Strategic Environmental Assessment

Baseline Information Profile

December 2010

Prepared For Council by County Council

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CONTENTS

CONTENTS

Figure List ...... iii Table List ...... vii 1 Introduction ...... 1 2 Local Development Framework Progress ...... 3

PART ONE: Natural Environment...... 5

3 Biodiversity, Flora and Fauna ...... 7 4 Landscape ...... 21 5 Air Quality ...... 35 6 Climatic Factors ...... 47 7 Water Quality ...... 65 8 Flooding ...... 85 9 Soils, Minerals and Waste...... 90

PART TWO: Built Environment...... 116

10 Cultural Heritage and Townscape...... 118 11 Health...... 128 12 Population and Social ...... 146 13 Economy ...... 160 14 Housing...... 208 15 Transport...... 220 Bibliography...... 247

i

CONTENTS

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ii FIGURE LIST

FIGURE LIST Figure 1: Percentage Changes in Wild Bird Indicators by Region 1994 – 2008...... 8 Figure 2: East of Wild Bird Indices 1994 - 2008...... 9 Figure 3: Location of Sites of Specific Scientific Interest within Braintree District ...... 11 Figure 4: Condition of Sites of Specific Scientific Interest in Braintree District based on Last Assessment...... 14 Figure 5: Location of Local Nature Reserves in Braintree District...... 16 Figure 6: Location of Local Wildlife Sites in Braintree District ...... 18 Figure 7: Location of Special Landscape Areas in Braintree District...... 22 Figure 8: Location of Landscape Character Areas in Braintree District...... 24 Figure 9: Location of Ancient Woodland, Historic Parks and Gardens, Protected Lanes and Special Verges in Braintree District...... 33

Figure 10: Location of NO2 Monitoring Tubes in Braintree District 2010...... 40 Figure 11: Annual Mean Concentrations of Benzene (concentrations in μgm-3) ...... 42 Figure 12: Major Roads within Braintree District...... 44 Figure 13: Consumption of Energy in GWh by Consuming Sector in Braintree 2005 – 2007...... 49

Figure 14: Total CO2 Emissions in kt in Braintree and Essex 2005 – 2008 ...... 51

Figure 15: Total per Capita Emissions of CO2 in Tonnes within Braintree District and Essex 2005 – 2008 ...... 53

Figure 16: NI186 – per Capita Emissions of CO2 in Tonnes within Essex 2008 ...... 54

Figure 17: Per Capita Emissions of CO2 in Tonnes from Road Transport within Essex 2008 ...... 55

Figure 18: Proportional Reduction of CO2 Emissions per Capita between 2005 and 2008...... 56 Figure 19: Proportion of Total Energy Consumption in Essex from Renewables 2007...... 58 Figure 20: 67% Likelihood of Change in Annual Mean Temperature under a Medium Emissions Scenario in ...... 61 Figure 21: Percentage Change in Summer Mean Precipitation within East of England under a Medium Emissions Scenario ...... 62 Figure 22: Percentage Change in Winter Mean Precipitation within East of England under a Medium Emissions Scenario...... 63 Figure 23: Main Rivers within Braintree District ...... 66 Figure 24: Aquifers in Essex County Council...... 67 Figure 25: River and lake water bodies in the Combined Essex river catchment ...... 69 Figure 26: River R1 (Doomsey Brook) ...... 70 Figure 27: River R4 (Ter) ...... 71 Figure 28: River R16 ()...... 72 Figure 29: River R23 (Blackwater Pant)...... 75 Figure 30: River R91 (Brain) ...... 76 Figure 31: River R102 (Boreham Tributary)...... 78 Figure 32: River R115 (River Blackwater)...... 79 Figure 33: Spatial Extent of Flood Zones 2 and 3 (a and b) in Braintree District ...... 86

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FIGURE LIST

Figure 34: Agricultural Land Classification in Essex ...... 91 Figure 35: Braintree District Agricultural Land Classification ...... 92 Figure 36: Total Waste Arisings per Dwelling by Essex Districts and Boroughs 2008-2009 to 2009-2010...... 93 Figure 37: Total District Waste Tonnage Sent to Landfill by Braintree District and the Waste Collection Authority in 2000 – 2010 ...... 94 Figure 38: Proportion of District Waste which was Re-used/Recycled in Essex 2009 – 2010...... 96 Figure 39: Proportion of District Waste which was Composted in Essex 2009 – 2010...... 96 Figure 40: District Waste Collection per Dwelling in Essex 2009 – 2010...... 98 Figure 41: Waste Collected from RCHWs per Dwelling in Essex 2008 – 2009...... 101 Figure 42: Proportion of Household Waste Landfilled in Braintree and Essex 2000 – 2010...... 103 Figure 43: Proportion of Household Waste Recycled in Braintree and Essex 2000 – 2010...... 105 Figure 44: Proportion of RCHW Waste Landfilled in Braintree and Essex 2000 - 2010...... 106 Figure 45: Proportion of RCHW Waste Recycled in Braintree and Essex 2000 – 2010...... 108 Figure 46: Location of Listed Buildings in Braintree District ...... 120 Figure 47: Location of Scheduled Monuments in Braintree District...... 123 Figure 48: Location of Conservation Areas in Braintree District...... 126 Figure 49: Braintree District Comparison of Directly Standardised Mortality Rate for All Circulatory Diseases for People under 75 1998 - 2008...... 129 Figure 50: Braintree District Comparison of Directly Standardised Mortality Rate for All Cancers for People under 75 across Essex 1998 – 2008...... 131 Figure 51: Teenage Conception Rate Trend Analysis ...... 134 Figure 52: Total Incapacity Benefit and SDA Claimants as a Percentage of Total Population...... 136 Figure 53: Comparison between Changing Trends Witnessed In Short Term Claimants...... 137 Figure 54: Comparison between Changing Trends Witnessed In Long Term Claimants...... 138 Figure 55: Proportion of People Very or Fairly Satisfied with Parks and Open Spaces in their Local Authority Area...... 141 Figure 56: Proportion of People Very or Fairly Satisfied with Sport and Leisure Facilities in their Local Authority Area...... 142 Figure 57: VAT and/or PAYE Based Local Units by Broad Industrial Group...... 163 Figure 58: New Business Registration Rate (NI171) in Braintree and Essex 2002 – 2008...... 166 Figure 59: New Business Registration Rate (NI171) across Essex 2008 ...... 167 Figure 60: Small Business Growth (NI172) within Braintree and Essex 2002 – 2008...... 168 Figure 61: Small Business Growth (NI172) across Essex...... 170

iv FIGURE LIST

Figure 62: Industrial and Commercial Floorspace Composition by Bulk Industrial Class in m2 April 2008...... 171 Figure 63: Rateable Values of Commercial and Industrial Floorspace per m2 April 2008...... 172 Figure 64: Job Density in Braintree, East of England and Great Britain 2000 – 2008...... 176 Figure 65: Job Density across Essex 2008...... 177 Figure 66: Proportion of Workers Present in SOC Major Group 1 – 3 January 2004 – December 2009 ...... 182 Figure 67: Proportion of Workers Present in SOC Major Group 4 – 5 January 2004 – December 2009 ...... 183 Figure 68: Proportion of Workers Present in SOC Major Group 6 – 7 January 2004 – December 2009 ...... 185 Figure 69: Proportion of Workers Present in SOC Major Group 8 – 9 January 2004 – December 2009 ...... 186 Figure 70: Proportion of Working Age Population in Employment across Essex January – December 2009...... 187 Figure 71: Economic Activity in Braintree, East of England and Great Britain January 2004 – December 2009...... 188 Figure 72: Economic Inactivity across Essex January – December 2009...... 190 Figure 73: Proportion of Working Age Population in Braintree, East of England and Great Britain who were Economically Inactive but Looking for a Job January 2004 – December 2009...... 191 Figure 74: Number of JSA Claimants in Braintree, East of England and Great Britain per Unfilled Jobcentre Vacancy January 06 – August 10 ...... 193 Figure 75: Comparison of Average Weekly Wages across Essex by Residence in 2009...... 194 Figure 76: Trend Analysis of Average Weekly Wage by Residence 2002 – 2009 ...... 195 Figure 77: Comparison of Wages Received by Residence in the East of England 2009...... 196 Figure 78: Comparison of Average Weekly Wages across Essex by Place of Work in 2009...... 197 Figure 79: Trend Analysis of Average Weekly Wage by Workplace 2002 – 2009 ...... 198 Figure 80: Comparison of Wages Received by Workplace in the East of England 2009...... 199 Figure 81: Housing Trajectory in Braintree District...... 209 Figure 82: Housing Completions by Land Type in Braintree District...... 210 Figure 83: Net Affordable Housing Completions in Braintree District...... 211 Figure 84: Mean Dwelling Prices Based on Land Registry Data (£) ...... 212 Figure 85: Dwelling Stock by Tenure ...... 213 Figure 86: Dwelling Stock by Council Tax Band, 2008 ...... 214 Figure 87: Total Number of Homeless Acceptances in Priority Need in Braintree District...... 215 Figure 88: Census of Car Ownership 2001...... 222 Figure 89: Season Variation in Cycle Flows within Essex 2008...... 225 Figure 90: Monthly Variation in Average 7 Day Cycle Flows across Essex 2008 ...... 225

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FIGURE LIST

Figure 91: Average Daily Cycle Flows at Monitoring Cordons in Essex (excluding Braintree) ...... 226 Figure 92: Daily Variation in Cycle Flows on the Braintree Cordon ...... 226 Figure 93: Accessibility of Primary Schools in Braintree District 2010 ...... 228 Figure 94: Accessibility of Secondary Schools in Braintree District 2010 ...... 229 Figure 95: Accessibility of Retail Centres in Braintree District 2010...... 230 Figure 96: Accessibility of GP Surgeries in Braintree District 2010...... 231 Figure 97: Accessibility of Employment Centres in Braintree District 2010...... 232 Figure 98: 2007 – 2008 Road Network Performance...... 235 Figure 99: Estimated Traffic Flows for All Motor Vehicles 1993 – 2008...... 237 Figure 100: Work Travel Flows within and Around Greater Essex 2001...... 239 Figure 101: Braintree Killed or Seriously Injured Casualties 1999 – 2009 ...... 241 Figure 102: Braintree Child Killed or Seriously Injured Casualties 1999 – 2009 ...... 242 Figure 103: Braintree Drink Drive Killed or Seriously Injured Casualties 1999 – 2009 ..243 Figure 104: Comparison of Killed or Seriously Injured Casualties within Greater Essex Quarter 1 and Quarter 2 of 2010...... 244

vi

TABLE LIST

TABLE LIST Table 1: Indigenous Flagship Species to Braintree District...... 7 Table 2: Definition of Sites of Specific Scientific Interest Categories...... 12 Table 3: Braintree District Sites of Specific Scientific Interest Location, Description and Condition based on Last Assessment...... 12 Table 4: Glacial Till Plateau Landscapes (B) ...... 25 Table 5: River Valley Landscapes (C) ...... 27 Table 6: Wooded Hill and Ridge Landscapes (D)...... 28 Table 7: Landscape Character Area Landscape Sensitivity Level to Development and Changes in Braintree District ...... 30 Table 8: The National Air Quality Objectives for the Protection of Human Health ...... 35 Table 9: Key Air Pollutants Identified by Air Pollution: Action in a Changing Climate March 2010...... 36 Table 10: AQMAs within Greater Essex 2010 ...... 37 Table 11: Bias Adjusted NO2 Diffusion Tube Monitoring Annual Mean Results in µg/m3 ...... 41 Table 12: Annual Mean Concentrations of Benzene (concentrations in μgm-3) ...... 42 Table 13: Total Energy Consumption in GWh within Essex 2007...... 47 Table 14: Consumption of Energy in GWh by Consuming Sector in Braintree 2005 – 2007...... 49

Table 15: CO2 Emissions in kt by Source of Emission in Braintree and Essex 2005 – 2008...... 50

Table 16: CO2 Emission Sources in ktCO2 Emitted and Proportion of Total Emissions in Essex 2008...... 51

Table 17: per Capita Emissions of CO2 in Tonnes by Emission Source in Braintree District and Essex 2005 – 2008 ...... 52

Table 18: NI186 - per Capita Emissions of CO2 in Tonnes within Essex 2008 ...... 53

Table 19: Per Capita Emissions of CO2 in Tonnes from Road Transport within Essex 2008 ...... 54

Table 20: Proportional Reduction of CO2 Emissions per Capita between 2005 and 2008...... 56 Table 21: Number of Code for Sustainable Homes Certificates Issued by Local Authority within Essex to Date (up to June 2010) ...... 57 Table 22: Proportion of Total Energy Consumption in Essex from Renewables 2007...... 58 Table 23: Installed Generating Capacity (MW) from Renewables by County December 2009 ...... 59 Table 24: Microgeneration Schemes Installed August 2006 – 2009...... 59 Table 25: On-shore Wind Projects Approved and Awaiting Construction (>50kW) in Essex 2009 ...... 60 Table 26: On-shore Wind Projects in Planning System within Essex (>50kW) 2009....60 Table 27: Biomass Using Technologies within Essex 2009...... 60 Table 28: Resource Availability Status ...... 68 Table 29: Environment Agency Objections to Major Applications (08/09) ...... 82

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TABLE LIST

Table 30: Environment Agency Objections to Planning Applications on Flood Risk Grounds...... 87 Table 31: Total Waste Arisings by Essex Districts and Boroughs 2008 – 2009 and 2009 – 2010...... 93 Table 32: Total District Waste Tonnage Sent to Landfill by Braintree District 2000 – 2010...... 94 Table 33: Proportion of District Waste which was Re-used/Recycled and Composted in Essex 2009 – 2010 ...... 95 Table 34: District Waste Collection per Dwelling in Essex 2009 – 2010...... 97 Table 35: Waste Collected from RCHW Sites per Dwelling in Essex 2009 – 2010...... 99 Table 36: Household Waste Landfilled in Braintree and Essex 2000 – 2010 ...... 102 Table 37: Household Waste Recycled in Braintree and Essex 2000 – 2010 ...... 104 Table 38: RCHW Waste Landfilled in Braintree and Essex 2000 – 2010 ...... 106 Table 39: RCHW Waste Recycled in Braintree and Essex 2000 – 2010 ...... 107 Table 40: Performance against National Indicators 191 and 192 ...... 109 Table 41: Total Number of Minerals and Waste Planning Applications Determined between 1st October 2009 and 30th September 2010 ...... 110 Table 42: Type of waste operations permitted in Essex 2008/09 ...... 111 Table 43: Minerals and Waste Applications in Braintree, 1st October 2009 to 30th September 2010 ...... 112 Table 44: Listed Building Composition for Braintree District ...... 119 Table 45: Number of buildings on the Historic Buildings at Risk Register across Essex in 2007, 2008 and 2009 ...... 121 Table 46: Buildings ‘At Risk’ by Priority, 2009 ...... 122 Table 47: Conservation Area and the Date of Designation and/or Last Amendment ...... 125 Table 48: Directly Standardised Mortality Rate for All Circulatory Diseases for People under 75 across Essex 1993 – 2008 ...... 129 Table 49: Directly Standardised Mortality Rate for All Cancers for People under 75 across Essex 1993 – 2008...... 130 Table 50: Life Expectancy in Braintree District, East of England and England ...... 132 Table 51: Teenage Conception Rates across Essex per 1,000 Females Aged 15 - 17...... 133 Table 52: Total Incapacity Benefit and SDA Claims August 2009 ...... 135 Table 53: Total Incapacity Benefit and SDA Claimants as a Percentage of Total Population...... 136 Table 54: Comparison between Changing Trends Witnessed In Short Term Claimants...... 137 Table 55: Comparison between Changing Trends Witnessed In Long Term Claimants...... 138 Table 56: Participation in Sport across Essex October 2007 – April 2010...... 140 Table 57: ONS Mid-Year Estimates 2001-2009...... 146 Table 58: ONS Mid-Year Estimates Population Structure 2001-2009 ...... 146 Table 59: ONS Revised 2006-Based Population Projections ...... 147 Table 60: ONS Revised 2006-Based Population Projections – Natural Change and Migration Summaries (all figures in thousands) ...... 148

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TABLE LIST

Table 61: Number Attending and Capacity of Schools in Braintree District ...... 149 Table 62: GCSE and Equivalent Results for Young People in Braintree – Referenced by Location of Educational Institution 2007/2008 - 2008/2009...... 150 Table 63: Offences in Braintree District ...... 152 Table 64: Essex Boroughs/Districts/Unitaries Ranking on IMD2007 Measures...... 153 Table 65: Character of Deprivation...... 154 Table 66: Deprivation Character by Sub-Domain ...... 156 Table 67: Count of VAT Based Enterprises in Braintree 2005 – 2007...... 161 Table 68: Count of VAT and PAYE Based Local Units in Braintree 2008 – 2009...... 161 Table 69: VAT and/or PAYE Based Local Units by Broad Industrial Group...... 162 Table 70: VAT and/or PAYE Based Local Units by Broad Industrial Group and Location (Urban) ...... 163 Table 71: VAT and/or PAYE Based Local Units by Broad Industrial Group and Location (Rural) ...... 164 Table 72: New Business Registration Rate (NI171) in Braintree and Essex 2002 – 2008...... 165 Table 73: New Business Registration Rate (NI171) across Essex 2008 ...... 166 Table 74: Small Business Growth (NI172) within Braintree and Essex 2002 – 2008...... 168 Table 75: Small Business Growth (NI172) across Essex 2007 - 2008...... 169 Table 76: Industrial and Commercial Floorspace Composition by Bulk Industrial Class in m2 (thousands) April 2008...... 170 Table 77: Rateable Values of Commercial and Industrial Floorspace per m2 April 2008...... 171 Table 78: Vacant Employment Sites within Braintree District by Ward 2010 ...... 173 Table 79: Job Density in Braintree, East of England and Great Britain 2000 – 2008...... 175 Table 80: Job Density across Essex 2008...... 176 Table 81: Employment by Industry Class within Braintree, East of England and England 2008...... 178 Table 82: Employment by Industry Class 2008 ...... 179 Table 83: Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) Table ...... 181 Table 84: Employment by Occupation January – December 2009...... 181 Table 85: Proportion of Workers Present in SOC Major Group 1 – 3 January 2004 – December 2009 ...... 182 Table 86: Proportion of Workers Present in SOC Major Group 4 – 5 January 2004 – December 2009 ...... 183 Table 87: Proportion of Workers Present in SOC Major Group 6 – 7 January 2004 – December 2009 ...... 184 Table 88: Proportion of Workers Present in SOC Major Group 8 – 9 January 2004 – December 2009 ...... 185 Table 89: Economic Activity across Essex January – December 2009 ...... 186 Table 90: Economic Activity in Braintree, East of England and Great Britain January 2004 – December 2009...... 188 Table 91: Economic Inactivity across Essex January – December 2009...... 189

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TABLE LIST

Table 92: Proportion of Working Age Population in Braintree, East of England and Great Britain who were Economically Inactive but Looking for a Job January 2004 – December 2009...... 190 Table 93: Unfilled Jobcentre Plus Vacancies per 10k Working Age Population August 2010...... 192 Table 94: Number of JSA Claimants per Unfilled Jobcentre Vacancy January 06 – August 10...... 192 Table 95: Comparison of Average Weekly Wages across Essex by Residence in 2009...... 194 Table 96: Trend Analysis of Average Weekly Wage by Residence 2002 – 2009 ...... 195 Table 97: Comparison of Average Weekly Wages across Essex by Place of Work in 2009...... 197 Table 98: Trend Analysis of Average Weekly Wage by Workplace 2002 – 2009 ...... 198 Table 99: Implemented Retail (A1 – A2) Completions in Braintree District by Ward April 2009 – March 2010 in m2...... 200 Table 100: Outstanding Retail (A1 – A2) Completions in Braintree District by Ward April 2009 – March 2010 in m2...... 200 Table 101: Implemented Office (B1) Completions in Braintree District by Ward April 2009 – March 2010 in m2...... 201 Table 102: Outstanding Office (B1) Completions in Braintree District by Ward April 2009 – March 2010 in m2...... 201 Table 103: Implemented General Industry (B1-B8) Completions in Braintree District by Ward April 2009 – March 2010 in m2 ...... 202 Table 104: Outstanding General Industry (B1-B8) Completions by Ward in Braintree District by Ward April 2009 – March 2010 in m2 ...... 203 Table 105: Outstanding Leisure Facilities (D2) Completions in Braintree District by Ward April 2009 – March 2010 in m2 ...... 204 Table 106: Housing Completions in Braintree District...... 208 Table 107: Mean Dwelling Prices Based on Land Registry Data (£) ...... 211 Table 108: Property Sales Based on Land Registry Data...... 212 Table 109: Dwelling Stock by Council Tax Band, 2008 ...... 214 Table 110: Ethnicity of Homeless Acceptances in Priority Need during 2009/2010...... 216 Table 111: Count of Gypsy and Traveller Caravans in Braintree...... 216 Table 112: Gypsy and Travellers sites provided by Local Authorities and Registered Social Landlords January 2010 ...... 217 Table 113: Private Car / Van Ownership within Essex County 2001 ...... 221 Table 114: Census of Car Ownership in Braintree 2001...... 222 Table 115: Number of Passenger Journeys Made Annually on All Local Buses (LTP 16) 2006 - 2009...... 223 Table 116: Number of Passenger Journeys on Selected Journeys (LTP 17) and Number of Passenger Journeys by Community Transport (LTP 11) in Essex 2007 - 2009...... 223 Table 117: Satisfaction with Public Transport Provision and Provision of Information in Essex 2006 - 2009 ...... 224 Table 118: Bus Service Punctuality in Essex 2006 – 2009...... 224 Table 119: Access to Services in Essex, Southend-on-Sea and , 2010 ...... 226

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TABLE LIST

Table 120: Proportion of Braintree Residents with Access to Services within 15 minutes and 30 minutes October 2010 ...... 233 Table 121: Percentage of Schools with Adopted Travel Plans 2006 - 2009 ...... 233 Table 122: Links with AADT to CRF Ratios Exceeding 1 in Essex 2007 - 2008...... 236 Table 123: Links with AADT to CRF Ratios Above 1 in 2007 but Below 1 in 2008...... 236 Table 124: Travel to Work Flows for Braintree District 2001...... 238 Table 125: Travel to Work Methods for the Residential Population of Braintree District 2001...... 240 Table 126: Braintree Killed or Seriously Injured Casualties per 100,000 Population 2002-2009...... 241 Table 127: Braintree Child Killed or Seriously Injured Casualties per 100,000 Population 2002-2009...... 242 Table 128: Braintree Drink Drive Killed or Seriously Injured Casualties per 100,000 Population 2002-2009...... 243

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TABLE LIST

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xii INTRODUCTION

1 INTRODUCTION

‘A core strategy must have clear arrangements for monitoring and reporting results to the public and civic leaders. Without these it would be possible for the strategy to start to fail but the authority and indeed the public would be none the wiser.’ (PPS12, 2008) Local authorities are required to identify within Development Plan Documents the key targets and indicators against which the effectiveness of the strategy, policies and proposals can be measured. The local authority is then responsible for maintaining an up- to-date information base which monitors these indicators.

The production of a sound evidence base is not just the requirement of PPS12, but also as part of Sustainability Appraisal (SA) and the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of plans and programmes. The requirement for SA and SEA emanates from a high level national and international commitment to sustainable development.

The European Directive 2001/42/EC “on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment” (the ‘SEA Directive’) was adopted in June 2001 with a view to increase the level of protection for the environment, integrate environmental considerations into the preparation and adoption of plans and programmes and to promote sustainable development. The Directive was transposed into English legislation by the Environmental Assessment of Plans and Programmes Regulations 2004 (the ‘SEA Regulation’), which came into force on 21 July 2004. It requires a Strategic Environmental Assessment to be carried out for all plans and programmes which are:

‘subject to preparation and/or adoption by an authority at national, regional or local level or which are prepared by an authority for adoption, through a legislative procedure by Parliament or Government, and required by legislative, regulatory or administrative provisions’. The aim of the SEA is to identify potentially significant environmental effects created as a result of the implementation of the plan or programme on issues such as biodiversity, population, human health, fauna, flora, soil, water, air, climatic factors, material assets, cultural heritage including architectural and archaeological heritage, landscape and the interrelationship between these factors.

Sustainability Appraisals examine the effects of proposed plans and programmes in a wider context, taking into account economic and social considerations together with environmental considerations required by the SEA Directive in order to promote sustainable development. SA is mandatory for all Development Plan Documents and Regional Spatial Strategies in accordance with the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 as amended by the Planning Act 2008.

The County Council has entered into a Service Level Agreement with several local authorities in Essex to collect and maintain the baseline information to meet the requirements of the SEA Directive and to provide an up-to-date information base on key aspects of the social, economic and environmental characteristics of their area. This report provides the baseline information profile of Braintree District which covers key aspects of the social, economic and environmental characteristics of the area and fulfils the requirements of the SEA Directive. It has been prepared for Braintree District Council by Essex County Council.

1

INTRODUCTION

The information is collected in a series of three reports, of which this report is the second one. The first is the Non-Technical Summary which draws together the conclusions from the more detailed baseline monitoring report. The summary is intended to give an overview of the baseline report, which can be then looked at in detail for specific information on specific topics.

The second document is the Baseline Information Profile which is organised into topic areas that are covered by the SEA Directive. The topic areas have been divided into two parts, as shown below.

Part I of the report deals with the Natural Environment, and includes the topics of:

• Biodiversity, flora and fauna • Landscape • Air Quality • Climatic Factors • Water Quality • Flooding • Soils, Minerals and Waste Part II of the report deals with the Built Environment, and the following topics:

• Cultural Heritage and Townscape • Health • Population and Social • Economy • Housing • Transport Each topic is presented in its own Chapter, with each chapter divided into 3 sections,

• Introduction • Current Baseline Information, with sub-sections defined by the subject matter, including contextual and comparative information for broader geographic areas as appropriate and where possible • Summary The last document is the Plans and Programmes Annexe which sets out the policy context for each of the topics and subjects presented in the baseline information profile. It sets out a comprehensive list of International, National, Regional, Countywide and Local contextual information.

This report has been compiled using an extensive set of information from a variety of sources. Each source is shown alongside the information it presents, together with a hyperlink where the information originates from a web-site where included. The information was correct as of the 30th September 2010. Changes in the source information after that date may affect the continued accuracy of information contained in this report. Essex County Council takes no responsibility for the accuracy, reliability and correctness of any information produced by external sources which are outside of the control of the County Council.

2 INTRODUCTION

2 LOCAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK PROGRESS

Braintree District has not yet adopted a Core Strategy, a Site Specific Allocations Development Plan Document (DPD) or a Development Control Policies DPD. The latter two plans will be prepared following the submission of the Core Strategy which is currently scheduled for 2011.

The Braintree District Core Strategy DPD is currently at its Submission Draft Stage, which was published for public consultation in May 2010. Following consideration to the representations made on the Submission Draft Core Strategy, the Council’s LDF panel approved a number of focused changes in September 2010. These changes were set out in an Addendum to the Submission Draft Core Strategy which at the time of writing is currently out on further public consultation. The progress on the Local Development Framework can be viewed at: http://www.braintree.gov.uk/Braintree/planning/Planning+Policy/Braintree+District+Local+ Development+Framework.htm

In the absence of an adopted Core Strategy, to which all other documents in the LDF must adhere to, the baseline information has been produced to cover a broad range of indicators and economic, environmental and social issues. This should incorporate many of the indicators identified in the monitoring and implementation section of the Core Strategy once it is adopted and allow the effectiveness of the Plan to be measured soon after it is implemented.

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INTRODUCTION

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4 PART ONE

PART ONE: Natural Environment

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PART ONE

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6 BIODIVERSITY, FLORA & FAUNA

3 BIODIVERSITY, FLORA AND FAUNA

3.1 Introduction The term biodiversity simply describes the variety of all living things and their habitats. This can be general, to cover the diversity of plant and animal species (and their genetic variation) globally, or more detailed to cover single ecosystems. Biodiversity is important because it provides us with many of the things that sustain our lives. It is essential that biodiversity and the ‘natural balance’ of ecosystems are protected because it is necessary to maintain the current quality of life and standard of living.

In the UK, over 100 species have been lost during the last century as a result of human activity. On a global scale, the rate of loss is now recognised as a serious concern requiring intensive international action to prevent continued loss of biodiversity.

3.2 Baseline Information This chapter provides information on the habitats and species that are characteristic of the District as well as the locations and extent of designations where many of them are found. The designations discussed in this chapter include both nationally and locally important sites.

A. Indigenous Flagship Species The Essex Biodiversity Action Plan (EBAP) contains action plans to protect 25 species and 10 habitats across Essex. These species and habitats are either confined to, or characteristic of the county, or they are in decline on a larger scale. The table below illustrates the species and habitats native within the administrative boundary of Braintree District.

All species receive extra protection if they are within a designated area, such as a Site of Specific Scientific Interest (SSSI). Details of designations within the District are set out elsewhere in this report.

Table 1: Indigenous Flagship Species to Braintree District

Brown Hare Grey Partridge Dormouse Birds Skylark Mammals European Otter Song Thrush Pipistrelle Bats Ancient Woodland Water Vole Cereal Field Margin Other Vertebrates Great Crested Newt Heathland Shining Ramshorn Snail Old orchards Habitats Invertebrates Stag Beetle Urban areas White Clawed Crayfish Native Black Poplar Plants Ancient and/or species rich Oxlip hedgerows and green lanes

Source: Essex Biodiversity Action Plan (EBAP)

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BIODIVERSITY, FLORA & FAUNA

B. Bird Populations The bird population can often be a useful indicator of the biodiversity in different areas such as woodland and farmland. They are easier to locate and identify than more illusive species and from their distribution, other species numbers and types (on which the birds are dependant) can be approximated.

The figure below shows the change in woodland and farmland bird species across all regions in England:

Figure 1: Percentage Changes in Wild Bird Indicators by Region 1994 – 2008

England

South West

South East

East of England

Farmland Birds West Midlands Woodland Birds East Midlands

Yorkshire & the Humber

North West

North East

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50

Source: Defra Wild Bird Population Indicators for the English Regions: 1994 – 2008, April 2010

Between 1994 and 2008, the population indices of farmland birds across England generally declined. Only the North West showed a positive population change. Five regions, including the East of England, reported a decline of 10% or more.

The woodland bird population also experienced an overall decline in population with percentage change losses reported in the South West and South East. Woodland bird population for the East of England region reported a positive percentage change between 1994 and 2008.

8 BIODIVERSITY, FLORA & FAUNA

Figure 2: East of England Wild Bird Indices 1994 - 2008

Source: Defra Wild Bird Population Indicators for the English Regions: 1994 – 2008, April 2010

Between 1994 and 2007, the East of England population index for all native bird species increased by 5%. In England there was a 3% increase in the all native bird population indicator during this period. In the East of England farmland birds decreased by 10% while woodland birds increased by 1%.

C. Land Designations There are no Ramsar sites, Special Protection Areas (SPAs) Special Areas of Conservation (SACs), or candidate Special Areas of Conservation (cSACs) in Braintree District.

However the , which flows through the District, empties into the River Blackwater in . This saline tidal wetland is Phase 4 within the Mid Essex Coastal Ramsar Site. It is an extensive area, covering approximately 4,404 hectares. Any additional river flows, or sewerage outputs into the River Blackwater may prove to have an impact on this Wetland of Importance, and as such any proposals should be subject to necessary Appropriate Assessment.

Ramsar sites (often incorporating) SPAs and SACs are European designated sites, as part of the Natura 2000 network. The Habitat Directive protects these sites and requires appropriate measures to reduce potential adverse impacts arising from development proposals. Although there are no European designated sites within the District, such sites are located off the Essex coast, which could be affected by water and airborne impacts. More distant areas could also be affected by long distance water transfer. i) Sites of Specific Scientific Interest Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) are designated areas of land which are considered to be of special interest due to their fauna, flora, geological and/or physiographical features. There are over 4,000 SSSIs in England, covering around 7% of

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BIODIVERSITY, FLORA & FAUNA

the country's land area and they are important because they support plants and animals that would have difficulty surviving in the wider countryside.

There are 4 SSSIs in Braintree District at:

• Belcher's and Broadfield Woods • • • The locations of these are shown in the following figure.

10 BIODIVERSITY, FLORA & FAUNA

Figure 3: Location of Sites of Specific Scientific Interest within Braintree District

Source: Essex County Council, 2010

The conditions of SSSIs are monitored by Public Service Agreement (PSA) targets in which the SSSIs are put in to one of five categories, ranging from favourable to destroyed. A SSSI is deemed to be meeting the PSA target by Natural England, if 95% of the total

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BIODIVERSITY, FLORA & FAUNA

area is classed as “Favourable” or “Unfavourable Recovering”. The current PSA targets finish in 2010.

Table 2: Definition of Sites of Specific Scientific Interest Categories

Category Definition Favourable The SSSI is being adequately conserved and meeting conservation objectives, however there is scope for enhancement. Unfavourable The SSSI is not yet fully conserved but all the necessary management measures are Recovering in place. Provided that the recovery work is sustained, the SSSI will reach a favourable condition in time. Unfavourable The special interest of the SSSI is not being conserved and will not reach favourable No Change condition unless there are changes to the site management or external pressures. The longer the SSSI remains in this condition, the more difficult it will be to achieve recovery. Unfavourable The special interest of the SSSI is not being conserved. The site condition is becoming Declining progressively worse. Part There has been lasting damage to part of the conservation interest of the SSSI such Destroyed that it has been irreversibly lost. Destroyed Lasting damage has occurred to all the special conservation interest of the SSSI that it has been lost. This land will never recover.

Source: Natural England, 2008

Table 3: Braintree District Sites of Specific Scientific Interest Location, Description and Condition based on Last Assessment

Belcher's and Broadfield Woods Location: Earls Colne Size: 14.40ha Habitat Type Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland - PSA Target Currently Meeting lowland Description Ancient (often overgrown) coppice-with-standards woods on chalky boulder clay plateau & Reasons containing Wet Ash-Maple, Pedunculate , Hornbeam, , Field Maple, Acid For Ash and Lime. Notification There is varied ground flora (dominated by Bramble) with some species uncommon or decreasing in Essex (such as Wood Small-reed, Narrow Buckler Fern, Bird's-nest Orchid, Orpine and Thin-spiked Wood-sedge). There are two small shallow ponds near the western boundary. Condition Unfavourable recovering Most recent Monitoring by Conservation Manager of assessed the site as being Assessment favourable maintained. Natural England considers that the site is not yet favourable due (25 Sep 1997) to previous deer damage and the presence of invasive species etc, the condition has therefore been assessed as unfavourable recovering. Bovingdon Hall Woods Location: North of Braintree Size: 69.40ha Habitat Type: Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland - PSA Target Not Currently Meeting lowland Description These comprise 8 adjacent woods, predominately ancient coppice-with-standards & Reasons woodland on a plateau of chalky boulder clay overlying London clay. This site is the For largest existing example of Small Leaved Lime woodland in Essex, supporting Acid Notification Pedunculate Oak, Ash, Wild Service Tree and Alder woodland types. There is also the only known example in Essex of the Sessile Oak-lime type. Plateau Alder woodland is

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also of conservation interest as it is uncommon in Essex. The ground flora comprises mainly Bramble but important species include Primrose, Wood Anemone, Opposite-leaved Golden Saxifrage and Early Purple Orchid. These woods are part of an 810ha Countryside Commission Demonstration Farm. The medieval woods have much additional historic interest; for example, Maid’s Wood contains a disused Roman Road, and the pond in Pegtantram’s Wood is thought to be a Lodge of a former medieval park. Condition Unit Number 5 - Unfavourable declining Most recent No improvement since last visit due to deer grazing and browsing. Assessment Unit Numbers 6 to 9 – Favourable 22 Mar 2005 Deer numbers and damage seem to be increasing, but management is reducing the frequency of non-native trees. (Unit Number 6) Rather too much birch coming into some coppice compartments, but declining in others where it was very dense as other species grow up. Chalkney Wood Location Earls Colne Size 73.72ha Habitat Type Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland - PSA Target Currently Meeting lowland Description The woods lie on a spur of land overlooking the Colne Valley. The soils are mainly acid & Reasons silts and sands, but they overlie Chalk Boulder Clay. The site is part-owned and For managed by Essex County Council as ‘Access Woodland’ for quiet public recreation; Notification the remainder is owned by the Forestry Commission. Ancient woodland contains coppice and standards of Acid Silver Birch, Ash, Lime, Acid Pedunculate Oak, Small Leaved Lime, Base-rich Spring-line Alder, Sweet , and Hornbeam. The Lime represents the best examples in Essex. The standard trees are Oak, Small Leaved Lime, Ash, Birch, Sweet Chestnut and a few Hornbeams. The northern section was coniferised in the past, but now is in the process of being restored to broadleaved stands. The ground flora is dominated by Bramble, but also contains Wood Anemone, Dog's Mercury, Bluebell, Violet Helleborine and Narrow Buckler Fern. There are over twenty ponds or dells in the wood that are apparently natural. Condition Unit Number 1- Favourable Most recent Currently under good management which includes coppice rotation. An increase in light Assessment levels would benefit diversity of ground flora, sapling regeneration and opportunities for 21 Nov 2006 standards to become more established. Coppice stools and sapling regeneration would benefit from protection from browsing damage. Unit Number 2 – Unfavourable Recovering Currently still unfavourable due to presence of non-natives in particular conifer plantation areas. This is being addressed by program of management by the Forestry Commission. Glemsford Pits Location n/a Size: 37.50ha Habitat Type Standing open water and canals PSA Target Not currently meeting Description This SSSI comprises a series of water-filled disused gravel workings and a length of the & Reasons River Stour on the Essex/ border. The site supports a variety of aquatic For vegetation, including Yellow Water-lily, Mare's-tail, Bulrush and Unbranched Bur-reed. Notification The surrounding area supports a mixed vegetation of tall herbs and fen, acidic grassland, scrub and woodland. These communities provide important food source for an exceptional collection of dragonflies and damselflies, of which thirteen species have been recorded, including one rare species. Condition Unit 1 & 2 - Unfavourable no change Most recent Diffuse pollution and siltation from agriculture upstream of the site received to site via flooding of the River Stour. This is due to siltation from the flooding of the River Stour 13

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Assessment Water pollution - agriculture/run off Unit 1 & 2 Unit 3 - Unfavourable recovering 28 Sep 2001 Scrub and tree clearance work ongoing to increase open habitat of site. Unit 2 27 Jun 2002

Source: Adapted from Natural England, August 2010

Figure 4 identifies the proportion of each SSSI in each of the condition classifications. The sites in a mostly ‘favourable’ or ‘unfavourable recovering’ state are meeting the PSA target.

Figure 4: Condition of Sites of Specific Scientific Interest in Braintree District based on Last Assessment

100% 90% 80% 70% Meeting PSA target 60% Favourable Unfavourable recovering 50% Unfavourable no change % Area 40% Unfavourable declining 30% Destroyed / part destroyed 20% 10% 0% Belcher's & Bovingdon Chalkney Glemsford Broadfield Hall Woods Wood Pits Woods SSSI

Source: Adapted from Natural England Data, August 2010

Belcher’s and Broadfield Woods, and Chalkney Wood are currently complying with the PSA target of 95% of all nationally important wildlife sites to be brought into a favourable condition by 2010. Bovingdon Hall Woods SSSI currently has 93.3% of its area in a suitable condition but misses the target by 1.3% because 6.7% of the site area is in an unfavourable and declining condition. The condition of Glemsford Pits SSSI is significantly below the PSA target with nearly 80% of the area being in an unfavourable condition.

ii) National Nature Reserves (NNRs) There are 7 NNRs located in Essex; none of these are in Braintree District.

iii) Local Nature Reserves (LNRs) These habitats of local significance contribute to nature conservation; provide opportunities for the public to learn about and enjoy wildlife; comprise a substantial part of

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the District’s identified wildlife habitats and also significantly contribute to the District's biodiversity resource.

Braintree District Council have declared a total of 6 LNRs within the District at:

• • Brickfields / Long Meadow, Earls Colne • , • Gosfield Sandpits • , Great Notley • Whet Mead, Part of the Railway Walks LNR which is divided into four parts (Rodbridge picnic site; Valley Walk; Lavenham Walk; Melford Walk) crosses over into Braintree District but the designation is predominantly within Suffolk and has been declared by Suffolk County Council. There are two further LNRs in Suffolk which are in close proximity to the District boundary, Haverhill Railway Walks LNR to the north and Sudbury Common Lands LNR to the north east.

Brickfields (3.86ha) is managed by the Brickfield and Long Meadow Trust community group. It is predominantly grassland and as such used as permanent pasture, and periodically inundated by flood water. There is some secondary woodland, an unusually high number of ant hills, and a total of approximately 75 plant species (Plant Survey. Essex Naturalist’s Trust, 1985/86), including Yarrow, Cuckoo flower, Knapweed, Pignut and Red fescue. A total of 15 butterfly species have been identified, including the Red Admiral, the Essex Skipper, Meadow Brown and the Gatekeeper.

Brockwell Meadows (4.44ha) is a rural LNR and composed of former floodplain meadows. Some areas are being managed to improve their wildlife value. A typical range of grassland plants can be found, with Meadowsweet, Greater Pond Sedge, Angelica and Purple Loosestrife.

Whet Mead (10.16ha) is classified as a rural LNR and comprised of grassland, scrub and lagoons providing a variety of habitats. The grassland is to be developed and managed as a wild flower meadow, which grades into scrub. The lagoons are mostly covered by Reedmace with Rushes, Greater and Lesser Pond Sedge, Reed Canarty-grass and Reed Sweet-grass.

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Figure 5: Location of Local Nature Reserves in Braintree District

Source: Essex County Council, 2010

iv) Local Wildlife Sites (LoWS) Local Wildlife Sites, previously known as Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation (SINCs) and County Wildlife Sites (CWSs) are areas of land with significant wildlife value.

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Together with statutory protected areas, LoWS represent the minimum habitat we need to protect in order to maintain the current levels of wildlife in Essex.

There are 251 LoWSs scattered throughout Braintree District, with many concentrated in the centre of the District. Some of the LoWSs correspond with woodland and river valleys in this area and comprise of a total of 165 woodland habitats, 58 grassland, 25 mosaic, and 3 freshwater sites.

The largest LoWS in the District is the Edgars farm complex, which is split into 2 units of grassland; Edgars Farm East (173.28ha) and Edgars Farm Meadow (73.00ha). Other significant LoWSs include , a 6.75ha site of woodland comprising both Sessile and Pedunculate Oak and Small-Leaved Lime coppice. Other tree species present include Ash, Hornbeam and Birch. The woodland floor and rides display a very rich flora, including Early Purple Orchid, Greater Wood-Rush, Great Butterfly Orchid and Ragged Robin.

Moyns Park (0.71ha), is a LoWS of partially improved grassland and is important due to a varied mix of grasses, such as Sweet Vernal Grass, Crested Dog's-tail, Yellow Oat-grass and Meadow Barley. Throughout the park there are many Cowslips. The scattered tree cover adds to both the wildlife interest and landscape appeal of this site.

The extent and location of LoWSs in Braintree District follows in the next figure:

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Figure 6: Location of Local Wildlife Sites in Braintree District

Source: Essex County Council, 2008

3.3 Biodiversity, Flora and Fauna Summary • Within Braintree District, the Essex Biodiversity Action Plan lists: - 2 Plant Species - 5 Mammal Species - 3 Bird Species - 3 Invertebrate Species - 1 Other Vertebrate Species and 18 BIODIVERSITY, FLORA & FAUNA

- 6 Habitats • Between 1994 and 2008, the East of England population index for all native bird species increased by 5%. Farmland birds decreased by 10% while woodland birds increased by 1%. • There are no Ramsars, SPAs, SACs or NNRs within Braintree District, but long distance impacts should be considered for Appropriate Assessment in the Habitats Directive. • There are 4 SSSIs within Braintree District. Belcher’s and Broadfield Woods, and Chalkney Wood are currently complying with the PSA target of 95% of all nationally important wildlife sites to be brought into a favourable condition by 2010. • Bovingdon Hall Woods and Glemsford Pits are not complying with the PSA target. The condition of Glemsford Pits SSSI is significantly below the PSA target with nearly 80% of the area being in an unfavourable condition. Bovingdon Hall Woods SSSI currently has 93.3% of its area in a suitable condition but misses the target by 1.3% because 6.7% of the site area is in an unfavourable and declining condition. • Braintree District has 6 LNRs within its boundary; Bocking Blackwater, Brickfield and Long Meadow, Brockwell Meadows, Cuckoo Wood, Gosfield Sandpits and Whet Mead. • Braintree District contains 251 LoWSs.

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4 LANDSCAPE

4.1 Introduction Natural processes and human use (especially since the Industrial Revolution) have shaped the Essex landscape into its present form. The result is a combination of physical components such as landforms; visible spatial components such as, scale and patterns.

It is the particular combination of these aspects which determines an area’s distinctive character, which can then be classified into wider character areas, or remain as distinct unique areas (as described in the Essex Landscape Character Assessment, 2003).

