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Identifying Opportunities for Civil Society-Led Conflict Resolution in Burkina Faso Final Report

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Identifying Opportunities for Civil Society-Led Conflict Resolution in Burkina Faso Final Report Identifying Opportunities for Civil Society-Led Conflict Resolution in Burkina Faso Final Report September 2013 Eloïse Bertrand Adrien Sindayigaya Bruno Deceukelier Contact: Eloïse Bertrand Cindy Chungong Research Coordinator Project Manager Brussels, Belgium Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire +32 496 421 284 +225 07 48 85 29 [email protected] [email protected] Identifying opportunities for civil society-led conflict resolution in Burkina Faso | PAGE 1 Table of Contents Executive summary.................................................................................................................................................. 2 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 4 2 Methodology .................................................................................................................................................. 6 2.1 Survey ......................................................................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Focus group discussions.............................................................................................................................................. 9 2.3 Key informant interviews .............................................................................................................................................. 9 3 Limits of the study ...................................................................................................................................... 10 4 Analysis of conflicts in Burkina Faso ....................................................................................................... 11 4.1 Context ...................................................................................................................................................................... 11 4.2 Overview of conflict dynamics in Burkina Faso ........................................................................................................... 12 4.3 Natural resources at the heart of conflicts .................................................................................................................. 14 4.3.1 Farmer-pastoralist conflicts ............................................................................................................................... 14 4.3.2 Land-related conflicts ....................................................................................................................................... 16 4.4 Conflicts over access to power ................................................................................................................................... 18 4.4.1 Political conflicts ............................................................................................................................................... 18 4.4.2 Chieftaincy conflicts .......................................................................................................................................... 20 4.5 Socio-economic frustrations ....................................................................................................................................... 21 4.5.1 The socio-economic roots of conflicts ............................................................................................................... 21 4.5.2 Unemployment ................................................................................................................................................. 22 4.5.3 The impact of the mining boom ......................................................................................................................... 24 4.5.4 Social and family-related tensions .................................................................................................................... 25 4.6 Managing and dealing with conflicts ........................................................................................................................... 26 4.6.1 Traditional mechanisms: still popular ................................................................................................................ 26 4.6.2 The State: little trust but great expectations ...................................................................................................... 28 4.6.3 Civil society: engaged but disorganized ............................................................................................................ 29 4.6.4 The media: between partisanism and professionalism ...................................................................................... 30 5 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................ 33 6 Recommendations ...................................................................................................................................... 34 6.1 Strengthening the capacities of conflict management actors ...................................................................................... 34 6.2 Strengthening civil society to support good governance, development, and social cohesion. ..................................... 35 6.3 Supporting the media and turn them into tools for promoting peace. .......................................................................... 36 List of acronyms..................................................................................................................................................... 38 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................................... 39 List of key informants ............................................................................................................................................ 43 Graphs ..................................................................................................................................................................... 44 Research Tools ...................................................................................................................................................... 56 The Research Team ............................................................................................................................................... 64 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................ 65 Search for Common Ground Identifying opportunities for civil society-led conflict resolution in Burkina Faso | PAGE 2 Executive summary Search for Common Ground, with financial support from the National Endowment for Democracy (NED), and in partnership with the National Youth Council of Burkina Faso (CNJ-BF), has undertaken a study on conflicts and conflict resolution in Burkina Faso. Our study used a mixed methodology including a survey, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The field research phase took place in July 2013 in five regions of Burkina (Centre, Centre-Ouest, Hauts Bassins, Sahel, Nord), enabling us to cover the four main cities (Ouagadougou, Bobo Dioulasso, Koudougou, Ouahigouya), a smaller urban area (Dori), a rural area (Dandé), a gold mine (Essakane) and a Malian refugee camp (Goudébou). 95% of the people who took part in our survey believe that there are conflicts in Burkina Faso. These conflicts occur over natural resources such as land, for example between farmers and pastoralists or over the ownership of fields or subdivided plots. Conflicts can also be political, as shown by the tensions that have erupted over the Senate issue and the upcoming presidential elections in 2015. Finally, the socio-economic environment, characterized by the rise of unemployment and inequalities within the Burkinabe society, sees youth and women marginalized. In terms of conflict resolution, the Burkinabe favor mechanisms such as mediation, amicable resolution and dialogue, involving people they trust like friends, family members or neighbors. Community leaders, such as chiefs, may also act as mediators, even though their credibility tends to diminish. Only as a last resort, and with suspicions, are authorities called upon, whereas they are identified as the main agent responsible for conflict management by a majority of people. Civil society could play an important role in conflict prevention and resolution but lacks cohesion, means and skills. Finally, the perception of the media is quite contrasted among the population: some find them professional while others deem them very one-sided. Based upon our study, we came up with a series of recommendations for projects and activities that should be set up before Burkina experiences a full-scale crisis, a very real danger considering the Search for Common Ground Identifying opportunities for civil society-led conflict resolution in Burkina Faso | PAGE 3 tensions and frustrations that exist in the Burkinabe society today. Those recommendations aim at three objectives: 1) Strengthening the capacities of conflict resolution agents 2) Strengthening civil society, particularly youth and women’s organizations, in order to promote good governance, development and social cohesion, and 3) Supporting the media and turn them into a tool for promoting peace. Search for Common Ground Identifying opportunities
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