Appendix E: Glossary of Terms
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6 Cook: Howe Mire, Inveresk | 143
Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 134 (2004), 131–160 COOK: HOWE MIRE, INVERESK | 131 Howe Mire: excavations across the cropmark complex at Inveresk, Musselburgh, East Lothian Murray Cook* with contributions from A Heald, A Croom and C Wallace ABSTRACT Excavations across the complex of cropmarks at Inveresk, Musselburgh, East Lothian (NGR: NT 3540 7165 to NT 3475 7123), revealed a palimpsest of features ranging in date from the late Mesolithic to the Early Historic period. The bulk of the features uncovered were previously known from cropmark evidence and are connected with either the extensive field system associated with the Antonine Fort at Inveresk or the series of Roman marching camps to the south-west of the field system. The excavation has identified a scattering of prehistoric activity, as well as Roman settlement within the field system, together with dating evidence for one of the marching camps and structures reusing dressed Roman stone. INTRODUCTION reports have been included in the site archive. A brief summary of these excavations has been An archaeological watching brief was previously published (Cook 2002a). conducted in advance of the construction of This report deals solely with the excavated 5km of new sewer pipeline from Wallyford to area within the scheduled areas which com- Portobello (NT 3210 7303 to NT 3579 7184). prised a 6m wide trench approximately 670m The construction works were conducted by M J long (illus 1) (NT 3540 7165 to NT 3475 7123). Gleeson Group plc on behalf of Stirling Water. The trench was located immediately to the The route of the pipeline ran through a series south of the Edinburgh to Dunbar railway line of cropmarks to the south of Inveresk (illus (which at this point is in a cutting) and crossed 1; NMRS numbers NT 37 SE 50, NT 37 SW both Crookston and Carberry Roads, Inveresk, 186, NT 37 SW 33, NT37 SW 68 and NT 37 Musselburgh. -
Archaeological Research Services Ltd RECORDING PROCEDURES
Archaeological Research Services Ltd RECORDING PROCEDURES Contents The Single Context Planning System…………... 1 The Context Recording System…………………. 2 The Burial Recording System………………….... 7 Plans, Sections and Sketches…………………... 10 Environmental Sampling…………………………. 12 Finds……………………………………………….. 14 Photography……………………………………….. 18 ©Archaeological Research Services Ltd. Recording Procedures The Single Context Planning System The key to understanding remains in the archaeological record is through the stratigraphic sequence. The stratigraphic sequence is the accumulated layers of occupation which represent actions in the past. Each ‘context’ is derived from an action of deposition or removal. Within any sequence such as this, the earlier deposits will always be cut or sealed by the later giving the stratigraphic sequence a relative chronology. It is important to note that the only relevant relationship between two contexts is that which lies immediately before or after any given context. All contexts within a site should be given equal consideration when considering the stratigraphic sequence, including physical artefacts such as coffins or walls, along side the more common types of context such as cuts and deposits. The stratigraphic sequence can be represented by a Harris Matrix showing the full interconnectivity of all contexts on a site. Each context is given its own unique context number and is recorded in isolation after the removal of all contexts above. In this way plans can be overlaid to compile and then check the site matrix. 1 ©Archaeological Research Services Ltd. Recording Procedures The Context Recording System (see also Context Recording Sheet) Site Code: Unique site identifier, usually consisting of a three or four letter code denoting the site and a two digit code denoting the year of the project. -
Excavation Report
Excavation Report Roman and Medieval Settlement remains along the Stow Longa to Tilbrook Anglia Water Pipeline Evaluation and Excavation Report January 2009 Client: Anglia Water OA East Report No: 990 OASIS No: oxfordar3-52223 NGR: TL 0800 6900 to 1100 7100 Roman, Saxon and medieval settlement remains along the Stow Longa to Tilbrook Anglian Water Pipeline Archaeological Evaluation and Excavation By Rob Atkins BSocSc Diparch With contributions by Barry Bishop MA; Peter Boardman BA; Paul Blinkhorn BTech; Alasdair Brooks BA MA DPhil; Steve Critchley BSc MSc; Nina Crummy BA FSA; Chris Fane MA MSc BABAO; Carole Fletcher HND BA AIFA; Rachel Fosberry HNC Cert Ed AEA; Alice Lyons BA MIFA and Paul Spoerry BTech PhD MIFA Editor: James Drummond-Murray BA PG Dip MIFA Illustrators: Crane Begg BSc, Gillian Greer BSc MAAIS and Caoimhín Ó Coileáin BA Plates: Andrew Corrigan BA Report Date: January 2009 © Oxford Archaeology East Page 1 of 90 Report Number 990 Report Number: 990 Site Name: Roman, Saxon and medieval settlement remains along the Stow Longa to Tilbrook Anglian Water Pipeline HER Event No: ECB 2780 (for test pits within Tilbrook and evaluation trenches from Tilbrook to Stow Longa. ECB 3507 was given for the two small excavation areas within Stow Longa village Date of Works: November 2007 to October 2008 Client Name: Anglian Water Client Ref: JUL059/07 Planning Ref: N/A Grid Ref: NGR TL 0800 6900 to 1100 7100 Site Code: MULSLT 07 Finance Code: MULSLT 07 Receiving Body: CCC Stores, Landbeach Accession No: Prepared by: Rob Atkins Position: Project Officer Date: December 2008 Checked by: James Drummond-Murray Position: Project Manager Date: December 2008 Signed: ................................................................................................. -
