appendix II Persons served with banning orders COLEMAN, Keith Student. Former editor of SASPU National, the largest campus newspaper in South Africa. Served with a two-year banning order on 7 April. GASA, Siponono David Former director of Umlazi Residents Association. Served with a five-year banning order on 15 January. GORDEAM, Pravin Official of the Natal Indian Congress. Served with a three-year banning order in May. HAYSOM, Nicholas Lawyer. Specialized on labour matters. Worked for the Centre for Applied Legal Studies. Served with a three-year banning order on 5 April. JOHNSON, David Student. Chairman of the Black Students' Society at the University of Witwatersrand. Served with a five-year banning order on 11 January. Third leader of the Society to be banned. MADLINGOZI, Maxwell Trade unionist. Chairman of the Motor Assemblers and Component Workers Union of South Africa (MACWUSA). Served with a two-year banning order on 30 March. MAKANDA, Dumile Trade unionist. Served with a two-year banning order on 1 April. MAQINA, The Rev. Mzwandile Served with a three-year banning order by Port Elizabeth security police, on 16 June. His first banning order (five years) expired on 31 March 1982. MANDELA, Winnie Served with a new five-year banning order in December 1981. She has been banned for nearly 20 years. Since 1977, she has been confined to Brandfort, a remote town in the Orange Free State. -128-

MEER, Fatima Sociologist. Served with a five-year banning order in December 1981. Was banned from 1954 to 1956 and again from 1976 to 1981. MJUZAWE, Zandile Trade unionist. Official of MACWUSA's branch at the General Motors Company. Served with a two-year banning order on 30 March. MKHATSHWA, Father Mangaliso Patrick General secretary of the southern African Catholic Bishops' Conference. Served with a three-year banning order on 30 April. Had been banned for five years in 1977. PITYANA, Sipo Trade unionist. MACW JSA. Served with a two-year banning order on 30 March. RAMGOBIN, Mawalal Served with a five-year banning order in December 1981. Was banned from 1965 to 1970, and again from September 1971 to 1981. RAMPHELE, Dr. Mamphela Was served with a new two-year banning order on I June. Her previous banning order had expired on 31 May. She is restricted to the Lenyenne township near Tzaneen. SISULU, Albertina Wife of Walter Sisulu, jailed Secretary General of the banned ANC. Served with her fifth banning order on 14 June, which will expire on 31 March 1984. Her previous banning order expired on 1 August 1981. SMITHERS, Maurice Rural developruent worker. Served with a two-year banning order on 15 April. VAN HEERDEN, Clive Student. Former editor of SASPU National. Served with a two-year banning order on 7 April. WEINBERG, Sheila Served with a five-year banning order on 15 January. -129-

Appendix III Chronoloqy of incidents relating to the underground and armed struggle in South Africa 10 October 1981: 11 October: 21 October: 22 October: 23 October: 26 October: 29 October: 1 November: 3 November: Bombs exploded at the premises of the Department of Co-operation and Development in Durban. (The Department of Co-operation and Development is responsible for administering laws relating to Africans.) The explosion destroyed part of the building and badly damaged a dozen stores and buildings in the area. This was the worst bomb blast in Durban during the year and the damage was estimated at 10 million rand. Five people were wounded, one seriously. Police attributed the attack to ANC. A bomb blast partly destroyed the KwaZulu government offices near Empangeni. A blast at the main electricity substation of Evander put five transformers out of operation for several hours. An explosion damaged a pipe leading to a water purification plant at the Secunda plant of SASOL-3, the oil-from-coal installation. An explosion took place at an electricity installation in Witbank's industrial township. A transformer was put out of action for more than a day. The Sibasa police station in the so-called "independent" state of Venda was attacked and destroyed by rockets. Two policemen died and one was injured. The police station is about 4 kilometers from the government buildings at the capital of Venda, Thoyo-ya-Ndou, and across the road from thp South African "embassy". A large part of Natal was hit by a power blackout. A spokesman for the Electricity Supply Commission stated that the Commission was investigating the possibility of sabotage. A house in Jeppes Reef, near the border of Swaziland, used by the South African Defence Force as accommodation space, was totally destroyed in a grenade and rocket attack. Two members of the Defence Force, who were inside the house, managed to escape. The attack was attributed to ANC. Bombs exploded at the Department of Internal Affairs building in Durban, in an obvious protest against the elections to the South African Indian Council (SAIC) on 4 November. The building houses the headquarters of SAIC. The explosion caused extensive damage to the building. One policeman and one night-watchman were treated for cuts. -130-