4.2 Baseline Information This chapter provides information on the different designations that seek to preserve existing landscape features within the District. These features range from a single lane to a large distinct character area such as a river valley. The spatial extent of each designation is illustrated and the sensitivities to the Landscape Character Areas are also discussed.

A. Designated Areas Within the Essex landscape there are many areas of special interest which have been designated and protected from inappropriate development. The main areas of importance are:

• Special Landscape Areas (SLA) • Landscape Character Areas (LCA) • Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs) • Ancient Woodlands • Historic Parks and Gardens • Protected Lanes There are no AONBs in Braintree District.

B. Special Landscape Areas (SLAs) SLAs are non statutory designations which are defined as areas of distinctive scenic attraction and of great landscape value resulting from a combination of features such as vegetation cover and landform. They are currently protected through the ‘saved’ Local Plan Review Policy RLP79. Once the Core Strategy has been adopted this policy will no longer exist and the SLA designation will be replaced by Landscape Character Areas which already form part of the LDF evidence base.

Special Landscape Areas (SLAs) located within the District have been identified on the Proposal Maps of the Braintree District Local Plan Review 2005. These have been implemented to protect the visual quality of important areas. The major SLA is ‘North Essex’, which incorporates much of the District. However there are some smaller SLAs covering:

• the Stour Valley; • the Pant Valley, • the Colne Valley; • the Upper Blackwater;

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• the Chelmer and Blackwater Ridges; and •

Figure 7: Location of Special Landscape Areas in Braintree District

Source: Essex County Council 2009

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C. Landscape Character Areas (LCAs) There has been a number of landscape character assessments carried out in Essex. The Essex Landscape Character Assessment (2003) establishes a ‘baseline’ of the existing landscape character for the whole of the Essex and identifies 35 different ‘Landscape Character Areas’. Each area has a recognisable pattern of landscape characteristics, both physical and experiential, which combine to create a distinct sense of place. There are 8 Landscape Character Areas in Braintree District as shown in Figure 8.

A more detailed landscape character assessment was carried out in 2006 for 5 districts and boroughs in Essex including Braintree. The Braintree, Brentwood, , Maldon and Landscape Character Assessment (2006), divides the District’s 8 Landscape Character Areas into a further 22 smaller local Landscape Character Areas. Detailed information of each is provided within Table 4, Table 5 and Table 6.

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Figure 8: Location of Landscape Character Areas in Braintree District

Source: Essex County Council, 2010

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Table 4: Glacial Till Plateau Landscapes (B)

Central Essex Farmlands (B1) Lindsell and Bardfield Farmland Plateau (B11) KEY ACTIONS: CONSERVE & ENHANCE Summary of Character Arable farmland consisting of irregular fields which are bounded by thick but patchy hedgerows or grassy banks and ditches with many small woods and copses scattered throughout. There are small isolated hamlets and farmsteads lining routes through the area and a network of narrow lanes connecting to larger villages and towns. It is in a tranquil setting due to distance from major road corridors and Stansted Airport. Rayne Farmland Plateau (B13) KEY ACTIONS: CONSERVE & ENHANCE Summary of Character Irregular field pattern for arable farming, with many small woods and copses and a scattered settlement pattern comprising of a few small villages and a concentration of isolated farmsteads.

Felsted Farmland Plateau (B16) KEY ACTIONS: CONSERVE & ENHANCE Summary of Character Gently undulating arable farmland separated by narrow, winding lanes and many small woods and copses. Terling Farmland Plateau (B17) KEY ACTIONS: CONSERVE & ENHANCE Summary of Character There is an irregular pattern of medium to large scale arable fields. There is a scattered settlement pattern with frequent small villages often with greens and ponds, on narrow winding lanes. It is tranquil away from the A12 and A131. Silver End Farmland Plateau (B18) KEY ACTIONS: CONSERVE & ENHANCE Summary of Character Arable farmland, with irregular fields marked by sinuous hedgerows. There are many small woods and copses and a scattered settlement pattern, with frequent small villages on narrow winding lanes. Boreham Farmland Plateau (B21) KEY ACTIONS: CONSERVE & ENHANCE Summary of Character Irregular field pattern of arable and pastoral fields interspersed with small woods and copses. There is a scattered settlement pattern with frequent small villages and isolated farmsteads on the narrow winding lanes. 25 North Essex Farmland (B2) LANDSCAPE LANDSCAPE Bumpstead Farmland Plateau (B3) KEY ACTIONS: CONSERVE & ENHANCE Summary of Character Medium to large scale arable fields bounded by hedges, trees and ditches, on the rolling hills and deep narrow valleys. 25

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There are narrow rural lanes lined with small villages containing historic buildings. Blackwater and Stour Farmlands (B3) Hempstead Farmland Plateau (B2) KEY ACTIONS: CONSERVE & ENHANCE Summary of Character Mainly arable farmland and hills surrounding steep valleys. The settlements are located in the valleys with a strong sense of tranquillity, resulting from a historic and scattered or dispersed settlement pattern. Belchamp Farmland Plateau (B4) KEY ACTIONS: CONSERVE & ENHANCE Summary of Character A gently undulating plateau, with very open, large arable fields interspersed by a few scattered trees, copses and fragmented field boundaries. There is a small, fairly isolated settlement pattern with many historic buildings. Yeldham Farmland Plateau (B5) KEY ACTIONS: CONSERVE & ENHANCE Summary of Character Mainly agricultural fields with generally fragmented field boundaries which are interspersed by villages and farmsteads. There are a number of distinct local buildings within small settlements. Wickham Farmland Plateau (B6) KEY ACTIONS: CONSERVE & ENHANCE Summary of Character There are rolling hills and valleys, with infrequent clusters of deciduous and coniferous woodland on mainly arable farmland. There are dispersed small historic villages consisting of church/hall complexes, isolated manors and farms, moated sites and two historic Halls. Farmland views give rise to a sense of tranquillity. Farmland Plateau (B9) KEY ACTIONS: CONSERVE & ENHANCE Summary of Character Gently undulating and principally arable land. Grass verges, ditches and narrow country lanes dissect the fields. Tranquillity is interrupted by a large number of pylons. The historic settlement pattern is characterised by isolated farms, moated sites and small villages strung out along linear greens and historic cores (centred around churches) within villages such as Finchingfield and . Gosfield Wooded Farmlands (B4) Gosfield Wooded Farmland (F1) KEY ACTIONS: CONSERVE & ENHANCE Summary of Character Gently undulating landform covered with large and small woods (including ancient woodland) and arable fields bounded by thick hedgerows with mature hedgerow trees. There are many small farmsteads and occasional villages which give rise to the open character. High Garrett/Markshall Wooded Farmland (F2) KEY ACTIONS: CONSERVE &

ENHANCE Summary of Character Gently undulating with large and small woods, including ancient lime woods. There are regular arable fields, with a varied feeling of enclosure, depending on density of woodlands. There are many small farmsteads, occasional villages and several halls and estates. Totham Wooded Farmland (F3) KEY ACTIONS: CONSERVE & ENHANCE Summary of Character Wooded ridges and hillsides to the east of the River Blackwater. The area is mainly agricultural fields enclosed by woodland patches or hedgerows. There are some thickly enclosed field boundaries, while others are more open.

Table 5: River Valley Landscapes (C)

Blackwater and Brain Valley (C6) Pant River Valley (A5) KEY ACTIONS: CONSERVE &

ENHANCE Summary of Shallow and narrow valley with mainly arable farmland with well hedged medium to large fields on the undulating valley slopes. Character There are some poplar and plantations adjacent to the river. Blackwater River Valley (A9) KEY ACTIONS: CONSERVE & ENHANCE Summary of Shallow valley with valley sides sloping gently up from the valley floor on which there is mainly arable farmland. There are many Character tranquil areas away from the larger settlements, the A120, A12 and the railway line. The narrow valley floor is a mix of arable and pastoral land, which widens out near the confluence with the River Chelmer. Brain River Valley (A10) KEY ACTIONS: CONSERVE & ENHANCE Summary of It is a shallow and narrow river valley with undulating valley sides of pastoral fields. The settlements are highly visible on Character elevated points of the valley sides. There is a dispersed historic settlement pattern, comprising isolated manors, church hall complexes, farms, moated sites and small villages. Pods Brook River Valley (A12) KEY ACTIONS: CONSERVE & ENHANCE

27 Summary of This is a narrow shallow valley, which is mainly pastoral although heavily wooded in places and with some wet meadows. Character LANDSCAPE LANDSCAPE Langley Green Farmland Plateau (B19) KEY ACTIONS: CONSERVE & ENHANCE

LANDSCAPE 28

Summary of Gently sloping, large arable fields, which are bounded by fragmented hedgerows. There are small villages with scattered Character farmsteads amongst the arable land, and some modern brick houses. Stour River Valley (C7)

Stour River Valley (C7) KEY ACTIONS: CONSERVE & ENHANCE Summary of The area has gentle sloping arable valley sides, which are dissected by tributary valleys. There are several small settlements Character located near the top of the slope or within adjoining valleys. Lanes and roads are generally located at valley floor edges and valley sides. Colne River Valley (C8)

Colne River Valley (C8) KEY ACTIONS: CONSERVE & ENHANCE Summary of The River Colne and its tributaries are narrow in comparison with the spread of the floodplain, which is predominantly used as Character pasture. The valley is shallow with relatively steep valley sides used mainly for arable farms with low hedgerows and hedgerow trees. The River Colne is bridged by roads connecting the north and south valley slopes, while the A1017 runs through the centre of the valley parallel with the river.

Table 6: Wooded Hill and Ridge Landscapes (D)

Tiptree Ridge (D4) Now reclassified as part of the Blackwater River Valley (A9) Landscape Character Area KEY ACTIONS: CONSERVE & ENHANCE Summary of Character See the Blackwater River Valley (A9) description.

Source: Essex Landscape Character Assessment (2003) and the Braintree, Brentwood, Chelmsford, Maldon and Uttlesford Landscape Character Assessment (2006).

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i) District wide actions to preserve the Landscape Character Areas • Seek to protect the positive features that contribute to local distinctiveness and sense of place through effective land use management. • Seek to enhance the integrity of the landscape and its character by introducing features and characteristics that had previously deteriorated or were absent. ii) Sensitivities within Landscape Character Areas The most sensitive area is the Stour Valley (C7), which is highly sensitive to 9 potential changes. This is followed by North Essex Farmlands (B2), and the Colne Valley (C8), which are highly sensitive to 5 or more. The LCA of less concern is the Central Essex Farmlands (B1), which is only highly sensitive to 1 potential change.

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30 Table 7: Landscape Character Area Landscape Sensitivity Level to Development and Changes in Braintree District

Landscape Character Area Type/Scale of Development/ Gosfield North Blackwater Central Stour Colne Blackwater Tiptree Change Wooded Essex / Stour Essex Valley Valley / Brain Ridge Farmland Farmlands Farmlands Farmlands Valley Major urban extensions (>5ha) High High Medium Medium High High High High and new settlements Small urban Low High Medium Low High Medium Low Low extensions (<5ha) Major transportation developments / Medium High Medium Medium High High Medium High improvements Commercial / warehouse estate / High High High Medium High High High Medium port development Developments with individual large / Medium Medium Medium Medium High High Medium Medium bulky buildings Large scale ‘open Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium uses’ Mineral extraction / Medium High Medium Medium High High Medium Medium waste disposal Incremental small- Medium High Medium Medium High Medium Medium Medium scale developments Utilities development i.e. Medium High Medium Medium High Medium Medium Medium masts, pylons Decline in traditional countryside Medium Medium Low Medium High Medium Medium Medium management Source: Essex Landscape Character Assessment (2003)

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D. Other Landscape Designations There are a number of different landscape features which help form the distinct landscape characters that are visible within the District. They are detailed within this section of the chapter. i) Ancient Woodland Trees covered most of prehistoric Essex and were managed carefully by and pollarding as wood was a vital resource. However, since the Industrial Revolution the need for wood has dwindled as has its management. Many neglected woods have been grubbed out, or planted with fast growing conifers for intensive wood production. The remaining ancient woodlands hold many rare plants and are one of the most irreplaceable of all the semi-natural habitats in the UK.

Braintree has a total ancient woodland cover of 2.12% of its land area which is scattered throughout the District. This is composed of 1.47% semi-natural ancient woodland and 0.65% of planted ancient woodland. When compared to the distribution in Essex, Braintree has an area of ancient woodland significantly greater than other districts and boroughs.

Accessibility to ancient woodland within the District is quite poor. Areas of accessible ancient woodland include Bungate Wood (27.50ha), Chalkney Wood (48.37ha) and Tarecroft Wood (6.00ha). ii) Historic Parks and Gardens These are designated by English Heritage and defined as “a park or garden of special historic interest”. They are graded I (highest quality), II* or II. There are 8 historic parks and gardens within Braintree District listed on the English Heritage register. Glazenwood in Bradwell, previously designated as having special historic interest, was de-registered in 2003.

• Belchamp Hall (Grade II) – Sits within 18th century parkland of approximately 8 hectares which encloses 3.3 hectares of gardens with formal features. • Faulkbourne Hall (Grade II) – Late-19th-century gardens of about 4 hectares on the site of older gardens. They are set within larger parkland of about 55 hectares originating from the medieval period. • Gosfield Hall (Grade II) – An extensive 18th-century landscape park of about 115 hectares within which lies the remains of 3 hectares of 19th-century gardens. • Hatfield Priory (Grade II) - A late-18th century landscape park and woodland of about 15 hectares. • Saling Grove (Grade II) - A mid 18th century house with gardens designed by Humphry Repton in 1791. A walled kitchen garden was later added in the 19th century and the site now occupies about 15 hectares. • Saling Hall (Grade II) - A 17th century garden covering approximately 5 hectares. It was extensively redeveloped in the late 20th century to include a kitchen garden, walled garden, water garden and a Japanese garden. • Terling Place (Grade II) - An 18th and 19th century garden with additional woodland covering 110 hectares, set within a large agricultural estate.

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• Spains Hall, Finchingfield (Grade II*) - A 16th century walled garden with a 19th century formal garden in parkland originally of 17 hectares. The house and gardens are now used as a hotel. iii) Protected Lanes Protected lanes have significant historic and landscape values. They generally originate from pre-historic track ways, which have been in continual, if lighter use since. The volume, weights and speed of traffic is often limited to preserve the special character. Due to their age and use they have great biological value.

Protected lanes are often narrow, sunken and enclosed by a combination of mixed deciduous hedges, mature trees, ditches and raised verges that can be indications of great age. There are a number of both grade one and two protected lanes within the District.

iv) Special Verges Roadside verges are important and if sensitively managed can increase the biodiversity of the verges themselves and the surrounding countryside through verges acting as corridors interlinking fragmented or isolated habitats. In terms of wildlife value, verges can be split into three broad types:

• Landscaped and intensively managed verges: poorest quality. • Recently created verges left to colonise naturally: vary in ecological value. • Ancient verges: often of high ecological value. A number of important verges have been designated as Special Roadside Nature Reserves in order to protect the future of rare and uncommon flowers growing on them. There are over 100 special verges designated in Essex, a number of which are within Braintree District.

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Figure 9: Location of Ancient Woodland, Historic Parks and Gardens, Protected Lanes and Special Verges in Braintree District

Source: Essex County Council 2010

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4.3 Landscape Summary • There are a number of Special Landscape Areas (SLAs) located within the District which have been implemented to protect the visual quality of previously defined important areas. • There are 8 Landscape Character Areas within Braintree as identified by the countywide assessment. These have been further divided into 22 local Landscape Character Areas (LCAs). • The Stour Valley is the most sensitive LCA to change and development while the Central Essex Farmlands are the least sensitive. • Braintree District has a total ancient woodland cover of 2.12% of its land area and a number of protected lanes which are scattered throughout the District. • There are 8 parks and gardens within the District that are on the English Heritage’s Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest.

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5 AIR QUALITY

5.1 Introduction Cleaner air can facilitate health and social benefits. Local air quality is affected by emissions from industrial activity, airports, power stations and natural sources, and road transport.

In March 2010, Air Pollution: Action in a Changing Climate was published which calls for a closer integration of climate change and air quality policies. Key messages within this strategy include the recognition that air pollution arises from the same activities that contribute to climate change, the importance of low-carbon vehicles and renewable energy and the need for policies to be integrated at all tiers of government.

5.2 Baseline Information The chapter begins by reproducing the National Air Quality Standards as detailed within the Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland 2007. These set both the National and European targets for a number of potential pollutants. Air Quality Management Areas within Greater Essex are then detailed, as well as potentially significant junctions for air quality in the District. Air Quality readings within the District follow, with a particular focus on Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and Particulates (PM10) as well as explanations for the lack of monitoring of Benzene, Carbon Monoxide (CO), 1,3. Butadiene, Lead (Pb) and Sulphur Dioxide (SO2). The chapter concludes with an image of the major road network within Braintree District and a link to Defra hosted noise maps.

A. National Air Quality Standards The UK has adopted objectives that are based on the Air Quality Regulations from 2000 and the amended Regulations of 2002. The following table, sourced from the Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland 2007, details the relative objectives for a number of potential air pollutants. This table is unchanged from the 2000 iteration of the Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

Table 8: The National Air Quality Objectives for the Protection of Human Health

Date to be Date to be achieved achieved Concentration European New or Pollutant Objective by and by and measured as obligations existing maintained maintained thereafter thereafter Particles 50µg/m-3 not 24 hour mean 31 50μg/m-3 not 1 January (PM10) to be December to be 2005 exceeded 2004 exceeded more than 35 more than 35 Retain times a year existing 40µg/m-3 Annual mean 31 40µg/m-3 1 January December 2005 2004 Particles 25μg/m-3 Annual mean 2020 Target value 2010 -3 12 New (PM2.5) 25μg/m Exposure (European Urban Area - Between Target of 20% Between Reduction obligations Target of 15% 2010 and reduction in 2010 and still under reduction in 2020 concentration 2020 negotiation concentrations s at urban ) at urban 35

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background background Nitrogen 200µg/m-3 not 1 hour mean 31 200μg/m-3 not 1 January dioxide to be December to be 2010 exceeded 2005 exceeded more than 18 more than 18 Retain times a year times a year existing 40µg/m-3 Annual mean 31 40µg/m-3 1 January December 2010 2005 Ozone 100µg/m-3 not 8 hour mean 31 Target of 31 to be December 120μg/m-3 not December exceeded 2005 to be 2010 more than 10 exceeded Retain times a year. more than 25 existing times a year averaged over 3 years Sulphur 350µg/m-3 not 1 hour mean 31 350μg/m-3 not 1 January dioxide to be December to be 2005 exceeded 2004 exceeded more than 24 more than 24 times a year times a year 125µg/m-3 not 24 hour mean 31 125μg/m-3 not 1 January to be December to be 2005 Retain exceeded 2004 exceeded existing more than 3 more than 3 times a year times a year 266µg/m-3 not 15 minute 31 None n/a to be mean December exceeded 2005 more than 35 times a year Polycyclic 0.25ng/m-3 As annual 31 Target of 31 -3 Aromatic average December 1ng/m December Retain hydrocarbons 2010 2012 existing

Source: Defra, 2010

Air Pollution: Action in a Changing Climate March 2010 provides the latest overarching national trend data governing five of the key pollutants, as detailed below:

Table 9: Key Air Pollutants Identified by Air Pollution: Action in a Changing Climate March 2010

Environmental Pollutant Health Effects Trend Effects Particulate matter Short and long term Secondary PM includes Concentrations in urban (PM2.5 and PM10, exposure can worsen sulphate, nitrate and areas have largely secondary PM) respiratory and ammonium, formed from levelled off since around cardiovascular illness SO2, NOx and NH3 which 2000 although a dip in and increase mortality. are the main drivers for concentrations has been acidification and observed in the last 2 eutrophication. Black years. carbon, a potent short lived climate forcing agent, is formed through

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combustion engine emissions.

Nitrogen oxides (NOx The effects of long term Contributes to Concentrations have – made up of NO and exposure are less certain acidification and levelled off since the than the effects of short eutrophication of early 2000s. There are NO2) term exposure. Nitrogen terrestrial and aquatic some indications that oxides are involved in ecosystems, damaging emission controls on the formation of PM and habitats and leading to diesel vehicles have not ozone and can cause biodiversity loss. delivered the expected respiratory problems. reductions in NO2 concentrations.

Ozone (O3) Can damage airways Can cause damage to Severity of peak and reduce lung function. plants, leading to yield episodes (summer Increases incidence of loss and impact on smog) greatly reduced, respiratory symptoms. biodiversity. Ozone is but background urban also a greenhouse gas. levels are rising. Sulphur Dioxide Causes constriction of Contributes to Industrial emission (SO2) the airways of the lung. acidification of terrestrial controls and removal of Involved in the formation and aquatic ecosystems, sulphur from road fuels of PM. damaging habitats and has reduced leading to biodiversity concentrations loss. dramatically since the 1970s. Concentrations are still reducing.

Ammonia (NH3) Involved in the formation Can lead to damage of Emissions are dominated of PM. terrestrial and aquatic by agriculture and are on ecosystems through a slow downward trend. eutrophication and Concentrations are acidification. significant only close to emission point.

Source: Adapted from Air Pollution: Action in a Changing Climate March 2010

B. Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) in Essex Each local authority in the UK has been carrying out reviews and assessments of air quality within their area since December 1997. Air pollution is measured and the results are used to try to predict what the air will be like in the future. The aim of reviewing and assessing the information is to ensure that future and current air quality objectives can be achieved by the deadlines set. If a local authority has an area with measurements of air pollution that are unlikely to meet the objectives, an Air Quality Management Area must be declared. The size of this area can vary from 1 street to a much larger area of the locality.

Air quality in Essex is generally good. Most industrial processes in Essex are concentrated along the Thames Estuary. The air quality in Essex is influenced by its close proximity to mainland Europe. A total of 45 AQMAs have been designated within the East of England region. There are currently 14 AQMAs within the county, 8 of which were newly introduced in 2005. The table below highlights the distribution of these:

Table 10: AQMAs within Greater Essex 2010

Local Authority AQMA Pollutant

Brentwood M25 / Nags Head Lane Junction NO2

M25 / A12 Brook Street Roundabout NO2

A12 / Greenshaw and Porters Close NO2

A12 / Warescot Road / Hurstwood Avenue / Ongar Road NO2

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Local Authority AQMA Pollutant

A12 / Roman Road, NO2 A12 / Fryerning Lane, Pemberton Avenue and Trimble NO Close 2

A128 / A1023 Junction (Wilson’s Corner) NO2

Chelmsford The Army and Navy roundabout NO2

The northern end of the B1025 Mersea Road NO2 Area encompassing Brook Street, Colchester between (and including) the junctions with Walpole Road and East NO2 Hill Area encompassing a number of properties (37-49 Odd) on the High Street, Epping opposite the junction with Half NO2 Moon Lane

Rochford Industrial Estate PM10

Grays Town Centre and London Road Grays NO2

London Road South Stifford and adjoining roads NO2

East side of Hogg Lane and Elizabeth Road NO2

West of Chafford Hundred Visitor Centre NO2

Warren Terrace, A13, A1306 NO2 and PM10

Hotels next to M25 NO2 and PM10

Hotel next to junction 31 on the M25 NO2 and PM10 Hotel next to junction 31 on the M25 NO Thurrock 2 London Road near to Jarrah Cottages NO2 and PM10

Watts Wood estate next A1306 NO2

London Road next to A1306 NO2 Near to M25 on edge of Irvine Gardens, NO2

Next to M25 off Dennis Road NO2

Hotel on Stonehouse Lane NO2

London Road NO2 Area extending 75m in all directions from the centre of the junction of High Street and George Street in Saffron NO2 Walden Area extending 50m in all directions from the centre of the Uttlesford junction of High Street and Castle Street in Saffron NO2 Walden Area extending 50m in all directions from the centre of the junction of Road, East Street and Radwinter Road NO2 in

Notes: NO2 - Nitrogen Dioxide; PM10 - Particulate Matter <10µm

Source: Defra, 2010

All of the AQMAs in Essex excluding the single AQMA in have been designated as such due to elevated levels of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2). Thurrock, a unitary authority and part of Greater Essex, has 15 separate areas listed but it is stated on the Defra

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website that these comprise a single AQMA ‘consisting of 15 separate areas’ although the Essex Air Consortium list them as 15 separate AQMAs. Thurrock, along with Rochford, has issues with PM10 concentrations. Consequently there are 16 AQMAs within Greater Essex and 15 within Essex.

There are no AQMAs located in Braintree District. The main air quality issues in the District were found to be NO2 and PM10 emissions from vehicles travelling on the A12 and A120. Frequent monitoring between 1999 and 2007 has shown that all air quality objectives will be met by World Health Organisation (WHO) target dates and therefore it has not been necessary to declare any AQMAs for any pollutant.

It should be noted that there are currently 5 potentially significant junctions identified as a result of the implementation of Air Quality Review and Assessment (AQRA) requirements by the Environmental Health Department of Braintree District Council. These 5 junctions each had a daily flow of more than 10,000 vehicles in 2004 and are as follows:

• Newland Street, Witham • Cressing Road, Witham • Head Street, • Railway Street, Braintree • Rayne Road, Braintree C. Pollution Monitoring The Essex Air Consortium was formed in 1995 to address local and strategic Air Quality issues across the county. This consortium includes Essex County Council, the 12 District/Borough Councils and the 2 Unitary Authorities, BAA Stansted Airport, University of Essex and the Environment Agency. The role of the Essex Air Quality Consortium is:

• To ensure that monitoring and modelling are carried out in a uniform manner • To achieve data handling standardisation and data sharing across Essex • To research and advise on the role, scope and effectiveness of available air quality modelling systems • To consider and advise on the input and consequences of relevant legislation and air quality issues in Essex • To help coordinate and share best practice on effective practical solutions to air quality management issues Much of the following information is based on the work of this consortium. i) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Monitoring in Braintree District Braintree District Council does not operate any Automatic Monitoring Sites.

Technical guidance for Nitrogen Dioxide monitoring recommends the co-location of diffusion tubes with an automatic analyser to ensure the accurate and representative reporting of NO2 concentrations, with any positive or negative local bias taken into account. A lack of continuous monitoring means that Braintree District Council does not have a local bias adjustment factor. Instead, a factor of 0.82, useable only in this year’s data report has been calculated for 2009.

Braintree District Council undertook monitoring at 12 NO2 diffusion tubes sites in 2009. In 2008, 2 new sites were introduced alongside the A120 close to a busy roundabout at

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Galleys Corner and at a junction in the Braintree Town Centre where Victoria Street meets Railway Street.

Figure 10 details the location of the non-automatic monitoring sites within the District.

Figure 10: Location of NO2 Monitoring Tubes in Braintree District 2010

Source: Braintree District Council Local Air Quality Management Progress Report, 2010

Figures within Table 11 include the readings which exceeded the National Air Quality 3 Strategy (NAQS) annual mean NO2 objective of 40µg/m .

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Table 11: Bias Adjusted NO2 Diffusion Tube Monitoring Annual Mean Results in µg/m3

Data Annual mean concentrations Capture for (μg/m3) full Within Site ID Location calendar 2008 AQMA? year 2009 (Bias Factor 2009 0.87) (Bias Factor % 0.82) BRAINTREE Blamford House, N 100 33.70 34.90 1N London Rd BRAINTREE The White Hart Hotel, N 100 28.00 25.10 5N Road BRAINTREE Causeway House, N 92 22.00 20.10 6N Bocking End BRAINTREE N 100 23.50 21.80 4N Beckers Green Road Church yard, HALSTEAD 1 N 100 32.80 27.90 Colchester Road Rear of Halstead Area HALSTEAD 2 N 100 17.00 20.80 Office HATFIELD N 100 49.80 44.30 PEVEREL A12 High Street Kelvedon KELVELDON N 100 34.10 29.40

The Street, Bradwell BRADWELL N 75 36.10 37.80

Railway Street BRAINTREE N 58 - 29.50

Stilemans Wood BRAINTREE N 75 - 31.60

Chipping Hill BRAINTREE N 83 - 49.23*

Source: Braintree District Council Local Air Quality Management Progress Report, 2010

Of the 12 NO2 monitoring tubes in Braintree District, 2 exceeded the annualised NO2 threshold of 40µg/m3 as stipulated in the National Air Quality Strategy in 2009. This is an increase on the single exceedence recorded in 2008.

Across the monitoring period only the tube located in the vicinity of the A12, at a distance of approximately 2 metres from the southbound carriageway, has exceeded the NO2 threshold of 40µg/m3. There are however no sensitive receptors within 30 metres of this site.

3 With regard to NO2 concentrations, no tube has exceeded NO2 60µg/m and therefore it is 3 unlikely that there would be any exceedences of the hourly NO2 threshold of 200µg/m .

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ii) Particles (PM10)

PM10 concentrations are no longer monitored in Braintree as it is not considered necessary.

iii) Benzene The Council does not undertake benzene monitoring in the District. However, monitoring is undertaken at the urban background site in Southend. These monitoring results are considered to be representative of the county area and are reproduced in Table 12 and Figure 11 below:

Table 12: Annual Mean Concentrations of Benzene (concentrations in μgm-3)

Area 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Southend 1.19 1.28 1.29 1.07 0.98 0.71 Norwich 1.18 1.43 1.35 1.25 0.97 0.79 Central London 1.49 1.91 1.69 1.47 1.30 1.06 London Roadside 2.70 2.91 2.78 2.32 1.83 1.48

Source: Defra, 2010

Figure 11: Annual Mean Concentrations of Benzene (concentrations in μgm-3)

2002

2003 London Roadside 2004 Central London Norwich 2005 Southend 2006

2007

00.511.522.53 Benzene Concentration

Source: Defra, 2010

At no stage in the above study did benzene readings exceed the NAQS December 2010 objective of 5.00μgm-3. In 2007 all 4 locations reported the lowest annual mean of benzene. In all cases, benzene concentrations could be seen to be just over half of their maximum measured annual mean, a value typically found in 2003.

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Across the 5 years measured, Southend displayed a lower annual mean of benzene than Norwich in 3 of those years. Where annual mean concentrations were exceeded in 2002 and 2006, this exceedence was 0.01μgm-3 each time. Annual mean concentrations in Southend have been below those found in Central London and on London roadsides.

In each year, London roadsides have reported the highest annual mean concentrations of benzene. In all cases other than 2006, the London roadside concentration has been double that recorded in Southend. iv) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Braintree District Council does not undertake CO continuous monitoring in its area, however monitoring is undertaken in other Essex local authorities; Southend, Tendring and Thurrock. The results of this monitoring are considered to be representative of the Council’s area. As there have been no significant changes in CO concentrations or emissions in the District since the second round of the Updated Screening Assessment (USA), a Detailed Assessment of CO based on monitoring is not required. v) 1,3 Butadiene The Council does not undertake monitoring of 1,3 Butadiene within the District. However, continuous monitoring is undertaken at the busy central London site at Marylebone Road which is part of the Government’s automated network. No additional assessment was required for this compound and attainment of the Air Quality Standard is expected at all locations relevant to the assessment. vi) Lead The Council does not monitor lead in its area. Similarly there is no monitoring of lead undertaken by other authorities in Essex. However, lead monitoring based in London could be taken as being representative of the likely highest concentrations in the Council’s area. The results indicate that the concentrations will not exceed the 2004 and 2008 lead objectives. vii) Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

The Council does not undertake SO2 monitoring in the District. However, monitoring is undertaken at Southend, and Thurrock. These monitoring results are considered to be representative of the county area. There have been no significant changes to SO2 concentrations or emissions and as a result a Detailed Assessment for SO2 will not be required.

D. Ambient Noise Ambient or environmental noise is defined as noise which is either unwanted or harmful. It is created by human activities and includes noise emitted by transport including road traffic and air traffic, as well as from sites of industrial activity. This section will depict a basic road map and a link to a Defra hosted road noise map covering the East of England.

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Figure 12: Major Roads within Braintree District

Source: Essex County Council 2008

The major roads running through Braintree District include the A12, A120, A1017 and A1124.

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DEFRA have produced a number of noise maps for major roads in order to satisfy the Environmental Noise (England) Regulations 2006. A major road noise map covering the East of England has not been included in this report due to size restrictions but can be viewed by following the link below: http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/noise/mapping/transportation/roads/pdf/England_Major_Roads_Map_N o_6_Lden_300_DPI_A3.pdf

5.3 Air Quality Summary • There are 14 Air Quality Management Areas (AQMA) across Essex, with 15 in Greater Essex, although none of these are located in Braintree District. There are however 5 junctions across the District considered to be potentially significant in terms of air quality.

• Of the 11 passive diffusion NO2 monitoring tubes located in the District, only 1 of these has shown any indication of NAQS NO2 objective exceedence between 2002 and 2007. This tube is located by the A12 in and reported a reading of 42.4µg/m3 in 2007. All sites are expected to comply with the objective of 40.0µg/m3 by 2010.

• It is not possible to carry out a review of particulate (PM10) concentrations due to a data collection failure in both 2006 and 2007. • The Council does not undertake benzene monitoring in the District. However, monitoring is undertaken at the urban background site in Southend and these monitoring results are considered to be representative of the county area. Between 2002 and 2007, benzene concentrations were below the NAQS objective.

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6 CLIMATIC FACTORS

6.1 Introduction Climate is an important contributing factor to quality of life and is intrinsically linked to other environmental impacts, such as flooding and rising temperatures. Alongside continuing discussions about the causes of climate change, the Government is aiming to reduce the human factors which contribute towards it. A number of initiatives have been set up to seek to reduce greenhouse gases which contribute to climate change. These include reducing the consumption and emissions of fossil fuels and the recycling of waste products.

6.2 Baseline Information Energy consumption statistics open the chapter, with a focus on total energy consumption across Essex by fuel type and on a sector basis within Braintree District. The next section analyses Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions by source within Braintree and emissions via the transport sector and on a per capita basis across Essex. Progress under the Code for Sustainable Homes makes up the next section followed by an analysis of renewable energy generation and consumption, again on a county-wide basis. The chapter concludes with climate change projections published by Defra in 2009.

A. Energy Consumption The following table highlights total energy consumption across Essex in Giga watts per hour (GWh).

Table 13: Total Energy Consumption in GWh within Essex 2007

Coal Manufactured Fuels

Local Industrial & Industrial & Domestic Total Domestic Total Authority Commercial Commercial 59.4 1.0 60.4 0.1 0.0 0.1 Braintree 7.0 6.2 13.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 Brentwood 12.7 1.5 14.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castle Point 4.9 0.3 5.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chelmsford 8.6 4.9 13.5 0.1 0.1 0.2 Colchester 7.0 3.9 10.9 0.0 0.1 0.1 Epping Forest 2.5 4.4 6.9 0.2 2.2 2.3 10.7 0.2 10.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 Maldon 2.3 3.9 6.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 Rochford 1.6 1.5 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tendring 3.6 4.9 8.5 0.0 0.1 0.1 Uttlesford 4.3 5.9 10.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 Essex Average 10.4 3.2 13.6 0.0 0.2 0.3

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Natural Gas Electricity Local Industrial & Industrial & Domestic Total Domestic Total Authority Commercial Commercial Basildon 457.0 1,103.4 1,560.4 581.7 346.5 928.2 Braintree 288.4 759.7 1,048.1 282.2 309.9 592.1 Brentwood 168.3 589.1 757.3 162.4 157.5 319.8 Castle Point 89.5 658.8 748.3 94.5 180.9 275.4 Chelmsford 300.0 992.1 1,292.1 434.3 357.5 791.8 Colchester 362.4 966.5 1,328.9 420.6 338.5 759.0 Epping Forest 614.0 903.9 1,517.9 226.8 279.1 506.0 Harlow 322.0 517.7 839.7 356.4 143.1 499.5 Maldon 74.7 273.0 347.7 154.0 149.2 303.2 Rochford 101.0 600.2 701.2 143.0 166.7 309.7 Tendring 217.3 885.5 1,102.7 243.9 307.6 551.4 Uttlesford 206.8 407.7 614.5 229.9 177.5 407.4 Essex Average 266.8 721.5 988.2 277.5 242.8 520.3

Petroleum Products Renewables and Waste Total Consumption Local Industrial & Road Domestic Rail Total Total Authority Commercial Transport Basildon 469.8 18.6 1,077.7 0.0 1,566.2 21.9 4,137.2 Braintree 193.4 97.4 1,390.3 5.6 1,686.6 6.6 3,346.8 Brentwood 105.9 23.6 1,004.4 4.3 1,138.2 5.0 2,234.5 Castle Point 64.2 6.1 408.6 0.0 478.9 1.4 1,509.1 Chelmsford 195.0 78.1 1,433.4 5.0 1,711.5 9.5 3,818.6 Colchester 167.9 66.7 1,321.4 6.7 1,562.8 7.2 3,669.0 Epping Forest 62.0 67.1 2,357.4 1.0 2,487.5 4.3 4,525.0 Harlow 158.2 5.1 388.5 0.9 552.7 5.9 1,908.7 Maldon 118.2 64.4 384.8 0.2 567.6 3.9 1,228.5 Rochford 96.8 25.5 377.6 0.0 499.9 1.4 1,515.4 Tendring 98.2 79.6 909.9 4.9 1,092.6 4.4 2,759.7 Uttlesford 214.5 95.4 1,699.7 6.8 2,016.3 5.6 3,054.3 Essex Average 162.0 52.3 1,062.8 2.9 1,280.1 6.4 2,808.9

Source: DECC, 2010

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Braintree’s total energy consumption of 3,346.8GWh is the 5th highest in the county and above the Essex average of 2,808.0GWh. Epping Forest consumed the most energy at 4,525GWh with Maldon the least at 1,228.5GWh.

Petroleum products were the single biggest energy source in Braintree, accounting for 50.39% of the total energy consumed. This equates to 1,686.6GWh. At 1,390.3GWh, the biggest consuming sector of petroleum products in the District was road transport.

Braintree District consumed more petroleum products, natural gas, electricity and energy from renewables and waste than the Essex average.

Table 14: Consumption of Energy in GWh by Consuming Sector in Braintree 2005 – 2007

Braintree 2005 2006 2007 Industrial and Commercial 863.7 795.1 777.6 Domestic 1,213.8 1,190.7 1,173.3 Transport 1,378.3 1,385.7 1,395.9 Total 3,455.8 3,371.5 3,346.8

Source: DECC, 2010

Figure 13: Consumption of Energy in GWh by Consuming Sector in Braintree 2005 – 2007

4,000.0

3,500.0

3,000.0

2,500.0 Industrial and Commercial Domestic 2,000.0 Transport Total 1,500.0 Consumption inConsumption GWh 1,000.0

500.0

0.0 2005 2006 2007

Source: DECC, 2010

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Between 2005 – 2007, the total amount of energy consumed in the District has decreased, from 3,455.8GWh to 3,346.8GWh. In each year, the transportation sector consumed more energy than the industrial and commercial and domestic sectors.

The industrial and commercial, and domestic sectors have seen a year on year decrease in the amount of energy consumed whilst the transportation sector has seen a year on year increase.

B. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions

Table 15: CO2 Emissions in kt by Source of Emission in Braintree and Essex 2005 – 2008

Industry and Road Area Year Domestic Total Commercial Transport

2005 291.50 336.42 389.84 1,017.75 2006 272.91 340.91 383.53 997.34 Braintree 2007 260.64 332.96 389.72 983.32 2008 262.63 330.59 374.25 967.46 2005 3,072.80 3,355.49 2,831.16 9,259.42 2006 3,040.83 3,377.94 2,769.80 9,188.58 Essex 2007 2,958.08 3,280.88 2,814.89 9,053.87 2008 2,867.97 3,280.84 2,719.88 8,868.68

Source: DECC, 2010

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Figure 14: Total CO2 Emissions in kt in Braintree and Essex 2005 – 2008

1030 9300

1020 9200 1010 9100 1000

990 9000 Braintree Essex 980 8900

970

kt CO2 Emitted (District) 8800 kt CO2 Emitted (County) Emitted CO2 kt 960 8700 950

940 8600 2005 2006 2007 2008

Source: DECC, 2010

Between 2005 and 2008 Braintree District has seen a year on year reduction in the total amount of CO2 emitted, from 1,017.75kt to 967.46kt. Essex has also recorded a year on year reduction, from 9,259.42kt to 8,868.68kt. Braintree saw the quickest rate of reduction between 2005 and 2006 whilst in Essex it was the period 2007 – 2008.

Road transport has been the biggest source of CO2 emissions in the District for each of the years analysed. Although this has fallen from 389.84kt to 374.25kt, emissions increased between 2006 and 2007. At the county level, domestic practices are the biggest contributor. Despite a rise between 2005 and 2006, there has been a decrease of county emissions from this source across the study, from 3,355.49kt to 3,280.84kt.

Between 2007 and 2008, Braintree District reported an increase in CO2 emissions from industrial and commercial sources although across the study emissions have fallen, from 291.5kt to 262.63kt.

Table 16: CO2 Emission Sources in ktCO2 Emitted and Proportion of Total Emissions in Essex 2008

Industry and Road Transport Total Local Authority Domestic (kt) Commercial (kt) (kt) (kt)

Basildon 501.74 42.58% 387.69 32.90% 288.95 24.52% 1,178.39 Braintree 262.63 27.15% 330.59 34.17% 374.25 38.68% 967.46 Brentwood 148.79 25.99% 195.31 34.11% 228.42 39.90% 572.52

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Castle Point 84.94 20.54% 217.77 52.65% 110.91 26.81% 413.62 Chelmsford 342.45 30.63% 390.36 34.92% 385.12 34.45% 1,117.93 Colchester 328.29 30.96% 376.88 35.54% 355.34 33.51% 1,060.51 Epping Forest 231.69 30.38% 327.76 42.98% 203.09 26.63% 762.54 Harlow 291.96 53.18% 172.18 31.36% 84.90 15.46% 549.04 Maldon 128.05 32.80% 158.50 40.59% 103.9 26.61% 390.45 Rochford 121.05 28.50% 200.94 47.30% 102.81 24.20% 424.79 Tendring 201.57 25.86% 332.21 42.61% 245.81 31.53% 779.59 Uttlesford 224.81 34.49% 190.65 29.25% 236.38 36.26% 651.84 Essex 2,867.97 32.34% 3,280.84 36.99% 2,719.88 30.67% 8,868.68

Source: DECC, 2010

th At 967.46kt in 2008, Braintree District emitted the 4 highest amount of CO2 in the county. The highest amount was emitted in Chelmsford at 1,117.93kt with Maldon emitting the least at 390.45kt. Harlow District emitted the highest proportion of CO2 through industrial and commercial practices, both across Essex and within Harlow District itself at 53.18%. Basildon emitted the highest physical amount at 501.74kt.

Castle Point Borough emitted the highest proportion of CO2 through domestic practices, both across Essex and within Castle Point Borough itself at 52.65%. Chelmsford emitted the highest physical amount at 390.36kt

Brentwood Borough emitted the highest proportion of CO2 through road transport, both across Essex and within Brentwood itself at 39.9%. Chelmsford Borough emitted the highest physical amount at 385.12kt.

Table 17: per Capita Emissions of CO2 in Tonnes by Emission Source in Braintree District and Essex 2005 – 2008

per Capita - Industry and per Capita – per Capita - Road per Capita – Area Year Commercial Domestic (t) Transport (t) Total (t) (t) 2005 2.1 2.4 2.8 7.3 2006 2.0 2.4 2.7 7.1 Braintree 2007 1.8 2.4 2.8 7.0 2008 1.8 2.3 2.6 6.8 2005 2.3 2.5 2.1 6.9 2006 2.2 2.5 2.0 6.8 Essex 2007 2.2 2.4 2.1 6.6 2008 2.1 2.4 2.0 6.4

Source: DECC, 2010

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Figure 15: Total per Capita Emissions of CO2 in Tonnes within Braintree District and Essex 2005 – 2008

7.4

7.2

7.0

6.8

Braintree 6.6 Essex

6.4

Tonnes of CO2 per Capita per of CO2 Tonnes 6.2

6.0

5.8 2005 2006 2007 2008

Source: DECC, 2010

Braintree District has seen a reduction in the amount of CO2 released per capita, from 7.3t to 6.8t between 2005 and 2008. Essex has also seen a reduction, from 6.8t to 6.4t, with the per capita return in the county being below that of the District each year.

Braintree District has lower annual per capita emissions of CO2 from industry and commercial and domestic sources than the county. The higher total per capita emissions recorded in the District are due to the elevated per capita readings from road transport. Braintree District has seen a per capita reduction between 2005 and 2008 in all 3 sectors covered by this analysis. This is also the case in Essex.