Phase 2 Stage 1 Eastchurch, Isle of Sheppey, Kent
Wessex Archaeology Kingsborough Manor Phase 2 Stage 1 Eastchurch, Isle of Sheppey, Kent Assessment of Archaeological Excavation Results Ref: 57170.01 October 2005 KINGSBOROUGH MANOR PHASE 2 STAGE 1 EASTCHURCH, ISLE OF SHEPPEY, KENT Assessment of Archaeological Excavation Results Prepared on behalf of Jones Homes (Southern) Ltd 3 White Oak Square Swanley Kent BR8 7AG by Wessex Archaeology Portway House Old Sarum Park Salisbury SP4 6EB Report reference: 57170.01 October 2005 © Wessex Archaeology Limited 2005 all rights reserved Wessex Archaeology Limited is a Registered Charity No. 287786 KINGSBOROUGH MANOR PHASE 2 STAGE 1 EASTCHURCH, ISLE OF SHEPPEY, KENT SUMMARY Wessex Archaeology was commissioned by Jones Homes (Southern) Ltd to conduct archaeological excavations on land associated with Phase 2 Stage 1 of an ongoing, low- density housing development. The Phase 2 Stage 1 site was located north east of Kingsborough Farm, Eastchurch, Isle of Sheppey, Kent, and to the north west of Kingsborough Manor housing development Phase 1 (Fig. 1). Work was undertaken between July and September 2004 and was carried out as a condition of planning permission for the development granted by Swale District Council and pursuant to a specification issued by the Heritage Conservation Group of Kent County Council. This report provides a brief summary of the excavation results. The Site (NGR 597725 172394) comprised an area of land totalling approximately 15,759m² and was located to the north of Kingsborough Farm, 2km south-east of Minster and c. 1.25km to the north-west of the village of Eastchurch, Isle of Sheppey. It occupies an elevated position on the Isle of Sheppey, close to the north eastern edge of a ridge extending east-west along the island, with commanding views to the north and east over the Thames and the Essex coast. -
Guidelines for Conducting Archaeology in Vermont
GUIDELINES FOR CONDUCTING ARCHAEOLOGY IN VERMONT 2017 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Amending the Guidelines for Conducting Archaeology in Vermont (Guidelines) was a team effort, headed by State Archaeologist, Jess Robinson, under the direction of State Historic Preservation Officer, Laura V. Trieschmann, with insight and assistance from Vermont Division for Historic Preservation (VDHP) archaeologists Scott Dillon and Yvonne Benney Basque. These Guidelines update and supersede the previous version developed by the previous State Archaeologist, Giovanna Peebles, and Scott Dillon. An advisory committee consisting of State government, academic and non-profit archaeologists discussed many ideas and topics leading to the development of a preliminary list of priority research questions important to understanding the precontact and post-contact history of Vermont. The advisory committee also commented on an earlier draft of the Guidelines. VDHP would like to thank all of the Vermont archaeologists whose excavations, publications, and knowledge contributed to the reasoning behind these guidelines. Advisory Committee Yvonne Benney Basque John Crock, PhD Jacob Clay R. Scott Dillon Brennan Gauthier Dave Lacy Jeannine Russell John Vetter, PhD Tim Watkins ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... -
Palaeolithic and Mesolithic
Palaeolithic and Mesolithic 2 Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Robert Hosfield, Vanessa Straker and Paula Gardiner with contributions from Anthony Brown, Paul Davies, Ralph Fyfe, Julie Jones and Heather Tinsley 2.1 Introduction For the Palaeolithic periods the open-landscape archaeology is dominated by lithic scatters (predom- The South West contains a diverse variety of Palaeo- inantly of deeply buried artefacts, frequently in fluvial lithic and Mesolithic archaeology of differing degrees deposits, and particularly true in the Lower and of significance. This reflects the nature of the arch- Middle Palaeolithic), although occupation sites such as aeological material itself, the histories of research Hengistbury Head (Barton 1992) and Kent’s Cavern in different parts of the region and, with regard to (Campbell and Sampson 1971) are also present. the Palaeolithic period, the differential preservation For the Mesolithic, there are greater numbers of of Pleistocene landforms and deposits throughout the excavated sites (especially from Somerset), although region. One of the key features of the Palaeolithic surface or shallow sub-surface lithic scatters are still archaeology is the presence of a significant cave-based common, especially in the west. resource in south Devon and northern Somerset, which is unquestionably of national significance (see Overall, the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archae- for example, Campbell and Sampson 1971; Tratman ology of this region is generally rather poorly known, et al. 1971; Bishop 1975; Harrison 1977; Straw 1995; reflecting an absence of robust geochronological 1996; Andrews et al. 1999). frameworks, the predominance of research into a handful of cave and open sites over the lithic scatter In terms of an open-landscape Palaeolithic record, resource (whether located on the surface or deeply there is an inevitable bias towards those areas with buried) and the absence of any major syntheses. -
