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Studies on the Cytology and Phylogeny of South Indian Grasses II

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Studies on the Cytology and Phylogeny of South Indian Grasses II Cytologia 39: 561-571 , 1974 Studies on the Cytology and Phylogeny of South Indian Grasses II. Sub-family Eragrostoideae J. Christopher and A. Abraham1 Departmentof Botany,University of Kerala, Trivandrum,India ReceivedFebruary 22, 1973 Introductory remarks, materials and methods and cytological observations and their bearing on 24 species belonging to 16 genera were described in the previous paper (Christopher and Abraham 1971). The present paper deals with cytological studiesmade on 29 species belonging to the subfamily Eragrostoideae. Subfamily V-Eragrostoideae This is one of the three large subfamilies of the Gramineae. The cytology of 29 species belonging to 15 genera, representing the tribes, Eragrosteae, Chlorideae , Pappophoreae and Zoysieae is reported in this paper. Tribe 1: Eragrosteae Cytology of 13 species belonging to 4 genera of this tribe has been studied. Eragrostis tenella (Linn.) P. Beauv. This slender, tufted, annual grass, occurs throughout the plains of India. There is no previous report on the cytology of this species. Meiosis showed 30 bivalents at metaphase I (Fig. 1). E. unioloides (Retz.) Nees An annual grass very abundant in wet places on the hills and plains. The inflorescences are very variable in colour and size. This species was collected from Malampuzha. Meiosis was regular with 10 bivalents at metaphase I (Fig. 2). In somatic mitosis 20 chromosomes which range in length between 1ƒÊa and 2ƒÊ were seen (Fig. 3). The cytology of this species is also studied for the first time. E, diplachnoides Steud. This perennial grass grows gregariously in damp soils near the banks of rivers and streams and was collected from Mahendragiri. Cytology of this species has not been investigated previously . Mitosis has shown 20 chromosomes which range in length between 1 .5ƒÊ and 3.5ƒÊ (Fig. 4.). E. pilosa (Linn.) Beauv This is a densely tufted slender annual grass, which occurs in wet places all over India and in most warm countries . Ono and Tateoka (1953) have reported the chromosome number of this species as 2n=40 . The present study of meiosis confirms the above count; 20 bivalents are observed in pollen mother cells (Fig . 5). E. atrovirens (Desf .) Trin. 1 Present address: Prof . A. Abraham, FAO Regional Headquarters for Africa P. B. No. 1628, Accra , Chana, W. Africa. 562 J. Christopher and A. Abraham Cytologia 39 Figs. 1-17. Photomicrographs of chromosomes of grasses. All figures are reproduced at a magnification of•~1,000. 1, first meiotic metaphase in Eragrostis tenella (Linn.) Beauv. n=30. 2, metaphase I of meiosis in Eragrostis unioloides (Retz) Nees. n=10. 3, mitosis in a root tip cell in the above species. 2n=20. 4, Eragrostis diplachnoides Steud. 2n=20. 5, Eragrostis pilosa (Linn.) Beauv. Diakinesis showing 20 bivalents. 6, mitosis in Eragrostis atrovirens (Desf.) Trin. 2n=60. 7, diakinesis in a pollen mother cell of Eragrostis nutans (Retz.) Nees showing 1974 Studies on the Cytology and Phylogeny of South Inidan Grasses II 563 This is a tufted perennial grass occurring in moist places and sometimes as an aquatic. Material for the present study was collected from Mahendragiri. Root tip cells showed 60 chromosomes which ranged in length between 1.5ƒÊ to 2.5ƒÊ (Fig. 6). Pienaar (1955) and de Wet (1960) have reported the chromosome number of this species to be 2n=40. E. nutans (Retz.) Nees This is a sporadic grass, very common in pasture grounds. There is no previous report on the cytology of this species. Meiosis was regular and 30 bivalents were observed in pollen mother cells (Fig. 7). E. tremula Hochst. This is a perennial grass with sub-erect stems, 6•L•Lto 3•L in height. It is common in sandy places and material for this study was collected from Aryankavu. Mulay and Leelamma (1956) reported the chromosome number of this species as 2n=20. During the present study, 20 bivalents were counted at meiotic metaphase (Fig. 8). E. japonica (Thunb.) Trin. A perennial erect grass with glabrous stiff stems, up to 3 ft in height. The panicles are long, stout, about 1 ft long, and interrupted with many tiers of rather short-spreading branches. This grass is found in India, Ceylon, tropical Asia and Africa. It occurs in Mysore and Kerala upto an altitude of 3,000 ft and was col lected from Kallikkad. Root tip cells showed 60 chromosomes which range in length between 1.5ƒÊ and 2.5ƒÊ (Fig. 9). Avudulov (1928) reported the chromosome number of this species as 2n=20. Eragrostiella bifaria (Vahl) Bor It is a densely caespitose perennial grass with long filiform convolute leaves. Squash preparations of root tip cells have shown 18 chromosomes which range in length between 2ƒÊ and 3ƒÊ with median