Table 18: NI186 - per Capita Emissions of CO2 in Tonnes within Essex 2008

Local Authority NI186 - per Capita Emissions of CO2 (t) Basildon 6.8 Braintree 6.8 Brentwood 7.9 Castle Point 4.7 Chelmsford 6.8 Colchester 6.1 Epping Forest 6.2 Harlow 6.9 Maldon 6.2 Rochford 5.1

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Tendring 5.3 Uttlesford 8.7 Essex 6.4 Southend-on-Sea 9.7 Thurrock 7.6

Source: DECC, 2010

Figure 16: NI186 – per Capita Emissions of CO2 in Tonnes within Essex 2008

11.0 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 Essex Total 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 per Capita Emissions CO2 of Capita per 1.0 0.0 t rd d k w n n d n o o lo est o r f roc r ldo r ld r a si intree Poi les ntwo H a a Ma e hu B g Fo d-on-SeaUtt T Br n TendringRochfo n Br Chelmsfordpi Colchester p Castle E Southe

Source: DECC, 2010

At 6.8t, Braintree District residents emitted more CO2 per capita than Essex, which returned a NI186 return of 6.4t. Braintree District’s NI186 return was the 4th highest in the county and 6th highest in Greater Essex. Within Essex, Uttlesford District residents emitted the highest per capita amount of CO2 at 8.7t. Castle Point residents emitted the least at 4.7t. Within Greater Essex, the residents of Southend-on-Sea emitted the greatest per capita amount of CO2 at 9.7t.

Table 19: Per Capita Emissions of CO2 in Tonnes from Road Transport within Essex 2008

Local Authority per Capita Emissions from Transport (t)

Basildon 1.7 Braintree 2.6 Brentwood 3.2 Castle Point 1.2 Chelmsford 2.3

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CLIMATIC FACTORS

Colchester 2.0 Epping Forest 1.6 Harlow 1.1 Maldon 1.7 Rochford 1.2 Tendring 1.7 Uttlesford 3.2 Essex 2.0 Southend on Sea 1.0 Thurrock 2.2

Source: DECC, 2010

Figure 17: Per Capita Emissions of CO2 in Tonnes from Road Transport within Essex 2008

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0 Essex Total 1.5 Transport

1.0

per Capita Emissions from from Emissions Capita per 0.5

0.0

r t d d e d k n n g t d w a o r e r c te o o n s in r e o fo r fo o s d ri e o fo lo S s t rr ld l r r - w in s e i a d o P h a n t le m u h s n F c n tt ra l h c a M e le o H -o e e T l g t r U B h o B T n s R d B C i a n C p C e p th E u o S

Source: DECC, 2010

rd At 2.6t per capita, residents of Braintree District emitted the 3 highest amount of CO2 from road transport. This is above the Essex average of 2t. Brentwood and Uttlesford emitted the highest at 3.2t whilst Harlow District emitted the least at 1.1t.

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Table 20: Proportional Reduction of CO2 Emissions per Capita between 2005 and 2008

Local Authority % per capita reduction since 2005

Basildon 8.1% Braintree 6.8% Brentwood 6.0% Castle Point 4.1% Chelmsford 2.9% Colchester 10.3% Epping Forest 4.6% Harlow 9.2% Maldon 12.7% Rochford 7.3% Tendring 7.0% Uttlesford 4.4% Essex 7.2% Southend-on-Sea 7.6% Thurrock 7.6%

Source: DECC, 2010

Figure 18: Proportional Reduction of CO2 Emissions per Capita between 2005 and 2008

14.0

12.0

10.0

8.0 Essex 6.0

4.0

2.0 % per capita reduction since 2005 since reduction capita per % 0.0

g e w e rd int rlo in tr fo a dr in s n a le Po Maldon H t tle olchester BasildonRochfordTe Br Ut C Brentwoodping Forest p Cas Chelmsford E

Source: DECC, 2010

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At 6.8% in 2008, Braintree District shows the 6th highest reduction in per capita emissions from a 2005 baseline in Essex. This is below the Essex average of 7.2%. At 12.7%, displayed the largest reduction with Chelmsford the lowest at 2.9%. All districts and boroughs within the county therefore reported a decrease in per capita emissions in 2008 relative to the 2005 baseline.

C. Code for Sustainable Homes The statistics in this section show the number of developments within Essex that have been certified to the standards set out in the Code for Sustainable Homes Technical Guide. The figures expressed here are the total certificates issued to date.

Table 21: Number of Code for Sustainable Homes Certificates Issued by Local Authority within Essex to Date (up to June 2010)

Design Post Construction Local Authority Total Stage Stage

Basildon Borough Council 53 0 53 Braintree District Council 80 16 96 Brentwood Borough Council 3 14 17 Castle Point Borough Council 17 0 17 Chelmsford Borough Council 105 60 165 Colchester Borough Council 99 31 130 Council 40 0 40 Essex County Council 26 0 26 Harlow Council 44 0 44 Maldon District Council 0 0 0 Council 0 0 0 Council 64 0 64 Uttlesford District Council 65 5 70 Essex Total 596 126 722 Essex Average 46 10 56

Source: CLG, 2010

Braintree District has issued 80 certificates for projects that are currently at the design stage. This is the 3rd highest in the county and above the Greater Essex average of 46. Chelmsford issued the most certificates for projects at the design stage at 105.

Braintree District has issued 16 certificates for projects that have reached completion. Again, this is the 3rd highest in the county and above the Essex average. Chelmsford Borough has issued the most at 60 certificates. In total, Braintree District has issued 96 certificates, the 3rd highest in the county and above the Essex average of 56. Chelmsford has issued the most certificates at 165.

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D. Renewable Energy Consumption in Essex

Table 22: Proportion of Total Energy Consumption in Essex from Renewables 2007

Proportion of Total Energy Consumption which was Local Authority from Renewable Sources Basildon 0.53% Braintree 0.19% Brentwood 0.22% Castle Point 0.09% Chelmsford 0.25% Colchester 0.20% Epping Forest 0.09% Harlow 0.31% Maldon 0.31% Rochford 0.09% Southend 0.62% Tendring 0.16% Thurrock 0.11% Uttlesford 0.18%

Source: DECC, 2010

Figure 19: Proportion of Total Energy Consumption in Essex from Renewables 2007

0.70%

0.60%

0.50%

0.40%

0.30%

Sources 0.20%

0.10%

0.00%

d k nt n on ord ing c i rd e low d r ro o th sf Po u asildon Har Mal tle Forest chf Proportion of Energy Consumption from Renewable Renewable from Consumption Energy of Proportion o lchester tle o S B o BraintreeUt Tend Thur s R BrentwoodC ping Chelmsford Ca p E

Source: DECC, 2010

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Within Braintree District, 0.19% of total energy consumption came from renewable sources. This is the 6th highest within the county of Essex. Basildon recorded the highest proportion in the county at 0.53% with Castle Point, Epping Forest and Rochford recording the lowest proportion at 0.09%. At 0.62%, Southend-on-Sea recorded the highest proportion across Greater Essex.

E. Renewable Energy Capacity i) Renewable Energy Generating Capacity by County

Table 23: Installed Generating Capacity (MW) from Renewables by County December 2009

Total of Bedford- Cambridg Hertford- Essex Norfolk Suffolk identified shire e-shire shire schemes

Onshore Wind - 98,825 - 0.225 21.450 2.750 123.250

Biomass 0.786 36.850 12.767 2.880 41.500 20.716 115.499 Others – 49.208 17.856 87.825 6.155 15.596 14.748 191.388 Landfill gas

Others – 0.555 0.342 0.342 1.480 3.136 - 5.855 sewage gas

Micro-gen 0.019 0.086 0.106 0.055 0.152 0.125 0.543 (<50kW)

Onshore total ------436.535

Offshore Wind ------222.000

TOTAL 50.568 98,880.134 101.040 10.795 81.834 38.339 658.535

Source: East of England Renewable Energy Statistics (Renewables East, 2010)

Essex has an installed renewable energy generating capacity of 101.04MW. This is primarily from landfilled gas which makes up 86.92% of total capacity. The figure of 101.04MW is the second highest in the region, behind at 154.19MW. This total is primarily derived from onshore wind sources at 63.74%.

Table 24: Microgeneration Schemes Installed August 2006 – 2009

Beds Cambs Essex Herts Norfolk Suffolk Total Schemes 2 13 27 9 22 18 91 Installed Cap.kW 10 47 67 18 109 99 350 Wind Est Output 16,000 71,590 84,261 24,000 141,998 121,100 458,979 kWhrs/yr Schemes - 1 - 1 2 - 4 Hydro Installed Cap.kW - 12 - 15 21 - 48 Schemes 8 26 57 44 9 21 165 Solar Installed Cap.kW 9 27 39 22 22 26 145 PV Est Output 9,976 47,318 80,447 77,924 16,453 35,828 267,945 kWhrs/yr

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Source: East of England Renewable Energy Statistics, EEDA, 2009

ii) Renewable Energy Generating Capacity within Essex

Table 25: On-shore Wind Projects Approved and Awaiting Construction (>50kW) in Essex 2009

Project Capacity Turbines Council Developer Notes Approved May 2008. Port of 4 Turbines @ Thurrock SSE and Forth Application to amend a 8MW 2MW UDC Ports plc planning condition approved May 09 Application March 2007. Earls Hall 10 - 5 Turbines @ Tendring Refused June 2008. Inquiry Farm, RWE n-power 11.5MW 2 - 2.3MW DC July 2009. Appeal allowed. Clacton November 2009 Essex 19.5MW 9 Turbines n/a n/a n/a Total

Source: East of England Renewable Energy Statistics, EEDA, 2009

Table 26: On-shore Wind Projects in Planning System within Essex (>50kW) 2009

Project Capacity Turbines Council Developer Notes Application Feb 06. Refused July 2006. Allowed on appeal September Bradwell-on- 10 Maldon n-power 2007. Permission quashed June 08 15-25MW Sea Turbines DC renewables due to drafting errors in planning conditions. New inquiry 3 November 2009. Decision imminent.

Source: East of England Renewable Energy Statistics, EEDA, 2009

Table 27: Biomass Using Technologies within Essex 2009

Project Capacity Turbines Council Developer Notes Biomass co- Operational: Tilbury power 12.767MW firing in fossil Essex County nPower Commissioned Station estimate fuel power Council 1969 station

1. Biogas AD Essex County Planning Gent Fairhead & 1.8MW and MBT Council permission Company LTD facility (Braintree DC) granted March 09

Rivenhall 2. MBT, AD Airfield and CHP Braintree electricity Application called 21MW Total from biogas As above As above in Public Inquiry and Sept'Oct 09 combustion of waste Stanway Hall 1.5 (est) MBT with AD Essex County Cory s106 agreement Quarry and Council Environmental signed and Colchester composting (Colchester BC) LTD planning permission issued May 09

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Planning permission submitted Fe MRF/MBT Essex County 2007. Approval Courtauld facility with 3 engines of Council / Integra Essex County July 2008. Road AD CHP 1.46MW Developments Council Section 106 Basildon plant using (Basildon DC) signed. MSW Conditions being discharged. Site prep under way

Section 36 Tilbury Green Biomass and Essex County Tilbury Green application Power Tilbury 60MW energy from Council Power approved August Docks waste 09

Halstead AD CHP Essex County Renewable 1MW (est) plant using Council Glendale Power Pre-planning Power food waste (Braintree DC) Project

Source: East of England Renewable Energy Statistics (Renewables East, 2010)

F. 67% Likely Climate Change Scenarios within the East of England under Medium Emissions

Figure 20: 67% Likelihood of Change in Annual Mean Temperature under a Medium Emissions Scenario in East of England

Source: UK Climate Projections 2009

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Note: 67% probability refers to the likelihood that the predicted annual mean temperature will not rise above that shown in Figure 20.

By 2020 under a medium emission scenario the temperature in the East of England has a 67% likelihood of increasing between 1 and 2°C. By 2050, the temperature is predicted to increase to between 2 and 3°C across the region. Predictions for 2080 suggest that the region will largely be experiencing temperature rises of between 3 and 4°C with the south of the region predicted to show temperature rises of between 5 and 6°C.

Figure 21: Percentage Change in Summer Mean Precipitation within East of England under a Medium Emissions Scenario

Source: UK Climate Projections 2009

Note: 67% probability refers to the likelihood that the predicted change in summer precipitation will not be greater than that shown in Figure 21.

Under a medium emission scenario, mean summer precipitation has a 67% likelihood of decreasing by up to 10% across the whole region by 2020. By 2050 the south of the East of England will see mean summer precipitation decrease by up to 20% whilst by 2080 this decrease of 20% is predicted to cover the entire region.

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Figure 22: Percentage Change in Winter Mean Precipitation within East of England under a Medium Emissions Scenario

Source: UK Climate Projections 2009

Note: 67% probability refers to the likelihood that the predicted change in winter precipitation will not be greater than that shown above.

By 2020 mean winter precipitation is predicted to increase by up to 10% across the region. By 2050 much of the region is expected to see a mean winter precipitation increase of between 10 and 20% apart from a band in the centre of the region which is expected to witness increases of between 20 and 30%. Predictions for 2080 suggest that there is a 67% likelihood that mean winter precipitation will increase between 20 and 30%.

6.3 Climatic Factors Summary • Braintree’s total energy consumption of 3,346.8GWh is the 5th highest in the county and above the Essex average of 2,808.0GWh. Epping Forest consumed the most energy at 4,525GWh with Maldon the least at 1,228.5GWh. • Petroleum products were the single biggest energy source in Braintree, accounting for 50.39% of the total energy consumed. This equates to 1,686.6GWh. At 1,390.3GWh, the biggest consuming sector of petroleum products in the District was road transport. • Between 2005 – 2007, the total amount of energy consumed in the District has decreased, from 3,455.79GWh to 3,346.77GWh. • Between 2005 and 2008 Braintree District has seen in a year on year reduction in the total amount of CO2 emitted, from 1,017.75kt to 967.46kt. Essex has also recorded a year on year reduction, from 9,259.42kt to 8,868.68kt.

• Road transport was the biggest source of CO2 emissions in the District for each of the years analysed. Although this has fallen from 389.84kt to 374.25kt,

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emissions increased between 2006 and 2007. At the county level, domestic practices are the biggest contributor th • At 967.46kt in 2008, Braintree District emitted the 4 highest amount of CO2 in the county. The highest amount was emitted in Chelmsford at 1,117.93kt with Maldon emitting the least at 390.45kt.

• Braintree District has seen a reduction in the amount of CO2 released per capita, from 7.3t to 6.8t between 2005 and 2008. Essex has also seen a reduction, from 6.8t to 6.4t, with the per capita return in the country being below that of the District each year. The higher total per capita emissions recorded in the District are due to the elevated per capita readings from road transport. th Braintree District recorded the 4 highest per capita emissions of CO2 in the county. • At 2.6t per capita, residents of Braintree District emitted the 3rd highest amount of CO2 from road transport. This is above the Essex average of 2t. Brentwood and Uttlesford emitted the highest at 3.2t whilst Harlow District emitted the least at 1.1t. • At 6.8% in 2008, Braintree District shows the 5th highest reduction in per capita emissions from a 2005 baseline in Essex. This is below the Essex average of 7.2%. At 12.7%, Maldon District displayed the largest reduction with Chelmsford the lowest at 2.9%. • Braintree District has issued 96 certificates relating to the Code for Sustainable Homes, the 3rd highest in the county and above the Essex average of 56. Chelmsford has issued the most certificates at 165. • A total of 0.19% of Braintree District’s total energy consumption came from renewable sources. This is the 7th highest within Essex. Basildon recorded the highest proportion in the county at 0.53% with Castle Point, Epping Forest and Rochford recording the lowest proportion at 0.09%. • Essex has an installed renewable energy generating capacity of 101.04MW. This is primarily from landfilled gas which makes up 86.92% of total capacity. The figure of 101.04MW is the second highest in the region, behind Cambridgeshire at 154.19MW. This total is primarily derived from onshore wind sources at 63.64%. • By 2020 the temperature in the East of England has a 67% likelihood of increasing between 1 and 2°C under a medium emission scenario. By 2050, the temperature is predicted to increase to between 2 and 3°C across the region. Predictions for 2080 suggest that the region will largely be experiencing temperature rises of between 3 and 4°C with the south of the region predicted to show temperature rises of between 5 and 6°C.

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7 WATER QUALITY

7.1 Introduction Water policy in England aims to protect both public health and the environment by maintaining and improving the quality of water. In addition to the ever increasing demand from human uses, water contributes to the natural environment, having ecological, aesthetic, scientific, educational and recreational value.

In England, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) oversees water policy. The Environment Agency makes sure that these policies are carried out. The Agency has a responsibility to protect and enhance the environment as a whole, monitoring and enforcing aspects not only of water quality, but of air quality and waste management as well. (PPS23, Annex 1).

7.2 Baseline Information This chapter contains information relevant to Braintree District regarding water quality. It includes the individual resource availability status of main rivers for abstraction in the District, information on the Anglian River Basin, the biological, ecological and chemical status of water bodies in Braintree and planning permissions granted contrary to Environment Agency advice on water grounds within the District.

A. Key Water Courses in Braintree District The following figure shows that the main water courses running through Braintree District are the rivers Blackwater, Colne, Brain, Pant, Stour and Ter.

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Figure 23: Main Rivers within Braintree District

Source: Essex County Council 2010

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B. Aquifers in Essex County Figure 24 identifies the water resources within Essex, showing the location of the major and minor aquifers and source protection zones within the county. Braintree contains Source Protection Zones and Major aquifers within the northern half of the District, together with scattered minor aquifers in the south of the District.

Figure 24: Aquifers in Essex County Council

Source: Essex County Council 2009

C. Water Supply in the East of England The Environment Agency (EA) is responsible for managing water resources in England and Wales. One of the ways that this is done is through licensing water abstraction. The EA developed catchment abstraction management strategies (CAMS) to:

• inform the public on water resources and licensing practice • provide a consistent approach to local water resources management • help to balance the needs of water-users and the environment Following a national review of CAMS boundaries, water resources in the South Essex CAMS (excluding the catchment) are now incorporated with the North Essex CAMS into the Combined Essex CAMS. Some of the issues that the Combined Essex CAMS cover include:

• Are existing water resources adequate to meet future demands? • Is the current level of abstraction having a significant impact on flows?

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• How much water is needed to protect the river environment, including the fish? • What are the most suitable options for managing the rivers? The Combined Essex CAMS was published in February 2007, and is available at: http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/pdf/GEAN0207BLXJ-E-E.PDF.

The Combined Essex CAMS document sets out the issues for the whole of Essex. The document splits the county into Water Resource Management Units (WRMU), of which 2 relate to areas which include watercourses within Braintree District. They are WRMU1 and WRMU2. Table 28 outlines the resource availability status for WRMU1 and WRMU2. An explanation of the terms is detailed below:

• No water available: No water is available for further licensing at low flows. Water may be available at higher flows with appropriate restrictions. • Over-licensed: Current actual abstraction is such that no water is available at low lows. If existing licences were used to their full allocation they could cause unacceptable environmental damage at low flows. Water may be available at high flows, with appropriate restrictions. • Over-abstracted: Existing abstraction is causing unacceptable damage to the environment at low flows. Water may still be available at high flows, with appropriate restrictions.

Table 28: Resource Availability Status

WRMU Name Associated main Resource Availability Status river Individual WRMU Integrated Target status in status WRMU status 2012 WRMU 1 River Pant / Over-abstracted Over-abstracted Over-abstracted Blackwater River Brain No water available Over-abstracted Over-abstracted / Layer Over-abstracted Over-abstracted Over-abstracted Brook River Chelmer Over-abstracted Over-abstracted Over-abstracted River Ter Over-licensed Over-abstracted Over-abstracted Rivers Wid / Can No water available Over-abstracted Over-abstracted WRMU 2 Upper Colne No water available Over-licensed No water available Lower Colne Over-licensed Over-licensed No water available

Source: Combined Essex CAMs, February 2007 (Environment Agency)

The Combined Essex CAMs Annual Update (March 2008) confirmed that the status of WRMU1 remained at over-abstracted whilst the status of WRMU2 remained at no water available. The March 2008 Annual Update is available at: http://publications.environment- agency.gov.uk/pdf/GEAN0408BNYP-E-E.PDF

D. River Basin Management Plan Water in rivers, estuaries, coasts and aquifers will improve under measures set out in River Basin Management Plans, drawn up for River Basin Districts across England and Wales under the Water Framework Directive. River Basin Management Plans are the plans for protecting and improving the water environment. They contain the main issues for the water environment and the actions to deal with them. On 22 September 2009 the 68

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River Basin Management Plans were submitted to the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and Welsh Ministers for approval. These submission versions are available to view at: http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/research/planning/33106.aspx

Essex falls within the Anglian River Basin District. The Anglian River Basin District is subdivided into catchment areas and the Essex Rivers catchment area lies within the counties of Essex and Suffolk as well as a small part of Cambridgeshire. It encompasses the rivers and tributaries of the Stour, Colne, Pant/Blackwater, Chelmer, Crouch and Roach, along with the smaller catchments of Sixpenny, Tenpenny, Holland and Asheldham Brook. There are 125 river water bodies and 5 lakes in the catchment. Over 33 per cent of rivers and lakes (in excess of 280km of river length) currently achieve at least good biological status. The River Basin Management Plan for the Anglian River Basin District is available at: http://wfdconsultation.environment- agency.gov.uk/wfdcms/en/anglian/Intro.aspx

Figure 25: River and lake water bodies in the Combined Essex river catchment

As shown in Figure 25 the Combined Essex catchment area is further subdivided into water body catchment areas. The water bodies which are associated with Braintree District are:

• R1: Doomsey Brook; • R4: Ter;

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• R16: River Chelmer; • R23: Blackwater Pant; • R91: Brain • R102: Boreham Tributary; and • R115: River Blackwater. Figure 26 to Figure 32 detail the ecological and chemical status of these water bodies.

Figure 26: River R1 (Doomsey Brook)

Waterbody Name: Doomsey Brook National Grid Reference: TL 89862 19858 Current Overall Status: Moderate Status Objective (Overall): Good by 2027 Status Objective(s): Good Ecological Potential by 2027 Justification if overall objective is not good Technically infeasible status by 2015: Protected Area Designation: Nitrates Directive SSSI (Non-N2K) related: No Hydromorphological Designation: Heavily Modified Reason for Designation: Flood Protection Ecological Potential Current Status (and certainty that status is less than Moderate good) Biological Elements Element Current status (and Predicted Status by 2015 Justification for not certainty of less than achieving good status by good) 2015 Fish Good Good Supporting Elements Element Current status (and Predicted Status by 2015 Justification for not certainty of less than achieving good status by good) 2015 Ammonia (Phys-Chem) High High n/a Dissolved Oxygen High High n/a pH High High n/a Phosphate Good Good n/a Temperature High High n/a Ammonia High High n/a Supporting Conditions Element Current status (and certainty of Predicted Status by 2015 less than good) Quantity and Dynamics of Flow Supports Good Supports Good Ecological Potential Assessment Element Current Status Predicted Status by 2015 Justification for not

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achieving good status by 2015 Mitigation Measures Moderate Moderate Technically infeasible Assessment (M3a)

Mitigation Measures that have defined Ecological Potential Mitigation Measure Status Sediment management strategies (develop and revise) In Place Appropriate techniques (invasive species) In Place Appropriate timing (vegetation control) In Place Appropriate vegetation control technique In Place Selective vegetation control regime In Place Appropriate channel maintenance and techniques – minimise disturbance to Not In Place channel bed and margins Chemical Status Current Status (and certainty that status is less than Does not require assessment good)

Figure 27: River R4 (Ter)

Waterbody Name: Ter National Grid Reference: TL 71585 17877 Current Overall Status: Moderate Status Objective (Overall): Good by 2027 Status Objective(s): Good Ecological Status by 2027 Justification if overall objective is not good Disproportionately expensive. status by 2015: Protected Area Designation: Freshwater Fish Directive, Nitrates Directive, Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive SSSI (Non-N2K) related: No Hydromorphological Designation: Not Designated AWB/HMWB Ecological Potential Current Status (and certainty that status is less than Moderate (Very Certain – WoE) good) Biological Elements Element Current status (and Predicted Status by 2015 Justification for not certainty of less than achieving good status by good) 2015 Fish Good Good n/a Invertebrates Good Good n/a Supporting Elements Element Current status (and Predicted Status by 2015 Justification for not certainty of less than achieving good status by good) 2015

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Ammonia (Phys-Chem) High High n/a Dissolved Oxygen High High n/a pH High High n/a Phosphate Poor (Very Certain) Poor Disproportionately expensive (P1a) Temperature High High n/a Copper High High n/a Zinc High High n/a Ammonia High High n/a Supporting Conditions Element Current status (and certainty of Predicted Status by 2015 less than good) Quantity and Dynamics of Flow Supports Good Supports Good Morphology Supports Good Supports Good Chemical Status Current Status (and certainty that status is less than Does not require assessment good)

Figure 28: River R16 (River Chelmer)

Waterbody Name: River Chelmer National Grid Reference: TL 72743 06493 Current Overall Status: Poor Status Objective (Overall): Good by 2027 Status Objective(s): Good Ecological Potential by 2027, High Chemical Status by 2027 Justification if overall objective is not good Technically infeasible status by 2015: Protected Area Designation: Drinking Water protected Area, Freshwater Fish Directive, Nitrates Directive, Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive SSSI (Non-N2K) related: No Hydromorphological Designation: Heavily modified Reason for Designation: Flood protection, Navigation Ecological Potential Current Status (and certainty that status is less than Poor (Very certain - WoE) good) Biological Elements Element Current status (and Predicted Status by 2015 Justification for not certainty of less than achieving good status by good) 2015 Fish Good Good n/a Invertebrates Good Good n/a Macrophytes Poor (Very Certain) Poor Not required (MS)

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Phytobenthos Poor (Very Certain) Poor Technically infeasible (B2a, P2b) Supporting Elements Element Current status (and Predicted Status by 2015 Justification for not certainty of less than achieving good status by good) 2015 Ammonia (Phys-Chem) High High n/a Dissolved Oxygen High High n/a pH High High n/a Phosphate Poor (Very Certain) Poor Technically infeasible (P2b) Temperature High High n/a 2,4- High High n/a dichlorophenoxyacetic acid Arsenic High High n/a Copper High High n/a Iron High High n/a Zinc High High n/a Ammonia High High n/a Ecological Potential Assessment Element Current Status Predicted Status by 2015 Justification for not achieving good status by 2015 Mitigation Measures Moderate Moderate Technically infeasible Assessment (M3a, M3g) Mitigation Measures that have defined Ecological Potential Mitigation Measure Status Selective vegetation control regime In Place Avoid the need to dredge (e.g. minimise under-keel In Place clearance, use fluid mud navigation, flow manipulation or training works) Prepare a dredging / disposal strategy In Place Reduce impact of dredging In Place Reduce sediment resuspension In Place After timing of dredging / disposal In Place Sediment management In Place Manage disturbance In Place Awareness raising / information boards (boat wash / In Place sources of fine sediment) Appropriate vegetation control technique In Place Appropriate timing (vegetation control) In Place Appropriate techniques (invasive species) In Place Retain marginal aquatic and riparian habitats In Place (channel alteration)

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Sediment management strategies (develop and In Place revise) Appropriate channel maintenance strategies and In Place techniques – minimise disturbance to channel bed and margins Vessel Management In Place Lateral zoning to concentrate boats within a central In Place track Awareness raising / information boards (invasive In Place species) Site selection (dredged material disposal) (e.g. avoid In Place sensitive sites) Removal of hard bank reinforcement / revetment, or Not In Place replacement with soft engineering solution Modify vessel design Not In Place Preserve and where possible enhance ecological Not In Place value of marginal aquatic habitat, banks and riparian zone Bank rehabilitation / reprofiling Not In Place Increase in-channel morphological diversity Not In Place Chemical Status Current Status (and certainty that status is less than Fail (Quite Certain) good) Chemical elements Element Current status (and Predicted status by 2015 Justification for not certainty of less than achieving good status by good) 2015 1,2-dichloroethane High High n/a Atrazine High High n/a Benzo (a) and (k) High High n/a fluoranthene Benzo (ghi) perelyene Moderate (Quite Certain) Moderate Technically infeasible and indeno (123-cd) (C2a) pyrene Cadmium and its High High n/a compounds Dichloromethane High High n/a Fluoranthene High High n/a Hexachlorobenzene High High n/a Hexachlorobutadiene High High n/a Hexachlorocyclohexane High High n/a Isoproturon High High n/a Lead and its compounds High High n/a Mercury and its High High n/a compounds Nickel and its High High n/a

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compounds Nonylphenol High High n/a Pentachlorophenol High High n/a Simazine High High n/a Tributyltin Compounds High High n/a Trichlorobenzenes High High n/a Trichloromethane High High n/a Trifluralin High High n/a Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin & High High n/a Isodrin Carbon Tetrachloride High High n/a DDT Total High High n/a Para-para DDT High High n/a Tetrachloroethylene High High n/a Trichoroethylene High High n/a

Figure 29: River R23 (Blackwater Pant)

Waterbody Name: Blackwater Pant National Grid Reference: TL 83066 17571 Current Overall Status: Moderate Status Objective (Overall): Good by 2027 Status Objective(s): Good Ecological Status by 2027 Justification if overall objective is not good Disproportionately expensive, Technically infeasible status by 2015: Protected Area Designation: Nitrates Directive SSSI (Non-N2K) related: No Hydromorphological Designation: Heavily modified Reason for Designation: Flood protection Ecological Potential (Note: no biological data) Current Status (and certainty that status is less than Moderate (Uncertain - WoE) good) Supporting Elements Element Current status (and Predicted Status by 2015 Justification for not certainty of less than achieving good status by good) 2015 Ammonia (Phys-Chem) High High n/a Dissolved Oxygen High High n/a pH High High n/a Phosphate Moderate (Uncertain) Moderate Disproportionately expensive (P1a) Temperature High High n/a

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Ammonia High High n/a Supporting Conditions Element Current status (and certainty of Predicted Status by 2015 less than good) Quantity and Dynamics of Flow Supports Good Supports Good Ecological Potential Assessment Element Current Status Predicted Status by 2015 Justification for not achieving good status by 2015 Mitigation Measures Moderate Moderate Technically infeasible Assessment (M3a) Mitigation Measures that have defined Ecological Potential Mitigation Measure Status Sediment management strategies (develop and In Place revise) Appropriate techniques (invasive species) In Place Appropriate timing (vegetation control) In Place Appropriate vegetation control technique In Place Selective vegetation control regime In Place Appropriate channel maintenance strategies and Not In Place techniques – minimise disturbance to channel bed and margins Chemical Status Current Status (and certainty that status is less than Does not require assessment good)

Figure 30: River R91 (Brain)

Waterbody Name: Brain National Grid Reference: TL 71867 25141 Current Overall Status: Poor Status Objective (Overall): Good by 2027 Status Objective(s): Good Ecological Potential by 2027 Justification if overall Disproportionately expensive. Technically infeasible objective is not good status by 2015: Protected Area Designation: Freshwater Fish Directive, Nitrates Directive, Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive SSSI (Non-N2K) related: No Hydromorphological Heavily Modified Designation: Reason for Designation: Flood Protection Ecological Potential Current Status (and certainty that Poor (Very Certain – WoE) status is less than good)

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Biological Elements Element Current status (and Predicted Status Justification for not certainty of less than by 2015 achieving good status by good) 2015 Fish Good Good n/a Invertebrates Good Good n/a Phytobenthos Poor (Very Certain) Poor Disproportionately expensive (P1c), Technically infeasible (S2b, S2d) Supporting Elements Element Current status (and Predicted Status Justification for not certainty of less than by 2015 achieving good status by good) 2015 Ammonia (Phys-Chem) High High n/a Dissolved Oxygen High High n/a pH High High n/a Phosphate Poor (Very Certain) Poor Disproportionately expensive (P1c) Temperature High High n/a Copper High High n/a Iron High High n/a Zinc High High n/a Ammonia High High n/a Supporting Conditions Element Current status (and certainty Predicted Status by 2015 of less than good) Quantity and Dynamics of Flow Supports Good Supports Good Ecological Potential Assessment Element Current Status Predicted Status by 2015 Justification for not achieving good status by 2015 Mitigation Measures Moderate Moderate Technically infeasible Assessment (M3a) Mitigation Measures that have defined Ecological Potential Mitigation Measure Status Appropriate channel maintenance strategies and techniques – minimise In Place disturbance to channel Sediment management strategies (develop and revise) In Place Retain marginal aquatic and riparian habitats (channel alteration) In Place Appropriate techniques (invasive species) In Place Appropriate timing (vegetation control) In Place Appropriate vegetation control technique In Place Selective vegetation control regime In Place Structures or other mechanisms in place and managed to enable fish to access Not In Place

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waters upstream and downstream of the impounding works Remove obsolete structure Not in Place Increase in-channel morphological diversity Not In Place Chemical Status Current Status (and certainty that status is less than Does not require assessment good)

Figure 31: River R102 (Boreham Tributary)

Waterbody Name: Boreham Tributary National Grid Reference: TL 75425 09229 Current Overall Status: Moderate Status Objective (Overall): Good by 2027 Status Objective(s): Good Ecological Potential by 2027 Justification if overall Disproportionately expensive. objective is not good status by 2015: Protected Area Designation: Freshwater Fish Directive, Nitrates Directive, Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive SSSI (Non-N2K) related: No Hydromorphological Not Designated AWB/HMWB Designation: Ecological Potential Current Status (and certainty that Moderate (Uncertain – WoE) status is less than good) Biological Elements Element Current status (and Predicted Status Justification for not certainty of less than by 2015 achieving good status by good) 2015 Fish Good Good n/a Supporting Elements Element Current status (and Predicted Status Justification for not certainty of less than by 2015 achieving good status by good) 2015 Ammonia (Phys-Chem) High High n/a Dissolved Oxygen High High n/a pH High High n/a Phosphate Poor (Uncertain) Poor Disproportionately expensive (P1c) Temperature High High n/a Ammonia High High Supporting Conditions Element Current status (and certainty Predicted Status by 2015 of less than good) Quantity and Dynamics of Flow Supports Good Supports Good

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Morphology Supports Good Supports Good Chemical Status Current Status (and certainty that status is less than Does not require assessment good)

Figure 32: River R115 (River Blackwater)

Waterbody Name: River Blackwater National Grid Reference: TL 71227 30398 Current Overall Status: Poor Status Objective (Overall): Good by 2027 Status Objective(s): Good Ecological Potential by 2027, High Chemical Status by 2027 Justification if overall objective is not good Disproportionately expensive, Technically infeasible status by 2015: Protected Area Designation: Drinking Water Protected Area, Freshwater Fish Directive, Nitrates Directive, Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive SSSI (Non-N2K) related: No Hydromorphological Designation: Heavily modified Reason for Designation: Flood protection, Navigation Ecological Potential Current Status (and certainty that status is less than Poor (Uncertain - WoE) good) Biological Elements Element Current status (and Predicted Status by 2015 Justification for not certainty of less than achieving good status by good) 2015 Invertebrates Good Good n/a Macrophytes Moderate (Very Certain) Moderate Not required (MS) Phytobenthos Poor (Very Certain) Poor Disproportionately expensive (HR2a), Technically infeasible (P2b) Supporting Elements Element Current status (and Predicted Status by 2015 Justification for not certainty of less than achieving good status by good) 2015 Ammonia (Phys-Chem) High High n/a Dissolved Oxygen High High n/a pH High High n/a Phosphate Poor (Very Certain) Moderate Technically infeasible (P2b) Temperature High High n/a 2,4- High High n/a dichlorophenoxyacetic

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WATER QUALITY

acid Arsenic High High n/a Copper High High n/a Iron High High n/a Zinc High High n/a Ammonia High High n/a Supporting Conditions Element Current status (and Predicted Status by 2015 Justification for not certainty of less than achieving good status by good) 2015 Quantity and Dynamics Does not Support Good Does not Support Good Disproportionately of Flow (Uncertain) expensive (HR2a) Ecological Potential Assessment Element Current Status Predicted Status by 2015 Justification for not achieving good status by 2015 Mitigation Measures Moderate Moderate Technically infeasible Assessment (M3a, M3g) Mitigation Measures that have defined Ecological Potential Mitigation Measure Status Site selection (dredged material disposal) (e.g. avoid In Place sensitive sites) Avoid the need to dredge (e.g. minimise under-keel In Place clearance, use fluid mud navigation, flow manipulation or training works) Prepare a dredging / disposal strategy In Place Reduce impact of dredging In Place Reduce sediment resuspension In Place Sediment management In Place Awareness raising / information boards (boat wash / In Place sources of fine sediment) Manage disturbance In Place Selective vegetation control regime In Place Vessel Management In Place After timing of dredging / disposal In Place Lateral zoning to concentrate boats within a central In Place track Appropriate vegetation control technique In Place Sediment management strategies (develop and In Place revise) Retain marginal aquatic and riparian habitats In Place (channel alteration) Appropriate techniques (invasive species) In Place Appropriate timing (vegetation control) In Place Awareness raising / information boards (invasive In Place

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species) Removal of hard bank reinforcement / revetment, or Not In Place replacement with soft engineering solution Modify vessel design Not In Place Operational and structural changes to locks, sluices, Not In Place weirs, beach control, etc Preserve and where possible enhance ecological Not In Place value of marginal aquatic habitat, banks and riparian zone Structures or other mechanisms in place and Not In Place managed to enable fish to access waters upstream and downstream of the impounding works Improve floodplain connectivity Not In Place Bank rehabilitation / reprofiling Not In Place Increase in-channel morphological diversity Not In Place Chemical Status Current Status (and certainty that status is less than Fail (Very Certain) good) Chemical elements Element Current status (and Predicted status by 2015 Justification for not certainty of less than achieving good status by good) 2015 1,2-dichloroethane High High n/a Atrazine High High n/a Benzo (a) and (k) High High n/a fluoranthene Benzo (ghi) perelyene Moderate (Quite Certain) Moderate Technically infeasible and indeno (123-cd) (C2a) pyrene Cadmium and its High High n/a compounds Fluoranthene High High n/a Hexachlorobenzene High High n/a Hexachlorobutadiene High High n/a Hexachlorocyclohexane High High n/a Lead and its compounds High High n/a Mercury and its High High n/a compounds Nickel and its High High n/a compounds Pentachlorophenol High High n/a Simazine High High n/a Tributyltin Compounds Moderate (Very Certain) Good n/a Trichlorobenzenes High High n/a Trichloromethane High High n/a Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin & High High n/a

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Isodrin Carbon Tetrachloride High High n/a DDT Total High High n/a Para-para DDT High High n/a Tetrachloroethylene High High n/a Trichoroethylene High High n/a The majority of water bodies within Braintree are given a ‘moderate’ current overall potential. However the River Blackwater and the River Chelmer are both given a ‘poor’ current status.

E. Planning Permissions granted contrary to Environment Agency advice. Between the 1st April 2009 and the 31st March 2010 the Environment Agency made no objections to major planning applications in Braintree on water quality grounds. During the previous year one major application was objected to due to an unsatisfactory sewerage system. This application was later withdrawn.

Table 29: Environment Agency Objections to Major Applications (08/09)

LPA Nature of proposed Reason for Agency Decision Reference development Objection Unsatisfactory Sewerage The application was 08/02079/OUT Residential - Major System withdrawn in February 2009.

Source: Environment Agency and District Website 2010

7.3 Water Quality Summary • The main water courses running through Braintree District are the rivers Blackwater, Colne, Brain, Pant, Stour and Ter. • Braintree contains Source Protection Zones and Major aquifers within the northern half of the District, together with scattered minor aquifers in the south of the District. • The Combined Essex CAMS document sets out the issues for the whole of Essex. The document splits the county into Water Resource Management Units (WRMU), of which 2 relate to areas which include watercourses within Braintree District. These are WRMU1 and WRMU2. The integrated WRMU status for WRMU 1 was ‘over-abstracted’ and for WRMU 2 it was ‘no water available’ at February 2007. • The Combined Essex CAMs Annual Update (March 2008) noted that the availability of water within the Roman River / Layer Brook catchment had changed, however the water availability and restrictions for the remainder of WRMU 1 have not changed since the publication of the CAMS in February 2007. • Essex falls within the Anglian River Basin District. The Anglian River Basin District is subdivided into catchment areas and the Essex Rivers catchment area lies within the counties of Essex and Suffolk as well as a small part of Cambridgeshire. The Combined Essex catchment area is further subdivided into water body catchment areas. The water bodies which are associated with Braintree District are: R1, Doomsey Brook; R4, Ter; R16, River Chelmer; R23,

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Blackwater Pant; R91, Brain, R102, Boreham Tributary; and R115, River Blackwater. • The majority of water bodies within Braintree are given a ‘moderate’ current overall potential. However the River Blackwater and the River Chelmer are both given a ‘poor’ current status. • Between the 1st April 2009 and the 31st March 2010 the Environment Agency made no objections to major planning applications in Braintree on water quality grounds. However an objection to a major residential application was made during the previous year regarding an unsatisfactory sewerage system. This application was later withdrawn.

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84 FLOODING

8 FLOODING

8.1 Introduction River flooding is a natural process that plays an important role in shaping the natural environment. However, flooding threatens life and causes substantial damage to property, therefore incurring significant costs. The effects of heavy and/or prolonged rainfall can be increased in severity as a result of planning decisions about the location, design, nature of settlement and land use. Increasingly flooding is viewed as a potential consequence of future climate change. Although flooding cannot be completely prevented, its impacts can be avoided and reduced through good planning and management.

8.2 Baseline Information This chapter shows the spatial extent of areas of flood risk in the District. Also included are the details of planning permissions granted contrary to Environment Agency advice on flood risk grounds and information on the Mid Essex Strategic Flood Risk Assessment that covers the District.

A. Location of Flood Risk Zones 2 and 3 Planning Policy Statement 25: Development and Flood Risk requires developments to be carried out in areas of as low a risk of flooding as possible. Annex D of PPS 25 sets out a risk-based sequential test to be applied at all stages of the planning process. Its aim is to steer new development to areas with the lowest probability of flooding. A hierarchy of flood zones for application of the sequential test is defined as,

• Zone 1 - Low Probability - Encompasses land assessed as having a less than 1 in 1000 annual probability of flooding in any year (<0.1%). • Zone 2 - Medium Probability - Comprises land assessed as having between a 1 in 100 and 1 in 1000 annual probability of river flooding (1% – 0.1%). • Zone 3a - High Probability - Covers land assessed as having a 1 in 100 or greater annual probability of river flooding (>1%) in any year. • Zone 3b - The Functional Floodplain - This zone consists of land where water has to flow or be stored in times of flood. It is land which would flood with an annual probability of 1 in 20 (5%) or greater in any year. Further information on flood risk zones can be found in PPS 25 at: http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/planningandbuilding/pps25floodrisk

Figure 33 shows the extent of land within Braintree that falls within Flood Zone 2 (medium risk) and Flood Zone 3(a and b) (high risk). As can be seen the areas which are most susceptible to flooding are mainly located next to the major waterways within Braintree District: the Blackwater, Stour and Colne.

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FLOODING

Figure 33: Spatial Extent of Flood Zones 2 and 3 (a and b) in Braintree District

Source: Essex County Council, 2010

86 FLOODING

B. Planning Permissions granted contrary to Environment Agency advice. Between the 1st April 2009 and the 31st March 2010 the Environment Agency objected to 16 planning applications on flood risk grounds as detailed in Table 30.

Table 30: Environment Agency Objections to Planning Applications on Flood Risk Grounds.

Nature of LPA proposed Reason for Agency Objection Decision Reference development • Sequential Test not adequately 08/00024/FUL Residential - Minor demonstrated Application Refused • Unsatisfactory FRA/FCA Submitted 08/01190/FUL Residential – Minor • Unsatisfactory FRA/FCA Submitted Application Withdrawn • Sequential Test not adequately 08/01605/FUL Residential – Minor demonstrated Application Withdrawn • Unsatisfactory FRA/FCA Submitted • Sequential Test not adequately 08/01644/FUL Residential - Major demonstrated Application Withdrawn • Unsatisfactory FRA/FCA Submitted • PPS25/TAN15 - Request for FRA/FCA 08/01670/FUL Other - Major Application Withdrawn • Sequential Test not adequately demonstrated • Sequential Test not adequately 08/01672/FUL Residential - Major demonstrated Application Withdrawn • Unsatisfactory FRA/FCA Submitted 08/01968/FUL Residential - Major • Unsatisfactory FRA/FCA Submitted Application Permitted • Sequential Test not adequately 08/01977/FUL Residential - Minor Demonstrated Application Withdrawn • Unsatisfactory FRA/FCA Submitted Unsatisfactory FRA/FCA Submitted Application Permitted 08/02104/FUL Retail - Major • with s106 Unsatisfactory FRA/FCA Submitted Application Permitted 08/02126/FUL Retail - Major • with s106 08/02286/FUL Residential - Minor • No sequential test Application Refused • PPS25/TAN15 - Request for FRA/FCA 09/00133/FUL Other - Major Application Withdrawn • Sequential Test not adequately demonstrated • Unsatisfactory FRA/FCA submitted Refused then 09/00699/FUL Mixed Use - Major (Surface Water) dismissed on appeal • Development next to a watercourse/flood defence 09/00753/FUL Other - Major Application Refused • Sequential Test: Vulnerability not appropriate to Flood Zone

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• PPS25/TAN15 - Request for FRA/FCA 09/00877/FUL Other - Major Application Withdrawn • Sequential Test: Vulnerability not appropriate to Flood Zone • No sequential test 0901108/FUL Residential - Major Application Withdrawn • Unsatisfactory FRA/FCA Submitted

Source: Source: Environment Agency and District Website 2010

Of the 16 applications which received an objection from the Environment Agency, 9 were subsequently withdrawn and 4 applications were refused on the grounds of Flood Risk. There were 3 applications that received an objection from the Environment Agency which were supplemented by the submission of additional material which removed the EA objection, and these applications were granted.