Stonehenge's Avenue and Bluestonehenge
Stonehenge’s Avenue and Bluestonehenge Michael J. Allen1, Ben Chan2, Ros Cleal3, Charles French4, Peter Marshall5, Joshua Pollard6, Rebecca Pullen7, Colin Richards8, Clive Ruggles9, David Robinson10, Jim Rylatt11, Julian Thomas8, Kate Welham12 & Mike Parker Pearson13,* Stonehenge has long been known to form part of a larger prehistoric landscape (Figure 1). In particular, it is part of a composite monument that includes the Stonehenge Avenue, first mapped in 1719–1723 by William Stukeley (1740) who recorded that it ran from Stonehenge’s northeast entrance for over a kilometre towards the River Avon, bending southeast and crossing King Barrow Ridge before disappearing under ploughed ground. He also noted that its initial 500m-long stretch from Stonehenge was aligned towards the midsummer solstice sunrise. Archaeological excavations during the 20th century revealed that the Avenue consists of two parallel banks with external, V-profile ditches, about 22m apart. The dating, phasing and extent of the Avenue, however, remained uncertain. Its length could be traced no closer than 200m from the River Avon (Smith 1973), and the question of whether the Avenue’s construction constituted a single event had not been entirely resolved (Cleal et al. 1995: 327). Our investigations were part of a re-evaluation of Stonehenge and its relationship to the River Avon in 2008–2009, involving the re-opening and extension of trenches previously dug across the Avenue during the 20th century and digging new trenches at West Amesbury beyond the then-known limit of the Avenue. The result of this work was the discovery of a new henge at West Amesbury, situated at the hitherto undiscovered east end of the Avenue beside the River Avon. -
Upper Palaeolithic & Mesolithic Oxfordshire
Oxfordshire in the Mesolithic and Upper Palaeolithic Gill Hey and Alison Roberts, March 2008 This document reviews knowledge of the Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods in Oxfordshire and is mainly based on the reports in the county Sites and Monuments Record and publications. It also includes some new observations on material in museum collections and reports by private individuals. It is clear that diagnostic material representative of most of the recognised phases of both the Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods have been found in the county, although a major review of extant collections has not yet been undertaken. Upper Palaeolithic The Upper Palaeolithic in Britain is dated to c. 40,000 – c. 10,000 BP, or roughly from the latter part of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 to the start of the Holocene (MIS 1). People at this time would have been highly mobile hunter-gatherers living in mainly open landscapes. At present it appears that Britain was not continually occupied throughout the period and that a hiatus occurred during the extreme cold and aridity of the last glacial maximum (LGM). In Britain, the LGM traditionally divides the Upper Palaeolithic into an Early (c. 40,000 - c.22,000 BP; the later part of MIS 3) and Late (c. 13,000 – c. 10,000 BP) stage. It is possible that Neanderthals as well as modern humans were present in Britain during the Early Upper Palaeolithic, but only modern humans were present during the Late Upper Palaeolithic. No Upper Palaeolithic material of any variety was recorded for Oxfordshire in the Council for British Archaeology’s Gazetteer of Mesolithic and Upper Palaeolithic Sites (Wymer and Bonsall 1977). -
The Mesolithic and the Planning Process in England
The Mesolithic and the Planning Process in England Volume 1 of 2 Edward Hillier Blinkhorn PhD University of York Archaeology January 2012 Abstract This thesis examines the situation of Mesolithic archaeology in the commercial sector as it was encountered under the aegis of PPG 16 in England, from 1990 to 2009. 1280 interventions make up the dataset, exclusively produced by developer-led investigations, and are derived from the grey literature. The large amount of fieldwork that is conducted in the commercial sector far outstrips that conducted by academics. Consequently, the large amount of reports that have been produced, and the nature of their archiving, has left academics and the public with little knowledge of the work that has been conducted. Therefore, this thesis represents a necessary and timely response to a neglected dataset. Three main themes are investigated. Firstly, the varied methodologies and the sequence of investigation are assessed for beneficial and detrimental aspects of fieldwork as it is conducted on projects incorporating solely Mesolithic archaeology and that of all periods. Secondly, communication between academia and the commercial sectors is assessed from the perspective of the grey literature, detailing strong points and shortcomings therein. Finally, the archaeological remains that have been reported on are examined, both to characterise the nature of Mesolithic archaeology from developer- funded projects and to examine the potential that it has to change interpretations of the period. 2 Table of Contents -