or submedian constrictions (Fig. 11). There is no previous report on the cytology of this genus. Desmostachya bipinnata (Linn.) Stapf This species, commonly known as "Darbha" occurs in India and North Africa. It is a perennial grass with tufted stems branching from the base and with stout stolons. It is frequently met with in dry places and open waste land. This mono typic genus very closely resembles Eragrostis. There is no previous report on the cytology of this genus. Material for the present study was collected from Kallikad. Mitosis showed 20 chromosomes in root tip cells (Fig. 10). Sporobolus diander (Retz.) Beauv. This tufted perennial grass with slender stems, grows gregariously in the plains and low hills and was obtained from Trivandrum. Preparations of meiosis showed 12 bivalents at metaphase I (Fig . 12). Mitotic studies of root tip cells showed 24 c hromosomes which range in length between 2ƒÊ and 2.5ƒÊ (Fig. 13). Avdulov (1928) 30 bivalents. 8, Eragrostis tremula (Hochst) Steud. Metaphase I of meiosis. n=20. 9, mitosis i n Eragrostis japonica (Thunb .) Trin. 2n=60. 10, Desmostachya bipinnata (Linn.) Stapf. 2 n=20. 11, Eragrostiella bifaria (Vahl) Bor . 2n=18. 12, Sporobolus diander (Retz.) Beauv. Meio sis showing 12 bivalents . 13, mitosis in a root tip cell in the above species. 2n=24. 14, Sporoboluscoromandelianus (Retz .) Kunth. 2n=24. 15, Sporobolus indicus (Linn.) R. Br. Variety I. 2n=40. 16, meiosis in a pollen mother cell of another variety of the above species showing 24 bivalents. 17, Chloris barbata Sw. Meiosis. n=20. 564 J. Christopher and A. Abraham Cytologia 39 Figs. 18-36. Photomicrographs of chromosomes of grasses. All figures are reproduced at a magnification of•~1,000. 18, mitosis in a root tip cell in Chloris barbata Sw. 2n=40. 19, Chloris incompleta Roth. Mitosis. 2n=40. 20, Cynodon dacylon (Linn.) Pers. 2n=27. 21, Cynodon arcuatus J. S. Presl. Meiotic metaphase I shwoing 18 bivalents. 22, mitotic chromsomes in a root tip cell of the above species. 2n=36. 23, Cynodon barberi Rang. et Tad. Mitosis in a root tip cell showing 18 chromosomes. 24, Eleusine indica (Linn.) Gaertn. Meiosis showing 9 bivalents at early metaphase I. 25, mitosis in a root tip cell of the above species showing 18 chromosomes. 26, Eleusine coracana (Linn.) Gaertn. First meiotic metaphase showing 1974 Studies on the Cytology and Phylogeny of South Indian Grasses II 565 reported the chromosome number of this species to be 2n=36. S. coromandelianus (Retz.) Kunth It is an annual grass with densely tufted stems which spread closely on the ground. This species cocurs in moist places in the plains and was collected from Mahendragiri. Mitosis showed 24 chromosomes, 12 of which are about 1.5ƒÊ in length while the remaining 12 are about 3ƒÊ in length (Fig. 14). There is no previous report on the cytology of this species. S, indicus (Linn.) R. Br. This is a widespread species, occurring throughout India, Burma and other Asian countries and tropical Australia. The culms are tufted and erect and it is very common in the plains and hills upto an altitude of 7,000 ft. Avdulov (1931) reported two somatic chromosome numbers of 2n=18 and 36 and Warmke et al.(1946) have recorded 2n=24 chromosomes in this species. Two varieties of this species were collected from Munnar during the present study. One variety was larger in plant height, leaf-size etc. and its somatic chromosome number was found to be 2n=40 (Fig. 15). Ten chromosomes are about 1ƒÊ in length while the remaining 30 are about 2.5ƒÊ in length. The other variety also collected from Munnar was comparatively smaller in the above morphological characters. Meiosis showed 24 bivalents at metaphase I (Fig. 16). Tribe II: Chlorideae The cytology of 12 species belonging to 7 genera of this tribe has been studied. Chloris barbata Sw. This is a very common grass generally occurring in the tropics and widely dis tributed throughout the plains of India, from sea-level to 2,000 ft. It grows on all kinds of soil and is found in large tufts on pasture grounds, especially on sandy soil. Meiosis was regular with 20 bivalents at metaphase I (Fig. 17). The somatic chro mosome number was found to be 2n=40. The chromosomes range in length between 1.5ƒÊ and 3ƒÊ and have median or submedian constrictions (Fig. 18). Janaki Animal (1955) has also reported a somatic count of 2n=40 chromosomes while Avdulov (1928) reported the chromosome number of this species to be 2n=20. C. incompleta Roth This is a sporadic perennial grass found often in hedges and scrambling among bushes. It occurs in hilly places not exceeding 3,000 ft in elevation and was col lected from Ponmudi . There is no previous report on the chromosome number of this species. Mitosis showed 40 chromosomes which are small in size, ranging in length between 1ƒÊ and 2ƒÊ (Fig . 19). Cynodon dactylon (Linn .) Pers.
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