C. Flood Risk Assessments The Mid Essex Strategic Flood Risk Assessment, which covers Braintree District as well as Chelmsford Borough, Colchester Borough and Maldon District, was published in October 2007. This Strategic Flood Risk Assessment is available to view at:

http://www.braintree.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/DC5AB540-9F6F-41F0-B6AB- E9D87B33EA80/0/00MainReport.pdf

The SFRA is a planning tool that enables the council to select and develop sustainable site allocations away from vulnerable flood risk areas.

8.3 Flooding Summary • River flooding is a natural process that plays an important role in shaping the natural environment. However, flooding threatens life and causes substantial damage to property, therefore incurring significant costs. • Planning Policy Statement 25: Development and Flood Risk requires developments to be carried out in areas of as low a risk of flooding as possible. Annex D of PPS 25 sets out a risk-based sequential test to be applied at all stages of the planning process. Its aim is to steer new development to areas with the lowest probability of flooding. A hierarchy of flood zones for application of the sequential test is defined as, - Zone 1 - Low Probability Encompasses land assessed as having a less than 1 in 1000 annual probability of flooding in any year (<0.1%). - Zone 2 - Medium Probability Comprises land assessed as having between a 1 in 100 and 1 in 1000 annual probability of river flooding (1% – 0.1%). - Zone 3a - High Probability Covers land assessed as having a 1 in 100 or greater annual probability of river flooding (>1%) in any year. - Zone 3b - The Functional Floodplain

88 FLOODING

This zone consists of land where water has to flow or be stored in times of flood. It is land which would flood with an annual probability of 1 in 20 (5%) or greater in any year. • Land within Braintree falls within Flood Zone 2 (medium risk) and Flood Zone 3(a and b) (high risk). The areas which are most susceptible to flooding are mainly located next to the major waterways within Braintree District: the Blackwater, Stour and Colne. • Of the 16 applications which received an objection from the Environment Agency, 9 were subsequently withdrawn and 4 applications were refused on the grounds of Flood Risk. There were 3 applications that received an objection from the Environment Agency which were supplemented by the submission of additional material which removed the EA objection, and these applications were granted.

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9 SOILS, MINERALS AND WASTE

9.1 Introduction The soil types and minerals profile within Essex have helped to shape the landscape, wildlife and economy of the county.

Providing for mineral extraction and for the processing and disposal of waste usually makes significant land-use demands. Therefore, the careful planning of such developments is essential to manage their impact on both the surrounding environment and local residents.

The safe, efficient and sustainable disposal of waste is a major and growing concern across the whole of the , with the monitoring of waste and recycling data being imperative to the identification of trends in both waste generation and disposal habits.

9.2 Baseline Information This chapter begins with a look at the different types of agricultural soil present in Essex and Braintree District, and then moves on to waste analysis. Both the amount of waste recycled and landfilled is analysed on a total amount between 2000 – 2001 and 2009 - 2010 and a per dwelling basis for the year 2009 - 2010. The chapter concludes with an overview of the mineral and waste applications which were submitted to Essex County Council between 1st April 2009 and the 31st March 2010.

A. Agricultural Land Classification i) Agricultural Land Classification in the East of England The East of England contains 58% of the country’s Grade 1 and 2 land, with 72% of agricultural land in the region under cultivation. This compares to 29% nationally (Our Environment, Our Future: The Regional Environment Strategy for the East of England. East of England Regional Assembly and East of England Environment Forum, July 2003). The East of England contains just 10% of the country’s Grade 4 and 5 land.

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ii) Agricultural Land in Essex

Figure 34: Agricultural Land Classification in Essex

Source: Essex County Council, 2008

There are significant areas of Grade 1 agricultural land within Tendring and Rochford Districts. The majority of agricultural land within Essex can be broadly classified as Grade 2 in the north and Grade 3 to the south, as defined by the Agricultural Land Classification System, published by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF), now the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). This is related to the location of the Essex till, with better quality land located in the north-west of the county.

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iii) Agricultural Land in Braintree District

Figure 35: Braintree District Agricultural Land Classification

Source: Essex County Council, 2007

Agricultural land in Braintree District is classified as Grades 2 and 3, with 65.8% (40,243 hectares) of agricultural land classified as Grade 2 and 29.9% (18,304 hectares) as Grade 3. Strips of Grade 3 soils follow the path of the rivers Brain, Ter, Blackwater and Colne as they flow through the District.

Land classified as Grades 1, 2 and 3 fall into the ‘best and most versatile’ category in Planning Policy Statement 7: Sustainable Development in Rural Areas, and should therefore be considered a national resource for the future and be given considerable weight when preparing development plans and in exercising development control.

B. Waste Movements This section will look at the proportion of both total waste and total waste per dwelling which was sent to landfill and was recycled in Braintree District and Essex between 2000 - 2001 and 2009 - 2010. Please note that ‘per dwelling’ data can only be incorporated into a trend analysis from 2008 - 2009 to present as before this date the data was collected from WasteDataFlow (the Government’s national system for collection of waste data) whereas from 2008 - 2009 onwards the data has been collected from the Valuation Office as provided via CLG. This is the figure used for the calculations of the latest waste National Indicators.

Each analysis will come in two parts, first waste collected from the home (otherwise known as District waste) and second, wastes collected from Recycling Centres for Household 92

SOILS, MINERALS & WASTE

Waste (RCHW) sites. A wide range of items can be recycled at these centres, including glass, paper, plastic and garden waste.

Table 31: Total Waste Arisings by Essex Districts and Boroughs 2008 – 2009 and 2009 – 2010

Total Total Total Total Household Household Number Household Household Waste Waste Local Authority of Waste per Waste per Arisings Arisings Dwellings Dwelling Dwelling 2009- (Tonnes) (Tonnes) 2008-2009 2010 2008-2009 2009-2010 Basildon 73,873 90,942.45 1.23 72,826.76 0.99 Braintree 61,118 73,324.12 1.20 55,646.78 0.91 Brentwood 31,698 44,100.12 1.39 28,081.86 0.89 Castle Point 36,917 46,603.33 1.26 33,435.24 0.91 Chelmsford 70,702 96,753.78 1.37 71,929.96 1.02 Colchester 73,681 78,003.13 1.06 59,045.07 0.80 Epping Forest 53,525 64,215.71 1.20 49,485.45 0.92 Harlow 35,315 39,085.01 1.11 25,820.20 0.73 Maldon 26,651 33,753.40 1.27 22,046.18 0.83 Rochford 34,440 42,343.73 1.23 31,600.11 0.92 Tendring 66,962 74,033.54 1.11 45,501.52 0.68 Uttlesford 31,615 35,707.27 1.13 28,300.31 0.90 Waste Collection 596,497 718,865.59 1.21 523,719.44 0.88 Authority Total

Source: Essex County Council 2010

Figure 36: Total Waste Arisings per Dwelling by Essex Districts and Boroughs 2008- 2009 to 2009-2010

1.60

1.40

1.20 Total Household Waste per Dw elling 2008-2009 1.00 Total Household Waste per Dw elling 2009-2010 0.80

0.60 Waste Arisings per Dwelling

0.40

n d r te w ng or s o ri ildo ood e d s w n WCA aintree ch Harl Maldon Ba l ochfordTe Br ent o R Uttlesford Br Castle PointChelmsf C Epping Forest District/Borough

Source: Essex County Council 2010 93

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Within Braintree District, 55,646.78 tonnes of waste was produced in 2009-2010, 17,677.34 tonnes less than the amount produced in 2008-2009. This is the 4th highest amount amongst all Waste Collection Authorities (WCAs) within the Essex County Council (ECC) administrative boundary.

In 2009-2010 Braintree District recorded a per dwelling waste arisings total of 0.91 as opposed to 1.2 in 2008-2009. This is the joint 5h highest in the ECC area and above the ECC waste collection authority average of 0.88 tonnes. Residents of Chelmsford produced the highest total at 1.02 tonnes per dwelling, with Tendring producing the least at 0.68 tonnes per dwelling.

Table 32: Total District Waste Tonnage Sent to Landfill by Braintree District 2000 – 2010.

District 2000 - 2001 2001 - 2002 2002 - 2003 2003 - 2004 2004 - 2005 Braintree 50,798.93 48,648.48 49,214.16 44,627.93 43,624.27

District 2005 - 2006 2006 - 2007 2007 - 2008 2008 - 2009 2009 - 2010 Braintree 42,625.39 40,626.96 32,742.21 34,586.80 28,113.72

Source: Essex County Council 2010

Figure 37: Total District Waste Tonnage Sent to Landfill by Braintree District and the Waste Collection Authority in 2000 – 2010

55,000.00 500,000.00

50,000.00 450,000.00

45,000.00 400,000.00

40,000.00 Braintree 350,000.00 onnage to Landfill 35,000.00 Waste Collection Authority Total 300,000.00 30,000.00

250,000.00

25,000.00 T Waste Essex Braintree Waste Tonnage to Landfill

20,000.00 200,000.00

9 03 06 0 002 005 008 2 20 2 20 2 20 ------1 2 4 5 7 8 00 00 00 2000 - 2002001 2 2003 - 2002004 2 2006 - 2002007 2 2009 - 2010 Period

Source: Essex County Council 2010

The amount of waste taken to landfill in both Essex County and Braintree District has decreased over the period of study. Across the 10 years studied, the total amount of waste sent to landfill in Braintree has decreased from 50,798.93 tonnes in 2000 - 2001 to 28.113.72 tonnes in 2009 - 2010.

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The amount of landfilled waste in Braintree District increased between 2007 – 2008 and 2008 – 2009. This is the first increase since 2001 – 2002 and 2002 – 2003. In both Essex and Braintree the single largest yearly decrease of total landfilled waste was witnessed between 2006 – 2007 and 2007 – 2008.

It is a stated aim of the Waste Strategy for England 2007 that the amount of waste entering landfill is to be reduced. The strategy also considers the outcome of removing the ban on local authorities in introducing household financial incentives for waste reduction and recycling. It is predicted that this could reduce annual landfilled waste by up to 15%.

Table 33: Proportion of District Waste which was Re-used/Recycled and Composted in Essex 2009 – 2010

Percentage Household Household of Percentage of Total Waste Re- Waste Household Household Household used and Local Authority Composted Waste Re- Waste Waste Recycled (Tonnes) used and Composted 2009-2010 (Tonnes) 2009-2010 Recycled 2009-2010 2009-2010 2009-2010 Basildon 72,826.76 28,251.28 9,478.14 25.78% 13.01% Braintree 55,646.78 27,533.06 12,605.18 26.83% 22.65% Brentwood 28,081.86 12,215.74 3,607.30 30.65% 12.85% Castle Point 33,435.24 12,376.90 3,249.90 27.30% 9.72% Chelmsford 71,929.96 27,037.71 13,374.12 19.00% 18.59% Colchester 59,045.07 23,045.28 7,650.11 26.07% 12.96% Epping Forest 49,485.45 25,267.65 10,983.62 28.87% 22.20% Harlow 25,820.20 9,126.78 2,095.10 27.23% 8.11% Maldon 22,046.18 7,954.98 3,170.12 21.70% 14.38% Rochford 31,600.11 20,072.49 11,003.02 28.70% 34.82% Tendring 45,501.52 12,511.99 0.00 27.50% 0.00% Uttlesford 28,300.31 15,373.36 5,721.12 34.11% 20.22% Waste Collection 523,719.44 220,767.23 82,937.73 26.32% 15.84% Authority Total

Source: Essex County Council 2010

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Figure 38: Proportion of District Waste which was Re-used/Recycled in Essex 2009 – 2010

40.00%

35.00%

30.00%

25.00%

20.00% Waste Collection Authority

15.00%

10.00%

5.00%

0.00%

d rd r n n rd od est ee or o r rlow tr ldo ldo sf tw in i a Ha as ttle en ra lcheste M elmsfo U r Rochfo Tendring B B B ing Fo Co h p Castle Point C Ep

Source: Essex County Council 2010

A total of 26.83% of Braintree District’s household waste was re-used and recycled in 2009 – 2010. This is the 8th highest proportion in the county and is higher than the waste collection authority average of 26.32%.

Figure 39: Proportion of District Waste which was Composted in Essex 2009 – 2010

40.00%

35.00%

30.00%

25.00% Waste Collection Authority 20.00% Total 15.00%

10.00%

5.00%

0.00%

e st rd n e e o er ow tr ord f ldo st ood n sf a sildon tw arl ndring ai For lms a H r g ttle M lche en e RochfordB U B r T he Co B C Castle Point Eppin

Source: Essex County Council 2010

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A total of 22.65% of Braintree District’s household waste was composted in 2009 – 2010. This is the 2nd highest proportion in the county and is higher than the waste collection authority average of 15.84%.

Table 34: District Waste Collection per Dwelling in Essex 2009 – 2010

Tonnage to Ranking (1= Movement from Local Authority Dwellings landfill per lowest per last year (+ = dwelling dwelling) worse)

Basildon 73,873 0.65 11 0 Braintree 61,118 0.51 7 0 Brentwood 31,698 0.58 9 0 Castle Point 36,917 0.61 10 0 Chelmsford 70,702 0.70 12 0 Colchester 73,681 0.51 6 0 Epping Forest 53,525 0.45 2 -2 Harlow 35,315 0.47 3 -5 Maldon 26,651 0.53 8 +3 Rochford 34,440 0.33 1 0 Tendring 66,962 0.49 5 +2 Uttlesford 31,615 0.48 4 +2 Waste Collection 596,497 0.54 n/a n/a Authority Total

Recycled Ranking (1= Movement from Local Authority Dwellings tonnage per highest per last year (- = dwelling dwelling) worse)

Basildon 73,873 0.38 6 0 Braintree 61,118 0.45 4 -1 Brentwood 31,698 0.39 5 +2 Castle Point 36,917 0.34 8 +2 Chelmsford 70,702 0.38 7 -2 Colchester 73,681 0.31 9 0 Epping Forest 53,525 0.47 3 +1 Harlow 35,315 0.26 11 0 Maldon 26,651 0.30 10 -2 Rochford 34,440 0.58 1 +1 Tendring 66,962 0.19 12 0 Uttlesford 31,615 0.49 2 -1 Waste Collection 596,497 0.37 n/a n/a Authority Total

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SOILS, MINERALS & WASTE

Ranking (1= Movement from Total tonnage Local Authority Dwellings lowest per last year (+ = per dwelling dwelling) worse)

Basildon 73,873 1.03 11 0 Braintree 61,118 0.96 9 -1 Brentwood 31,698 0.96 8 -1 Castle Point 36,917 0.95 7 0 Chelmsford 70,702 1.08 12 0 Colchester 73,681 0.82 3 0 Epping Forest 53,525 0.92 6 0 Harlow 35,315 0.73 2 0 Maldon 26,651 0.83 4 0 Rochford 34,440 0.92 5 0 Tendring 66,962 0.68 1 0 Uttlesford 31,615 0.97 10 +2 Waste Collection 596,497 0.91 n/a n/a Authority Total

Source: Essex County Council 2010

Figure 40: District Waste Collection per Dwelling in Essex 2009 – 2010

1.20

1.00

0.80 Tonnage to landfill per dw elling 0.60 Recycled tonnage per dw elling Total tonnage per dw elling 0.40

0.20 Waste Tonnage per Dwelling per Tonnage Waste

0.00

int rd st rd g o re low o rin ildon P f s wood nd WCA t tle lmsfo Har Maldon ch e Ba e g Fo o T Braintree h n R Uttlesford Bren Cas C Colchester Eppi District/Borough

Source: Essex County Council 2010

For each dwelling within Braintree District, an average of 0.96 tonnes of waste was collected from the home. The ranking of Essex waste collection authorities show that Braintree was one of only two authorities to have shown an improvement from the previous year. In 2009 - 2010, the total amount of district waste per resident was 0.05 tonnes above the Essex average of 0.91 tonnes.

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The highest amount of waste per dwelling was collected in the neighbouring Borough of Chelmsford, at 1.08 tonnes per dwelling. With 0.68 tonnes, Tendring District produced the least amount of waste by tonnage per dwelling.

Of the 0.96 tonnes collected from each Braintree District dwelling, 0.51 tonnes went to landfill. On average, each waste collection authority in Essex sent 0.54 tonnes to landfill. The neighbouring authority of Chelmsford sent the most amount of waste to landfill at 0.70 tonnes per dwelling whilst Rochford sent the least at 0.33 tonnes.

A total of 0.45 tonnes of waste per dwelling in Braintree District was recycled. This is the 4th highest performance amongst waste collection authorities in the county. Braintree District is sending a larger amount of waste to recycling per dwelling than the Essex waste collection authority per dwelling average of 0.37 tonnes. Rochford District residents recycled the most waste per dwelling at 0.58 tonnes per dwelling whilst Tendring is sending the least at 0.19 tonnes.

Table 35: Waste Collected from RCHW Sites per Dwelling in Essex 2009 – 2010

Movement Tonnage to Ranking (1= from last Local Authority Dwellings landfill per lowest per year (+ = dwelling dwelling) worse) Basildon 73,873 0.04 1 0 Braintree 61,118 0.06 4 -1 Brentwood 31,698 0.13 12 +1 Castle Point 36,917 0.09 6 -3 Chelmsford 70,702 0.06 3 -1 Colchester 73,681 0.06 5 +2 Epping Forest 53,525 0.10 8 +2 Harlow 35,315 0.11 11 +3 Maldon 26,651 0.11 10 -2 Rochford 34,440 0.10 7 0 Tendring 66,962 0.11 9 -1 Uttlesford 31,615 0.05 2 0 Waste Collection 596,497 0.08 n/a n/a Authority Total

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Recycled Ranking (1= Movement Local Authority Dwellings tonnage per highest per from last year dwelling dwelling) (- = worse)

Basildon 73,873 0.08 12 0 Braintree 61,118 0.12 10 0 Brentwood 31,698 0.27 3 +1 Castle Point 36,917 0.17 6 +1 Chelmsford 70,702 0.15 7 0 Colchester 73,681 0.14 9 0 Epping Forest 53,525 0.14 8 0 Harlow 35,315 0.21 4 0 Maldon 26,651 0.26 2 -1 Rochford 34,440 0.17 5 -1 Tendring 66,962 0.29 1 0 Uttlesford 31,615 0.12 11 0 Waste Collection 596,497 0.17 n/a n/a Authority Total

Movement Ranking (1= Total tonnage from last Local Authority Dwellings lowest per per dwelling year (+ = dwelling) worse) Basildon 73,873 0.11 1 0 Braintree 61,118 0.18 3 -1 Brentwood 31,698 0.40 12 +2 Castle Point 36,917 0.26 7 0 Chelmsford 70,702 0.20 5 0 Colchester 73,681 0.20 4 +1 Epping Forest 53,525 0.24 6 0 Harlow 35,315 0.33 9 0 Maldon 26,651 0.37 10 -1 Rochford 34,440 0.26 8 0 Tendring 66,962 0.39 11 -1 Uttlesford 31,615 0.17 2 0 Waste Collection 596,497 0.24 n/a n/a Authority Total

Source: Essex County Council 2010

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Figure 41: Waste Collected from RCHWs per Dwelling in Essex 2008 – 2009

0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 Tonnage to landfill per dwelling Recycled tonnage per dwelling 0.20 Total tonnage per dwelling 0.15 Tonnage per Dwelling 0.10 0.05 0.00

d t g ee o ter s on rd r o ford s re low d o rin ford w s e o r d s WCA t Point h n e n le lm c Ha Mal Basildon e t e Te Braint h ing F Rochf Uttl Br Col p Cas C p E District/Borough

Source: Essex County Council 2009

A total of 0.18 tonnes of waste per Braintree District dwelling was sent to RCHW sites in 2009 - 2010. This is the 3rd lowest amount in the county, and below the Essex average of 0.24 tonnes. At 0.4 tonnes per dwelling, Tendring residents sent the most waste to RCHW whilst Basildon sent the least at 0.11 tonnes per dwelling.

A total of 0.12 tonnes per dwelling of waste sent to a RCHW went on to be recycled. This is again the 3rd lowest amount in the county, with no movement relative to the previous year, and lower than the county average of 0.17 tonnes per dwelling. Tendring District had the highest amount of RCHW waste sent to recycling at 0.29 tonnes per dwelling whilst Basildon reported the lowest at 0.08 tonnes per dwelling.

In Braintree District, 0.06 tonnes of RCHW waste per dwelling was sent to landfill. This is the 4th lowest amount in the county and below the Essex average of 0.08. Brentwood landfilled the highest amount of RCHW waste at 0.13 tonnes per dwelling, with Basildon the least at 0.04 tonnes. i) Comparison of Braintree District Landfilled and Recycled Waste Tonnage against Average Essex Performance This section includes 4 separate tables with associated graphs, with two tables recording household waste movements and the remaining two focussing on RCHW waste. Each graph will display the total amount of waste collected in Braintree and Essex as well as the total amount that was either recycled or landfilled. Whilst it is realised that each pair of tables and graphs are the inverse of the other, they are included here for completeness.

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Table 36: Household Waste Landfilled in Braintree and Essex 2000 – 2010

2000 - 2001 - 2002 - 2003 - 2004 - 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Braintree Household Waste Tonnage Landfilled 50,799 48,648 49,214 44,628 43,624 Braintree Total Household Waste Tonnage 55,823 56,002 57,134 55,631 59,570 % Braintree District Household Tonnage Landfilled 91.00% 86.87% 86.14% 80.22% 73.23% Essex Household Waste Tonnage Landfilled 483,594 480,911 471,596 465,790 457,457 Essex Total Household Waste Tonnage 546,143 554,390 552,468 566,635 584,892 % Essex Household Waste Tonnage Landfilled 88.55% 86.75% 85.36% 82.20% 78.21%

2005 - 2006 - 2007 - 2008 - 2009 - 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Braintree Household Waste Tonnage Landfilled 42,625 40,627 32,742 34,587 31,220 Braintree Total Household Waste Tonnage 59,882 60,747 57,233 60,196 58,753 % Braintree District Household Tonnage Landfilled 71.18% 66.88% 57.21% 57.46% 53.14% Essex Household Waste Tonnage Landfilled 440,096 411,649 358,162 349,013 321,621 Essex Total Household Waste Tonnage 580,694 578,108 546,948 559,684 542,388 % Essex Household Waste Tonnage Landfilled 75.79% 71.21% 65.48% 62.36% 59.30%

Source: Essex County Council 2010

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Figure 42: Proportion of Household Waste Landfilled in Braintree and Essex 2000 – 2010

100.00%

90.00%

80.00%

% Braintree District 70.00% Household Tonnage Landfilled % Essex Household 60.00% Waste Tonnage Landfilled

50.00% Proportion of Household Waste Landfilled Waste of Household Proportion

40.00%

3 5 7 9 0 01 0 00 00 00 01 2 2 2 2006 2 2008 200 2 ------00 02 04 05 07 09 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2001 - 20022 2003 - 20042 2 2006 2 2008 2 Period

Source: Essex County Council 2010

The proportion of Braintree District household waste that was landfilled has fallen over the period of study, from 91% in 2000 – 2001 to 53.14% in 2009 - 2010. Within Essex, the proportion has also reduced across this time period, from 88.55% to 59.30%.

Since 2003 – 2004, the proportion of waste landfilled in Essex has been above that seen in Braintree.

Across the period of study, there has only been one instance of an upturn in the proportion of household waste landfilled in Braintree. This occurred between 2007 – 2008 and 2008 – 2009. Within Essex as a whole there has been a year on year reduction.

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Table 37: Household Waste Recycled in Braintree and Essex 2000 – 2010

2000 - 2001 - 2002 - 2003 - 2004 - 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Braintree Household Waste Tonnage Recycled 5,024 7,354 7,920 11,003 15,946 Braintree Total Household Waste Tonnage 55,823 56,002 57,134 55,631 59,570 % Braintree District Household Tonnage Recycled 9.00% 13.13% 13.86% 19.78% 26.77% Essex Household Waste Tonnage Recycled 62,550 73,479 80,872 100,845 127,434 Essex Total Household Waste Tonnage 546,143 554,390 552,468 566,635 584,892 % Essex Household Waste Tonnage Recycled 11.45% 13.25% 14.64% 17.80% 21.79%

2005 - 2006 - 2007 - 2008 - 2009 - 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Braintree Household Waste Tonnage Recycled 17,257 20,120 24,491 25,609 27,533 Braintree Total Household Waste Tonnage 59,882 60,747 57,233 60,196 58,753 % Braintree District Household Tonnage Recycled 28.82% 33.12% 42.79% 42.54% 46.86% Essex Household Waste Tonnage Recycled 140,597 166,458 188,786 210,670 220,767 Essex Total Household Waste Tonnage 580,694 578,108 546,948 559,684 542,388 % Essex Household Waste Tonnage Recycled 24.21% 28.79% 34.52% 37.64% 40.70%

Source: Essex County Council 2010

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Figure 43: Proportion of Household Waste Recycled in Braintree and Essex 2000 – 2010

50.00%

45.00%

40.00%

35.00%

30.00% % Braintree District Household Tonnage Recycled 25.00% % Essex Household Waste Tonnage Recycled

Composted 20.00%

15.00%

10.00%

5.00%

0.00% Proportion of Household Waste Recycled, Re-used and Re-used Recycled, Household Waste of Proportion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 - - - 3 - 8 - 07 - 2000 2001 - 2002 - 20020 2004 2005 - 2006 - 2020 200 2009 Period

Source: Essex County Council 2010

The proportion of Braintree District household waste that was recycled has increased over the period of study, from 9.00% in 2000 - 2001 to 46.86% in 2009 - 2010. Within Essex, the proportion has also increased across this time period, from 11.45% to 40.70%.

Since 2003 – 2004, the proportion of waste recycled in Essex has been below that seen in Braintree.

Across the period of study, there has only been one instance of a downturn in the proportion of household waste recycled in Braintree. This occurred between 2007 – 2008 and 2008 – 2009. Within Essex as a whole there has been a year on year increase.

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Table 38: RCHW Waste Landfilled in Braintree and Essex 2000 – 2010

2000 - 2001 - 2002 - 2003 - 2004 - 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Braintree RCHW Waste Tonnage Landfilled 5,024 5,657 6,222 5,966 5,453 Braintree Total RCHW Waste Tonnage 10,606 11,879 12,445 11,675 12,274 % Braintree District RCHW Tonnage Landfilled 47.37% 47.62% 50.00% 51.10% 44.42% Essex RCHW Waste Tonnage Landfilled 75,620 82,899 80,402 85,109 59,982 Essex Total RCHW Waste Tonnage 161,509 183,226 179,141 153,476 159,363 % Essex RCHW Waste Tonnage Landfilled 46.82% 45.24% 44.88% 55.45% 37.64%

2005 - 2006 - 2007 - 2008 - 2009 - 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Braintree RCHW Waste Tonnage Landfilled 5,002 5,441 5,277 5,264 3,654 Braintree Total RCHW Waste Tonnage 11,868 12,721 12,587 13,128 11,007 % Braintree District RCHW Tonnage Landfilled 42.15% 42.77% 41.92% 40.10% 33.20% Essex RCHW Waste Tonnage Landfilled 51,933 57,745 56,459 55,613 46,594 Essex Total RCHW Waste Tonnage 148,751 160,397 162,486 159,182 146,079 % Essex RCHW Waste Tonnage Landfilled 34.91% 36.00% 34.75% 34.94% 31.90%

Source: Essex County Council 2010

Figure 44: Proportion of RCHW Waste Landfilled in Braintree and Essex 2000 - 2010

60.00%

55.00%

50.00%

% Braintree District RCHW 45.00% Tonnage Landfilled

% Essex RCHW Waste 40.00% Tonnage Landfilled

35.00% Proportion of RCHW Waste Landfilled Waste RCHW of Proportion

30.00%

2000 - 20012001 - 20022002 - 20032003 - 20042004 - 20052005 - 20062006 - 20072007 - 20082008 - 20092009 - 2010 Period

Source: Essex County Council 2010

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The proportion of Braintree District RCHW waste that was landfilled has fallen over the period of study, from 47.37% in 2000 - 2001 to 33.20% in 2009 - 2010. Within Essex, the proportion has also reduced across this time period, from 46.82% to 31.90%.

For all years other than 2003 - 2004, the proportion of RCHW waste landfilled in Essex has been below that seen in Braintree up to 2008 – 2009. The most recent return reports an identical proportion of RCHW waste recycled.

Across the period of study, Braintree has seen an increase in the proportion of RCHW waste landfilled between 2000 – 2004. There was also a separate increase between 2005 and 2007 although this was at lower proportions than the earlier rise. The biggest fall in proportion was between 2003 – 2005, whilst the proportion has been reducing since 2006. The latest figures represent the greatest rate of proportional decrease from that recorded in the previous year.

Table 39: RCHW Waste Recycled in Braintree and Essex 2000 – 2010

2000 - 2001 - 2002 - 2003 - 2004 - 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Braintree RCHW Waste Tonnage Recycled 5,582 6,222 6,222 5,709 6,822 Braintree Total RCHW Waste Tonnage 10,606 11,879 12,445 11,675 12,274 % Braintree District RCHW Tonnage Recycled 52.63% 52.38% 50.00% 48.90% 55.58% Essex RCHW Waste Tonnage Recycled 85,889 100,327 98,739 68,368 99,381 Essex Total RCHW Waste Tonnage 161,509 183,226 179,141 153,476 159,363 % Essex RCHW Waste Tonnage Recycled 53.18% 54.76% 55.12% 44.55% 62.36%

2005 - 2006 - 2007 - 2008 - 2009 - 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Braintree RCHW Waste Tonnage Recycled 6,866 7,280 7,310 7,864 7,352 Braintree Total RCHW Waste Tonnage 11,868 12,721 12,587 13,128 11,007 % Braintree District RCHW Tonnage Recycled 57.85% 57.23% 58.08% 59.90% 66.80% Essex RCHW Waste Tonnage Recycled 96,818 102,652 106,027 103,569 99,485 Essex Total RCHW Waste Tonnage 148,751 160,397 162,486 159,182 146,079 % Essex RCHW Waste Tonnage Recycled 65.09% 64.00% 65.25% 65.06% 68.10%

Source: Essex County Council 2010

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Figure 45: Proportion of RCHW Waste Recycled in Braintree and Essex 2000 – 2010

70.00% d

65.00% ecycle

60.00% % Braintree District RCHW Tonnage Recycled 55.00% % Essex RCHW Waste Tonnage Recycled 50.00%

45.00% Proportion of Civic AmenityWaste R 40.00%

1 2 4 5 6 7 9 0 0 1 00 00 2 200 20 2 200 20 - - - 3 8 01 - 0 04 - 06 0 09 - 0 0 2000 - 20020 2002 - 200320 2 2005 - 20020 2007 - 200820 2 Period

Source: Essex County Council 2010

The proportion of Braintree District RCHW waste that was recycled has increased over the period of study, from 52.63% in 1999 - 2000 to 66.67% in 2009 - 2010. Within Essex, the proportion has also increased across this time period, from 53.18% to 70.83%.

For all years other than 2003 - 2004, the proportion of RCHW waste recycled in Essex has been above that seen in Braintree.

Across the period of study, Braintree has seen a decrease in the proportion of RCHW waste recycled between 2000 - 2004. There was also a separate decrease between 2005 and 2007 although this was at overall higher proportions than the earlier decrease. The biggest increase in proportion was between 2003 – 2005, whilst the proportion has been increasing since 2006.

C. Essex County Performance against NI191 and NI192 Please note that earlier editions of this AMR focussed on performance against BVPI 82a; the percentage of total household waste recycled and BVPI82b; the percentage of total household waste that was composted. These have been superseded by NI191 and NI192 which look at, respectively, the amount of residual household waste produced and proportion of household waste which is reused, recycled or composted over the monitoring period. As such this Annual Monitoring Report will reproduce the performance statistics across Essex for the period 2009 - 2010 for both NI191 and NI192.

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Table 40: Performance against National Indicators 191 and 192

Local Performance National Indicators Local Area Agreement Indicators NI192 NI191 Household Household Household Residual Waste Re- NI192 Local Authority Waste Re- NI191 NI192 NI191 Waste Household used, Target used or Target Target Target Composted Waste per Recycled 2010 - Recycled 2009-2010 2009-2010 2010-2011 (%) Household or 2011 (%) (Kg) Composted (%) Basildon BC 25.78% 13.01% 603kg 38.79% 677kg 36.00% 651kg 39.00% Braintree DC 26.83% 22.65% 460kg 49.48% 494kg 47.00% 495kg 47.00% Brentwood BC 30.65% 12.85% 501kg 43.50% 543kg 42.00% 548kg 42.00% Castle Point BC 27.30% 9.72% 570kg 37.02% 705kg 28.00% 712kg 28.00% Chelmsford BC 19.00% 18.59% 635kg 37.59% 685kg 38.00% 659kg 40.00% Colchester BC 26.07% 12.96% 489kg 39.03% 570kg 35.00% 508kg 40.00% Epping Forest DC 28.87% 22.20% 452kg 51.06% 548kg 42.00% 554kg 42.00% Harlow DC 27.23% 8.11% 473kg 35.35% 587kg 28.95% 579kg 28.95% Maldon DC 21.70% 14.38% 529kg 36.08% 587kg 36.00% 593kg 36.00% Rochford DC 28.70% 34.82% 335kg 63.52% 672kg 32.00% 679kg 32.00% Tendring DC 27.50% 0.00% 493kg 27.50% 574kg 24.00% 586kg 24.00% Uttlesford DC 34.11% 20.22% 409kg 54.32% 423kg 56.00% 421kg 57.00% Waste Collection Authority Total 26.32% 15.84% 508kg 42.15% n/a n/a

Essex County Council 38.86% 24.31% 78kg 63.17% 96kg 61.00% 92kg 62.00% Essex Total 28.76% 17.49% 586kg 46.24% 685kg 41.25% 675kg 42.5%

Source: Essex County Council 2010

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Against a 2009 - 2010 NI191 target of 494kg, Braintree District reported a NI191 of 460kg. Regarding NI192, Braintree reported a score of 49.48% which is above the minimum target of 47.00%. Braintree therefore satisfied the requirements of NI191 and NI192.

With a NI191 target of 685kg, Essex reported a value of 586kg. NI192 was also satisfied, with the county value of 46.24% exceeding the requirement of 41.25%.

All of the districts and boroughs across Essex satisfied the performance requirements of NI191, with Chelmsford and Uttlesford the only Authorities to fail under NI192.

D. Minerals and Waste Planning Applications 2008-2009 The following table outlines the total number of Minerals and Waste Planning Applications which were determined by Essex County Council between 1st October 2009 and 30th September 2010. Please note that one mineral application was a retrospective non- material amendment (to permission ESS/57/06 for an agricultural reservoir at Writtle College, Chelmsford) and has been double counted.

Table 41: Total Number of Minerals and Waste Planning Applications Determined between 1st October 2009 and 30th September 2010

Type of applications Waste Minerals Total determined. D G R D G R D G R

Full Application 16 10 6 2 2 0 18 12 6 Retrospective 2 2 0 1 1 0 3 3 0 Application Certificate of Lawful 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Existing Use Variation of Conditions 9 8 1 14 14 0 23 22 1 Non-material 0 0 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 Amendments Total 27 20 7 19 19 0 46 39 7

Source: Essex County Council, 2010 (D=Determined, G=Granted, R=Refused)

In total, 46 mineral and waste applications were determined by Essex County Council between 1st October 2009 and 30th September 2010. Of these 39 were granted and 7 refused. A singe variation of conditions for both a mineral and a waste application were granted on appeal. A total of 27 waste applications were determined, resulting in 20 permissions and 7 refusals. A full waste application was refused on appeal. There were 19 mineral applications determined and all of these were granted.

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Table 42: Type of waste operations permitted in Essex 2008/09

Type of waste operations permitted Number Composting 1 Incinerator 0 RCHW Site 0 Inert Landfill 1 Metal / ELV 3 Non-Haz Landfill 0 Materials Recycling Facility 6 Waste Transfer 6 Treatment 2 Sewage Treatment 0 Other 219 TOTAL 238

Source: Essex County Council (2009)

.

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Table 43: Minerals and Waste Applications in Braintree, 1st October 2009 to 30th September 2010

Site / Location Application Type of Description of Proposal Decision Date Decision Type of Number Application Waste Facility Land adjacent to Cressing ESS/23/09/BTE Sand & Continuation of removal of minerals 20 Oct 2009 Granted Road, Faulkbourne Farm, Gravel Ext. - in the course of constructing an Witham, Essex Reservoir agricultural reservoir without compliance with condition 6 (time limit of 04 May 2009) attached to planning permission ref ESS/26/07/BTE to allow a further 12 months for completion of development by 04 May 2010

Land adjacent to Cressing ESS/22/09/BTE Sand & Continuation of use as processing 20 Oct 2009 Granted Road, Faulkbourne Farm, Gravel Ext. - plant site without compliance with Witham, Essex Reservoir Condition 5 (time limit of 04 May 2009) attached to planning permission ref ESS/24/07/BTE to allow a further 12 months for completion of development by 04 May 2010 Beazley End, Shalford, ESS/47/09/BTE Vary The continuation of the 01 Feb 2010 Granted Inert Waste Braintree Conditions transportation of 90,000 cubic metres of inert material to and in final restoration of the site returning to agricultural use and the temporary diversion of footpath numbers 27 and 44 without compliance with condition 1 (completion by 30 November 2009) and Condition 14a (No movement of soil between the months of November and March [inclusive]) of planning permission ESS/17/09/BTE to allow for the completion to be extended to 30 September 2010

SOILS, MINERALS & WASTE

Site / Location Application Type of Description of Proposal Decision Date Decision Type of Number Application Waste Facility Airfield Recycling ESS/37/08/BTE Waste Development of an integrated 02 Mar 2010 Granted Integrated & Composting Facility, Management Waste Management Facility Waste Silver End, Braintree. comprising: Anaerobic digestion Management plant treating mixed organic waste, Facility producing biogas converted to electricity through biogas generators; Materials Recovery Facility for mixed dry recyclable waste to recover materials e.g. paper, plastic, metals; Mechanical Biological Treatment facility for the treatment of residual municipal and

residual commercial and industrial wastes Land adjacent to Cressing ESS/13/10/BTE Sand & The continuation of use as a 19 Jul 2010 Granted Road, Faulkbourne Farm, Gravel Ext. - processing plant site without Witham, Essex Reservoir compliance with condition 5 (Time Limit of 4 May 2010) attached to planning permission reference ESS/22/09/BTE to allow a further 12 months for completion of development and restoration of the site by 04 May 2011

Bakers Lane, Black Notley, ESS/37/10/BTE Transfer The change of use from the existing 29 Sep 2010 Withdrawn Waste Braintree, Essex, CM77 Station abattoir to a waste transfer station Transfer 8QS including outside storage of 2 containers (40m3) capacity and the storage of up to 150 skips (capacity 6 to 8m3) 113 Source: Essex County Council, 2010

SOILS, MINERALS & WASTE

Within Braintree there were 3 mineral planning applications and 3 waste planning applications made between 1st October 2009 and 30th September 2010. All but one application was granted, with the remainder withdrawn

9.3 Soils, Minerals And Waste Summary • The majority of agricultural land within Essex can be broadly classified as Grade 2 in the north and Grade 3 to the south, as defined by the Agricultural Land Classification System, published by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF), now the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). This is related to the location of the Essex till, with better quality land located in the north-west of the county. • Agricultural land in Braintree District is classified as Grades 2 and 3, with 65.8% (40,243 hectares) of agricultural land classified as Grade 2 and 29.9% (18,304 hectares) as Grade 3. Strips of Grade 3 soils follow the path of the rivers Brain, Ter, Blackwater and Colne as they flow through the District. • Within Braintree District, 55,646.78 tonnes of waste was produced in 2009- 2010, 17,677.34 tonnes less than the amount produced in 2008-2009. This is the 4th highest amount amongst all waste collection authorities within the Essex County Council (ECC) administrative boundary. • In 2009-2010 Braintree District recorded a per dwelling waste arisings total of 0.91 as opposed to 1.20 in 2008-2009. This is the joint 5th highest in the ECC area and above the ECC waste collection authority average of 0.88 tonnes. Residents of Chelmsford produced the highest total at 1.02 tonnes per dwelling, with Tendring producing the least at 0.68 tonnes per dwelling. • Across the 10 years studied, the total amount of waste sent to landfill in Braintree has decreased from 50,798.93 tonnes in 2000 – 2001 to 28,113.72 tonnes in 2009 – 2010. • 26.83% of Braintree District’s household waste was re-used and recycled in 2009 – 2010. This is the 8th highest proportion in the county and is higher than the waste collection authority average of 26.32%. • A total of 22.65% of Braintree District’s household waste was composted in 2009 – 2010. This is the 2nd highest proportion in the county and is higher than the waste collection authority average of 15.84%. • For each dwelling within Braintree District, an average of 0.96 tonnes of waste was collected from the home. The ranking of Essex waste collection authorities show that Braintree was one of only two authorities to have shown an improvement from the previous year. In 2009 - 2010, the total amount of district waste per resident was 0.05 tonnes above the Essex average of 0.91 tonnes. • Of the 0.96 tonnes collected from each Braintree District dwelling, 0.51 tonnes went to landfill. On average, each waste collection authority in Essex sent 0.54 tonnes to landfill. The neighbouring authority of Chelmsford sent the most amount of waste to landfill at 0.70 tonnes per dwelling whilst Rochford sent the least at 0.33 tonnes. • A total of 0.45 tonnes of waste per dwelling in Braintree District was recycled. This is the 4th highest performance amongst waste collection authorities in the county. Braintree District is sending a larger amount of waste to recycling per dwelling than the Essex waste collection authority per dwelling average of 0.37 tonnes.

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• A total of 0.18 tonnes of waste per Braintree District dwelling was sent RCHW in 2009 - 2010. This is the 3rd lowest amount in the county, and below the Essex average of 0.24 tonnes • A total of 0.12 tonnes per dwelling of waste sent to a RCHW went on to be recycled. This is again the 3rd lowest amount in the county, with no movement relative to the previous year, and also lower than the county average of 0.17 tonnes per dwelling. • In Braintree District, 0.06 tonnes of RCHW waste per dwelling was sent to landfill. This is the 4th lowest amount in the county and below the Essex average of 0.08. • The proportion of Braintree District household waste that was landfilled has fallen over the period of study, from 91.00% in 2000 – 2001 to 53.14% in 2009 - 2010. Within Essex, the proportion has also reduced across this time period, from 88.55% to 59.30%. • The proportion of Braintree District RCHW waste that was landfilled has fallen over the period of study, from 47.37% in 2000 - 2001 to 33.20% in 2009 - 2010. Within Essex, the proportion has also reduced across this time period, from 46.82% to 31.90%. • Against a 2009 - 2010 NI191 target of 494kg, Braintree District reported a NI191 of 460kg. Regarding NI192, Braintree reported a score of 49.48% which is above the minimum target of 47.00%. Braintree therefore satisfied the requirements of NI191 and NI192. • In total, 46 mineral and waste applications were determined by Essex County Council between 1st October 2009 and 30th September 2010. Of these, 39 were granted and 7 refused. A singe variation of conditions for both a mineral and a waste application was granted on appeal. • Within Braintree there were 3 mineral planning applications and 3 waste planning applications made between 1st October 2009 and 30th September 2010. All but one application was granted, with the remainder withdrawn.

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PART TWO

PART TWO: Built Environment

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PART TWO

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CULTURAL HERITAGE & TOWNSCAPE

10 CULTURAL HERITAGE AND TOWNSCAPE

10.1 Introduction The historic environment should be effectively protected and valued for its own sake, as an irreplaceable record which contributes to our understanding of both the present and the past. Cultural heritage adds to the quality of life by enhancing the local scene and sustaining a sense of local distinctiveness. This influences the character of towns, villages and the countryside.

10.2 Baseline Information This chapter provides information on three statutory designations within the District which seek to preserve its heritage and townscape character. The Historic Environmental Record and the historic landscape of the District are also described. This chapter begins with the number, locations and condition of Listed Buildings.

A. Background Information Braintree contains a rich and varied heritage and archaeological resource. The Essex Historic Environment Record (EHER) maintained by Essex County Council contains evidence for all historic eras within the District.

There is evidence of Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic settlement in Braintree District; however there appears to have been a huge expansion in the number and scale of settlements in the Bronze and Iron Ages. An Iron Age Hillfort was constructed at Chipping Hill, Witham. The Roman period saw the establishment of Braintree and Kelvedon. In addition there were numerous farms and hamlets, linked by a network of roads.

The Saxon period is represented by burial and settlement sites, and most of the present villages owe their origins to that period. Edward the Elder constructed a Burh on the site of the Iron Age hillfort at Witham.