Archaeological Recording Practices Guidelines for Archaeological Excavation and Recording Techniques
Archaeological Recording Practices Guidelines for archaeological excavation and recording techniques www.northumberlandnationalpark.org.uk Contents This field training pack aims to support you with archaeological recording processes. These will include: Excavating a Feature 3 Recording Introduction 4 Recording Using Photography 6 Drawing Conventions 9 Drawing Sections 10 Drawing Plans 12 Levelling and Coordinates 14 Recording Cuts 16 Recording Deposits 17 Recording Interpretation 20 General Discussion 22 The Harris Matrix 23 Finds 26 Environmental Samples 27 Human Remains 29 Health and Safety 30 Glossary of Terms 31 2 Gemma Stewart 2013 Excavating a Feature Archaeological excavation is the primary means in which we gather information. It is critical that it is carried out carefully and in a logical manner. The flow chart below has been provided to show the steps required for fully excavating and recording a feature. Identify feature Clean area to find the extent of the feature Consider if pre-excavation photos and plan are required Select appropriate equipment Use nails and string to mark out section for excavation Excavate the feature/deposit carefully removing the latest context first If finds are present bag finds from each context separately Take environmental samples if necessary Remove any loose spoil and tidy feature ready for recording Take out numbers (context, section and plan) Photograph the feature/section Draw the section Draw the plan Measure levels Complete context sheets File paperwork 3 Recording Introduction Excavation results in the destruction of contexts, therefore, a detailed and correct record of the archaeology discovered is required in order to produce and maintain a permanent archive. -
Palaeolithic & Mesolithic
An Archaeological Research Agenda for West Yorkshire The Palaeolithic & Mesolithic Periods RESEARCH AGENDA Palaeolithic & Mesolithic West Yorkshire by Penny Spikins This document is one of a series designed to enable our stakeholders and all those affected by our advice and recommendations to understand the basis on which we have taken a particular view in specific cases. It is also a means by which others can check that our recommendations are justifiable in terms of the current understanding of West Yorkshire’s Historic Environment, and are being consistently applied. As the document is based upon current information, it is anticipated that future discoveries and reassessments will lead to modifications. If any readers wish to comment on the content, the Advisory Service will be glad to take their views into account when developing further versions. Please contact: The West Yorkshire Archaeology Advisory Service Registry of Deeds Newstead Road tel: 01924 306797 Wakefield, WF1 2DE email: [email protected] Issue 1, May 2010 © West Yorkshire Archaeology Advisory Service and Penny Spikins, 2010 1 An Archaeological Research Agenda for West Yorkshire The Palaeolithic & Mesolithic Periods Executive Summary • West Yorkshire plays a key role within the study of the Mesolithic in many respects – boasting the highest integrity of recorded artefact distributions (best preserved in terms of artefact movement) in the world, one of the key sites at the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition, and the earliest known upland early Mesolithic site. The clusters of sites in the Central Pennine uplands also show the highest density of known upland Mesolithic sites in the world (Preston forthcoming). • There is considerable potential for internationally significant sites to be recovered. -
Guidelines for the Digital Recording System
VULCI 3000 CRIB SHEET Guidelines for the Digital Recording System 0. Introduction The Vulci 3000 Project uses the single context method recording system: it means that each excavated stratigraphic unit (context) is given a unique ID number and it is recorded by: • Unit Sheet • Photos • Plan and/or section drawings; height above sea level The finds from each unit are bagged and labeled with their unit number for later cross reference work carried out in the post excavation. Samples of deposits from contexts are sometimes also taken for later environmental analysis or scientific dating. At Vulci, the conventional documentation integrates digital 3D data recorded by photogrammetric techniques or by laser scanning. In general, photogrammetry is systematically used in micro-scale (layers) and 3D laser scanning in macro-scale (large-scale survey). 1. The Unit List As soon as the unit is recognized, you have to choose a unique ID number from the master unit list, available on the tablet. Before recording, check the list and assign to your unit the first untaken number on the list. Avoid duplicate numbers because they cause endless problems and result in loss of information. Two different units cannot have the same number so verify and record the number of the unit in the Master Unit List. Specifically, the Master Unit List consists of: Number: enter the first untaken number of the list; that will be the ID number of your unit Definition: o Enter the type of the unit, positive (layer or fill) or negative (cut) o Provide a more specific interpretation of the unit: .