12 November: 1 December: 9 December: 15 December: 26 December: 31 December: 7 January 1982: 20 January: 12 Feburary:. 20 March: 24 April: Four explosions damaged two transformers in an electric substation in the Rossalyn industrial complex near Pretoria. There was a blackout in several Pretoria suburbs. Guerrillas blew up an oil depot near Germiston. An explosion caused extensive damage to the Cape Town offices of the Department of Co-operation and Development. The blast damaged the Department's offices and two commissioners' courts which are administered by the Department. Police reported that sabotage was suspected. The ANC claimed responsibility for the bombing. Four explosions severely damaged an electricity substation in Pretoria. A spokesman for the Electricity Board reported that nine Pretoria suburbs had been affected by the power blackout. Freedom fighters launched a rocket, grenade and gun attack on the Wonderboom Poort Police Station in Pretoria killing one policeman and wounding four other individuals. The station was extensively damaged. Police seized a cach6 of arms and explosives and arrested two men in a search for black urban guerrillas following recent armed attacks in and around Pretoria. Arms seized included one rocket launcher, five AK-47 assault rifles, and grenades. A powerful bomb exploded in the Orlando East offices of the West Rand Administration Board. No injuries were reported. Police claimed that the explosion had been caused by saboteurs. Police announced that they had found several cach4s of limpet mines, foreign arms and hand grenades in isolated areas of Eastern Transvaal and Northern Natal. They had also arrested three alleged members of ANC in connexion with armed attacks in Northern Natal. Three leaflet bombs exploded in Johannesburg hours before the funeral of trade union leader Neil Aggett. The bombs scattered pamphlets at the main railway station, the University of Witwatersrand and outside the offices of the Rand Daily Mail. The leaflets appeared to have been written by the Communist Party and ANC. On the eve of the anniversary of the Sharpeville massacre, a bomb exploded in the Langa Commissioner's Court in Cape Town where innumerable pass law offences are heard every year. No injuries occurred. Two bombs exploded on a water pipeline in Durban. Police described the explosion as an act of sabotage. .31-

1 May: Police captured four ANC freedom fighters in the Transvaal and announced that they had foiled a May Day "terror campaign" which would involve rocket attacks on police stations and strategic installations. They also said that they found large quantities of weapons as well as documents relating to the planned attacks. Weapons included rocket launchers, AK-47 rifles and limpet mines. 12 May: A bomb axploded in the premises of the West Rand Administration Board in Meadowlands, Soweto. No one was injured. Police termed it sabotage. 21 May: Two bombs exploded in the premises of the Port Natal Administration Board in Pinetown and in the regional headquarters of the Directorate of Coloured Affairs in Durban. No injuries occurred. 24 May: A water pipeline and township office were blown up in Durban. 28 May: Bombs exploded on seven petrol storage tanks at the Hectorspruit depot in the Eastern Transvaal. No injuries were reported. Police disclosed that limpet mines had been used, causing extensive damage. ANC claimed responsibility. 2 June: Six blasts destroyed a major fuel tank and railway installations in Paulpietersburg, Northern Natal. There were no casualties. 3 June: Two railway pylons were bombed at Dube, Soweto. Explosions damaged railway lines in Soweto and disrupted commuter travel. 3 June: Durban police killed two alleged ANC members who, they claimed, belonged to a group that had carried out a series of armed assaults in the Durban area. 4 June: A heavy load of explosives ripped the building which houses the President's Council in Cape Town, killing one person. 7 June: ANC claimed responsibility for a series of bomb attacks in the Natal and Transvaal provinces. It added that the operations were carried out by the "engineering units" of its military wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe. 19 June: The Eastern Transvaal rail-line was heavily damaged by a strong bomb explosion. Two persons were slightly injured. 28 June: An oil pumping station near Vryheid, Natal Province, was badly damaged by an explosion which police described as an act of sabotage. 5 July$ A water pipe on the Brakpan to Dunnottar road in the East Rand was blown up. Police suspected the ANC. -132-

Early July: An alleged ANC man was arrested in the Northern Transvaal with a pile of ANC pamphlets, a pistol and ammunition in his possession. According to the police, the man, a 24-year-old South African who allegedly returned to the country after receiving training in Maputo and Angola, had gone to Pietersburg to recruit people. Several people who allegedly assisted the suspect were also arrested. -133-