The medieval period is well represented by the historic towns of Witham, Braintree, Castle Hedingham, Earls Colne, Halstead, Kelvedon and Coggeshall, as well as the villages and the surviving historic landscape with its dispersed pattern of settlements, greens and moats. The historic buildings form a tangible and important presence from this period. The wider historic environment of greens, woodland, fields and parks is largely medieval in origin, and it is this coupled with the historic buildings and settlements that form the modern visual landscape of the District.

The post-medieval and modern period saw further development and changes, both in the agricultural industry and in the District’s towns. New developments included the construction of railways and the building of many fine mansions and gardens.

The Second World War had a marked effect on the historic environment of the area, with the construction of airfields, as well as the Eastern Command Line of Defence which runs up the eastern edge of the District.

B. Listed Buildings Listed buildings of special architectural or historic interest contribute to the character of the District and are protected under the Listed Buildings and Conservations Areas Act (1990). They are structures that are of national or architectural importance and therefore not limited to older buildings.

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There are 374,023 listed buildings or groups of buildings in England and 13,965 in Essex (English Heritage, September 2010). Of these 3,192 are within Braintree District; accounting for 23% of all listed buildings within the county. Table 44 outlines the listed building composition for the District.

Table 44: Listed Building Composition for Braintree District

Type of Listed Building Total Number

Grade I 67 Grade II* 184 Grade II 2,941 Total 3,192

Source: English Heritage, September 2010

The majority of listed buildings in the District are grade II listed. There are 67 listed buildings of exceptional interest (grade I) and 184 which are particularly important buildings of more than special interest (grade II*).

The distribution of listed buildings within the District is fairly widely spread. Clusters of listed buildings can be found in the historic settlements such as Coggeshall and linear patterns are identifiable along historic transport routes.

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Figure 46: Location of Listed Buildings in Braintree District

Source: Essex County Council, 2010

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C. Historic Buildings At Risk Register (BARR) The Historic Buildings at Risk Register contains details of buildings known to be ‘at risk’ through neglect and decay, or vulnerable of becoming so. The objective of the register is to outline the state of repair of these buildings with the intention of instigating action towards securing their long term conservation.

Table 45: Number of buildings on the Historic Buildings at Risk Register across Essex in 2007, 2008 and 2009

At Risk Local Authority 2009 2008 2007 Basildon 4 2 2 Braintree 20 23 27 Brentwood 8 9 9 Castle Point 0 0 0 Chelmsford 15 12 16 Colchester * 36 36 38 Epping Forest 23 23 15 Harlow 2 2 2 Maldon 10 11 10 Rochford 7 7 9 Tendring 26 28 26 Uttlesford * 15 16 16 Essex 166 169 170

Note: * No figures received from Local Authority

Source: Essex County Council 2009

The register addresses a ‘moving target’ where some buildings which are repaired are taken off and others which become ‘at risk’ are added.

The number of buildings deemed ‘at risk’ in Braintree District has decreased from 27 in 2007 to 20 in 2009. The number of buildings ‘at risk’ in 2009 in the District is the fourth highest when compared with all other local authorities within Essex. It is therefore important that District policies promote and facilitate the preservation and maintenance of the listed buildings.

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Table 46: Buildings ‘At Risk’ by Priority, 2009

2009 Local Authority A B C D E F Basildon 1 0 2 0 0 0 Braintree 9 0 5 2 4 0 Brentwood 5 0 4 1 0 0 Castle Point 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chelmsford 3 1 9 0 2 0 Colchester 18 0 12 4 1 0 Epping Forest 5 2 10 0 2 1 Harlow 1 0 1 0 0 0 Maldon 4 1 3 1 1 0 Rochford 0 0 3 4 0 0 Tendring 0 0 11 3 0 0 Uttlesford 6 0 6 4 0 0 Essex 52 4 66 19 10 1

Source: Essex County Council 2009

Nine of the buildings on the BARR are listed as being in priority A in Braintree District. This accounts for nearly 50% of the total number of buildings at risk in the District and is the second highest number within this category compared to the other administrative areas in the county. Priority A identifies them as being at immediate risk of further rapid deterioration or loss of fabric with no agreed solution for restoration. Buildings in priority C and D are in slow decay with buildings in priority D having a solution agreed but not yet implemented while those in priority E and F are in varying degrees of repair or in fairly good repair.

D. Archaeology, recorded sites and finds in Braintree District The majority of archaeological sites and deposits in Braintree District remain buried, hidden and thus preserved. However, the known archaeological resource in the District is very varied and highly significant. There are approximately 6,479 records of archaeological sites and finds, recorded on the Essex Historic Environment Record (EHER) for Braintree District with approximately 35,630 sites and finds listed within the county as a whole (Heritage Gateway, September 2010). The archaeological deposits range in date from the Palaeolithic, through to structures related to the Cold War. However, it should also be remembered that the EHER represent only the known deposits with many new sites being identified each year. Archaeological sites (and their setting) constitute a finite, non- renewable resource which is vulnerable to damage.

E. Scheduled Monuments Scheduled Monuments (SMs) are sites of national importance and protected by the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979. The purpose of designating SMs is to preserve the monument for the future and protect it from damage, destruction or any unnecessary interference. Throughout Essex there are around 300 ranging from prehistoric burial mounds to unusual examples of World War II defensive structures and 40

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of these are within Braintree. The locations of the SMs in the District are shown in the Figure 47.

Figure 47: Location of Scheduled Monuments in Braintree District

Source: Essex County Council, 2010

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F. Historic Landscape In general the fieldscape of Braintree District is ancient, largely comprising irregular fields, many of which are medieval in origin, with extensive areas of meadow pasture along the valley floors. There are numerous areas of ancient woodland and a number of large landscaped parks, some of which are medieval in origin. These include Gosfield Hall, Gosfield Place and Marks Hall Park.

In the southern part of the District the geology becomes more complex, with sands and gravels, brickearths and head deposits. The former extent of Tiptree Heath extended over part of this area. The rural settlement was historically much dispersed, comprising church/hall complexes, manors, farms, moated sites and small hamlets strung out along extensive network of linear and triangular greens, the latter located at road junctions.

The District is notable for the large number of surviving historic buildings and landscape features which add much to its visual attractiveness and give it a definite air of antiquity. The urban areas include the Roman towns of Braintree and Kelvedon, the Roman religious centre and Saxon burh at Witham. These, together with Coggeshall and Halstead, developed into medieval market towns; Braintree, Coggeshall and Halstead also had strong economic links to the textile industry.

There is a dense covering of these sites throughout Braintree District, especially in the south. Information on exact locations of important sites can be found in the EHER.

G. Conservation Areas There are 217 designated Conservation Areas within the county of Essex, 39 of which are within Braintree District. Conservation Areas are defined as historical town centres and buildings having ‘special architectural or historical interest, the character of which is desirable to preserve or enhance’. They are protected under the Listed Buildings and Conservations Areas Act (1990). The objective of the Conservation Area designation is to ensure that the character of the defined area is protected from development which would not preserve or enhance its character.

Conservation Area appraisals are being undertaken within the District to review the qualities of each area and gather further detail on their character and condition. Appraisals are currently being prepared for , Silver End, and Pebmarsh conservation areas. The conservation areas of Bulmer, Cressing, Finchingfield and Witham Newland Street have already been appraised and amendments made to their boundary lines. Following these appraisals 4 conservation areas in Braintree have been included in the 2010 Heritage at Risk Register namely, Witham town centre (2 areas), Silver End and Sible Hedingham South (Swan Street).

Table 47 details the names of the Conservation Areas in the District and the date of their designation and/or last amendment, while Figure 48 shows their location.

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Table 47: Conservation Area and the Date of Designation and/or Last Amendment

Name of Conservation Area Date of Designation & Amendments 1 Ashen 09/11/1989 2 Belchamp Otten 03/12/1984 3 Belchamp St Paul 11/10/1979 4 Belchamp Walter 17/07/1980 5 Birdbrook 30/01/1970 6 Braintree Town Centre and Bradford 19/06/1969, 22/10/1981, 16/05/1985 and 09/11/1989 Street 7 Bocking Church Street 22/10/1981 8 Bulmer 09/11/1989 and 18/03/2009 9 Bures Hamlet 02/10/1969 10 Castle Hedingham 19/06/1969 11 Coggeshall 19/12/1968, 17/07/1980 and 09/11/1989 12 Cressing 22/10/1981 and 10/03/2009 13 Earls Colne and White Colne West/East 27/11/1969, 17/10/1985, 18/09/1990 and 20/11/2007 14/15 Feering (2 separate areas) 27/05/1976 16 Finchingfield 02/10/1969 and 10/03/2009 17 27/05/1976 and 09/11/1989 18 Gosfield 05/08/1988 19 02/10/1969 20 Great Sailing 26/01/1989 21 Great Yeldham 17/10/1985 22 Halstead Town Centre 07/08/1969, 01/11/1977, 01/05/1986 and 20/11/2007 23 Helions Bumpstead 23/10/1990 24 Kelvedon 19/06/1969 and 09/11/1989 25 Pebmarsh 09/11/1989 26 Rayne 22/10/1981 and 09/11/1989 27 02/11/1973, 10/03/1988 and 09/11/1989 28/29 Sible Hedingham (2 separate areas) 27/11/1969 30 Silver End 17/01/1983 and further update 31 07/08/1969 and 17/10/1985 32 Stisted 02/11/1973 and 22/10/1981 33 Terling 02/10/1969 34 Toppesfield 09/11/1989 35 Wethersfield 09/11/1973 36 White Notley 10/03/1988 37/38 Witham Town Centre (2 Separate areas) 19/12/1968, 23/01/1984 and 26/02/2008 39 Chelmer and Blackwater 14/01/1992

Source: Braintree District Council, 2010

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Figure 48: Location of Conservation Areas in Braintree District

Source: Essex County Council, 2010

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10.3 Cultural Heritage and Townscape Summary • There are 3,192 listed buildings within Braintree District, accounting for 23% of all listed buildings within the county. The majority of these (2,941) are Grade II followed by 184 Grade II* and 67 Grade I listed. • In 2009 there were 20 listed buildings on the ‘at risk‘ register which is a decrease from previous year totals of 23 in 2008 and 27 in 2007. • A total of 9 of the listed buildings at risk are categorised as Priority A which means they are at immediate risk of further rapid deterioration or loss of fabric with no agreed solution for restoration. • The Essex Historic Environment Record (EHER) contains approximately 6,479 archaeological records relating to Braintree District out of a total of 35,630 for the county. • There are 40 Scheduled Monuments within the District. • There are 217 designated Conservation Areas within the county of Essex, 39 of which are within Braintree District. • The conservation areas of Bulmer, Cressing, Finchingfield and Witham Newland Street have already been appraised and amendments made to their boundary lines. Appraisals for Sible Hedingham, Silver End, and Pebmarsh conservation areas are currently being prepared. • As a result of the appraisals 4 conservation areas in Braintree have been included in the 2010 Heritage at Risk Register namely, Witham town centre (2 areas), Silver End and Sible Hedingham South (Swan Street).

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11 HEALTH

11.1 Introduction Health is of paramount importance to the sustainability of any community although until recently it has not formed a central part of the planning process. A good quality of health is inextricably linked to such factors as the potential for economic growth, poverty and other forms of deprivation, quality of life, population and housing.

11.2 Baseline Information The Health chapter opens with an analysis of age standardised mortality rates for cancer and circulatory diseases. The expected life expectancy at birth within the District will be compared to regional and national results as will the rate of teenage pregnancy. Following this will be an analysis of the proportion of Incapacity Benefit and Severe Disablement Allowance to the total population. The chapter also includes information relating to sport participation and the availability of sport and leisure centres. The chapter concludes with a look at the public perception of the availability of leisure facilities, open space and activities for teenagers. This is looked at across the county and is broken down by local authority.

A. Directly Standardised Mortality Ratio The directly standardised mortality rate (DSMR) is used for calculating the number of mortalities that would occur in a standard population (per 100,000) if that standard population had the age specific mortality rates of a given area. In this case the European standard population is used. Separate directly standardised mortality ratios are presented for all circulatory diseases and cancer for those under 75. This distinction is made as deaths under the age of 75 are deemed ‘early deaths’ and are the most preventable.

Please note that whilst there appears to be more variance in the trend witnessed for Braintree District, it is recognised that direct standardisation (and indirect standardisation) will show a wider variation in its results as the calculations are made using a relatively smaller population and therefore a smaller number of deaths. The fact that directly standardised calculations are also based on the number of deaths in separate age groups further exacerbates this problem.

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Table 48: Directly Standardised Mortality Rate for All Circulatory Diseases for People under 75 across Essex 1993 – 2008

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 England 163.19 150.95 147.34 142.35 134.27 129.54 121.69 114.07 East of England 138.35 128.95 125.19 120.34 112.90 108.26 104.73 99.26 Essex 135.11 128.81 128.69 122.00 113.97 106.73 100.30 96.33 Braintree 137.28 112.83 142.28 117.20 114.09 104.56 92.58 104.15

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 England 107.85 102.75 97.76 89.69 84.03 79.00 74.40 71.02

East of England 93.37 86.99 82.34 77.94 72.07 68.71 63.01 60.54 Essex 91.62 83.22 82.04 78.89 73.54 67.47 62.63 57.86 Braintree 93.85 86.22 82.18 80.41 79.84 72.78 67.83 56.79

Source: Clinical and Health Outcomes Knowledge Base 2009

Figure 49: Braintree District Comparison of Directly Standardised Mortality Rate for All Circulatory Diseases for People under 75 1998 - 2008

140.00

130.00

120.00

110.00

100.00 Braintree Essex 90.00 East of England

year olds year 80.00 England

70.00

60.00

50.00 DSMR for All Circulatory Diseases for under 75 40.00 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year

Source: Clinical and Health Outcomes Knowledge Base 2009

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There has been a decrease in the number of deaths suffered by all circulatory diseases at all geographical hierarchies. In 2008, 56.79 people per 100,000 could be expected to die from circulatory diseases within the District. This compares to 71.02 in England, 60.54 in the East of England and 57.86 in Essex.

Table 49: Directly Standardised Mortality Rate for All Cancers for People under 75 across Essex 1993 – 2008

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 England 149.56 146.63 144.21 142.18 137.23 135.96 131.52 128.66 East of England 137.80 134.16 134.24 131.55 123.76 125.12 118.67 119.17 Essex 140.22 134.58 141.59 136.88 121.25 122.80 123.16 122.67 Braintree 110.66 137.58 132.77 113.16 113.74 114.42 124.33 108.73

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 England 126.07 124.75 121.30 118.75 116.80 115.54 114.07 112.27

East of England 116.29 114.46 113.54 110.90 108.17 105.91 106.53 105.11 Essex 115.17 114.08 117.74 113.20 108.66 108.00 107.65 107.96 Braintree 112.74 122.75 137.40 92.36 102.06 102.03 108.12 106.02

Source: Clinical and Health Outcomes Knowledge Base 2009

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Figure 50: Braintree District Comparison of Directly Standardised Mortality Rate for All Cancers for People under 75 across Essex 1998 – 2008

150.00

140.00

130.00

Braintree 120.00 Essex East of England 110.00 England

100.00

90.00 DSMR for All Cancers for under 75 year olds 80.00 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year

Source: Clinical and Health Outcomes Knowledge Base 2009

There has been a decrease in the rate of mortality in the under 75s caused by all cancers across the period of study. Whilst reported mortality rates in the District can be seen to rapidly fluctuate, they have been below those seen in England for all years except 2003.

In 2008 Braintree reported a DSMR of 106.02 for deaths relating to cancer in people aged under 75. This is a lower mortality rate than England (112.27), and Essex (107.96), but higher than the East of England (105.11).

B. Life Expectancy The table below highlights the average life expectancy of Braintree District, East of England and England residents at birth. Please note that all references to ‘life expectancy’ should be taken to mean ‘life expectancy at birth’ in the remainder of this section.

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Table 50: Life Expectancy in Braintree District, East of England and England

January 2001 - January 2002 - January 2003 - December 2003 December 2004 December 2005

Males Females Males Females Males Females Braintree 76.9 80.7 77.2 81.6 77.6 81.8 East of England 77.3 81.4 77.6 81.6 78.0 81.9 England 76.2 80.7 76.5 80.9 76.9 81.1

January 2004 - January 2005 - January 2006 - December 2006 December 2007 December 2008

Males Females Males Females Males Females Braintree 78.5 82.4 78.6 82.6 78.9 82.8 East of England 78.3 82.2 78.7 82.6 78.9 82.8 England 77.3 81.6 77.7 81.8 77.9 82.0

Source: ONS 2010

Life expectancy has shown a general upward trend in all areas between January 2001 and December 2008. By January 2006 – December 2008, life expectancy increased to 78.9 years for males and 82.8 years for females. This is similar to the life expectancy for the East of England and remains above that reported nationally.

C. Teenage Pregnancy

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Table 51: Teenage Conception Rates across Essex per 1,000 Females Aged 15 - 17

January 2003 - December January 2004 - December January 2005 - December January 2006 - December January 2007 - December 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Count Rate per 1000 Count Rate per 1000 Count Rate per 1000 Count Rate per 1000 Count Rate per 1000 Basildon 170 54.2 131 40.2 155 47.0 121 36.9 137 40.8 Braintree 81 32.6 73 28.0 87 33.0 105 39.1 80 29.8 Brentwood 24 19.4 24 18.6 20 15.4 21 15.8 20 14.3 Castle Point 57 32.5 54 30.8 55 32.0 53 29.9 61 34.4 Chelmsford 71 23.0 82 25.6 70 21.7 91 28.7 90 28.4 Colchester 88 30.3 96 31.7 113 36.8 112 37.3 100 33.5 Epping 53 24.5 66 29.6 53 22.2 64 26.4 71 30.0 Forest Harlow 79 52.2 85 54.9 63 41.5 81 52.0 78 51.2 Maldon 24 21.8 26 23.6 29 25.9 26 22.8 23 19.8 Rochford 31 21.2 33 22.2 36 23.4 35 22.1 45 27.5 Tendring 85 36.7 85 34.8 86 34.4 103 41.0 121 45.9 Uttlesford 17 12.1 19 13.1 20 13.9 29 20.0 35 23.6 Southend 140 48.4 135 47.4 136 47.5 143 48.8 127 41.7 Thurrock 120 41.2 123 43.0 129 43.6 141 46.4 124 41.0 East of 3,374 33.3 3,392 32.7 3,441 32.7 3,529 33.3 3,534 33.1 England England 39,553 42.2 39,593 41.6 39,804 41.3 39,170 40.6 40,366 41.7

Source: ONS 2010

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Figure 51: Teenage Conception Rate Trend Analysis

45.0

40.0

35.0 Braintree Essex East of England 30.0 England

25.0 Under 18 Conception Rate per 1000 per Rate Conception 18 Under

20.0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Year

Source: ONS 2010

The rate of teenage pregnancies in Braintree District had been showing a rising trend, contrary to patterns seen regionally and nationally, from 2004-2006, however the rate fell significantly in 2007 to below county, regional and national rates.

D. Incapacity Benefit and Severe Disablement Allowance Incapacity Benefit is paid to people who are assessed as being incapable of work due to 6 defined reasons. These are mental disorders, diseases of the nervous system, disease of the respiratory or circulatory system, musculoskeletal disease, injury or poisoning and other.

Severe Disablement Allowance (SDA) claimants have to be aged between 16 and 65, been unable to work for at least 28 weeks and are unable to get Incapacity Benefit. Since April 2001 it has not been possible to make a new claim for SDA.

There now follows a table detailing the breakdown in Incapacity Benefit and SDA claims in Braintree District, the East of England and England.

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Table 52: Total Incapacity Benefit and SDA Claims August 2009

Braintree East of England England % % % Total Population 142,700 n/a 5,776,600 n/a 51,809,700 n/a Total Receiving Benefits 3,690 2.6 158,300 2.8 1,865,370 3.6 Claimants ------Total Incapacity Benefit Claimants 3,080 83.5 138,890 87.7 1,666,940 89.4 Total Severe Disablement Claimants 610 16.5 19,410 12.3 198,430 10.6 Male 2,000 54.0 88,020 56.0 1,070,370 57.0 Female 1,690 46.0 70,280 44.0 794,990 43.0 Age of Claimant ------Claimants Aged 16-24 210 6.0 8,750 6.0 91,300 5.0 Claimants Aged 25-49 1,720 47.0 76,200 48.0 889,630 48.0 Claimants Aged 50-59 1,210 33.0 51,900 33.0 630,890 34.0 Claimants Aged 60+ 550 15.0 21,450 14.0 253,460 14.0

Source: ONS 2010

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There are a smaller percentage of the total population claiming benefits in the District (2.6%) then the East of England (2.8%) and England (3.6%). Of those, 16.5% of District benefit claimants receive Severe Disablement Allowance, compared to 12.3% in the East of England and 10.6% in England. The highest proportion of claimants are in the 25 – 49 age group, a trend matched regionally and nationally.

Table 53: Total Incapacity Benefit and SDA Claimants as a Percentage of Total Population

Total Claimants as Percentage of Total Population Aug-03 Aug-04 Aug-05 Aug-06 Aug-07 Aug-08 Aug-09 Braintree 2.82% 2.85% 2.90% 2.92% 2.96% 2.97% 2.59% East of 3.07% 3.14% 3.13% 3.10% 3.13% 3.14% 2.75% England England 4.35% 4.36% 4.29% 4.24% 4.18% 4.12% 3.60%

Source: ONS 2010

Figure 52: Total Incapacity Benefit and SDA Claimants as a Percentage of Total Population

4.50%

4.00%

3.50% Braintree East of England 3.00% England Percentage

2.50%

2.00% 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year

Source: ONS 2010

The proportion of claimants in Braintree District has been lower than the East of England and England across the period of study. Between August 2003 and August 2008, the total proportion of claimants had slightly increased in Braintree District and regionally and decreased nationally, however there has been a significant reduction in claimants as a percentage of total population for August 2009 across all geographical boundaries.

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Table 54: Comparison between Changing Trends Witnessed In Short Term Claimants

Proportion who have Claimed for Less than 6 Months Aug-03 Aug-04 Aug-05 Aug-06 Aug-07 Aug-08 Aug-09 Braintree 9.68% 10.10% 9.90% 9.59% 10.30% 9.43% 0.54% East of England 10.55% 10.43% 9.86% 9.35% 9.98% 9.91% 0.74% England 10.01% 9.73% 9.12% 8.97% 9.58% 9.55% 0.87%

Source: ONS 2010

Figure 53: Comparison between Changing Trends Witnessed In Short Term Claimants

12.00%

10.00%

8.00%

6.00%

Percentage 4.00%

2.00% Braintree 0.00% East of England 3 4 5 0 0 0 England 0 0 0 006 2 2 2 2 2007 2008 2009 Year

Source: ONS 2010

There has been a slight decrease in short term claimants in Braintree between August 2003 (9.68%) and August 2008 (9.43%) however there has been a significant decrease between August 2008 and August 2009 to just 0.54%.

Between 2003 and 2008 the proportion of claimants claiming short term benefits has also decreased across both the East of England and England. Braintree’s figures showing a noticeable upturn in the proportion of short term claimants between 2006 and 2007 is also matched regionally and nationally.

In August 2009, 0.54% of Braintree District Incapacity Benefit claimants had been claiming short term, with the comparative figures being 0.74% in the East of England and 0.87% in England.

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Table 55: Comparison between Changing Trends Witnessed In Long Term Claimants

Proportion who have Claimed for More than 5 Years Aug-03 Aug-04 Aug-05 Aug-06 Aug-07 Aug-08 Aug-09 Braintree 50.87% 52.22% 52.66% 53.24% 53.37% 53.54% 61.52% East of England 49.21% 50.00% 51.42% 53.03% 53.42% 53.86% 61.92% England 49.89% 51.19% 52.92% 54.49% 55.40% 55.99% 63.73%

Source: ONS 2010

Figure 54: Comparison between Changing Trends Witnessed In Long Term Claimants

65.00% 63.00% 61.00% 59.00% 57.00% Braintree 55.00% East of England 53.00% England Percentage 51.00% 49.00% 47.00% 45.00% 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year

Source: ONS 2010

The proportion of benefit claimants who have claimed for a period of over 5 years can be seen to have increased at all geographical hierarchies from August 2003 to August 2009.

Between August 2003 and August 2009, Braintree has shown an increase in claimants who have claimed for a period of over 5 years of 10.65%. This is lower than the increases regionally and nationally, which were 12.71% and 13.84% respectively.

In August 2009, 61.52% of all claimants had claimed for 5 years or more in the District; less than the 61.92% claiming long term in the region and the 63.73% of all claimants claiming in the country.

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E. Participation in Sport The following results have been taken from the Active People Surveys 2, 3 and 4 (12 month rolling period) carried out by Sport England. The definition of ‘participation’ in this instance is a measure of the percentage of the adult population who participate in at least 3 days times 30mins, moderate intensity participation (sport and recreational walking and cycling and for those aged 65 years and over - yoga; pilates; indoor and outdoor bowls' archery and croquet) per week (all adults). Walking and cycling are included in this measure.

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Table 56: Participation in Sport across Essex October 2007 – April 2010

APS2 (Oct 2007-Oct 2008) APS3 (Oct 2008-Oct 2009) Rolling 12 months (Apr 2009 - Apr 2010)

% Base % Base % Base Basildon 15.2% 501 17.7% 500 15.3% 504 Braintree 15.8% 503 13.0% 500 15.0% 506 Brentwood 18.0% 503 18.4% 502 17.3% 498 Castle Point 12.1% 501 14.5% 1,007 16.5% 758 Chelmsford 20.0% 510 18.9% 505 18.3% 515 Colchester 18.8% 500 20.6% 503 17.4% 516 Epping Forest 16.8% 502 18.1% 511 17.7% 500 Harlow 18.8% 508 10.2% 504 10.4% 497 Maldon 18.5% 504 14.7% 503 15.8% 510 Rochford 16.7% 504 13.6% 503 11.8% 501 Southend UA 15.0% 513 16.4% 502 14.3% 497 Tendring 14.1% 506 10.3% 1,004 12.5% 768 Thurrock UA 12.4% 509 14.4% 1,001 15.7% 765 Uttlesford 18.2% 506 18.1% 500 19.2% 498 East of England 16.2% 24,734 15.8% 25,689 15.7% 25,006 England 16.4% 191,324 16.6% 193,947 16.6% 191,947

Source: Sport England Active People Survey 2 (Oct ’07-’08), Active People Survey 3 (Oct ’08-’09), Active People Survey 4 Latest Rolling 12 Month Period (Apr ’09-’10)

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As of April 2010, at 15.0% the proportion of the adult population participating in sport in the District is below the regional average of 15.7% and the national average of 16.6%. Participation in the District in the April 2009 – April 2010 period is up 2.0% from the October 2008 to October 2009 figure. The corresponding average percentage changes for the region and the country are -0.1% and 0.0% respectively.

F. Public Perceptions of Facilities in Their Local Area This section is concerned with how the residents of a local area perceive the range of facilities that are on offer to them. Taken from the Place Survey 2008 (revised, CLG) examined here are the percentages of people very or fairly satisfied with parks and open spaces and sport and leisure facilities in their local authority area.

Figure 55: Proportion of People Very or Fairly Satisfied with Parks and Open Spaces in their Local Authority Area

90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

n d t t w n a g o o n ter s o o ck tree oi s re rin o ford sild in two P -Se d n Fo Harl Mald les e tle lche -on en Ba Bra r o g Rochford d T Thurr Utt B C in n Cas Chelmsford p e Ep uth So Proportion of People East of England England

Source: CLG, 2010

At 63.9%, a lower proportion of Braintree District’s population are very or fairly satisfied with parks and open spaces in the District compared to the regional and national averages of 71.0% and 68.5% respectively.

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Figure 56: Proportion of People Very or Fairly Satisfied with Sport and Leisure Facilities in their Local Authority Area

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

n d t t w n a g o o n ter s o o ck tree oi s re rin o ford sild in two P -Se d n Fo Harl Mald les e tle lche -on en Ba Bra r o g Rochford d T Thurr Utt B C in n Cas Chelmsford p e Ep uth So Proportion of People East of England England

Source: CLG, 2010

At 44.3%, a lower proportion of Braintree District’s population are very or fairly satisfied with sports and leisure facilities in the District compared to the regional and national averages of 45.5% and 46.2% respectively.

11.3 Health Summary • Health is of paramount importance to the sustainability of any community. A good quality of health is inextricably linked to such factors as the potential for economic growth, poverty and other forms of deprivation, quality of life, population and housing. • The directly standardised mortality rate (DSMR) is used for calculating the number of mortalities that would occur in a standard population (per 100,000) if that standard population had the age specific mortality rates of a given area. There has been a decrease in the number of deaths suffered by all circulatory diseases at all geographical hierarchies. In 2008, 56.79 people per 100,000 could be expected to die from circulatory diseases within the District. This compared to 71.02 in England, 60.54 in the East of England and 57.86 in Essex. • There has been a decrease in the rate of mortality in the under 75s caused by all cancers across the period of study. Whilst reported mortality rates in the District can be seen to rapidly fluctuate, they have been below those seen in England for all years except 2003. • In 2008 Braintree reported a DSMR of 106.02 for deaths relating to cancer in people aged under 75. This is a lower mortality rate than England (112.27), and Essex (107.96), but higher than the East of England (105.11).

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• Life expectancy has shown a general upward trend in Braintree between January 2001 and December 2008. By December 2008, life expectancy increased to 78.9 years for males and 82.8 years for females. This is similar to the life expectancy for the East of England and remains above that reported nationally. • The rate of teenage pregnancies in Braintree District had been showing a rising trend, contrary to patterns seen regionally and nationally, from 2004-2006; however the rate fell significantly in 2007 to below county, regional and national rates. • Incapacity Benefit is paid to people who are assessed as being incapable of work due to 6 defined reasons. These are mental disorders, diseases of the nervous system, disease of the respiratory or circulatory system, musculoskeletal disease, injury or poisoning and other. Severe Disablement Allowance (SDA) claimants have to be aged between 16 and 65, been unable to work for at least 28 weeks and are unable to get Incapacity Benefit. Since April 2001 it has not been possible to make a new claim for SDA. • There are a smaller percentage of the total population claiming benefits in the District (2.6%) then the East of England (2.8%) and England (3.6%). Of those, 16.5% of District benefit claimants receive Severe Disablement Allowance, compared to 12.3% in the East of England and 10.6% in England. The highest proportion of claimants are in the 25 – 49 age group, a trend matched regionally and nationally. • The proportion of claimants in Braintree District has been lower than the East of England and England across the period of study. Between August 2003 and August 2008, the total proportion of claimants had slightly increased in Braintree District and regionally and decreased nationally, however there has been a significant reduction in claimants as a percentage of total population for August 2009 across all geographical boundaries. • There has been a slight decrease in short term claimants in Braintree between August 2003 (9.68%) and August 2008 (9.43%) however there has been a significant decrease between August 2008 and August 2009 to just 0.54%. • In August 2009, 0.54% of Braintree District Incapacity Benefit claimants had been claiming short term, with the comparative figures being 0.74% in the East of England and 0.87% in England. • Between August 2003 and August 2009, Braintree has shown an increase in claimants who have claimed for a period of over 5 years of 10.65%. This is lower than the increases regionally and nationally, which were 12.71% and 13.84% respectively. In August 2009, 61.52% of all claimants had claimed for 5 years or more in the District, less than the 61.92% claiming long term in the region and the 63.73% of all claimants claiming in the country. • The following results have been taken from the Active People Surveys 2, 3 and 4 (12 month rolling period) carried out by Sport England. The definition of ‘participation’ in this instance is a measure of the percentage of the adult population who participate in at least 3 days times 30mins, moderate intensity participation (sport and recreational walking and cycling and for those aged 65 years and over - yoga; pilates; indoor and outdoor bowls' archery and croquet) per week (all adults). Walking and cycling are included in this measure. • As of April 2010, at 15.0% the proportion of the adult population participating in sport in the District is below the regional average of 15.7% and the national average of 16.6%. Participation in the District in the April 2009 – April 2010

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period is up 2.0% from the October 2008 to October 2009 figure. The corresponding average percentage changes for the region and the country are -0.1% and 0.0% respectively. • At 63.9%, a lower proportion of Braintree District’s population are very or fairly satisfied with parks and open spaces in the District compared to the regional and national averages of 71.0% and 68.5% respectively. • At 44.3%, a lower proportion of Braintree District’s population are very or fairly satisfied with sports and leisure facilities in the District compared to the regional and national averages of 45.5% and 46.2% respectively.

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12 POPULATION AND SOCIAL

12.1 Introduction This section focuses on population and social indicators within the District of Braintree. It contains data on population structure, estimates and forecasts, the number of pupils attending schools and their achievements, crime and indices of multiple deprivation.

12.2 Baseline Information This chapter incorporates data and analysis on population, education, crime and deprivation within the District of Braintree. Population data will include Office for National Statistics’ (ONS) mid-year estimates to 2009, and ONS projections to 2021. Education data will detail school attendances and capacity within the District as well as GCSE and equivalent qualifications for the school-year 2008- 2009. Deprivation data includes Braintree’s average rank within the Essex County Council area as well as a more detailed breakdown of the character of deprivation throughout the county.

A. Population Change since 2001 The ONS publishes annual mid year population estimates and biannual projections. Consideration of these figures is important in many facets of sustainable planning because they indicate the number of people likely to be living in an area and provide a base for estimating activity levels. This sub-section looks at population change from 2001 in the form of the ONS’ latest mid year estimates and the ONS projections to 2021.

Table 57: ONS Mid-Year Estimates 2001-2009

Percentage 2001 2009 Difference Change Braintree District 132,500 142,700 10,200 7.70% Essex County Council Area 1,312,600 1,398,900 86,300 6.57% East of England Region 5,400,500 5,766,600 366,100 6.78% England 49,449,700 51,809,700 2,360,000 4.77%

Source: ONS 2010

Population growth in Braintree at 7.70% is higher than that of the county and the East of England region at 6.57% and 6.78% respectively and also the national figure of 4.77%.

Table 58: ONS Mid-Year Estimates Population Structure 2001-2009

Braintree East of England England Mid 2001 Mid 2009 Mid 2001 Mid 2009 Mid 2001 Mid 2009 All Persons; 0-4 6.34% 6.17% 5.95% 6.05% 5.91% 6.17% All Persons; 5-14 13.43% 12.26% 12.87% 11.65% 12.86% 11.35% All Persons; 15-19 5.51% 6.10% 5.89% 6.20% 6.16% 6.39% All Persons; 20-44 34.49% 31.89% 34.29% 32.97% 35.52% 34.63% All Persons; 45-64 25.36% 27.26% 24.54% 25.91% 23.71% 25.18% All Persons; 65+ 14.94% 16.26% 16.46% 17.23% 15.85% 16.28%

Source: ONS 2010

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Braintree District has a higher proportion of the population aged 0-14 at 18.43% than the East of England average of 17.70% and the national figure of 17.52%. There is a slightly lower percentage aged 15-44 in the District at 37.99% than regionally (39.17%) and nationally (41.02%). Within Braintree, there is a slightly higher percentage of the overall population of the ages 45-64 at 27.26% than regionally (25.91%) and nationally (25.18%). i) ONS Projections The ONS projections for 2021 are trend based projections. Generally this means that future populations are based on assumptions that births, deaths and migration will continue observed trends over the previous five years. They show what the future population of an area will be if these trends continue. They do not reflect any future policy intentions. The currently available ONS population projections are 2006-based projections published by ONS on 12th June 2008.

Table 59: ONS Revised 2006-Based Population Projections

2010 2021 Difference Percentage Change Braintree District 146,300 165,400 19,100 13.06% Essex County Council Area 1,413,700 1,562,200 148,500 10.50% East of England Region 5,831,400 6,471,000 639,600 10.97% England 52,296,500 56,757,000 4,460,500 8.53%

Source: ONS 2008

The Braintree District population will rise by 13.06% to 165,400 in 2021. This percentage increase is considerably higher than the county average of 10.50%, the regional average at 10.97%, and the nationwide average of 8.53%.

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Table 60: ONS Revised 2006-Based Population Projections – Natural Change and Migration Summaries (all figures in thousands)

All Internal International & International & Natural Internal Population Births Deaths Migration Migration Cross Border Cross Border Change Migration In Net Out Migration In Migration Out Braintree 2010 146.3 0.4 1.7 1.3 1.3 7.3 5.7 0.6 0.9 District 2021 165.4 0.4 1.8 1.4 1.3 7.9 6.2 0.6 1.0 Essex 2010 1413.7 3.7 16.5 12.8 9.8 46.3 38.9 12.8 10.4 County Council Area 2021 1562.2 4.4 17.5 13.2 9.2 49.1 41.8 12.8 10.9 East of 2010 5831.4 19.7 71.5 51.8 38.6 142.4 121.9 64.4 46.3 England Region 2021 6471.0 21.8 75.2 53.5 36.2 150.2 129.8 64.4 48.6 2010 52296.5 211.0 672.9 461.9 195.7 0.0 0.0 694.4 498.7 England 2021 56757.0 231.2 690.3 459.1 171.2 0.0 0.0 694.4 523.2

Source: ONS 2008

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These natural change and migration summaries are trend based projections, which means assumptions for future levels of births, deaths and migration are based on a continuation of observed levels mainly over the previous five years. Braintree’s population is projected to increase by 19,100 people over the period of 2010 to 2021. This is mainly due to an increase in internal migration in, which is not matched by internal out-migration.

B. Education

Table 61: Number Attending and Capacity of Schools in Braintree District

2009 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Capacity Primary 11,760 11,544 11,457 11,376 11,375 11,287 12,295 Secondary 7,718 7,895 7,967 7,874 7,798 8,280 8,280 Special 198 204 206 211 209 200 214 Total 19,676 19,643 19,630 19,461 19,382 19,767 20,789

Source: Essex School Organisation Plan 2009-2014

The numbers attending and the capacity of schools is important in light of the population age profile estimates previously mentioned. The number of those attending primary schools has decreased annually over the period 2004-2009. The numbers attending secondary schools have risen annually between 2004 and 2006 by 249 pupils but decreased by 169 pupils between 2006 and 2008 before rising by 482 pupils between 2008 and 2009.

Capacity figures for 2009 indicate that on a district wide basis there are enough primary, secondary and special school places for the current year, however secondary school places are at capacity. For capacity figures of individual schools please refer to the full Essex School Organisational Plan 2009-2014.

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Table 62: GCSE and Equivalent Results for Young People in Braintree – Referenced by Location of Educational Institution 2007/2008 - 2008/2009

Braintree East of England England September '07 September '08 September '07 September '08 September '07 September '08 - August '08 - August '09 - August '08 - August '09 - August '08 - August '09

All Pupils at the end of KS4 1,603 1,475 66,294 65,171 653,045 578,845

All Pupils at the end of KS4 achieving 5+ A* - C 55.6% 62.4% 64.7% 69.0% 65.3% 69.8%

All Pupils at the end of KS4 achieving 5+ A* - G 91.3% 94.2% 92.9% 93.9% 91.6% 93.5%

All Pupils at the end of KS4 achieving 5+ A* - C 41.0% 46.6% 50.3% 51.9% 47.6% 50.7% Including English and Mathematics

All Pupils at the end of KS4 achieving 5+ A* - G 89.4% 92.5% 91.7% 92.7% 87.4% 92.0% Including English and Mathematics

All Pupils at the end of KS4 with any passes 97.8% n/a 98.4% n/a 98.6% n/a

All Pupils at the end of KS4 with no passes 2.2% n/a 1.6% n/a 1.4% n/a

Source: ONS 2010

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The above table shows that the number of those taking GCSEs and equivalent qualifications in the District had fallen by 128 pupils between 2007/08-2008/09, a trend matched regionally and nationally. The District is performing below the East of England region and nationally in the attainment of 5+ A*-C grades but is showing a percentage increase between 2007/08-2008/09, a trend matched by regional and national percentage increases.

C. Crime

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Table 63: Offences in Braintree District

Braintree Essex England and Wales

Offence Offences Offences Percentage Offences Offences Percentage Offences Offences Percentage Recorded Recorded Change Recorded Recorded Change Recorded Recorded Change 08/09 09/10 08/09 - 09/10 08/09 09/10 08/09 - 09/10 08/09 09/10 08/09 - 09/10 Violence against the 1,469 1,225 -17 21,874 21,261 -3 887,213 856,832 -3 person

Sexual 106 72 -32 1,161 1,266 9 50,575 53,757 6 Offences Robbery 35 35 0 1,305 1,096 -16 79,261 74,413 -6 Offences Burglary 248 294 19 6,888 6,849 -1 284,434 268,591 -6 Dwelling Theft of a motor 167 171 2 4,079 3,442 -16 146,913 117,546 -20 vehicle Theft from a motor 553 597 8 9,380 8,329 -11 394,003 336,865 -15 vehicle Interfering with a 64 53 -17 1,175 879 -25 47,473 37,928 -20 motor vehicle

Source: Home Office 2010

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Braintree has seen a percentage reduction in crime figures for sexual offences (-32%), violence against the person offences (-17%) and interfering with a motor vehicle offences (-17%). The reduction in sexual offences is particularly encouraging in comparison with percentage increases in Essex and England and Wales of 9% and 6% respectively.

The percentage increase of 19% in the number of burglary dwelling offences in the District is of particular concern where percentage changes for this offence in the county and nationally have both decreased. Theft of a motor vehicle and theft from a motor vehicle offences have increased by 2% and 8% in the District. This is a trend not matched in Essex, with decreases of 16% and 11% respectively and in England and Wales with decreases of 20% and 15%.

D. Deprivation

Table 64: Essex Boroughs/Districts/Unitaries Ranking on IMD2007 Measures

Rank Essex Average Score Average Rank Extent Local Concentration 1 Tendring 103 Tendring 91 Southend 107 Southend 83 2 Southend 111 Harlow 105 Basildon 114 Thurrock 107 3 Harlow 121 Southend 124 Thurrock 123 Tendring 109 4 Thurrock 124 Thurrock 131 Tendring 126 Basildon 134 5 Basildon 136 Basildon 151 Harlow 186 Colchester 200 6 Colchester 224 Epping Forest 220 Colchester 202 Harlow 207 7 Epping Forest 229 Colchester 224 Epping Forest 247 Epping Forest 246 8 Braintree 239 Braintree 232 Castle Point 263 Braintree 252 9 Castle Point 249 Castle Point 246 Braintree 265 Castle Point 261 10 Maldon 255 Maldon 252 Chelmsford 270 Chelmsford 276 11 Chelmsford 312 Brentwood 312 Rochford 285 Brentwood 293 12 Rochford 314 Chelmsford 314 Brentwood 295 Maldon 294 13 Brentwood 315 Rochford 315 Maldon 309= Rochford 305 14 Uttlesford 347 Uttlesford 347 Uttlesford 309= Uttlesford 352

Source: CLG 2008

The above table shows the national ranking of Essex districts, boroughs and unitaries for four measures from the IMD. The number alongside each authority’s name is that authority’s national rank for that measure. A lower rank means a greater incidence of deprivation within the authority.

Braintree District is the 8th worst ranked authority out of 14 in the county. Braintree’s average score rank has steadily improved year on year, from 228 in 2000, to 237 in 2004 and 239 in 2007; this has also been the case for the average rank, improving from 227 in 2000 to 228 in 2004 and 232 in 2007. Braintree’s rank of extent has risen from 158 in 2000 to 263 in 2004 and 265 in 2007 however the rank of local concentration fell from 269 in 2000 to 247 in 2004, however did rise to 252 in 2007.

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Table 65: Character of Deprivation

Education, Barriers to Health & Living IMD Income Employment Skills & Housing & Crime Disability Environment Training Services Essex CC 14.04 0.11 0.07 -0.53 20.15 21.85 9.75 -0.37 Basildon 20.62 0.16 0.09 -0.02 31.83 20.29 6.28 0.17 Braintree 13.71 0.11 0.07 -0.56 21.04 25.99 9.40 -0.58 Brentwood 9.30 0.08 0.06 -1.10 9.10 21.41 9.13 -0.33 Castle Point 13.03 0.11 0.07 -0.57 24.11 12.80 11.01 -0.41 Chelmsford 9.26 0.09 0.06 -0.97 11.94 17.36 11.05 -0.49 Colchester 14.81 0.11 0.07 -0.31 19.07 26.90 11.42 -0.41 Epping Forest 14.15 0.11 0.07 -0.62 17.52 26.24 11.92 0.01 Harlow 21.67 0.16 0.10 0.15 31.85 24.56 6.97 0.37 Maldon 12.20 0.10 0.06 -0.49 18.67 23.07 8.68 -0.73 Rochford 9.35 0.09 0.06 -0.81 15.66 13.09 8.52 -0.65 Tendring 23.32 0.16 0.12 0.21 33.78 24.81 14.72 -0.27 Uttlesford 7.05 0.07 0.04 1.27 7.19 24.84 7.87 -1.08 Southend 22.51 0.18 0.11 0.22 23.57 15.50 20.75 0.24 Thurrock 21.99 0.15 0.10 -0.13 35.64 19.47 13.10 0.53

Source: CLG 2008

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Braintree District displays a mix of scores on the IMD index. The District is less deprived than the county average in 4 of the 8 categories and matches the county average in 2 categories. Areas of slight concern are apparent in the categories of Education, Skills and Training and Barriers to Housing and Services, where Braintree is more deprived than the county average.

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Table 66: Deprivation Character by Sub-Domain

Barriers Sub- Barriers Education Education Child Older People Domain: Sub-Domain: Environment Environment Sub-Domain: Sub-Domain: Poverty Poverty Geographical Wider Sub-Domain: Sub-Domain: Children & Working Age (IDACI) (IDAOPI) Barriers to Barriers to 'Indoors' 'Outdoors' Young People Skills Services Housing Essex CC 0.15 0.15 18.79 21.48 0.31 -0.20 8.28 12.68 Basildon 0.23 0.20 30.12 33.54 0.21 -0.12 3.15 12.56 Braintree 0.13 0.16 19.57 22.51 0.48 0.02 9.07 10.05 Brentwood 0.11 0.12 7.96 10.24 0.34 -0.23 8.38 10.62 Castle Point 0.15 0.16 18.47 29.47 0.03 -0.49 4.47 24.09 Chelmsford 0.12 0.12 11.18 12.70 0.26 -0.48 9.93 13.30 Colchester 0.16 0.16 20.60 17.53 0.16 0.34 9.18 15.89 Epping Forest 0.15 0.14 15.39 19.66 0.30 0.21 9.68 16.40 Harlow 0.24 0.19 33.12 30.59 0.00 0.34 4.49 11.92 Maldon 0.13 0.15 17.30 19.99 0.63 -0.48 9.79 6.45 Rochford 0.11 0.13 11.30 20.02 0.18 -0.72 5.72 14.12 Tendring 0.21 0.17 35.21 32.34 0.18 -0.16 15.41 13.36 Uttlesford 0.08 0.11 5.25 9.13 0.93 -0.96 10.12 3.35 Southend 0.24 0.21 23.39 23.75 -0.33 0.01 16.74 28.77 Thurrock 0.21 0.19 33.23 38.05 -0.02 0.04 11.91 15.49

Source: CLG 2008

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The District performs well in the Environment outdoors sub-domain at 10.05 which is below the county average of 12.68. This sub-domain contains two criteria consisting of air quality and road traffic accidents. The District performs poorly however in the Environment indoor sub-domain at 9.07 which is above the county average of 8.28.

Further poor performance can be seen in the Geographical Barriers to Small Services Sub Domain where the District performs below the mean county score and is the third worst district/borough in the county. The District also displays higher levels of deprivation than the county average in the Older People Poverty domain, the Education sub-domain: children and young people, the Education sub-domain: working age skills and the Barriers sub-domain: wider barriers to housing (0.02 compared to the county average of -0.20).

12.3 Population and Social Summary • The ONS publishes annual mid year population estimates and biannual projections. Consideration of these figures is important in many facets of sustainable planning because they indicate the number of people likely to be living in an area and provide a base for estimating activity levels. Mid Year Estimates for 2009 show that population growth in Braintree at 7.70% is higher than that of the county and the east of England region at 6.57% and 6.78% respectively and also the national figure of 4.77%. • Braintree District has a higher proportion of the population aged 0-14 at 18.43% than the East of England average of 17.70% and the national figure of 17.52%. • There is a slightly lower percentage aged 15-44 in the District at 37.99% than regionally (39.17%) and nationally (41.02%). • Within Braintree, there is a slightly higher percentage of the overall population of the ages 45-64 at 27.26% than regionally (25.91%) and nationally (25.18%). • The ONS projections for 2021 are trend based projections. Generally this means that future populations are based on assumptions that births, deaths and migration will continue observed trends over the previous 5 years. The currently available ONS population projections are 2006-based projections published by ONS on 12th June 2008. • They show that the Braintree District population will rise by 13.06% to 165,400 in 2021. This percentage increase is considerably higher than the county average of 10.50%, the regional average at 10.97%, and the nationwide average of 8.53%. • Braintree’s population is projected to increase by 19,100 people over the period of 2010 to 2021. This is mainly due to an increase in internal migration in, which is not matched by internal out-migration. • The numbers attending and the capacity of schools is important in light of the population age profile estimates previously mentioned. The number of those attending primary schools has decreased annually over the period 2004-2009. • The numbers attending secondary schools have risen annually between 2004 and 2006 by 249 pupils but decreased by 169 pupils between 2006 and 2008 before rising by 482 pupils between 2008 and 2009. • Capacity figures for 2009 indicate that on a district wide basis there are enough primary, secondary and special school places for the current year, however secondary school places are at capacity.

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• The number of those taking GCSEs and equivalent qualifications in the District had fallen by 128 pupils between 2007/08-2008/09, a trend matched regionally and nationally. • The District is performing below the East of England region and nationally in the attainment of 5+ A*-C grades but is showing a percentage increase between 2007/08-2008/09, a trend matched by regional and national percentage increases. • Braintree District has seen a percentage reduction in crime figures between 2008/09 and 2009/10 for sexual offences (-32%), violence against the person offences (-17%) and interfering with a motor vehicle offences (-17%). The reduction in sexual offences is particularly encouraging in comparison with percentage increases in Essex and England and Wales of 9% and 6% respectively. • The percentage increase of 19% in the number of burglary dwelling offences in the District is of particular concern where percentage changes for this offence in the county and nationally have both decreased. • Theft of a motor vehicle and theft from a motor vehicle offences have increased by 2% and 8% in the District. This is a trend not matched in Essex, with decreases of 16% and 11% respectively and in England and Wales with decreases of 20% and 15%. • The national ranking of Essex districts, boroughs and unitaries for four measures from the IMD shows that Braintree District is the 8th worst ranked authority out of 14 in the county. • Braintree’s average score (an overall deprivation measure retaining a range of scores) rank has steadily improved year on year, from 228 in 2000, to 237 in 2004 and 239 in 2007. • This has also been the case for the average rank (an overall deprivation measure which dampens the impact of areas with very extreme scores), improving from 227 in 2000 to 228 in 2004 and 232 in 2007. • Braintree’s rank of extent (proportion of people living in seriously deprived small areas) has risen from 158 in 2000 to 263 in 2004 and 265 in 2007. • The rank of local concentration (representing the severity of deprivation in the worst of areas) in Braintree fell from 269 in 2000 to 247 in 2004, however did rise to 252 in 2007. • Braintree District displays a mix of scores on the IMD index, representing overall deprivation. The District is less deprived than the county average in 4 of the 8 categories in which deprivation can occur and matches the county average in 2 categories. • Areas of slight concern are apparent in the categories of Education, Skills and Training and Barriers to Housing and Services, where Braintree is more deprived than the county average. • The District performs well in the Environment outdoors sub-domain at 10.05 which is below the county average of 12.68. This sub-domain contains two criteria consisting of air quality and road traffic accidents. • The District performs poorly however in the Environment indoor sub-domain at 9.07 which is above the county average of 8.28. This domain looks at social and private housing in poor condition and houses without central heating.

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• Further poor performance can be seen in the Geographical Barriers to Small Services Sub Domain where the District performs below the mean county score and is the third worst district/borough in the county. This domain looks at road distances to a GP, supermarket, primary school and post office. • The District also displays higher levels of deprivation than the county average in the Older People Poverty domain, the Education sub-domain: children and young people, the Education sub-domain: working age skills and the Barriers sub-domain: wider barriers to housing (0.02 compared to the county average of -0.20).

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13 ECONOMY

13.1 Introduction For an area to be sustainable, it must be able to attract industry and commerce in order that its citizens may gain employment and contribute to a successful local economy.

As specified in Planning Policy Statement 4 (PPS4) this can be achieved through improving the economic performance of cities, towns, regions, sub-regions and local areas, both urban and rural. Additionally, regeneration and tackling deprivation, delivering more sustainable patterns of development, and promoting the vitality and viability of town and other centres are all facets of a sustainable local economy.

13.2 Baseline Information The following list covers all the information which will be contained within this chapter of the report:

• Count of VAT paying businesses by people employed; • Count of VAT paying businesses by urban / rural location; • New business registration rate; • Small business growth; • Count of VAT businesses by industry type and rateable value; • Count of floorspace used by bulk industry; • Proportion of Commercial and Industrial Land lying vacant; • Proportion of VAT paying businesses by employment size; • Job Density; • Proportion of employment by industry class; • Proportion of employment by occupation type; • Economic activity of residents, both economically active and inactive; • Proportion of residents self employed; • Wage Comparisons; and • Planning Permissions implemented and unimplemented by use class. Please note:

• The Office for National Statistics (ONS) frequently round data in order to protect confidentiality and therefore it is possible that unit counts may not equate across data sets. • Reference is made to both Local Units and Enterprises in this chapter. A local unit is defined as a statistical unit in an enterprise, being an individual site in a geographically identifiable place. This will often take the form of a factory or a shop. An enterprise is defined as a group of local units which have a certain degree of autonomy or control and essentially this can be defined as a business, often taking the form of a head office or main operating site. Some data released by NOMIS prior to the period April 2005 to March 2006 has not been reweighted in line with the latest ONS estimates as these were not available at the time of this report. Consequently some historical data prior to this date has had to be removed for the purpose of this report but will subsequently be reinstated as it becomes available. All

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data prior to April 2005 included within this section has been reweighted and therefore trend analysis is valid. For more information please go to https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/374.aspx

A. Count of VAT and PAYE Based Local Units Please note that ONS have changed the way that this information is reported. As from March 2008, size of business statistics are presented by VAT and / or PAYE-based local units rather than by VAT-based enterprises. Historic information has been repeated for convenience but is not directly comparable.

Table 67: Count of VAT Based Enterprises in Braintree 2005 – 2007

Braintree East of England England Mar-05 Mar-06 Mar-07 Mar-05 Mar-06 Mar-07 Mar-05 Mar-06 Mar-07 All VAT Based 5,360 5,490 5,630 201,520 203,435 206,245 1,741,870 1,758,270 1,788,670 Local Units 0-4 Persons 71.08% 70.86% 71.31% 68.49% 68.66% 68.71% 66.83% 66.97% 67.12% Employed 5-9 Persons 14.37% 14.30% 13.94% 14.64% 14.37% 14.09% 15.20% 15.05% 14.77% Employed 10-19 Persons 7.28% 7.83% 7.64% 8.10% 8.12% 8.35% 8.52% 8.52% 8.76% Employed 20 + Persons 7.28% 7.01% 7.10% 8.78% 8.85% 8.85% 9.46% 9.46% 9.35% Employed

Source: ONS, 2010

The most prevalent type of local business unit at all hierarchies is that which employs 0 to 4 persons. At 71.31% in Braintree in March 2007, this type of local unit is more common than in the East of England (68.71%) and England (67.12%).

Across the period 2005 – 2007 there has not been a significant shift in the proportion of VAT based local units when analysed by employment band at any hierarchy.

Table 68: Count of VAT and PAYE Based Local Units in Braintree 2008 – 2009

Braintree East of England England Mar-08 Mar-09 Mar-08 Mar-09 Mar-08 Mar-09 All VAT and/or PAYE Based Local Units 7,035 6,965 259,055 259,125 2,244,290 2,237,555 0 to 4 Persons Employed 72.85% 72.07% 70.78% 70.17% 69.24% 68.55% 5 to 9 Persons Employed 13.01% 13.42% 13.44% 14.13% 13.97% 14.62% 10 to 19 Persons Employed 7.32% 7.61% 7.65% 7.63% 8.16% 8.12% 20 or More Persons Employed 6.82% 6.89% 8.12% 8.08% 8.63% 8.71%

Source: ONS, 2010

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There is a similar proportion of business by employment size across all categories across all 3 hierarchies. In each case, businesses which employed 0 to 4 persons in 2009 were the most prevalent, at 72.07% in the District, 70.17% in the East of England and 68.55% in England.

Between 2008 and 2009, the number of VAT and/or PAYE based Local Units registered in the District decreased from 7035 to 6965, a decrease of 1%. Within the East of England the number of Local Units increased by 0.03% whilst in England the number of Local Units decreased by 0.3%.

Within Braintree, there has been a small proportional reduction in Local Units employing between 0 to 4 people and minor increases in the number of Local Units at all other employment bands. Those Local Units employing 0 – 4 people have also seen proportional reductions at the Regional and National level.

B. VAT Based Units by Location and Broad Industrial Group

Table 69: VAT and/or PAYE Based Local Units by Broad Industrial Group

East of Braintree England England All VAT and/or PAYE Based Local Units 6,965 n/a 259,125 n/a 2,237,555 n/a Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing 400 5.74% 11,845 4.57% 94,155 4.21% Production 530 7.61% 16,630 6.42% 136,680 6.11% Construction 1135 16.30% 35,100 13.55% 253,740 11.34% Motor Trades 240 3.45% 8,510 3.28% 66,225 2.96% Wholesale 395 5.67% 13,110 5.06% 111,340 4.98% Retail 615 8.83% 25,710 9.92% 245,430 10.97% Transport & Storage (Including Postal) 260 3.73% 9,500 3.67% 73,195 3.27% Accommodation & Food Services 345 4.95% 14,880 5.74% 146,475 6.55% Information & Communication 385 5.53% 17,295 6.67% 145,060 6.48% Finance & Insurance 130 1.87% 5,825 2.25% 58,350 2.61% Property 195 2.80% 8,745 3.37% 80,560 3.60% Professional, Scientific & Technical 875 12.56% 33,720 13.01% 303,475 13.56% Business Administration & Support Services 515 7.39% 20,630 7.96% 173,030 7.73% Public Administration & Defence 60 0.86% 2,000 0.77% 19,765 0.88% Education 160 2.30% 6,290 2.43% 54,435 2.43% Health 285 4.09% 11,720 4.52% 114,175 5.10% Arts, Entertainment, Recreation and 440 6.32% 17,615 6.80% 161,465 7.22% Other Services

Source: ONS, 2010

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Figure 57: VAT and/or PAYE Based Local Units by Broad Industrial Group

100% Arts, Entertainment, Recreation and Other Services Health 90% Education

80% Public Administration & Defence

Business Administration & Support 70% Services Professional, Scientific & Technical

60% Property

Finance & Insurance 50% Information & Communication

40% Accommodation & Food Services Transport & Storage (Including Postal)

30% Retail

Wholesale 20% Motor Trades

Proportion of VAT and/or PAYE Based Local Units PAYE Local Based VAT and/or of Proportion 10% Construction

Production 0% Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Braintree East of England England

Source: ONS, 2010

The highest proportion of workers in the District can be found in the ‘Construction’ industrial group at 16.30%. This sector also displays the highest proportion of workers in the East of England at 13.55%. Nationally, the largest proportion of Local Units can be found in the ‘Professional, Scientific and Technical’ industrial group with ‘Construction’ the second highest at 11.34%. ‘Professional, Scientific and Technical’ Local Units are the second most common Local Unit type at the district and regional level.

There are no significant differences between the stratification of Local Unit industry groupings between the 3 hierarchies other than the proportionately larger ‘Construction’ sector witnessed at the district level.

Table 70: VAT and/or PAYE Based Local Units by Broad Industrial Group and Location (Urban)

Braintree East of England England All VAT and/or PAYE Based Local Units (Urban) 3,480 50.00% 163,590 63.13% 1,669,900 74.63% Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing 25 0.72% 1,335 0.82% 10,245 0.61% Production 280 8.05% 9,945 6.08% 100,165 6.00% Construction 515 14.80% 20,995 12.83% 181,385 10.86% Motor Trades 135 3.88% 5,185 3.17% 48,145 2.88% Wholesale 225 6.47% 8,390 5.13% 85,300 5.11%

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ECONOMY

Retail 425 12.21% 19,080 11.66% 205,280 12.29% Transport & Storage (Including Postal) 140 4.02% 5,885 3.60% 53,310 3.19% Accommodation & Food Services 185 5.32% 10,080 6.16% 113,660 6.81% Information & Communication 195 5.60% 12,125 7.41% 116,845 7.00% Finance & Insurance 80 2.30% 4,495 2.75% 50,490 3.02% Property 110 3.16% 5,880 3.59% 63,700 3.81% Professional, Scientific & Technical 390 11.21% 21,110 12.90% 232,160 13.90% Business Administration & Support Services 265 7.61% 13,540 8.28% 131,950 7.90% Public Administration & Defence 40 1.15% 1,440 0.88% 16,245 0.97% Education 80 2.30% 4,030 2.46% 40,565 2.43% Health 175 5.03% 8,555 5.23% 95,090 5.69% Arts, Entertainment, Recreation and 215 6.18% 11,520 7.04% 125,365 7.51% Other Services

Source: ONS, 2010

Table 71: VAT and/or PAYE Based Local Units by Broad Industrial Group and Location (Rural)

East of Braintree England England All VAT and/or PAYE Based Local Units (Rural) 3,480 50.00% 95,535 36.87% 567,655 25.37% Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing 375 10.78% 10,505 11.00% 83,905 14.78% Production 250 7.18% 6,685 7.00% 36,510 6.43% Construction 620 17.82% 14,100 14.76% 72,355 12.75% Motor Trades 105 3.02% 3,325 3.48% 18,085 3.19% Wholesale 165 4.74% 4,720 4.94% 26,040 4.59% Retail 190 5.46% 6,635 6.95% 40,155 7.07% Transport & Storage (Including Postal) 125 3.59% 3,615 3.78% 19,880 3.50% Accommodation & Food Services 160 4.60% 4,800 5.02% 32,815 5.78% Information & Communication 195 5.60% 5,175 5.42% 28,215 4.97% Finance & Insurance 50 1.44% 1,330 1.39% 7,860 1.38% Property 85 2.44% 2,865 3.00% 16,860 2.97% Professional, Scientific & Technical 485 13.94% 12,610 13.20% 71,315 12.56% Business Administration & Support Services 245 7.04% 7,090 7.42% 41,080 7.24% Public Administration & Defence 20 0.57% 555 0.58% 3,520 0.62% Education 80 2.30% 2,260 2.37% 13,870 2.44% Health 105 3.02% 3,170 3.32% 19,090 3.36% Arts, Entertainment, Recreation and Other 225 6.47% 6,095 6.38% 36,100 6.36% Services

Source: ONS, 2010

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Braintree District has an equal proportion of Local Units in the urban environment as it does in the rural environment, and a higher proportion than that seen in the East of England and England. ‘Construction’, ‘Retail’ and ‘Professional, Scientific & Technical’ Local Units are the most prevalent in the urban environment and this is a situation mirrored at Regional and National level. ‘Construction‘, ‘Professional, Scientific & Technical’ and ’Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing’ Local Units are the most prevalent in the rural environment within the District. This is again also true at the Regional and National level.

C. New Business Registration Rate (National Indicator 171) The data within this section relates to the proportion of business registrations per 10,000 resident population aged 16 and above. The higher the outcome, the better the performance. It is beneficial for local economies to have vibrant start up markets as this creates competitiveness, increases the range of goods and services available and increases business performance.

Table 72: New Business Registration Rate (NI171) in Braintree and Essex 2002 – 2008

Braintree Essex Braintree Adult Braintree Registration Rate Registration Rate Year Population (aged Business Births per 10k per 10k 16+) / 10,000 Population Population

2002 695 10.6 65.5 57.2 2003 720 10.7 67.0 61.7 2004 810 10.9 74.5 64.8 2005 750 11.0 68.0 60.3 2006 700 11.2 62.8 57.4 2007 815 11.3 72.3 61.7 2008 690 11.4 60.6 59.7

Source: BERR, 2010

165

ECONOMY

Figure 58: New Business Registration Rate (NI171) in Braintree and Essex 2002 – 2008

80.0

75.0

70.0

Braintree Registration Rate per 10k Population 65.0 Essex Registration Rate per 10k Population

60.0

55.0 Registration per Rate 10k Population

50.0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Source: BERR, 2010

The registration rate of new businesses per 10k population has been higher in Braintree than Essex across the period of study. Up until 2008, the general pattern of business formation rate was relatively similar between the 2 hierarchies.

The business formation rate in Braintree has decreased from 65.5 to 60.6 over the period of study, 2002 - 2008. The period 2007 – 2008 shows the biggest drop in NI171 within the District, from 72.3 to 60.6. This decrease moves the District NI171 return closer to the county return than at any other point within the study. Within Essex the rate increased from 57.2 to 59.7 although Essex also reported a decrease between 2007 and 2008. The business formation rate per 10,000 population peaked in Braintree in 2004 at 74.5 whilst in Essex it peaked in the same year at 64.8.

Table 73: New Business Registration Rate (NI171) across Essex 2008

Adult Population Registration Rate per Local Authority Business Births (aged 16+) / 10,000 10k Population

Basildon 765 13.8 55.6 Braintree 690 11.4 60.6 Brentwood 450 5.9 75.7 Castle Point 335 7.4 45.4

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Chelmsford 825 13.6 60.7 Colchester 695 14.9 46.6 Epping Forest 960 10.0 95.6 Harlow 375 6.3 59.7 Maldon 330 5.1 64.3 Rochford 360 6.8 53.2 Tendring 430 12.4 34.8 Uttlesford 545 5.8 93.3 Essex 6,770 113.4 59.7

Source: BERR, 2010

Figure 59: New Business Registration Rate (NI171) across Essex 2008

120.0

100.0

80.0 Essex 60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0

t d n t ee ex er or ood don r do st ores il Poin F Ess he tlesf Mal Harlow lc Ut Braint Bas Rochford Tendring Brentw Co Chelmsford Castle Epping

Source: BERR, 2010

The Braintree NI171 return of 60.6 is above the 59.7 reported within Essex. Epping Forest reported the highest new business registration rate at 95.6 with Uttlesford second at 93.3. Tendring recorded the lowest NI171 return at 34.8. Braintree District recorded the 6th highest NI171 return across the 12 districts and boroughs within the county.

D. Small Business Growth (NI172) This section analyses the proportion of small businesses that show a year-on-year growth. For the purpose of this study, a small business is defined as one which employs less than 50 people.

167

ECONOMY

Table 74: Small Business Growth (NI172) within Braintree and Essex 2002 – 2008

Braintree Essex Number of Number of Registered Enterprises Proportion Registered Enterprises Proportio Enterprises with an of Small Enterprises with an n of Small Year with Increase in Businesses with Increase in Businesse Employment Employment Showing Employment Employment s Showing <50 in Second Growth <50 in Second Growth Year Year 2002 4,920 505 46,200 4,670 /03 10.26% 10.11% 2003 4,980 515 46,765 4,475 /04 10.34% 9.57% 2004 5,165 585 47,715 5,110 /05 11.33% 10.71% 2005 5,310 720 48,500 6,405 /06 13.56% 13.21% 2006 5,485 785 14.31% 49,675 6,940 13.97% /07 2007 5,610 790 14.08% 13.82% /08 50,390 6,965

Source: BERR, 2010

Figure 60: Small Business Growth (NI172) within Braintree and Essex 2002 – 2008

15.00%

14.00%

13.00% Proportion of Small Businesses in Braintree 12.00% Showing Growth Proportion of Small 11.00% Businesses in Essex Showing Growth 10.00%

9.00%

8.00% Proportion of Small Businesses Showing Growth Smallof Proportion Businesses

04 07 2003 20 2006 20 - - - - 002 003 005 006 2 2 2004 - 20052 2 2007 - 2008

Source: BERR, 2010 168

ECONOMY

The proportion of small businesses experiencing a year-on-year growth has been higher in Braintree than Essex across the period of study. Since 2004 – 2005, the reported values of NI172 are similar at both hierarchies. Across the period of study, the proportion of small businesses experiencing growth has increased in both Braintree and Essex. Within Braintree the proportion increased from 10.26% to 14.08% whilst in Essex it increased from 10.11% to 13.82%. The period 2006 – 2007 to 2007 – 2008 shows the first decrease in NI172 since 2002 – 2003 and 2003 – 2004. This decrease was larger in Braintree District than the county.

Table 75: Small Business Growth (NI172) across Essex 2007 - 2008

Number of Registered Enterprises with an Proportion of Small Enterprises with Increase in Businesses Showing Employment <50 Employment in Growth Second Year Basildon 5,215 790 15.15% Braintree 5,610 790 14.08% Brentwood 3,175 425 13.39% Castle Point 2,795 330 11.81% Chelmsford 5,835 820 14.05% Colchester 5,975 800 13.39% Epping Forest 5,740 770 13.41% Harlow 2,025 290 14.32% Maldon 2,930 405 13.82% Rochford 2,940 400 13.61% Tendring 3,950 550 13.92% Uttlesford 4,200 595 14.17% Essex 50,390 6,965 13.82%

Source: BERR, 2010

169

ECONOMY

Figure 61: Small Business Growth (NI172) across Essex

16.00%

15.00%

14.00%

13.00% Essex

12.00%

11.00%

10.00%

n o on od ow ford ring d ford o arl d w H ms Essex nt el Mal och e Basild UttlesfordBraintree Ten R ng Forest r h i ColchesterB C Castle Point Epp

Source: BERR, 2010

The Braintree NI172 return of 14.08% is above the 13.82% reported within Essex. Harlow reported the highest new business registration rate at 14.32% with Uttlesford second at 14.17%. Castle Point recorded the lowest NI172 return at 11.81%. Braintree District recorded the 4th highest NI172 return across the 12 districts and boroughs within the county.

E. Industrial and Commercial Floorspace Composition and Rateable Value

Table 76: Industrial and Commercial Floorspace Composition by Bulk Industrial Class in m2 (thousands) April 2008

Braintree District East of England England All Bulk Classes 1,376 n/a 56,904 n/a 561,777 n/a Retail Premises 196 14.24% 10,287 18.08% 100,208 17.84% Commercial Offices 108 7.85% 7,081 12.44% 81,203 14.45% Other Offices 22 1.60% 1,583 2.78% 16,362 2.91% Factories 597 43.39% 18,704 32.87% 192,322 34.23% Warehouses 399 29.00% 17,186 30.20% 152,485 27.14% Other Bulk Premises 54 3.92% 2,062 3.62% 19,196 3.42%

Source: ONS, 2010

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ECONOMY

Figure 62: Industrial and Commercial Floorspace Composition by Bulk Industrial Class in m2 April 2008

50%

45%

40%

35%

30% Braintree 25% East of England England 20%

15% Floorspace

10%

5%

Percentage of Commercial and Industrial and Industrial Commercial of Percentage 0% Retail Commercial Other Factories Warehouses Other Bulk Premises Offices Offices Premises Bulk Industry Class

Source: ONS, 2010

Factories and warehouses account for the majority of industrial floorspace at all geographical hierarchies. The floorspace allocated to factories in the District, at 43.39%, is above that found in the East of England (32.87%) and England (34.23%).

The largest relative under-representation within the District can be found within the amount of commercial and industrial floorspace being utilised by commercial offices in the District. At 7.85% it is below that in the East of England (12.44%) and nearly half of that found in England (14.45%). The District also has the smallest proportion of retail and non- commercial office floorspace across the 3 hierarchies.

Table 77: Rateable Values of Commercial and Industrial Floorspace per m2 April 2008

Braintree East of England England Retail Premises £110 £128 £130 Offices £85 £102 £121 Commercial Offices £86 £106 £128 Factories £38 £36 £29 Warehouses £43 £45 £40 Other Bulk Premises £34 £35 £32

Source: ONS, 2010

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ECONOMY

Figure 63: Rateable Values of Commercial and Industrial Floorspace per m2 April 2008

£140

£120

£100

£80 Braintree East of England £60 England

£40 Rateable Value per m2 £20

£0

s e ces ries s ffices to mises Offi O c e Fa il Premises Warehou eta R

Commercial Other Bulk Pr

Source: ONS, 2010

At £38 per m2, rateable values for factory floorspace are higher in the District than at any other hierarchy. This is the only bulk industry class which can claim a higher rateable value per m2 than both the East of England and England. Both warehouse and ‘Other’ bulk premises command higher rateable values in the District than the national rate.

Rateable values for all other categories are lowest in the District. Offices and Commercial offices show the largest deviation from the regional and national picture. At £86, the rateable value of commercial offices per m2 is £42 below the £128 recorded at the national level.

F. Vacant Employment Sites within Braintree District by Ward 2010

172

Table 78: Vacant Employment Sites within Braintree District by Ward 2010

Vacant Land Proposed Ward / Site Site Development Permission Permission as of Address Use Code Identified PDL Hectares Parish Easting Northing Plan Details Area (h) April Description 2010 (h) South of Industry / Bocking Bovingdon Warehouse North 575493 225712 Rd 2004 / 05 Y Y 1.4 0 1.4 (B1 or B2 or Ward B8) Bocking

North of Industry / Bocking Rayne Rd Warehouse South 574810 223350 2004 / 05 Y N 1.4 0 1.4 (B1 or B2 or Ward Braintree B8) Corner of Springwood Industry / Bocking Drive & Warehouse South 574850 224024 2004 / 05 Y N 0.38 0 0.38 Finch Drive (B1 or B2 or Ward B8) Braintree part covered by plot 2 West BTE/0548/08 of Industry / x 2204 sq m Braintree Millennium Warehouse (B1A - East 576893 222339 2004 / 05 Y N 0.78 0.38 0.4 Way (B1 or B2 or Offices) - Ward B8) 0.38 Ha - 173 Braintree Consent Date 2008/06 Freeport Braintree 577067 222391 Retail 2004 / 05 Y Y 1.81 0 1.81 ECONOMY East Village

ECONOMY 174

Vacant Land Proposed Ward / Site Site Development Permission Permission as of Address Use Code Identified PDL Hectares Parish Easting Northing Plan Details Area (h) April Description 2010 (h) Ward Station Industry / Kelvedon Road Warehouse 586341 219193 2004 / 05 Y Y 0.11 0 0.11 Ward (B1 or B2 or Kelvedon B8) West of Industry / Tamdown Rayne Warehouse 574341 223669 Way 2004 / 05 Y N 0.98 0 0.98 Ward (B1 or B2 or

B8) Braintree part covered by Witham North East BTE/2234/07 Industry / Chipping of Motts x 4431m2 Warehouse Hill and 582731 215668 Lane 2004 / 05 Y N 1.5 (B1, B2 or 0.81 0.69 (B1 or B2 or Central B8)- 0.81ha - B8) Ward Witham Consent Date 2008/01 TOTAL 8.36 1.19 7.17 Source: Essex County Council 2010

ECONOMY

Braintree District has 8.36ha of vacant employment land available of which 1.19ha is subject to unimplemented planning permissions. This leaves a total of 7.17ha vacant and uncovered by permissions. The amount of vacant sites located on Previously Developed Land amounts to 3, accounting for 3.32ha or 46.3% of land vacant and not already allocated to unimplemented planning permission. A single site within the ward of Halstead St Andrew’s was removed from the vacant land survey this year as it is covered by a formal recreational use.

G. Job Density ‘Job density’ is the term given to represent the number of jobs available for a single person of working age over a given area. For example, a job density of 1 would represent the fact that there is a single job available for every person of working age.

Table 79: Job Density in Braintree, East of England and Great Britain 2000 – 2008

Year Braintree East of England Great Britain

2000 0.63 0.77 0.79 2001 0.64 0.77 0.80 2002 0.71 0.78 0.80 2003 0.70 0.78 0.80 2004 0.67 0.77 0.80 2005 0.67 0.78 0.81 2006 0.66 0.78 0.79 2007 0.70 0.78 0.80 2008 0.64 0.77 0.79

Source: NOMIS, 2010

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ECONOMY

Figure 64: Job Density in Braintree, East of England and Great Britain 2000 – 2008

0.85

0.8

0.75

0.7 Braintree East of England 0.65 Great Britain Job TitleJob

0.6

0.55

0.5 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Source: NOMIS, 2010

Across the period of study, Braintree District can be seen to have a lower job density than that found in the Eastern Region or Great Britain. Between 2000 and 2008, job density in Braintree District has increased from 0.63 to 0.64. It peaked in 2002 at 0.71.

Job Density in the Eastern Region and Great Britain in 2008 equals that reported in 2000. There has however been small degrees of variance. Job density in the East of England can be seen to fluctuate between 0.77 and 0.78, with 0.78 reported in 5 of the 9 years covered. Nationally, the figure has fluctuated between 0.79 and 0.81. In comparison to the previous year of study, namely 2007, the job density in Braintree has decreased from 0.70 to 0.64 whilst also decreasing in the East of England (0.78 to 0.77) and Great Britain (0.80 to 0.79).

Table 80: Job Density across Essex 2008

Job Density Basildon 0.78 Braintree 0.64 Brentwood 0.80 Castle Point 0.45 Chelmsford 0.81 Colchester 0.76 Epping Forest 0.66

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ECONOMY

Harlow 0.88 Maldon 0.68 Rochford 0.50 Tendring 0.55 Uttlesford 0.91 Essex 0.71 East of England 0.77 Great Britain 0.79

Source: NOMIS, 2010

Figure 65: Job Density across Essex 2008

1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5 Essex

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0

d d r n r od o itain ldon d ree sfor wo i int e Harlow lmsfo nt Br heste a tl e e t c Mal tle Point Ut Bas ol Br TendringRochford Ch Br ea C of England Gr Cas t Epping Forest s Ea

Source: NOMIS, 2010

Job Density within Braintree District, at 0.64, is below the reported Essex value of 0.71. It is also below that found regionally (0.77) and nationally (0.79). The highest job density in the county was reported in Uttlesford at 0.91. Castle Point reported the lowest job density at 0.45. Braintree District’s job density of 0.64 is the 9th highest in the county.

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H. Employment by Industry Class 2008

Table 81: Employment by Industry Class within Braintree, East of England and England 2008

East of Braintree England England Total employee jobs 49,000 - - - Full-time 33,200 67.8% 67.2% 68.8% Part-time 15,800 32.2% 32.8% 31.2% Employee jobs by industry Manufacturing 6,900 14.1% 10.3% 10.2% Construction 3,700 7.6% 5.4% 4.8% Services 37,600 76.7% 82.5% 83.5% Distribution, hotels & restaurants 12,300 25.2% 25.0% 23.4% Transport & communications 2,700 5.5% 6.0% 5.8% Finance, IT, other business activities 8,200 16.8% 21.4% 22.0% Public admin, education & health 11,700 23.8% 25.3% 27.0% Other services 2,700 5.5% 4.8% 5.3% Tourism-related† 3,700 7.5% 7.7% 8.2%

Source: NOMIS, 2010

Notes:

1. Tourism-related includes employees also counted as part of the Services Industry Class. 2. Employee jobs excludes self employed, government supported trainees and HM Forces.

† Tourism consists of industries that are also part of the service industry.

The above table has split employment into 4 main categories, namely ‘Manufacturing’, ‘Construction’, ‘Services’ and ‘Tourism-related’. Braintree District can be seen to have an above average proportion of people employed in the ‘Manufacturing’ and ‘Construction’ sectors and a deficit in ‘Services’. The highest proportion of people at all hierarchies work in the Services industry. The proportion is the lowest in Braintree at 76.7%, compared to 82.5% in the East of England and 83.5% in Great Britain.

‘Construction’ is the service with the biggest relative overrepresentation from the regional and national picture, standing at 7.6% (8.4% in 2008) in the District, 5.4% (5.5% in 2008) in the Eastern Region and 4.8% (4.9% in 2008) in Great Britain. The biggest relative deficit can be seen within the ‘Finance, IT and other business services’ sub-group, with 16.8% (down from 17.3% in 2007) of Braintree District’s workforce being employed in this sector, compared to 21.4% regionally and 22.0% nationally. The general proportion of full-time to part time jobs, at approximately 2:1, is in line with regional and national averages.

The table below summarises the situation across the county.

178

Table 82: Employment by Industry Class 2008

Castle Epping Basildon Braintree Brentwood Chelmsford Colchester Harlow Point Forest Total employee jobs 77,300 49,000 31,100 19,300 79,100 71,900 42,500 42,100 Full-time 68.8% 67.8% 68.9% 62.4% 64.4% 64.1% 66.8% 68.6% Part-time 31.2% 32.2% 31.1% 37.6% 35.6% 35.9% 33.2% 31.4% Employee jobs by industry Manufacturing 14.6% 14.1% 6.7% 9.4% 6.6% 7.6% 4.8% 15.7% Construction 6.0% 7.6% 6.7% 7.9% 5.3% 5.0% 11.9% 2.8% Services 79.0% 76.7% 85.5% 82.5% 86.5% 86.1% 80.2% 81.2%

Distribution, hotels & restaurants 25.8% 25.2% 20.6% 28.3% 21.8% 25.7% 24.9% 24.6% Transport & communications 5.1% 5.5% 7.0% 4.5% 5.0% 4.4% 5.9% 5.2% Finance, IT, other 19.4% 16.8% 31.1% 16.5% 21.2% 19.2% 23.3% 24.6% business activities Public admin, education & health 24.3% 23.8% 20.4% 27.8% 32.8% 30.8% 20.2% 23.7% Other services 4.4% 5.5% 6.4% 5.4% 5.6% 5.9% 5.9% 3.1% Tourism-related† 5.6% 7.5% 8.4% 7.0% 7.0% 9.0% 9.4% 5.3% East of Great Maldon Rochford Tendring Uttlesford Essex England Britain Total employee jobs 19,400 19,500 36,600 35,200 517,900 Full-time 69.7% 66.4% 63.3% 69.3% 66.5% 67.2% 68.8%

179 Part-time 30.3% 33.6% 36.7% 30.7% 33.5% 32.8% 31.2% Employee jobs by industry Manufacturing 18.3% 13.1% 7.8% 10.0% 10.4% 10.3% 10.2% ECONOMY Construction 7.7% 7.0% 5.2% 5.3% 6.3% 5.4% 4.8%

ECONOMY 180

Services 71.0% 77.7% 83.8% 82.2% 82.7% 82.5% 83.5% Distribution, hotels & restaurants 23.2% 24.0% 29.9% 23.1% 24.9% 25.0% 23.4% Transport & communications 4.5% 6.9% 7.9% 21.0% 6.5% 6.0% 5.8% Finance, IT, other 18.0% 15.8% 9.2% 16.5% 19.8% 21.4% 22.0% business activities Public admin, education & health 18.9% 23.6% 30.8% 17.5% 26.0% 25.3% 27.0% Other services 6.4% 7.4% 6.1% 4.1% 5.4% 4.8% 5.3% Tourism-related† 10.2% 9.2% 10.5% 9.3% 7.9% 7.7% 8.2%

Source: NOMIS, 2010

ECONOMY

I. Employment by Occupation A Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) scheme has been devised in order to be able to classify workers into occupational categories. The 9 Major SOC categories are summarised in Table 83. SOC Major Categories are amalgamated into 4 distinct groups, as shown in Table 84.

Table 83: Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) Table

SOC Group Occupation 1 Managers and Senior Officials 2 Professional Occupations 3 Associate Professional & Technical 4 Administrative & Secretarial 5 Skilled Trade Occupations 6 Personal Service Occupations 7 Sales & Customer Service Occupations 8 Process Plant & Machine Operatives 9 Elementary Occupations

Source: NOMIS, 2010

Table 84: Employment by Occupation January – December 2009

East of Great Braintree England Britain Soc 2000 major group 1-3 26,600 38.4% 45.3% 44.1% 1 Managers and senior officials 10,400 15.0% 17.5% 15.7% 2 Professional occupations 5,700 8.2% 13.5% 13.6% 3 Associate professional & technical 10,600 15.2% 14.2% 14.7% Soc 2000 major group 4-5 15,000 21.6% 22.3% 21.7% 4 Administrative & secretarial 6,300 9.1% 11.0% 11.2% 5 Skilled trades occupations 8,700 12.5% 11.2% 10.4% Soc 2000 major group 6-7 12,100 17.5% 14.9% 16.1% 6 Personal service occupations 7,700 11.1% 7.9% 8.6% 7 Sales and customer service occs 4,400 6.4% 7.0% 7.4% Soc 2000 major group 8-9 15,500 22.4% 17.5% 18.1% 8 Process plant & machine operatives 6,900 10.0% 6.2% 6.7% 9 Elementary occupations 8,600 12.5% 11.3% 11.3%

Source: NOMIS, 2010

There is a similarity across the hierarchies within the proportion of working age people present in SOC Major Groups 4 – 5 and to a lesser degree 6 – 7. SOC Major Group 1 – 3 employs the highest proportion of workers at all 3 hierarchies with SOC Major Group 6 – 7 employing the least. At 22.4%, Braintree District has a higher proportion of its working age population operating in SOC Major Group 8 – 9 compared to the East of England (17.5%)

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and Great Britain (18.1%). This relative overrepresentation is primarily due to the proportion of workers within SOC Group 8; 10.0% in the District compared to 6.2% in the East of England and 6.7% in Great Britain. Braintree reports a slight relative deficit in SOC Major Group 1 – 3. Braintree’s reported value of 38.4% is below that of the East of England (45.3%) and Great Britain (44.1%). This deficit is primarily within SOC Group 2, ‘Professional Occupations’.

The following set of tables and figures analyse the proportion of workers in Braintree District, the East of England and Great Britain who work in each of the four Major SOC Groups over the period January 2004 to December 2008.

Table 85: Proportion of Workers Present in SOC Major Group 1 – 3 January 2004 – December 2009

Time Period Braintree East of England Great Britain Jan 04-Dec 04 26,700 38.9% 41.8% 41.3% Jan 05-Dec 05 30,600 41.8% 42.9% 41.8% Jan 06-Dec 06 26,600 36.9% 43.1% 42.4% Jan 07-Dec 07 27,900 40.3% 43.9% 43.1% Jan 08-Dec 08 28,400 42.8% 44.4% 43.4% Jan 09-Dec 09 26,600 38.4% 45.3% 44.1%

Source, NOMIS 2010

Figure 66: Proportion of Workers Present in SOC Major Group 1 – 3 January 2004 – December 2009

48.0%

46.0%

44.0%

42.0%

40.0% Braintree East of England 38.0% Great Britain

36.0%

34.0%

32.0% Proportion ofWorking Age Population 30.0%

7 08 09 c 04 c 05 c 06 c 0 c c e e e e e e D D D D D 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 0 0 0 Jan 04-D Jan 0 Jan 0 Jan Jan Jan

Source, NOMIS 2010

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The proportion of Braintree District employees working in SOC Major Group 1-3 has been lower than that seen in the Eastern Region and Great Britain across the period of study. Between January 2004 and December 2009, the proportion of Braintree District workers in this SOC group has decreased from 38.9% to 38.4%. Both the Eastern Region and Great Britain display a year on year increase, from 41.8% to 45.3% and 41.3% to 44.1% respectively. The period January 2008 – December 2009 reported the biggest annual fall in the proportion of the working age population of Braintree employed within this SOC Major Group.

Table 86: Proportion of Workers Present in SOC Major Group 4 – 5 January 2004 – December 2009

Time Period Braintree East of England Great Britain Jan 04-Dec 04 19,300 28.2% 25.0% 24.0% Jan 05-Dec 05 20,200 27.6% 24.3% 23.7% Jan 06-Dec 06 20,200 28.1% 23.3% 23.1% Jan 07-Dec 07 17,900 25.8% 22.7% 22.6% Jan 08-Dec 08 14,900 22.5% 22.5% 22.3% Jan 09-Dec 09 15,000 21.6% 22.3% 21.7%

Source, NOMIS 2010

Figure 67: Proportion of Workers Present in SOC Major Group 4 – 5 January 2004 – December 2009

29.0%

27.0%

25.0%

23.0% Braintree East of England 21.0% Great Britain

19.0%

17.0% Proportion of Working Age Population 15.0%

4 5 6 7 8 0 0 0 c c c c 0 c 0 c 09 -De -De -De -De 6 7 8 9 04-De 05-De 0 0 0 0 n n n n n n a a a a a a J J J J J J

Source, NOMIS 2010

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The proportion of workers in this SOC grouping has decreased in the District, Eastern Region and Great Britain across the period of study. Prior to January – December 2008, the proportion of District workers was above that seen in the East of England and Great Britain. The latest set of figures show a proportion below that seen regionally and nationally.

Across the period January 2004 to December 2009, the District proportion of workers has decreased, reducing from 28.2% to 21.6%. The proportion has been decreasing year-on- year since January – December 2006. Both the Eastern Region and Great Britain have seen a year-on-year fall in the proportion of workers employed within this SOC group. In the Eastern Region this reduction has been from 25.0% to 22.3% whilst in Great Britain the proportion has been even lower, from 24.0% to 21.7%.