Annex II List of documents of the Special Committee against Apartheid A/AC.115/L.553 A/AC. 115/L.554 A/AC.115/L.555 A/AC.115/L.556 A/AC.115/L.557 A/AC.115/L.558 A/AC.115/L.559 and Add.l A/AC.115/L.560 A/AC.115/L.561 A/AC.115/L.562 A/AC.115/L.563 A/AC.115/L.564 Letter dated 13 August 1981 from the Permanent Mission of Japan to the United Nations to the Acting Chairman of the Special Committee against Apartheid. Cables received by the Special Committee in connexion with death sentences imposed on three South African freedom fighters. Report of the International Seminar on the Activities and Role of Mass Media as well as Governments, Anti-apartheid movements and other Organizations in Publicizing the Crimes of the Apartheid R4gime and the Legitimate Struggle of the National Liberation Movement of South Africa (Berlin, German Democratic Republic, 30 August-2 September 1981). Statement issued on 11 September 1981 by church leaders related to the National Council of Churches of Christ in the United States of America on the South African invasion of Angola. Statement by Mr. Vladimir N. Martynenko, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, before the Special Committee on 9 October 1981. "South Africa's Record of International Terrorism" by Lord Gifford. Messages received on the Day of Solidarity with South African Political Prisoners. Statement by Mr. Carlos P. Romulo, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Philippines, before the Special Committee on 29 October 1981. Letter dated 19 September 1981 from the Acting Secretary-General of the National Olympic Committee of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics transmitting a statement concerning the visit to the United States of America by the South African Springbok rugby team. Letter dated 1 November 1981 from the French Anti-Apartheid Movement. Statement of Mr. Oliver Tambo, President of ANC, at the meeting of the Special Committee on 12 January 1982. Extracts of final documents of the International Conference of Youth and Students in Solidarity with the Peoples, Youth and Students of Southern Africa, held in Luanda, People's Republic of Angola, from 13 to 15 November 1981. -134-

A/AC.115/L.565 A/AC.115/L.566 A/AC.115/L.567 A/AC.1I5/L.568 A/AC.1I5/L.569 A/AC.115/L.570 A/AC.l15/L.571 A/AC.115/L.572 A/AC.115/L.573 A/AC.115/L.574 A/AC.115/L.575 A/AC.115/L.576 A/AC/l15/L.577 A/AC.115/L.578 A/AC.115/L.579 A/AC.115/L.580 A/AC.115/L.581 Votes at the thirty-sixth session of the General Assembly on the draft resolutions on "Policies of Apartheid of the Government of South Africa"; report of the Working Group. Message by the Special Committee to the President of France. Messages received on the occasion of the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. Declaration of the Conference on "Southern Africa: Choose" held in London, from 11 to 13 March 1982. The Time to Report of the mission of the Special Committee to Frontline States of Angola, Zambia and the United Republic of Tanzania. Documents of the World Conference on the Indian Ocean as a Zone of Peace, New Delhi, India, 23 to 25 April 1982. (Extracts of the Declaration and the Resolution on Southern Africa.) Report of the International Conference on Women and Apartheid, held at Brussels, Belgium, 17-19 May 1982. Messages received on the occasion of the International Day of Solidarity with the Struggling People of South Africa. Report of the Asian Regional Conference on Action against Apartheid, held at Manila, Philippines, 24-26 May 1982. Report of the Sub-Committee on Implementation of United Nations Resolutions and Collaboration with South Africa. British Sporting Relations with South Africa: the enforcement of Gleneagles Agreement (Memorandum by the British Anti-Apartheid Movement). Report of the International Seminar on the History of Resistance against Occupation, Oppression and Apartheid in South Africa (UNESCO House, Paris, 29 March-2 April 1982). Resolution of the Special Session of the People's Regional Assembly of the Northern Region of the Democrat Republic of the Sudan on Mobilization for Sanctions against South Africa, held on 2 May 1982. Statement by Mr. Vasant Vishnu Nevrekar (India), Chairman of the Task Force on Political Prisoners, before the Special Committee on 31 August 1982 Names of, and brief particulars on, some trade union leaders recently persecuted by the racist r4gime of South Africa Letter from the Lutheran Church in America on action against apartheid. Messages received on the International Day of Solidarity with the Struggle of the Women of South Africa and Namibia (9 August 1982) -135-

A/AC. l15/L.582 Cable dated 14 September 1982 from His Excellency N. Djoudi, Acting Secretary-General, Organization of African Unity addressed to His Excellency Alhaji Yusuff Maitama-Sule, Chairman, United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid. 82-27320 0356o-7o -136-