Table 87: Proportion of Workers Present in SOC Major Group 6 – 7 January 2004 – December 2009

Time Period Braintree East of England Great Britain Jan 04-Dec 04 8,600 12.6% 14.7% 15.4% Jan 05-Dec 05 9,400 12.9% 14.5% 15.6% Jan 06-Dec 06 11,700 16.2% 15.2% 15.7% Jan 07-Dec 07 9,400 13.5% 14.8% 15.6% Jan 08-Dec 08 10,500 15.8% 15.0% 15.8% Jan 09-Dec 09 12,100 17.5% 14.9% 16.1%

Source, NOMIS 2010

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Figure 68: Proportion of Workers Present in SOC Major Group 6 – 7 January 2004 – December 2009

18.0%

17.0%

16.0%

15.0% Braintree 14.0% East of England England 13.0%

12.0%

11.0% Proportion of Working AgePopulation 10.0%

04 05 06 07 08 09

04-Dec 05-Dec 06-Dec 07-Dec 08-Dec 09-Dec Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan

Source, NOMIS 2010

The proportion of District residents employed within SOC Major Group 6 - 7 has increased in the District, from 12.6% in January – December 2004 to 17.5% in January – December 2009. The latest figures represent the highest proportion of people employed within this SOC Major Group. The Eastern Region reported an increase in the proportion of people employed within this SOC group. Across the study, the proportion has risen from 14.7% to 14.9%. Great Britain also shows an increase, beginning with a proportion of 15.4% and ending 2009 at 16.1%. The proportion of workers in this SOC Major Group within Braintree District was reported as being above that regionally and nationally in the latest set of figures for the first time since January – December 2006.

Table 88: Proportion of Workers Present in SOC Major Group 8 – 9 January 2004 – December 2009

Time Period Braintree East of England Great Britain Jan 04-Dec 04 13,900 20.3% 18.4% 19.3% Jan 05-Dec 05 12,900 17.6% 18.2% 18.9% Jan 06-Dec 06 13,500 18.8% 18.4% 18.8% Jan 07-Dec 07 14,100 20.3% 18.7% 18.7% Jan 08-Dec 08 12,500 18.9% 18.0% 18.5% Jan 09-Dec 09 15,500 22.4% 17.5% 18.1%

Source, NOMIS 2010

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Figure 69: Proportion of Workers Present in SOC Major Group 8 – 9 January 2004 – December 2009

23.0%

22.0%

21.0%

20.0% Braintree 19.0% East of England England 18.0%

17.0%

16.0% Proportion of Working Age Population 15.0%

ec 07 ec 08 ec 09 6-Dec 06 04-Dec 04 0 07-D 08-D 09-D Jan Jan 05-Dec 05Jan Jan Jan Jan

Source, NOMIS 2010

Across the period of study, the proportion of people employed in SOC groups 8 and 9 has increased within the District from 20.3% to 22.4%. Both the East of England and Great Britain show a decrease in this SOC Major Group over the period of study. Between January 2004 and December 2009, the East of England has reported a decrease from 18.4% to 17.5% and Great Britain from 19.3% to 18.1%. The January – December 2009 figures represent the highest recorded proportion in Braintree and the lowest recorded proportion in the East of England.

J. Economic Activity of Residents

Table 89: Economic Activity across Essex January – December 2009

Local Economically In Self Employees† Unemployed† Authority/Area Active† Employment† Employed†

Basildon 91,700 79.5% 71.7% 62.8% 8.5% 7.7% Braintree 74,200 81.5% 76.0% 64.4% 11.2% 6.6% Brentwood 41,300 83.9% 82.3% 69.8% 11.8% 4.3% Castle Point 41,800 75.0% 72.8% 57.7% 15.1% 6.9% Chelmsford 91,800 81.4% 76.3% 69.1% 6.9% 5.7% Colchester 96,500 76.8% 71.2% 63.3% 7.5% 6.5% Epping Forest 61,600 76.5% 70.3% 57.1% 13.2% 6.9%

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Harlow 43,000 85.0% 76.0% 68.1% # 8.9% Maldon 32,500 76.2% 74.7% 63.5% 11.2% 5.7% Rochford 41,100 76.7% 71.7% 61.7% 9.4% 5.3% Tendring 64,500 75.0% 70.1% 59.2% 10.0% 7.0% Uttlesford 40,300 82.6% 81.0% 66.7% 13.0% 4.0% Essex 720,400 79.0% 73.9% 63.5% 9.9% 6.3% East of England n/a 79.4% 74.3% 63.8% 10.1% 6.3% Great Britain n/a 76.7% 70.7% 61.4% 9.0% 7.7%

Source: NOMIS, 2010

Note: (†) Numbers are for those aged 16 and over, % are for those aged 16 – 64

(#) Sample size too small for reliable estimate

Figure 70: Proportion of Working Age Population in Employment across Essex January – December 2009

86.0%

84.0%

82.0%

80.0%

78.0% Essex

76.0%

74.0%

72.0%

70.0%

d d t n ee er or es ing ai ood or don it w al r Harlow lesf ngland ent tt lchest ochf M E r U Braintr Basildono R Tendr B Chelmsford C of reat B pping For Castle Point t G E as E

Source: NOMIS, 2010

At 81.5%, the proportion of economically active people in the District is above that in Essex (79.0%), the East of England (79.4%) and Great Britain (76.7%). Within the District 76.0% of economically active people are in employment; this compares favourably to averages for Essex (73.9%), the East of England (74.3%) and Great Britain (70.7%). At 11.2%, Braintree District has a higher instance of people being self employed than that seen in the county (9.9%) as well as regionally (10.1%) and nationally (9.0%). 187

ECONOMY

Braintree District recorded a proportion of 6.6% of 16 – 64 year olds being unemployed. This is above countywide (6.3%) and regional (6.3%) proportions but below that seen in Great Britain (7.7%). With 76.0%, Braintree reports the 5th highest proportion of economically active people in work in the county. At 6.6%, the proportion of 16 – 64 year olds unemployed is the 6th highest in Essex.

Table 90: Economic Activity in Braintree, East of England and Great Britain January 2004 – December 2009

Time Period Braintree East of England Great Britain Jan 04-Dec 04 68,500 75.9% 76.8% 72.6% Jan 05-Dec 05 73,200 79.8% 76.3% 72.7% Jan 06-Dec 06 72,000 79.3% 75.2% 72.5% Jan 07-Dec 07 69,300 75.8% 75.2% 72.5% Jan 08-Dec 08 66,400 70.6% 75.0% 72.2% Jan 09-Dec 09 69,300 76.0% 74.3% 70.7%

Source: NOMIS, 2010

Figure 71: Economic Activity in Braintree, East of England and Great Britain January 2004 – December 2009

82.0%

80.0%

78.0%

76.0% Braintree 74.0% East of England Great Britain 72.0%

70.0%

68.0% Proportion of Working Age Population 66.0%

4 c 09 ec 05 6-Dec 06 04-Dec 0 05-D 0 07-Dec 07 08-Dec 08 09-De an Jan Jan Jan J Jan Jan

Source: NOMIS, 2010

Across the study, the proportion of 16 – 64 year olds economically active in the District increased from 75.9% to 76.0%. Economic activity peaked in the District in the period January – December 2005.

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ECONOMY

Economic activity has fallen in the East of England across the study, from 76.8% to 74.3% with year-on-year reductions. It has also fallen across Great Britain, from 72.6% to 70.7%. Economic activity has fallen or stayed the same year-on-year nationally since January – December 2005. Economic activity has been higher in the District for all years other than January – December 2008.

Table 91: Economic Inactivity across Essex January – December 2009

Local Economically Authority/Area Inactive† Wanting a Job† Not Wanting a Job† Basildon 23,200 20.5% 4.6% 15.9% Braintree 16,500 18.5% # 15.1% Brentwood 7,700 16.1% # 13.5% Castle Point 13,700 25.0% # 18.9% Chelmsford 20,500 18.6% 3.6% 15.0% Colchester 28,200 23.2% 6.3% 16.9% Epping Forest 18,500 23.5% # 18.5% Harlow 7,500 15.0% # 8.6% Maldon 9,700 23.8% # 18.7% Rochford 12,200 23.3% # 17.8% Tendring 21,100 25.0% # 22.2% Uttlesford 7,900 17.4% # 14.6% Essex 186,800 21.0% 4.5% 16.5% East of England n/a 20.6% 4.8% 15.8% Great Britain n/a 23.3% 5.5% 17.7%

Source: NOMIS, 2010

Note: (†) Numbers are for those aged 16 and over, % are for those aged 16 – 64

(#) Sample size too small for reliable estimate

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ECONOMY

Figure 72: Economic Inactivity across Essex January – December 2009

30.0%

25.0%

20.0%

15.0% Essex

10.0%

5.0%

0.0%

t d n n r er e w ring est t ord e lo ldo r sf tr itain Poi chfo sford r e Ma Fo o tle Har B g Basildon elm t Tend R h Brain U at Colches C Brentwood of Englande Castl Gr Eppin ast E

Source: NOMIS, 2010

In Braintree District, 18.5% of residents aged 16 – 64 were economically inactive in the period January – December 2009. This figure is below that of Essex (21.0%), the East of England (20.6%) and Great Britain (23.3%).

Table 92: Proportion of Working Age Population in Braintree, East of England and Great Britain who were Economically Inactive but Looking for a Job January 2004 – December 2009

Time Period Braintree East of England England Jan 04-Dec 04 3.1% 4.2% 5.2% Jan 05-Dec 05 2.7% 4.5% 5.2% Jan 06-Dec 06 # 4.7% 5.4% Jan 07-Dec 07 5.0% 4.5% 5.3% Jan 08-Dec 08 5.4% 4.7% 5.5% Jan 09-Dec 09 # 4.8% 5.5%

Source: NOMIS, 2010

Note: (†) Numbers are for those aged 16 and over, % are for those aged 16 – 64

(#) Sample size too small for reliable estimate

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ECONOMY

Figure 73: Proportion of Working Age Population in Braintree, East of England and Great Britain who were Economically Inactive but Looking for a Job January 2004 – December 2009

6.0%

5.0%

4.0% Braintree 3.0% East of England England

Job 2.0%

1.0%

0.0%

5 6 9 04 07 c Dec

an 06-Dec 0

Proportion of People Economically Inactive but Wanting a a Wanting but Inactive Economically People of Proportion Jan 04-De Jan 05-Dec 0J Jan 07- Jan 08-Dec 08Jan 09-Dec 0

Source: NOMIS, 2010

There is an evident lack of data pertaining to Braintree District and this makes analysis problematic. Over the period of study, the proportion of the working age population in the District who were economically inactive but wanting a job has increased from 3.3% to 5.4% (in Jan – Dec ’08). Both the East of England and Great Britain have also reported increases, from 4.2% to 4.8%, and 5.2% to 5.5% respectively.

The latest comparable set of data shows that Braintree District, at 5.4%, had a higher proportion of economically inactive residents than the region (4.7%) but a lower proportion than that reported nationally (5.5%).

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ECONOMY

Table 93: Unfilled Jobcentre Plus Vacancies per 10k Working Age Population August 2010

Unfilled Job Centre Vacancies JSA Claimants per Unfilled Jobcentre per 10k Unfilled Jobcentre Vacancies Population aged Vacancy 16-64

Basildon 805 72 5.1 Braintree 546 60 4.8 Brentwood 388 83 2.7 Castle Point 250 46 6.6 Chelmsford 945 86 2.7 Colchester 1,056 89 3.0 Epping Forest 475 60 4.7 Harlow 572 110 3.9 Maldon 127 32 7.0 Rochford 197 38 5.7 Tendring 418 50 8.0 Uttlesford 245 52 3.2 Essex 6,024 68 4.3 East of England 26874 73 4.0 Great Britain 280216 72 5.0

Source: NOMIS, 2010

At 4.8 claimants per unfilled jobcentre vacancy, Braintree District has a higher proportion of claimants per jobcentre vacancy than Essex (4.3) and the East of England (4.0) but lower than Great Britain (5.0).

Table 94: Number of JSA Claimants per Unfilled Jobcentre Vacancy January 06 – August 10

Date Braintree East of England Great Britain Jan-06 1.4 1.7 2.0 Aug-06 2.5 2.5 2.9 Jan-07 3.6 3.2 3.8 Aug-07 1.6 1.7 2.1 Jan-08 1.8 2.6 2.7 Aug-08 1.9 2.3 2.6 Jan-09 7.5 7.9 6.4 Aug-09 7.6 5.6 7.1 Jan-10 7.5 7.1 8.5 Aug-10 4.8 4.0 5.0

Source: NOMIS, 2010

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ECONOMY

Figure 74: Number of JSA Claimants in Braintree, East of England and Great Britain per Unfilled Jobcentre Vacancy January 06 – August 10

12

10

8

Braintree 6 East

64 Great Britain

4

2

0

6 6 7 7 8 9 0 -0 -0 -0 n-0 y-07 p-0 p n-1 y-10 an a e e an a Unfilled Job Centre Vacancies per 10k Population aged 16- 10k Population per Vacancies Job Centre Unfilled J May-0Sep-06J Ma S Jan-08May-08S J May-09Sep-09J Ma

Source: NOMIS, 2010

The number of JSA claimants per unfilled jobcentre vacancy has increased at all hierarchies. Across the period of study, this ratio in the District has increased from 1.4 in January 2006 to 4.8 in August 2010. Over the same period of study, the East of England shows an increase from 1.7 to 4.0 and Great Britain 2.0 to 5.0.

Across the latter period of the study, Braintree had tended to have a higher ratio of JSA claimants to vacancies than Great Britain and the East of England. However, latest figures show that nationally there is a higher ratio between JSA claimants and vacancies although the Braintree ratio is above that witnessed in the East of England.

K. Comparison of Average Weekly Wage Earned by Residents and Workers The Tables and Figures in this section analyse the average wage of people who reside in Braintree, the Eastern Region and Great Britain irrespective of where they are employed, and those employed in Braintree, the Eastern Region and Great Britain irrespective of where they live. Please note that in 2006 there were a number of methodological changes made in the calculation of statistics reported in this section. For more information, please go to http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/341.aspx.

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ECONOMY

Table 95: Comparison of Average Weekly Wages across Essex by Residence in 2009

Local Gross Weekly Pay Gross Weekly Pay Local Authority/Area Authority/Area by Residence by Residence

Basildon £519.30 Maldon £629.50 Braintree £519.50 Rochford £534.90 Brentwood £648.10 Tendring £469.50 Castle Point £535.70 Uttlesford £613.10 Chelmsford £544.46 Essex £522.37 Colchester £502.30 East of England £509.40 Epping Forest £551.20 Great Britain £491.00 Harlow £444.40

Source: NOMIS, 2010

Figure 75: Comparison of Average Weekly Wages across Essex by Residence in 2009

Source: Essex County Council, 2010 (data from NOMIS, 2010)

At £515.90, wages earned by workers living in Braintree were below the Essex average but above that found regionally and nationally. Braintree District weekly wages by residency were the 8th highest in the county. At £522.37, the wages received by residents of Essex are above that of residents in the East of England (£509.40) and Great Britain (£491.00). The highest wages within Essex are received by residents of Brentwood

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ECONOMY

(£648.10). The lowest gross weekly wages within Greater Essex are received by residents of Harlow at £444.40.

Table 96: Trend Analysis of Average Weekly Wage by Residence 2002 – 2009

Year Braintree East of England Great Britain

2002 £403.20 £415.90 £392.70 2003 £426.10 £431.70 £406.20 2004 £434.80 £447.60 £421.30 2005 £478.00 £456.70 £432.80 2006 £451.20 £466.00 £445.90 2007 £504.40 £479.90 £460.00 2008 £523.80 £499.00 £480.00 2009 £519.50 £509.40 £491.00

Source: NOMIS, 2010

Figure 76: Trend Analysis of Average Weekly Wage by Residence 2002 – 2009

£550.00

£500.00

£450.00 Braintree East of England Great Britain £400.00

£350.00 Gross Weekly Pay by Residence

£300.00 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Source: NOMIS, 2010

Between 2002 and 2009, the weekly wage received by those residing in Braintree has been above that of Great Britain whilst it has been above the East of England since 2007. The average weekly wage paid in the Eastern Region has been above that found in Great Britain.

195

ECONOMY

The average weekly wage across all hierarchies increased annually between 2002 and 2009. Within Braintree District, this increase has been from £403.20 in 2002 to £519.50 in 2009. Between 2008 and 2009 however, weekly wages received by Braintree District residents can be seen to decrease. Wages received by those living in the East of England increased from £415.90 to £509.40 across the period of study. Within Great Britain they increased from £392.70 to £491.00.

Figure 77: Comparison of Wages Received by Residence in the East of England 2009

Source: NOMIS, 2010

There is a general pattern of gross weekly wages by residence increasing as the distance to London decreases. At £519.50, residents of Braintree District receive the 20th highest wages of the 48 districts and boroughs within the East of England.

196

ECONOMY

Table 97: Comparison of Average Weekly Wages across Essex by Place of Work in 2009

Local Gross Weekly Pay Gross Weekly Pay Local Authority/Area Authority/Area by Workplace by Workplace

Basildon £499.60 Maldon £511.40 Braintree £446.20 Rochford £454.80 Brentwood £519.10 Tendring £400.40 Castle Point £385.50 Uttlesford £496.20 Chelmsford £504.00 Essex £491.90 Colchester £469.50 East of England £479.10 Epping Forest £532.80 Great Britain £490.20 Harlow £575.80

Source: NOMIS, 2010

Figure 78: Comparison of Average Weekly Wages across Essex by Place of Work in 2009

Source: Essex County Council, 2010 (data from NOMIS, 2010)

At £446.20, average gross weekly wages for those working within Braintree District are lower than that reported at the county, regional and national level. At £491.90, the wages received by people working in Essex are above that of workers in the East of England (£479.10) and Great Britain (£490.20). The highest wages offered within Greater Essex

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are received by those working in Brentwood (£519.10). The lowest gross weekly wages within Essex are received by those working in Castle Point, at £385.50.

Table 98: Trend Analysis of Average Weekly Wage by Workplace 2002 – 2009

Year Braintree East of England Great Britain

1998 £280.40 £337.00 £335.80 1999 £294.60 £348.30 £346.30 2000 £313.80 £358.10 £360.00 2001 £324.70 £379.10 £377.40 2002 £362.90 £392.60 £392.20 2003 £363.50 £407.60 £405.20 2004 £390.10 £419.10 £420.30 2005 £449.10 £427.70 £431.70 2006 £421.50 £440.60 £444.80 2007 £444.20 £450.50 £459.30 2008 £419.90 £469.10 £479.10 2009 £446.20 £479.10 £490.20

Source: NOMIS, 2010

Figure 79: Trend Analysis of Average Weekly Wage by Workplace 2002 – 2009

£550.00

£500.00

£450.00

Braintree £400.00 East of England Great Britain

£350.00

Gross Weekly Pay by Workplace £300.00

£250.00

8 9 8 9 9 1 199 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 200 2009

Source: NOMIS, 2010

198

ECONOMY

The average weekly wage available within Braintree District has been below that seen in the Eastern Region and Great Britain between 1998 and 2009 excluding the year 2005 where average wages peaked at £449.10, the highest seen at any hierarchy.

The average wage offered within Braintree District in 2009, at £446.20, is above that found in 2008 where average wages were recorded at £419.90, with the 2008 value being the lowest since 2004.

The disparity between those wages found within Braintree and the remaining hierarchies was recorded as being at its greatest in 2008 since 2001.

Since 2004, average wages in Great Britain have exceeded those on offer from jobs located within the Eastern Region.

Figure 80: Comparison of Wages Received by Workplace in the East of England 2009

Source: NOMIS, 2010

At £446.20, Braintree District offers the 33rd highest wage of the 48 local authorities covered in this analysis. South Cambridgeshire houses the highest paid jobs with an average weekly wage of £599.30 with Castle Point the least at £385.50. In the previous year, 2008, Braintree offered the 39th highest average wage in the Eastern Region, with Harlow housing the highest paid jobs with an average weekly wage of £617.70 whilst North Norfolk reported the least at £356.50. The overriding pattern in weekly earnings by workplace is that of an increase in earnings being witnessed as the proximity of the Local Authority to London increases.

199

ECONOMY

L. Planning Permission Completions Implemented and Outstanding The following tables detail planning permissions that have been implemented over the period April 2009 to March 2010 as well as those which are currently outstanding at the end of March 2010. Retail (A1 and A2), Offices (B1), General Industry (B1 – B8) and Leisure Facility (D2) developments are covered in this section.

Table 99: Implemented Retail (A1 – A2) Completions in Braintree District by Ward April 2009 – March 2010 in m2

Floorspace Floorspace Completed Completed of Loss Non- Loss Non- of which Retail Retail which Parish / Ward Residential residential Greenfield Floorspace Floorspace PDL to Non- to (Gross) (Gross) (Net) (Gross) Residential Residential Bocking South Ward 1,720 0 0 1,720 1,720 0 Hatfield Peverel Ward 525 0 0 525 525 0 TOTAL 2,245 0 0 2,245 2,245 0

Source: Essex County Council, 2010

A total of 2,245m2 of A1 – A2 floorspace was developed within the District between April 2009 and March 2010. A total of 76.61% of this was developed within Bocking South Ward with the remainder located in Hatfield Peverel Ward. The proportion of A1 – A2 development on Previously Developed Land (PDL) was 100%.

Table 100: Outstanding Retail (A1 – A2) Completions in Braintree District by Ward April 2009 – March 2010 in m2

Potential Potential Outstanding Floorspace Floorspace Outstanding of of which Retail Non- Loss Non- Retail which Parish / Ward Greenfield Floorspace Residential Residential Floorspace PDL (Gross) (Gross) to Non- to (Net) (Gross) Residential Residential Braintree 0 0 756 -756 0 0 Central Ward Braintree East 2,161 0 0 2,161 2,161 0 Ward Braintree South 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ward Coggeshall & North Feering 251 0 0 251 0 251 Ward Great Notley & Braintree West 937 0 0 937 937 0 Ward Witham Chipping Hill 4,597 0 0 4,597 4,597 0 Ward & Central Ward TOTAL 7,946 0 756 7,190 7,695 251

Source: Essex County Council, 2010

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ECONOMY

There are outstanding permissions equating to a net increase of 7,190m2 of A1 – A2 floorspace. A total of 63.93% of this is located in Witham Chipping Hill Ward and Central Ward with a further 30.05% in Braintree East Ward. Braintree Central Ward is set to lose 756m2 of A1 – A2 space to residential development. Of the gross outstanding development of 7,946m2 or 90.49% of this is scheduled to be on Previously Developed Land.

Table 101: Implemented Office (B1) Completions in Braintree District by Ward April 2009 – March 2010 in m2

Floorspace Floorspace Completed Completed of Loss Non- Loss Non- of which Office Office which Parish / Ward Residential Residential Greenfield Floorspace Floorspace PDL to Non- to (Gross) (Gross) (Net) (Gross) Residential Residential Braintree Central Ward 0 0 356 -356 0 0 Braintree East Ward 2,204 0 0 2,204 0 2,204 Coggeshall & North Feering Ward 0 340 0 -340 0 0 Halstead St Andrews Ward 0 0 2,600 -2,600 0 0 TOTAL 2,204 340 2,956 -1,092 0 2,204

Source: Essex County Council, 2010

Whilst a gross total of 2,204m2 of B1 floorspace was developed, this has resulted in a net loss of 1,092m2. Braintree East Ward was the only ward in the given time frame to see an increase in B1 floorspace, accounting for the entirety of gross development. All 2,204m2 was developed on Greenfield land. The biggest loss of B1 floorspace occurred in Halstead St Andrews Ward, where 2,600m2 was lost to residential development.

Table 102: Outstanding Office (B1) Completions in Braintree District by Ward April 2009 – March 2010 in m2

Potential Potential Outstanding Floorspace Floorspace Outstanding of of which Office Non- Loss Non- Office which Parish / Ward Greenfield Floorspace Residential Residential Floorspace PDL (Gross) (Gross) to Non- to (Net) (Gross) Residential Residential Bocking North Ward 610 1,948 0 -1,338 0 610 Braintree Central Ward 0 0 262 -262 0 0 Bumpstead Ward 371 0 0 371 0 371 Coggeshall & North Feering Ward 0 0 1,536 -1,536 0 0 Kelvedon Ward 816 0 0 816 278 538 The Three Colnes Ward 944 0 0 944 944 0 Witham South Ward 37,375 0 344 37,031 0 37,375 TOTAL 40,116 1,948 2,142 36,026 1,222 38,894

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Source: Essex County Council, 2010

There are outstanding B1 permissions equating to a gross total of 40,116m2 which would result in a net gain of 36,026m2. The majority of this development is earmarked for Witham South Ward which accounts for 93.16% of gross development. When the 344m2 of Witham South’s Ward loss of outstanding B1 floorspace to residential development is taken into account, the net total development in Witham South, 37,031m2, exceeds the total net gain for the District which is recorded as 36,026m2.

The biggest outstanding net loss of B1 floorspace is expected in Coggeshall and North Feering Ward which is set to lose 1,536m2 to residential development. Further loses of 1,338m2 and 262 m2 are expected in Bocking North Ward and Braintree Central Ward respectively. The former is to further non-residential development with the remaining 262m2 being lost to residential. The total amount of outstanding gross B1 development earmarked for Greenfield land is 96.95%.

Table 103: Implemented General Industry (B1-B8) Completions in Braintree District by Ward April 2009 – March 2010 in m2

Floorspace Floorspace Completed Completed of Loss Non- Loss Non- of which Industry Industry which Parish / Ward Residential Residential Greenfield Floorspace Floorspace PDL to Non- to (Gross) (Gross) (Net) (Gross) Residential Residential Bocking South Ward 2,971 1,096 0 1,875 2,971 0 Bradwell, Silver End & 0 15,600 0 -15,600 0 0 Rivenhall Ward Braintree Central Ward 0 1,371 0 -1,371 0 0 Braintree South Ward 0 0 5,768 -5,768 0 0 Coggeshall & North 310 0 0 310 310 0 Feering Ward Halstead St Andrews 180 0 0 180 180 0 Ward Stour Valley North Ward 358 0 0 358 0 358 Stour Valley South 0 0 115 -115 0 0 Ward The Three Fields Ward 111 0 0 111 111 0 TOTAL 3,930 18,067 5,883 -20,020 3,572 358

Source: Essex County Council, 2010

Although gross completed general industry floorspace amounted to 3,930m2, there was a net loss of 20,020m2 of B1-B8 floorspace. Bradwell, Silver End and Rivenhall Ward saw the biggest loss at 15,600m2. A further 3 wards reported losses, with the second biggest loss within Braintree South Ward at 5,768m2. Of the total actual floorspace loss around the District, 75.44% was to other non-industrial uses. Of the total gross floor space completions, 90.89% occurred on Previously Developed Land.

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Table 104: Outstanding General Industry (B1-B8) Completions by Ward in Braintree District by Ward April 2009 – March 2010 in m2

Potential Potential Outstanding Floorspace Floorspace Outstanding of of which Industry Non- Loss Non- General which Parish / Ward Greenfield Floorspace Residential Residential Floorspace PDL (Gross) (Gross) to Non- to (Net) (Gross) Residential Residential

Black Notley & Terling 444 408 0 36 444 0 Ward Bocking North Ward 390 1,350 0 -960 0 390 Bocking South Ward 4,780 5,920 154 -1,294 4,780 0 Bradwell, Silver End & 200 0 0 200 200 0 Rivenhall Ward Braintree Central Ward 3,110 3,321 855 -1,066 2,879 231 Bumpstead Ward 9,796 0 0 9,796 936 8,860 Coggeshall & North 1,341 0 0 1,341 0 1,341 Feering Ward Cressing & Stisted 1,290 0 0 1,290 0 1,290 Ward Gosfield & Greenstead 590 490 0 100 590 0 Green Ward Great Notley & 35,564 2,411 0 33,153 2,411 40,111 Braintree West Ward Halstead St Andrews 11,873 797 0 11,076 1,873 10,000 Ward Halstead Trinity Ward 0 0 165 -165 0 0 Hatfield Peverel Ward 737 0 0 737 177 560 Hedingham & 1,018 0 643 375 1,018 0 Maplestead Ward Kelvedon Ward 0 0 385 -385 0 0 Ward 732 0 0 732 0 732 Rayne Ward 0 0 0 0 0 0 Stour Valley North 2,090 0 0 2,090 0 2,090 Ward Stour Valley South 314 0 0 314 0 314 Ward The Three Colnes 2,236 0 0 2,236 372 1,864 Ward Upper Colne Ward 171 0 0 171 0 171 Witham Chipping Hill 14,874 11,279 0 3,595 14,874 0 Ward & Central Ward TOTAL 91,550 25,976 2,202 63,372 30,554 67,954

Source: Essex County Council, 2010

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There are outstanding permissions equating to a gross outstanding general industry floorspace of 91,550m2. It is expected that this will result in a net gain of 63,372m2. The biggest outstanding net gain is earmarked for Great Notley and Braintree West Ward at 33,153m2, or 52.31% of the total net gain. This is despite a 2,411m2 loss to non-residential development. Halstead St Andrews Ward has the second highest outstanding net gain of floorspace at 11,076m2 (17.48% of total net gain).

Of the total amount of B1 – B8 floorspace loss, 25,976m2 (92.19%) is to other forms of non-residential development. Witham Chipping Hill Ward and Central Ward accounts for 11,279m2 of total loss to non-residential development (43.42%). A total of 67,954m2 of gross outstanding completions, accounting for 74.23% of total gross outstanding floorspace gain, is scheduled to be developed on Greenfield land.

Table 105: Outstanding Leisure Facilities (D2) Completions in Braintree District by Ward April 2009 – March 2010 in m2

Potential Potential Outstanding Floorspace Floorspace Outstanding of of which Parish / Industry Non- Loss Non- Industry which Greenfield Ward Floorspace Residential to Residential Floorspace PDL (Gross) (Gross) Non- to (Net) (Gross) Residential Residential

Witham Chipping Hill 1,424 0 0 1,424 1,424 0 Ward & Central Ward TOTAL 1,424 0 0 1,424 1,424 0

Source: Essex County Council, 2010

Please note that there were no implemented D2 permissions between the period April 2009 – March 2010. The sole outstanding floorspace completions amount to 1,424m2 and are to be developed within Witham Chipping Hill Ward and Central Ward on Previously Developed Land.

13.3 Economy Summary • There is a similar proportion of business by employment size across all categories across all 3 hierarchies. In each case, businesses which employed 0 to 4 persons in 2009 were the most prevalent, at 72.07% in the District, 70.17% in the East of England and 68.55% in England. The other categories were those employing 5-9 persons, 10-19 persons and 20 or more persons. • The highest proportion of workers in the District can be found in the ‘Construction’ industrial group at 16.30%. This sector also displays the highest proportion of workers in the East of England at 13.55%. Nationally, the largest proportion of Local Units can be found in the ‘Professional, Scientific and Technical’ industrial group with ‘Construction’ the second highest at 11.34%. ‘Professional, Scientific and Technical’ Local Units are the second most common Local Unit type at the district and regional level. • Braintree District has an equal proportion of Local Units in the urban environment as it does in the rural environment, and a higher proportion than that seen in the East of England and England. ‘Construction’, ‘Retail’ and ‘Professional, Scientific & Technical’ Local Units are the most prevalent in the

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urban environment with ‘Construction‘, ‘Professional, Scientific & Technical’ and ’Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing’ Local Units the most prevalent in the rural environment. • The registration rate of new businesses per 10k population (NI171) has been higher in Braintree than Essex across the period of study. Up until 2008, the general pattern of business formation rate was relatively similar between the 2 hierarchies. The business formation rate in Braintree has decreased from 65.5 to 60.6 over the period of study, 2002 - 2008. The period 2007 – 2008 shows the biggest drop in NI171 within the District, from 72.3 to 60.6. The Braintree NI171 return in 2008 of 60.6 is above the 59.7 reported within Essex. Epping Forest reported the highest new business registration rate at 95.6 with Uttlesford second at 93.3. Tendring recorded the lowest NI171 return at 34.8. • Between 2002 and 2008, the proportion of small businesses experiencing growth (NI172) has increased in both Braintree and Essex. Within Braintree the proportion increased from 10.26% to 14.08% whilst in Essex it increased from 10.11% to 13.82%. The Braintree NI172 return of 14.08% is above the 13.82% reported within Essex. Harlow reported the highest new business registration rate at 14.32% with Uttlesford 2nd at 14.17%. Castle Point recorded the lowest NI172 return at 11.81%. • Factories and warehouses account for the majority of industrial floorspace at the local, regional and national level. The floorspace allocated to factories in the District, at 43.39%, is above that found in the East of England (32.87%) and England (34.23%). • At £38 per m2, rateable values for factory floorspace are higher in the District than at the regional or national level. This is the only bulk industry class which can claim a higher rateable value per m2 than both the East of England and England. Both warehouse and ‘Other’ bulk premises command higher rateable values in the District than the national rate. • Braintree District has 8.36ha of vacant employment land available of which 1.19ha is subject to unimplemented planning permissions. This leaves a total of 7.17ha vacant and uncovered by permissions. • Between 2000 and 2008, Braintree District can be seen to have a lower job density than that found in the Eastern Region or Great Britain. Over this period, job density in Braintree District has increased from 0.63 to 0.64. It peaked in 2002 at 0.71. • Job Density within Braintree District, at 0.64, is below the reported Essex value of 0.71. It is also below that found regionally (0.77) and nationally (0.79). The highest job density in the county was reported in Uttlesford at 0.91. Castle Point reported the lowest job density at 0.45. • The highest proportion of people at the local, regional and national level work in the Services industry. The proportion is the lowest in Braintree at 76.7%, compared to 82.5% in the East of England and 83.5% in Great Britain. • SOC Major Group 1 – 3 employs the highest proportion of workers at the District, regional and national level with SOC Major Group 6 – 7 employing the least. • The proportion of Braintree District employees working in SOC Major Group 1-3 has been lower than that seen in the Eastern Region and Great Britain across the period of study.

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• The proportion of workers in SOC Major Group 4-5 has decreased in the District, Eastern Region and Great Britain across the period of study. Prior to January – December 2008, the proportion of District workers was above that seen in the East of England and Great Britain. The latest set of figures show a proportion below that seen regionally and nationally. • The proportion of residents employed within SOC Major Group 6-7 has increased in the District, from 12.6% in January – December 2004 to 17.5% in January – December 2009. • Across the period of study, the proportion of people employed in SOC groups 8 and 9 has increased within the District from 20.3% to 22.4%. Both the East of England and Great Britain show a decrease in this SOC Major Group over the period of study. Between January 2004 and December 2009, the East of England has reported a decrease from 18.4% to17.5% and Great Britain from 19.3% to 18.1% • At 81.5%, the proportion of economically active people in the District in 2009 was above that in Essex (79.0%), the East of England (79.4%) and Great Britain (76.7%). A total of 76.0% of economically active people are in employment within the District. This compares favourably to the Essex (73.9%), the East of England (74.3%) and Great Britain (70.7%) • At 11.2% in 2000, Braintree District has a higher instance of people being self employed than that seen in the county (9.9%) as well as regionally (10.1%) and nationally (9.0%). • Braintree District recorded a proportion of 6.6% 16 – 64 year olds being unemployed in 2009. This is above the county (6.3%) and regional (6.3%) proportion but below that seen in Great Britain (7.7%). • Between 2002 and 2009, the proportion of 16 – 64 year olds economically active in the District increased from 75.9% to 76.0%. Economic activity peaked in the District in the period January – December 2005. • At 4.8 claimants per unfilled jobcentre vacancy in August 2010, Braintree District has a higher proportion of claimants per jobcentre vacancy than Essex (4.3) and the East of England (4.0) but lower than Great Britain (5.0). • The number of JSA claimants per unfilled jobcentre vacancy has increased at the District, regional and national levels between January 2006 and August 2010. Across the period of study, this ratio in the District has increased from 1.4 in January 2006 to 4.8 in August 2010. Over the same period of study, the East of England shows an increase from 1.7 to 4.0 and Great Britain 2.0 to 5.0. • At £515.90, wages earned by workers living in Braintree were below the Essex average but above that found regionally and nationally. Braintree District weekly wages by residency were the 8th highest in the county. Between 2002 and 2009, the weekly wage received by those residing in Braintree has been above that of Great Britain whilst it has been above the East of England since 2007. • At £446.20, average gross weekly wages for those working within Braintree District are lower than that reported at the county, regional and national level. • The average weekly wage available within Braintree District has been below that seen in the Eastern Region and Great Britain between 1998 and 2009 excluding the year 2005 where average wages peaked at £449.10, the highest seen at any hierarchy.

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• A total of 2,245m2 of A1 – A2 floorspace was developed within the District between April 2009 and March 2010. A total of 76.61% of this was developed within Bocking South Ward with the remainder located in Hatfield Peverel Ward. 100% of A1 – A2 development was on Previously Developed Land (PDL). • There are outstanding permissions equating to a net increase of 7,190m2 of A1 – A2 floorspace. A total of 63.93% of this is located in Witham Chipping Hill Ward and Central Ward with a further 30.05% in Braintree East Ward. • Whilst a gross total of 2,204m2 of B1 floorspace was developed, this has resulted in a net loss of 1,092m2 • There are outstanding B1 permissions equating to a gross total of 40,116m2 which would result in a net gain of 36,026m2. The majority of this development is earmarked for Witham South Ward which accounts for 93.16% of gross development. When the 344m2 of Witham South’s Ward loss of outstanding B1 floorspace to residential development is taken into account, the net total development in Witham South, 37,031m2, exceeds the total net gain for the District which is recorded as 36,026m2. • Although gross completed general industry floorspace amounted to 3,930m2, there was a net loss of 20,020m2 of B1-B8 floorspace in the District. Bradwell, Silver End and Rivenhall Ward saw the biggest loss at 15,600m2. A further 3 wards reported losses, with the 2nd biggest loss within Braintree South Ward at 5,768m2. Of the total actual floorspace loss around the District, 75.44% was to other non-industrial uses. • There are outstanding permissions equating to a gross outstanding general industry floorspace of 91,550m2. It is expected that this will result in a net gain of 63,372m2 within the District. The biggest outstanding net gain is earmarked for Great Notley and Braintree West Ward at 33,153m2, or 52.31% of the total net gain. • There is an outstanding permission for a 1,424m2 leisure facility within Witham Chipping Hill Ward and Central Ward which is scheduled to be developed on Previously Developed Land.

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14 HOUSING

14.1 Introduction Housing is a policy area which is subject to a great degree of uncertainty at present. On 6 July 2010 the Secretary of State formally revoked Regional Strategies and returned decision making powers on housing and planning to local councils. With regard to housing, local planning authorities (LPA) are now responsible for determining housing supply (including the provision of travellers’ sites) and setting their own targets which were previously set at the regional level.

14.2 Baseline Information This chapter begins by covering both current and projected trends for housing levels within the District. It also provides information on the types of housing within the District including affordable housing and tenure, the number of homeless acceptances and the number of Gypsy and Traveller sites.

A. Housing Completions and Housing Trajectory LPAs are required to monitor housing completions on a regular and frequent basis. Housing delivery trajectories which cover a minimum 15 year period are also produced by the LPAs. The current version for Braintree is based on the now revoked East of England Plan housing provision of a minimum of 7,700 new dwellings by 2021and is therefore likely to be reviewed in the near future.

Table 106: Housing Completions in Braintree District

Gross Dwelling Completions Net Dwelling Completions (Units) (units) 2001/2002 663 647 2002/2003 684 659 2003/2004 894 854 2004/2005 713 693 2005/2006 542 507 2006/2007 687 658 2007/2008 657 628 2008/2009 415 342 2009/2010 449 430

Source: Essex County Council, 2010

In 2009/2010 there were 449 dwelling completions, which equated to 430 net additional dwellings (taking into account losses/demolitions). The annual number of dwelling completions has fluctuated with peaks occurring in 2003/2004, 2007/2008 and in the most recent year.

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Figure 81: Housing Trajectory in Braintree District

900

800

700

600

500 Completed

400 Projected

300

Net Additional Dwellings Additional Net 200

100

0

7 0 1 3 4 7 4 /04 0 1 1 1 1 /15 1 /18 /21 2 0/ 3/ 6/ 006/ 009/ 012/ 023/ 2001/022002/032003 2004/052005/062 2007/082008/092 201 2011/122 201 2014 2015/16201 2017 2018/192019/202020 2021/222022/232 2024/252025/26

Source: Braintree’s Annual Monitoring Report 2009 (December 2009)

The annual numbers of net completed dwellings between 2001/02 and 2009/10 have been relatively high compared to future completions. Completions peaked in 2003/04 at 854 additional dwellings and the lowest number of completions was recorded during 2008/09 at 342. The current trajectory includes the 5 year housing supply figures, a requirement of Planning Policy Statement 3 (PPS3), which accounts for an additional 1,634 new dwellings up to 2015. By 2026 Braintree District plans to build more than 9,800 net additional dwellings.

B. Housing Completions on Previously Developed Land (PDL) PPS3 defines PDL as land which is or was occupied by a permanent structure, including the curtilage of the developed land and any associated fixed surface infrastructure.

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Figure 82: Housing Completions by Land Type in Braintree District

1,000 900 800 700 341 600 199 183 303 500 347 32 508 250 400 93 300 553 514 474 200 384 417 316 292 322 100 176 0

04 07 10

02/2003 05/2006 08/2009 2001/2002 20 2003/20 2004/2005 20 2006/20 2007/2008 20 2009/20

Dwelling Completions on PDL Dwelling Completions on Greenfield

Source: Essex County Council, 2010

There were 417 new dwellings built on PDL in 2009/10. When considered proportionately this accounted for 92.9% of the total number of dwelling completions in 2009/10 which is the highest proportion since 2001/02. Only 7.1% of new dwelling completions were on Greenfield land.

C. Affordable Housing Supply PPS3 provides the definition for affordable housing as including social rented and intermediate housing provided to specified eligible households whose needs are not met by the market.

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Figure 83: Net Affordable Housing Completions in Braintree District

750 700 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 188 142 157 50 91 69 68 0

5 6 7 8 9 0 00 00 00 00 00 01 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 04 05 06 07 08 09 20 20 20 20 20 20

Total Dwelling Completions (net) Affordable

Source: Essex County Council, 2010

The number of net dwelling completions classified as affordable in Braintree District increased in 2009/10 to 157 from 68 in 2008/09. This was the second highest number of affordable dwellings built in any one year since 2004. 2009/10 also recorded the largest proportion of new dwellings being affordable than previous years at 36.5%.

D. Dwelling Prices and Property Sales When determining housing provision Local Planning Authorities should take into account relevant information such as long term house prices.

Table 107: Mean Dwelling Prices Based on Land Registry Data (£)

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Braintree 150,891 174,486 190,854 196,557 205,484 222,930 224,196 198,758 Essex 159,327 184,960 202,812 212,094 224,038 238,311 236,656 223,668 East of England 149,299 172,257 190,218 200,501 212,186 227,766 225,967 215,260 England 141,108 159,357 181,330 192,247 206,715 222,619 220,310 216,493

Source: CLG, 2010

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Figure 84: Mean Dwelling Prices Based on Land Registry Data (£)

250,000

225,000

200,000

175,000 (£'s) 150,000

125,000

100,000

75,000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Braintree Essex East of England England

Source: CLG, 2009

In 2009 Braintree at £198,758 had a lower average dwelling price than the national average as well as that of the region and county. Braintree has experienced a greater drop in prices compared to the other areas since 2008 when the average property price in was £224,196. Prior to the decline in property prices the District experienced annual increases in line with county, regional and national trends and recorded similar average dwelling prices as the region.

Table 108: Property Sales Based on Land Registry Data

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Braintree 3,939 3,927 3,425 3,786 2,982 3,722 3,556 1,696 1,870 Essex 34,550 35,305 31,437 33,112 27,179 34,286 34,061 16,871 17,706 East of England 143,570 148,074 131,460 136,449 114,582 144,583 140,515 70,729 75,353 England 1,177,315 1,261,536 1,148,600 1,170,327 974,340 1,223,129 1,190,311 609,840 586,894

Source: CLG, 2010

The annual number of property sales between 2002 and 2009 has fluctuated for all included geographical areas, with peaks in sales occurring in 2004 and 2006. Since 2007 the number of property sales nationwide has dropped substantially by more than 50%. Similar trends are apparent in the East of England, Essex and Braintree albeit to a lesser degree, and in 2009 property sales in these areas increased slightly from 2008 figures. In Braintree there were 1,870 property sales during 2009; 1,852 fewer than the highest peak in 2006 but an increase of 174 on the total number of sales in 2008.

E. Dwelling Stock by Tenure Planning for housing policy objectives should ensure that there is a mix of housing types and tenures.

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Figure 85: Dwelling Stock by Tenure

Braintree Essex

0.10% 7.57% 20.39% 7.13% 0.97% 0.04%

79.48% 84.34%

East of England England

6.60% 8.06% Local Authority (incl. owned by 9.16% other LAs) 9.73% 0.50% Registered Social 0.33% Landlords

Other public sector

Private sector

83.74% 81.88%

Source: CLG, February 2010

In 2009 Braintree had a total dwelling stock of 60,412. At 79.48% the majority of dwellings were in the private sector, similar to the situation in Essex, the East of England and England. The amount of dwelling stock in the District owned by the Local Authority (LA) was 0.10%; significantly smaller in proportion than the average LA dwelling stock at the county, regional and national levels. Despite this, Braintree does have a large proportion of Registered Social Landlords (RSL) dwellings, accounting for 20.39% of the total dwelling stock in comparison to 7.13% in Essex, 9.16% in East of England and 9.73% in England.

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F. Dwelling Stock by Council Tax Band

Table 109: Dwelling Stock by Council Tax Band, 2008

Braintree East of England England Band A 9.2% 14.3% 25.0% Band B 25.6% 21.2% 19.4% Band C 29.9% 26.3% 21.7% Band D 14.2% 17.5% 15.3% Band E 11.0% 10.6% 9.5% Band F 6.3% 5.8% 5.0% Band G 3.5% 3.9% 3.5% Band H 0.3% 0.5% 0.6% Band I 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Band X; Unallocated 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Source: ONS (original source CLG) February 2010

Figure 86: Dwelling Stock by Council Tax Band, 2008

0.3% 3.5% 9.2% 6.3% Band A Band B 11.0% Band C 25.6% Band D

Band E Band F 14.2% Band G

Band H

29.9%

Source: ONS (original source CLG) February 2010

In 2008 Braintree had proportionately more dwellings in the tax bands B and C compared to the regional and national levels. Tax band C had the largest proportion of dwelling stock within Braintree and the East of England region with 29.8% and 26.3% respectively. In Braintree this accounted for 18,122 dwellings. Nationally, the largest proportion of dwelling stock was in tax band A at 25.0% which is considerably more than the 9.2% of dwelling stock in band A in Braintree.

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G. Homelessness Part of the policy process is identifying the accommodation requirements of specific groups such as the homeless.

The number of homeless acceptance in priority need in Braintree District has continued to decline since 2007/2008, as shown in Figure 87, in line with national trends. In 2009/2010 there were 103 homeless acceptances in priority need in the District which is the lowest level since at least 2002.

Figure 87: Total Number of Homeless Acceptances in Priority Need in Braintree District

450 390 400 362 363 350

283 300 269 274

250 195 200

150 Number of People of Number 103 100

50

0

4 9 03 0 05 07 08 0 10 0 0 0 0 /20 /2006 /20 /20 /2 9 06 08 003 005 2002/2 2 2004/2 2 20 2007/2 20 200

Source: CLG, June 2010

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Table 110: Ethnicity of Homeless Acceptances in Priority Need during 2009/2010

East of Braintree Essex England England Total (number) 103 1,007 3,660 40,020 White 89.5% 90.2% 83.3% 68.1% Black or Black British 1.9% 4.3% 0.5% 14.0% Asian or Asian British 0.9% 1.0% 4.6% 6.5% Mixed 0.9% 1.6% 1.9% 2.9% Other Ethnic Origin 0.0% 1.2% 1.4% 3.9% Ethnic Origin (Not Known) 3.8% 1.8% 3.3% 4.6%

Source: CLG, June 2010

The majority of homeless acceptances in priority need in Braintree in 2009/10 were of white ethnicity. At 89.5% this is similar to the proportion of people of white ethnicity reported as being homeless and in priority need in the county. Braintree had a larger proportion of homeless acceptances who were Black or Black British than the East of England region but fewer than Essex. Homeless acceptances who were Asian or Asian British, and Mixed in Braintree were less than 1.0% and smaller in proportion to those reported in Essex, the region and nationally.

At the end of March 2010 there were 34 homeless households being temporarily accommodated by the authority in Braintree. Of these, 6 were staying in hostels which included womens’ refuges and 28 were accommodated in local authority/ housing association dwellings.

H. Gypsy and Traveller Sites Circular 01/2006 sets out planning guidance for gypsy and traveller sites; it outlines the Governments commitment to ensure an adequate supply of land.

Table 111: Count of Gypsy and Traveller Caravans in Braintree

Authorised sites Unauthorised sites (without planning (with planning permission) permission) No. of Caravans on No. of Caravans on Total All Count No. of No. of Sites on Gypsies own Sites on land not Caravans Caravans Caravans land owned by Gypsies Socially Private "Not "Not Rented "Tolerated" "Tolerated" tolerated" tolerated" Jan 2010 36 9 1 24 0 0 70 Jul 2009 30 7 1 12 0 0 50 Jan 2009 33 7 1 5 0 0 46 Jul 2008 33 7 1 5 0 4 50 Jan 2008 32 7 1 5 0 0 45

Source: CLG, 2010

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In January 2010 there were 70 caravans sited within the District, of which 45 were located on authorised sites and 25 on unauthorised sites (without planning permission). By January 2010, 12 caravans without planning permission had moved off Gypsy owned land. Since the previous count in July 2009 the number of privately owned caravans with planning permission increased to 36 and the number of socially rented caravans increased to 9.

Table 112: Gypsy and Travellers sites provided by Local Authorities and Registered Social Landlords January 2010

Total of which are: Date Date of number Caravan site last site of capacity opened changes pitches Residential Transit Braintree (Sandiacres Long Green Cressing, Braintree 12 12 0 24 1989 2008 CM7 8DL)

Braintree (Ridgewell Yeldham Road Ridgewell, 12 12 0 24 1995 2009 Essex, CO9 4ST) Essex 166 166 0 316 n/a n/a East of England 884 850 34 1,739 n/a n/a

Source: CLG, 2009

There are two Gypsy sites provided by the local authority in Braintree. They are located in Cressing and Ridgewell and each contain 12 residential pitches and caravan capacities of 24.

14.3 Housing Summary • In 2009/2010 there were 449 dwelling completions, which equated to 430 net additional dwellings (taking into account losses/demolitions). • The 5 year housing supply which each authority must provide accounts for an additional 1,634 new dwellings up to 2015. • Current dwelling trajectory for Braintree shows that by 2026 more than 9,800 additional dwellings will have been built (including those built between 2001 and 2010). • Of the 449 (gross) new dwellings built during 2009/10, 417 were built on previously developed land (PDL). When considered proportionately this accounted for 92.9% of the total number of dwelling completions in 2009/10 which is the highest proportion since 2001/02. • The number of net dwelling completions classified as affordable in Braintree District increased in 2009/10 to 157 from 68. This was the 2nd highest number of affordable dwellings built in any one year since 2004. 2009/10 also recorded the largest proportion of new dwellings being affordable than previous years at 36.5%. • Since 2008 property prices in Braintree have fallen by 11.3% which is a greater decrease than those reported for the county, the region and nationally. In 2009 the average dwelling price in Braintree was £198,758 which is below the national average.

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• The number of property sales nationwide has dropped substantially by more than 50% since 2007. Similar trends are apparent in the East of England, Essex and Braintree. In 2009 the number of property sales increased in Braintree to 1,870 however this is 1,852 fewer sales than the highest peak in 2006. • Private sector dwellings accounted for 79.48% of Braintree’s total housing stock in 2009. Compared to the county and national compositions of tenure Braintree had a large proportion of Registered Social Landlords (RSL) dwellings at 20.39% and a considerably small proportion of Local Authority owned dwellings at 0.10%. • There are proportionately more dwellings in tax bands B and C in Braintree compared to the national figure. Tax band C had the largest proportion of dwelling stock within Braintree at 18,122 dwellings. • The number of homeless acceptance in priority need in Braintree has continued to decline since 2007/2008 in line with national trends. In 2009/2010 there were 103 homeless acceptances in priority need in the District. • The majority of homeless acceptances in priority need in Braintree in 2009/10 were of white ethnicity which, at 89.5%, was similar to the countywide figure. • At the end of March 2010 there were 34 homeless households being temporarily accommodated by the authority in Braintree. Of these, 6 were staying in hostels which included womens’ refuges and 28 were accommodated in local authority/ housing association dwellings. • In January 2010 there were 70 caravans sited within the District, of which 45 were located on authorised sites and 25 without planning permission on unauthorised sites. • There are two Gypsy sites provided by the local authority in Braintree. They are located in Cressing and Ridgewell and each contain 12 residential pitches and caravan capacities of 24.

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15 TRANSPORT

15.1 Introduction Planning Policy Guidance 13 (PPG13) recognises the link between land use planning and transportation, stating that planning policy which reduces the physical separation of key land uses would in turn reduce some of the need for car travel and enable people to make more sustainable transport choices. It is of key importance to integrate planning and transport at all levels by promoting sustainable transport; promoting accessibility to jobs, shopping, leisure facilities and services by public transport, cycling and walking; and reducing the need to travel, especially by car.

15.2 Baseline Information The chapter opens with the car ownership statistics of districts and boroughs within Essex. Following this is an analysis of bus use and satisfaction in the county. Data relating to cycling and accessibility to key services follow. Areas of congestion across the county are then detailed, followed by an analysis of travel to work flows and methods across the county and the District. The chapter concludes with an analysis of road safety, with Killed and Seriously Injured and Child Killed and Seriously Injured statistics.

A. Private Vehicle Ownership

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Table 113: Private Car / Van Ownership within Essex County 2001

Castle Epping Basildon Braintree Brentwood Chelmsford Colchester Harlow Point Forest All Households 69,207 54,332 28,767 35,280 64,564 63,706 50,590 33,183 No car or van 23.18% 17.56% 15.97% 17.69% 16.18% 21.09% 16.99% 25.07% 1 car or van 44.91% 41.74% 43.85% 42.77% 43.38% 44.91% 42.20% 45.65% 2 cars or vans 25.33% 31.15% 31.26% 30.07% 31.29% 26.71% 30.72% 23.56% 3 cars or vans 5.05% 7.05% 6.67% 7.15% 6.81% 5.55% 7.37% 4.45% 4 or more cars or per household vans 1.53% 2.49% 2.25% 2.32% 2.33% 1.75% 2.73% 1.27%

Total cars or vans 81,269 74,065 39,199 47,487 88,287 78,229 69,757 37,023

East of Maldon Rochford Tendring Uttlesford Essex England England All Households 24,190 31,952 61,409 27,519 544,699 2,231,974 20,451,427 No car or van 13.82% 16.40% 26.08% 12.17% 19.31% 19.80% 26.84% 1 car or van 38.95% 42.18% 46.16% 36.55% 43.30% 44.10% 43.69% 2 cars or vans 34.76% 31.56% 21.60% 37.70% 28.78% 28.31% 23.56% 3 cars or vans 8.86% 7.27% 4.63% 9.58% 6.40% 5.86% 4.52% 4 or more cars or per household vans 3.61% 2.59% 1.54% 3.99% 2.21% 1.93% 1.39%

Total cars or vans 36,611 44,291 67,694 43,670 707,582 2,831,718 22,607,629 Source: Office for National Statistics (Census 2001), 2010

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Table 114: Census of Car Ownership in Braintree 2001

Braintree Essex East of England England Count % Count % Count % Count % All Households 54,332 n/a 544,699 n/a 2,231,974 n/a 20,451,427 n/a No cars or vans 9,543 17.56% 105,165 19.31% 441,915 19.80% 5,488,386 26.84% One car or van 22,680 41.74% 235,880 43.30% 984,244 44.10% 8,935,718 43.69% Two cars or 16,925 31.15% 156,764 28.78% 631,976 28.31% 4,818,581 23.56% vans Three cars or 3,833 7.05% 34,852 6.40% 130,736 5.86% 924,289 4.52% vans Four or more 1,351 2.49% 12,038 2.21% 43,103 1.93% 284,453 1.39% cars or vans Total cars or 74,065 n/a 707,582 n/a 2,831,718 n/a 22,607,629 n/a vans

Source: Office for National Statistics (Census 2001), 2010

Figure 88: Census of Car Ownership 2001

50.00% 45.00% 40.00% 35.00% Braintree 30.00% Essex 25.00% East of England 20.00% England 15.00%

Proportion of Households Proportion of 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% No cars or One car or Two cars Three cars Four or vans van or vans or vans more cars or vans

Source: Office for National Statistics (Census 2001), 2010

Ownership of a single car or van per household is the most common occurrence at all 3 hierarchies. This proportion is smaller in Braintree than either the East of England or England at 41.74% of all households. The East of England recorded the highest proportion in this field at 44.10% with England reporting a value of 43.69%.

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As of 2001, 17.56% of Braintree District residents did not own a car or van. This is a smaller proportion than the 19.80% recorded in the East of England and 26.84% in England. At 2.49%, Braintree District has a higher proportion of households with 4 cars or more than both the East of England (1.93%) and England (1.39%).

B. Bus Use and Satisfaction

Table 115: Number of Passenger Journeys Made Annually on All Local Buses (LTP 16) 2006 - 2009

2007/08 2008/09 Area 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 Target Target Essex 39.47m 43.28m 39.50m 45.66m 40.15m Southend-on-Sea n/a 9.36m n/a 9.20m 9.64m Thurrock 3.27m 3.42m 3.00m n/a n/a

Source: Essex Transport Monitoring Report, 2008

Table 115 shows that the number of passenger journeys on local buses has increased in Essex and Thurrock between 2006 and 2009 and that they both achieved their second Local Transport Plan targets. Essex has achieved both its 2007/08 and 2008/09 targets.

Southend-on-Sea reported a decline in the number of passenger journeys between 2006/07 and 2007/08, from 9.36 million to 9.20 million. This is below their target of 9.64 million.

Table 116: Number of Passenger Journeys on Selected Journeys (LTP 17) and Number of Passenger Journeys by Community Transport (LTP 11) in Essex 2007 - 2009

2007/08 2008/09 2008/09 Target Overall number of bus passengers on 4.30m 4.54m 4.15m selected journeys (LTP 17)

Number of passenger journeys by 536,710 557,689 505,000 Community Transport (LTP 11)

Source: Essex Transport Monitoring Report, 2008

Both the number of bus passengers on selected journeys and the number of passenger journeys by community transport have increased between 2007/08 and 2008/09. The 2008/09 targets for both LTP 11 and LTP 17 have both been achieved.

Passenger journeys on scheduled bus services have increased by 3.9% between 2007/08 and 2008/09. Free concessionary travel, Quality Bus Partnerships and improved marketing have all contributed to this success.

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Table 117: Satisfaction with Public Transport Provision and Provision of Information in Essex 2006 - 2009

2008/09 2006/2007 2007/08 2008/09 Targets Percentage of users satisfied with the local bus service 73% 76% 80% 76% (PT11) Percentage of users satisfied with the provision of public 75% 73% 78% 76% transport information (PT12)

Source: Essex Transport Monitoring Report, 2007 & 2008

The percentage of users satisfied with the local bus service increased from 73% in 2006/07 to 80% in 2008/09. The 2007/08 figure satisfied the 2007/08 LTP2 target of 75% whilst the 2008/09 return satisfied the 2008/09 target.

The percentage of users satisfied with the provision of public transport information decreased from 75% in 2006/07 to 78 in 2008/09.The 2007/08 figure failed to reach the LTP2 target of 75% although the 2008/09 return satisfied the 2008/09 target.

Table 118: Bus Service Punctuality in Essex 2006 – 2009

2007/08 2008/09 Administrative Area 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 Target Target Essex 72% 72% 74% 75% 77% Southend-on-Sea n/a 82% 85% n/a n/a Thurrock 80% 79.5% 75% n/a n/a

Source: Essex Transport Monitoring Report, 2007 & 2008; Thurrock Local Transport Plan Delivery Report, 2008; Southend Local Transport Plan 3 Evidence Base May 2010

The punctuality of non frequent bus services in Essex has increased to 75% in 2008/09 although this is still below the 2008/09 target of 77%. In Thurrock, punctuality of buses starting on time in 2007/08 was 79.5% which was similar to the previous year’s percentage and nearly 5% above the prescribed target. Southend-on-Sea recorded a highest percentage of buses on time than Essex and Thurrock at 82%, however this was below their target.

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C. Cycling

Figure 89: Season Variation in Cycle Flows within Essex 2008

Source: Essex Transport Monitoring Report, 2008

Figure 90: Monthly Variation in Average 7 Day Cycle Flows across Essex 2008

Source: Essex Transport Monitoring Report, 2008

There is a clear seasonal pattern with higher volumes of cyclists in Essex during the summer months and lower volumes during the winter. August flows are affected by the summer holiday period and are slightly lower than adjacent months.

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Figure 91: Average Daily Cycle Flows at Monitoring Cordons in Essex (excluding Braintree)

Source: Essex Transport Monitoring Report, 2008

Figure 92: Daily Variation in Cycle Flows on the Braintree Cordon

Source: Essex Transport Monitoring Report, 2008

Daily cycle flows follow a similar pattern in Basildon, Chelmsford, Colchester and Harlow with lower flows at the weekend and fairly similar levels on each weekday. The exception to this is Braintree where cycling flows are higher on Sunday than any other day.

D. Accessibility

Table 119: Access to Services in Essex, Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock, 2010

Administrative Part NI definition 2007/08 2008/09 Area Percentage of parishes (target districts) with three out of four identified key services (shop selling general a goods, post office, cash point and paypoint). The N/A 29% target districts are Braintree, Chelmsford, Colchester, Epping Forest, Maldon and Uttlesford. Essex CC The mean percentage of parishes (target districts) that have access to five essential services (general store, post office, hospital, GP and pharmacy). The b N/A 76% target districts are Chelmsford, Colchester, Epping Forest, Maldon and Uttlesford. Uttlesford data focuses on access to post offices only.

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Proportion of 16-19 years olds who are able to travel a to a further education centre within 30mins by 100% 100% composite mode (walking, cycling, public transport) Southend-on-Sea Proportion of population in the Borough who live b within 30mins of a hospital travelling on foot or by 90% 89% public transport % of residents living in Tilbury and Purfleet within 30 a minutes journey by public transport, walking & cycling 94% 87% of Post 16 education opportunities % of residents living in Tilbury and Purfleet within 30 Thurrock b minutes journey by public transport, walking & cycling 94% 91% of Basildon Hospital % of residents living in Tilbury and Purfleet within 30 c minutes journey by public transport, walking & cycling 97% 99% of GPs

Source: East of England Local Government Association, 2010

The accessibility indicators in Essex changed in 2008/09 and they now record the percentage of parishes with 3 out of 4 key services (shop selling general goods, post office, cash point and paypoint) and the mean percentage of parishes with access to 5 essential services (general store, post office, hospital, GP and pharmacy). Within Essex 29% was recorded for the first indicator and 76% for the latter.

E. Accessibility Mapping The following accessibility maps detail the minimum amount of time it takes to access primary schools, secondary schools, retail centres, GPs and employment sites by walking or public transport in Braintree District.

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Figure 93: Accessibility of Primary Schools in Braintree District 2010

Source: Essex County Council 2010

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Figure 94: Accessibility of Secondary Schools in Braintree District 2010

Source: Essex County Council 2010

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Figure 95: Accessibility of Retail Centres in Braintree District 2010

Source: Essex County Council 2010

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Figure 96: Accessibility of GP Surgeries in Braintree District 2010

Source: Essex County Council 2010

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Figure 97: Accessibility of Employment Centres in Braintree District 2010

Source: Essex County Council 2010

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Table 120: Proportion of Braintree Residents with Access to Services within 15 minutes and 30 minutes October 2010

Proportion of resident population Proportion of resident with access to service within 15 population with access to Service minutes service within 30 minutes Primary school 79% 94% Secondary school 41% 81% Employment site 59% 86% Retail centre 62% 86% GP 64% 91%

Source: Essex County Council 2010

Over four fifths of the population of Braintree District live within 30 minutes of each of the 5 highlighted services. Approximately four fifths of the population of Braintree District also live within 15 minutes access of a primary school. This proportion drops when accessibility to the remaining 4 services are analysed. With respect to secondary schools, just 41% of residents live within 15mins access time.

F. School Travel Plans

Table 121: Percentage of Schools with Adopted Travel Plans 2006 - 2009

2007/2008 2008/2009 Administrative Area 2006/2007 2007/2008 2008/2009 Target Target Essex CC 72% 80% 80% 84% 90% Southend-on-Sea 92% 92% 86% n/a n/a Thurrock 100% 100% 100% n/a n/a

Source: Essex Transport Monitoring Reports 2007 and 2008, Southend-on-Sea Local Transport Plan 2 Progress Report 2008, Thurrock Local Transport Plan Delivery Report 2008

The proportion of schools with travel plans in place varies across Greater Essex. By 2007/08 Thurrock has successfully adopted travel plans for every school and identified a 27.7% reduction in car use for school journeys in 2007/08. In Southend-on-Sea 92% of schools had implemented travel plans by 2007/08 and the more recent figure for Essex shows that in 2008/09 84% of schools had established travel plans.

G. Congestion The Congestion Reference Flow (CRF) of a link is an estimate of the Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) flow at which the carriageway is likely to be congested at peak periods on an average day.

For the purposes of calculating the CRF, ‘congestion’ is defined as the situation when the hourly traffic demand exceeds the maximum sustainable hourly throughput of the link. At this point the effect on traffic is likely to be one or more of the following:

• flow breaks down with speeds varying considerably, • average speeds drop significantly, • the sustainable throughput is reduced and queues are likely to form

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This critical flow level can vary significantly from day to day and from site to site and it is important that this is considered as an average.

Figure 98 highlights the stress levels on Priority 1 routes in the hierarchy

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Figure 98: 2007 – 2008 Road Network Performance

Source: Essex Transport Monitoring Report, 2008

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The ratio of AADT to CRF is defined as the level of ‘stress’ and provides an indication of the level of congestion and reliability for a particular link. Any ratio equal to or greater than 1 indicates that the CRF has been reached or exceeded. Those link roads with an AADT / CRF ratio above 1 are shown below:

Table 122: Links with AADT to CRF Ratios Exceeding 1 in Essex 2007 - 2008

2007 AADT 2008 AADT Link Site No. to CRF to CRF Ratio Ratio

A12 between Junction 17 & 18 30013337/8 + 30013339/40 1.05 1.09 A12 between Junction 20b and 21 6159 + 30013347/8 1.03 1.07 A127 Daws Heath 6094/5 1.01 1.02 A414 West of Danbury 6146 1.00 1.01

Source: Essex Transport Monitoring Report, 2008

Between 2007 and 2008, the AADT to CRF ratio of the Chelmsford Bypass to Witham sections of the A12 carriage way has come under an increased amount of pressure, with capacity further being exceeded. A single stretch of carriageway, the A127 at Childerditch, has seen its AADT to CRF ratio drop below 1.0 between 2007 and 2008, as seen in Table 123.

Table 123: Links with AADT to CRF Ratios Above 1 in 2007 but Below 1 in 2008

2007 AADT to 2008 AADT to Link Site No. CRF Ratio CRF Ratio A127 Childerditch 6116/7 1.02 0.94

Source: Essex Transport Monitoring Report, 2008

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Figure 99: Estimated Traffic Flows for All Motor Vehicles 1993 – 2008

16000

14000

12000

10000

8000

6000

million vehicle kilometres 4000

2000

0

1 3 93 995 002 004 19 1994 1 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 200 2 200 2 2005 2006 2007 2008

Bedfordshire Cambridgeshire Essex Hertfordshire Luton Norfolk Peterborough Southend-on-Sea Suffolk Thurrock

Source: Department for Transport (DfT), June 2009

The estimated traffic flow in Essex has remained higher than all other areas within the East of England in the last 15 years. Over the same period Thurrock and Southend-on- Sea have recorded some of the smallest traffic flows. However between 2007 and 2008 decreases in estimated traffic flows in Essex and Southend-on-Sea were recorded. Prior to this, traffic flows had steadily increased.

In 2008, an estimated 14,055 million vehicle kilometres were travelled in Essex which represented 25% of the total number of vehicle kilometres in the East of England. 1,681 million vehicle kilometres were estimated in Thurrock and 670 million vehicle kilometres were estimated in Southend-on-Sea.

The average journey times on local authority 'A' roads during the morning peak have not changed significantly since 2006 across Greater Essex. There was however a notable difference in the average journey times between these authority areas with Southend-on- Sea recording a much higher average. The average length of time to travel one mile in 2008/09 was 3 minutes 31 seconds in Southend-on-Sea compared to 2 minutes 7 seconds in Essex and 2 minutes 1 second in Thurrock, according to DfT statistics.

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H. Travel to Work

Table 124: Travel to Work Flows for Braintree District 2001

Local Work in Braintree Live in Braintree Net Flow Authority/Area Count Percentage Count Percentage Braintree 37,619 74.5% 37,619 56.9% 0 Greater London 457 0.9% 6,679 10.1% -6,222 Chelmsford 2,244 4.4% 6,775 10.2% -4,531 Colchester 3,405 6.7% 2,848 4.3% 557 Maldon 1,453 2.9% 1,270 1.9% 183 Uttlesford 605 1.2% 3,296 5.0% -2,691 Babergh 1,077 2.1% 1,169 1.8% -92 Sub-Total 46,860 92.8% 59,656 90.2% -12,796 Other Areas 3,621 7.2% 6,463 9.8% -2,842 TOTAL 50,481 100.0% 66,119 100.0% -15,638

Source: National Statistics 2010, Census 2001

The above table shows that there were 66,119 residents within Braintree who had a job whilst there was a total of 50,481 recorded jobs in Braintree District. From this it can be seen that there are more employed residents in Braintree than there are jobs available for them. In total, 37,619 residents both live and work in Braintree. This translates to 56.9% of employed Braintree residents or 74.5% of Braintree jobs.

Outside of the District, the most popular working destinations are Chelmsford (6,775 residents or 10.2% of total employed residents) and Greater London (6,679 residents or 10.1%). The most popular place of residence for people employed in Braintree was Colchester (3,405 or 6.7% of total employed workers in Braintree) and Chelmsford (2,244 or 4.4%). A total of 12,862 of the 50,481 (25.5%) people who work in Braintree came from outside of the county. Also, 28,500 of the total 66,119 (43.1%) employed residents of Braintree live outside of the county. Braintree District typically sends more workers out of the District than accepts into the District. The only areas in the above analysis who send more workers to Braintree than accept from Braintree are Colchester and Maldon.

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Figure 100: Work Travel Flows within and Around Greater Essex 2001

Source: NOMIS 2009, Census 2001

According to Essex County Council’s Transport Monitoring Report 2008 people in Essex travel 50% further to work each year than the national average. Work travel flows show that there is a large commuter population within Greater Essex. The most significant movement from the area, of nearly 126,500 workers, is into London. There is also net movement of workers from Greater Essex to the neighbouring counties of Hertfordshire and Cambridgeshire and a net in-migration of workers from Kent and Suffolk.

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Table 125: Travel to Work Methods for the Residential Population of Braintree District 2001

Braintree East of England England Travel to Work Method Count Percentage Count Percentage Count Percentage All People 94,826 n/a 3,884,104 n/a 35,532,091 n/a Works mainly at or from home 6,696 7.06% 243,485 6.27% 2,055,224 5.78% Underground, metro, light rail 117 0.12% 21,688 0.56% 709,386 2.00% or tram Train 5,384 5.68% 156,054 4.02% 950,023 2.67% Bus, minibus or coach 1,522 1.61% 102,838 2.65% 1,685,361 4.74% Taxi or minicab 249 0.26% 11,693 0.30% 116,503 0.33% Driving a car or van 39,823 42.00% 1,518,613 39.10% 12,324,166 34.68% Passenger in a car or van 3,892 4.10% 150,642 3.88% 1,370,685 3.86% Motorcycle, scooter or moped 634 0.67% 28,637 0.74% 249,456 0.70% Bicycle 1,366 1.44% 100,193 2.58% 634,588 1.79% On foot 6,164 6.50% 233,737 6.02% 2,241,901 6.31% Other 245 0.26% 11,798 0.30% 104,205 0.29% Not currently working 28,734 30.30% 1,304,726 33.59% 13,090,593 36.84%

Source: National Statistics 2010, Census 2001

A total of 42.00% of Braintree District residents drive either a car or van to work. This is a higher proportion of private vehicle use than both the East of England, at 39.10%, and England, recorded as 34.68%. Private vehicle use is the most popular travel to work method in all 3 hierarchies.

Train use within the District (5.68%) is higher than that seen regionally (4.02%) and nationally (2.67%) although proportional use performance against other sustainable forms of transport is more mixed. The proportion of District residents walking to work or cycling is broadly similar although the proportion travelling on bus, at 1.61% is lower than that seen regionally (2.65%) and approximately 3 times smaller than the national proportion of 4.74%

It is important to realise that it is difficult to compare directly between the District, region and nation in this way. Factors such as the geographic location, ease of access and supply of public transport will have an impact on these figures.

I. Road Safety The Department for Transport have stated that a 40% reduction of the 1994 – 1998 KSI baseline was needed by 2010, and a 50% reduction in child casualties was required by the same year.

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Figure 101: Braintree Killed or Seriously Injured Casualties 1999 – 2009

Source: Driving Casualties Down, 2010

Between 1999 and 2009, the number of KSIs in the District has reduced, from 122 to 82. Between this period there have been both examples of exceedences, and a meeting of the Department for Transport (DfT) target indicator. Braintree District has met this target since 2008 although has exceeded it in the previous two periods to that. Between 2008 and 2009 there has been an increase of KSIs, from 66 to 82. The number of KSIs peaked in 2002 at 137 whilst the lowest number of KSIs was reported in 2008 at 66.

In addition to performance against DfT targets, the number of KSIs per 100,000 population is also given for the District. For reference, the population figures represented are the Mid Year Estimates for that specific year in keeping with the population sources used to compile the Population and Social chapter of the report.

Table 126: Braintree Killed or Seriously Injured Casualties per 100,000 Population 2002-2009

Year KSIs Population KSIs per 100,000 Population 2009 82 142,700 57.46 2008 66 142,400 46.35 2007 98 141,000 69.50 2006 109 139,800 77.97 2005 103 138,600 74.31 2004 101 137,000 73.72 2003 131 135,400 96.75 2002 137 134,000 102.24

Source: Driving Casulaties Down and ONS, 2010 241

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Within Braintree District the proportion of KSIs per 100,000 population can be seen to follow a generally decreasing trend between 2002 and 2009.

Figure 102: Braintree Child Killed or Seriously Injured Casualties 1999 – 2009

Source: Driving Casualties Down, 2010

Between 1999 and 2009, the number of Child KSIs in the District had reduced, from 10 to 5. During this period the Department for Transport target indicator has largely been met, with no exceedences since 2002. Between 2008 and 2009 there has been an increase of Child KSIs, from 2 to 5. The number of child KSIs peaked in 2002 at 14 whilst the lowest number of Child KSIs was reported in 2008 at 2.

In addition to performance against DfT targets, the number of Child KSIs per 100,000 population is also given for the District. For reference, the population figures represented are the Mid Year Estimates for that specific year in keeping with the population sources used to compile the Population and Social chapter of the report.

Table 127: Braintree Child Killed or Seriously Injured Casualties per 100,000 Population 2002-2009

Year Child KSIs Mid Year Estimates KSIs per 100,000 Population 2009 5 142,700 3.50 2008 2 142,400 1.40 2007 8 141,000 5.67 2006 6 139,800 4.29 2005 7 138,600 5.05 2004 6 137,000 4.38 2003 12 135,400 8.86

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2002 14 134,000 10.45

Source: Driving Casulaties Down and ONS, 2010

Within Braintree District the proportion of Child KSIs per 100,000 population can be seen to follow a generally decreasing although annually fluctuating trend between 2002 and 2009.

Figure 103: Braintree Drink Drive Killed or Seriously Injured Casualties 1999 – 2009

Source: Driving Casualties Down, 2010

Between 1999 and 2009, the number of Drink Drive KSIs in the District has reduced, from 5 to 2. Between 1999 and 2008 the Department for Transport indicator was not met but the return for 2009 shows the first compliance with the target. Between 2008 and 2009 there has been a decrease of Drink Drive KSIs, from 5 to 2. The number of Drink Drive KSIs peaked in 2003 at 12 whilst the lowest number of Drink Drive KSIs was reported in 2009 at 2.

In addition to performance against DfT targets, the number of Drink Drive KSIs per 100,000 population is also given for the District. For reference, the population figures represented are the Mid Year Estimates for that specific year in keeping with the population sources used to compile the Population and Social chapter of the report.

Table 128: Braintree Drink Drive Killed or Seriously Injured Casualties per 100,000 Population 2002-2009

Year Drink Drive KSIs Mid Year Estimates KSIs per 100,000 Population 2009 2 142,700 1.40 2008 5 142,400 3.51 2007 7 141,000 4.96

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2006 7 139,800 5.01 2005 6 138,600 4.33 2004 8 137,000 5.84 2003 12 135,400 8.86 2002 8 134,000 5.97

Source: Driving Casulaties Down and ONS, 2010

Within Braintree District the proportion of Drink Drive KSIs per 100,000 population can be seen to follow an annual decreasing trend between 2006 and 2009.

Figure 104: Comparison of Killed or Seriously Injured Casualties within Greater Essex Quarter 1 and Quarter 2 of 2010

70 2010 KSI Casualties Per District ( to 2nd Quarter) 1st Quarter 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter 4th Quarter 2nd Qtr Target Indicator

60 60 56

50 45

41 40 41 40 39 40 40 34 35 34 32 30 30 28 28 25 KSI Casualties 21 20 21 20 16 17 15 15 14 13

10 8 7

0

n e d d t n d k e o ter rd c rd do s res rlow ldo fo il o a sfo s he F Ha le raintr tle Point lmsfor lc M tt Ba B e Roch Southen Tendring Thurro Brentwo Co U Cas Ch Epping

Source: Driving Casualties Down, 2010

At 41, Braintree District reported the 2nd highest number of KSIs across Greater Essex. The return is above the 2nd Quarter Target Indicator of 40. The highest number of KSIs reported within the first two quarters of 2010 was within Epping Forest at 60. This was in exceedence of their 2nd Quarter Target Indicator of 60. The lowest number of KSIs in the first and second quarter of 2010 was reported in Rochford at 7. Braintree, Epping Forest, Maldon and Southend-on-Sea are currently exceeding their respective 2nd Quarter Target Indicator.

15.3 Transport Summary • In 2001, ownership of a single car or van per household was most common at the District, regional and national level. This proportion is smaller in Braintree than either the East of England or England at 41.74% of all households. The East of England recorded the highest proportion in this field at 44.10% with England reporting a value of 43.69%. • The number of passenger journeys on local buses has increased in Essex and Thurrock between 2006 and 2009 and that they both achieved their second 244 TRANSPORT

Local Transport Plan targets. Essex has achieved both its 2007/08 and 2008/09 target. • Within Essex, both the number of bus passengers on selected journeys and the number of passenger journeys by community transport have increased between 2007/08 and 2008/09. The 2008/09 targets for these have both been achieved. • The percentage of users satisfied with the local bus service in Essex increased from 73% in 2006/07 to 80% in 2008/09. The 2007/08 figure satisfied the 2007/08 LTP2 target of 75% whilst the 2008/09 return satisfied the 2008/09 target. • The punctuality of non frequent bus services in Essex has increased to 75% in 2008/09 although this is still below the 2008/09 target of 77%. • There is a clear seasonal pattern with regard to the number of cyclists in Essex. Higher volumes of cyclists were recorded during the summer months and lower volumes during the winter. August flows are affected by the summer holiday period and are slightly lower than adjacent months. • The accessibility indicators in Essex changed in 2008/09 and they now record the percentage of parishes with 3 out of 4 key services (shop selling general goods, post office, cash point and paypoint) and the mean percentage of parishes with access to 5 essential services (general store, post office, hospital, GP and pharmacy). Within Essex, 29% was recorded for the first indicator and 76% for the latter. • Between 2007 and 2008, the AADT to CRF ratio of the Chelmsford Bypass to Witham sections of the A12 carriage way has increased, meaning that capacity has further being exceeded over this period. A single stretch of carriageway, the A127 at Childerditch, has seen its AADT to CRF ratio drop below 1.0 between 2007 and 2008. • The estimated traffic flow in Essex has remained higher than all other areas within the East of England in the last 15 years. Over the same period Thurrock and Southend-on-Sea have recorded some of the smallest traffic flows. However between 2007 and 2008 decreases in estimated traffic flows in Essex and Southend-on-Sea were recorded. Prior to this, traffic flows had steadily increased. • There were 66,119 residents within Braintree who had a job whilst there was a total of 50,481 recorded jobs in Braintree District in 2001. From this it can be seen that there are more employed residents in Braintree than there are jobs available for them. In total, 37,619 residents both live and work in Braintree. This translates to 56.9% of employed Braintree residents or 74.5% of Braintree jobs. • According to Essex County Council’s Transport Monitoring Report 2008 people in Essex travel 50% further to work each year than the national average. • The proportion of Braintree District residents that drive either a car or van to work is 42.00%. This is a higher proportion of private vehicle use than both the East of England, at 39.1%, and England, recorded as 34.68%. Private vehicle use is the most popular travel to work method in all 3 hierarchies. Train use within the District (5.68%) is higher than that seen regionally (4.02%) and nationally (2.67%). • Between 1999 and 2009, the number of Killed or Seriously Injured on roads in the District has reduced, from 122 to 82. Between this period there have been

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both examples of exceedences and a meeting of the Department for Transport target indicator. Braintree District has met this target since 2008 although has exceeded it in the previous 2 periods to that. • Between 1999 and 2009, the number of Child Killed or Seriously Injured on roads in the District has reduced, from 13 to 5. Between this period the Department for Transport target indicator has largely been met, with no exceedences since 2004. • At 41, Braintree District reported the 2nd highest number of KSIs across Greater Essex, with Epping Forest recording the highest at 60. The Braintree return is above the 2nd Quarter Target Indicator of 40. Within Greater Essex, Epping Forest, Maldon and Southend-on-Sea are also exceeding their respective 2nd Quarter Target Indicator. • Within Braintree District the proportion of KSIs and Child KSIs per 100,000 population can be seen to follow a generally decreasing trend between 2002 and 2009. The proportion of Drink Drive KSIs per 100,000 population can be seen to follow an annual decreasing trend between 2006 and 2009.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Please note that all the web links listed below were accessed in September 2010. In the event that a weblink is absent from a data source, please contact the source directly as the information is not hosted on a website.

15.4 INTRODUCTION • Planning Advisory Service (PAS), CLG Plan Making Manual (http://www.pas.gov.uk) • Planning Policy Statement 12: Local Spatial Planning (2008) • The European Directive (2001/42/EC) (http://ec.europa.eu) • The Environmental Assessment of Plans and Programmes Regulations, 2004 (SI 2004 No. 1633 Environmental Protection) (http://www.opsi.gov.uk) 15.5 Local Development Framework Progress • Braintree District Council (http://www.braintree.gov.uk/Braintree/planning/Planning+Policy/Braintree+District+Local+Deve lopment+Framework.htm)

PART I: NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

15.6 BIODIVERSITY, FLORA AND FAUNA • Defra Wild Bird Population Indicators for the English Regions: 1994 – 2008 (April 2010) (http://www.defra.gov.uk) • Essex Biodiversity Action Plan (http://www.ukbap.org.uk/lbap.aspx?id=373) • Essex Biodiversity Project (http://www.essexbiodiversity.org.uk/) • Essex County Council • Essex Wildlife Trust (http://www.essexwt.org.uk/main/welcome.htm) • Natural England (http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/) 15.7 LANDSCAPE • Braintree, Brentwood, Chelmsford, Maldon and Uttlesford Landscape Character Assessment 2006, Chris Blandford Associates (http://www.braintree.gov.uk/Braintree/planning/Planning+Policy/LandscapeCharacterAssessm ent2006.htm) • English Heritage (http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/) • Essex County Council • Essex Landscape Character Assessment 2003, Chris Blandford Associates (http://www.essexcc.gov.uk/vip8/ecc/ECCWebsite/content/binaries/documents/Landscape_desi gn/CB_Essex_LCA.pdf?channelOid=null) 15.8 AIR QUALITY • Air Pollution: Action in a Changing Climate (March 2010) Defra (http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/air/airquality/strategy/documents/air- pollution.PDF) • Air Quality Standards Regulations 2007 (http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2007/uksi_20070064_en_1) • Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland 2007 (Defra) (http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/air/airquality/strategy/index.htm) 247

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• Defra (http://www.defra.gov.uk/) • Essex County Council • Essex Air (www.essexair.org) • UK National Air Quality Archive (http://www.airquality.co.uk/archive/laqm/list.php) 15.9 CLIMATIC FACTORS • East of England Renewable Energy Statistics, Renewables East, December 2009 (http://www.renewableseast.org.uk/uploads/East%20of%20England%20Ren%20Energy%20St ats%20Dec%2009.pdf) • Department of Energy & Climate Change (http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/regional/regional.aspx) • UK Climate Projections 2009 (http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk/content/view/1393/499/#50) 15.10 WATER QUALITY • Combined Essex CAMS Annual Update March 2008 (Environment Agency) (http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/pdf/GEAN0408BNYP-E-E.PDF) • Defra (http://www.defra.gov.uk/) • Essex County Council • Environment Agency (http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/) • Combined Essex CAMS 2007 (Environment Agency) (http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/pdf/GEAN0207BLXJ-E-E.PDF) • Combined Essex CAMS Annual Update March 2009 (Environment Agency) (http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/pdf/GEAN0408BNYP-E-E.PDF) • PPS 23: Planning and Pollution Control – Annex 1: Pollution Control, Air and Water Quality (http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/planningandbuilding/pps23annex1) • River Basin Management Plan for the Anglian River Basin District December 2009 (Environment Agency) (http://wfdconsultation.environment- agency.gov.uk/wfdcms/en/anglian/Intro.aspx) • Braintree District Council (http://www.braintree.gov.uk/Braintree/planning/Development+Control/View+Planning+App/def ault.htm) • River Basin Management Plan Anglian River Basin District Annex B: Water body status objectives December 2009 (Environment Agency) 15.11 FLOODING • Environment Agency (http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/) • Essex County Council • High Level Target 5: Development and flood risk in England 2007-08 Appendix 4 (Environment Agency) (http://www.environment- agency.gov.uk/research/planning/33704.aspx) • PPS 25: Development and Flood Risk March 2010 (Communities and Local Government) (http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/planningandbuilding/pps25floodrisk)

248 BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Braintree District Council (http://www.braintree.gov.uk/Braintree/planning/Development+Control/View+Planning+App/def ault.htm) • Mid Essex Strategic Flood Risk Assessment (March 2008) (http://www.braintree.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/DC5AB540-9F6F-41F0-B6AB- E9D87B33EA80/0/00MainReport.pdf) 15.12 SOILS MINERALS AND WASTE • Agricultural Land Classification System (DEFRA) • Essex County Council • WasteDataFlow (http://www.wastedataflow.org/)

PART II: BUILT ENVIRONMENT

15.13 CULTURAL HERITAGE AND TOWNSCAPE • Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act (1979) (http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1979/cukpga_19790046_en) • Historic Buildings at Risk in Essex 2009 (Essex County Council) (http://www.essexcc.gov.uk/vip8/ecc/ECCWebsite/dis/gui.jsp?channelOid=15274&guideOid=33 045) • English Heritage (http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/) • Essex County Council • Essex Historic Environment Record (Essex County Council) (http://www.essex.gov.uk/) • Heritage Gateway (www.heritagegateway.org.uk/) • Listed Buildings and Conservations Areas Act (1990) (http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1990/Ukpga_19900009_en_1) • Braintree District Council (http://www.braintree.gov.uk/Braintree/planning/ConservationAreas.htm) 15.14 HEALTH • Active People Survey 3 2009, Sport England (http://www.sportengland.org/research/active_people_survey/active_people_survey_3.aspx) • Audit Commission (http://www.audit-commission.gov.uk/) • Clinical and Health Outcomes Knowledge Base, National Centre for Health Outcomes Development (NCHOD) (http://www.nchod.nhs.uk/) • Communities and Local Government (http://www.communities.gov.uk/corporate/) • Office for National Statistics (ONS) (http://www.statistics.gov.uk/) • Sport England (http://www.sportengland.org/) 15.15 POPULATION AND SOCIAL • Communities and Local Government (http://www.communities.gov.uk/corporate/) • East of England Regional Assembly (EERA) (http://www.eera.gov.uk/) • Office for National Statistics (ONS) (http://www.statistics.gov.uk/) • Essex School Organisation Plan 2009-2014 (Essex County Council) (http://www.essexcc.gov.uk/vip8/ecc/ECCWebsite/dis/guc.jsp?channelOid=16355&guideConte ntOid=18877&guideOid=20577)

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• Home Office (http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/) 15.16 ECONOMY • Essex County Council • Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (http://www.bis.gov.uk/) (formerly the Department of Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (BERR) • Office for National Statistics (ONS) (http://www.statistics.gov.uk/) • NOMIS (https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/) 15.17 HOUSING • Communities and Local Government (CLG) (http://www.communities.gov.uk/corporate/) • Braintree Annual Monitoring Report 2009 (December 2009) (http://www.braintree.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/1290EAB6-2868-4911-B5D6- DE7DC1A18073/0/BraintreeDistrictAnnualMonitoringReport2009Final.pdf) • Essex County Council • Office for National Statistics (ONS) (http://www.statistics.gov.uk/) • PPS 3: Housing (http://www.communities.gov.uk/planningandbuilding/planning/planningpolicyguidance/planning policystatements/planningpolicystatements/pps3/) 15.18 TRANSPORT • Essex County Council • Essex Transport Monitoring Report 2007 (Essex County Council) • Essex Transport Monitoring Report 2008 (Essex County Council) • Office for National Statistics (ONS) (http://www.statistics.gov.uk/) • Driving Casualties Down (http://www.drivingcasualtiesdown.org/)

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