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Paired Siglec Receptors Generate Opposite Inflammatory Responses to a Human- Specific Pathogen

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Paired Siglec Receptors Generate Opposite Inflammatory Responses to a Human- Specific Pathogen Article Paired Siglec receptors generate opposite inflammatory responses to a human- specific pathogen Flavio Schwarz1,2,3,†, Corinna S Landig1,2,3, Shoib Siddiqui1,2,3, Ismael Secundino1,4,‡, Joshua Olson4, Nissi Varki1,5, Victor Nizet1,4,6,* & Ajit Varki1,2,3,** Abstract Introduction Paired immune receptors display near-identical extracellular Paired receptors are predominantly found on immune cells. They ligand-binding regions but have intracellular sequences with have very similar amino acid sequences within their extracellular opposing signaling functions. While inhibitory receptors dampen parts, but contain elements with either activating or inhibitory prop- cellular activation by recognizing self-associated molecules, the erties in the transmembrane and intracellular segments (Lanier, functions of activating counterparts are less clear. Here, we stud- 2001; Barrow & Trowsdale, 2006; Kuroki et al, 2012). The inhibitory ied the inhibitory receptor Siglec-11 that shows uniquely human receptors possess immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs expression in brain microglia and engages endogenous polysialic (ITIMs) within their cytoplasmic region. Phosphorylation of ITIM acid to suppress inflammation. We demonstrated that the human- tyrosine residues by Src kinases generates specific binding sites for specific pathogen Escherichia coli K1 uses its polysialic acid capsule Src homology 2 (SH2) domains of phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2 as a molecular mimic to engage Siglec-11 and escape killing. In (Tourdot et al, 2013). The activating counterparts do not contain contrast, engagement of the activating counterpart Siglec-16 ITIMs but instead associate with adaptor proteins like DAP12 with increases elimination of bacteria. Since mice do not have paired their transmembrane parts (Kameda et al, 2013). DAP12 contains Siglec receptors, we generated a model by replacing the inhibitory cytosolic immunoreceptor tyrosine-activating motifs (ITAMs) that domain of mouse Siglec-E with the activating module of Siglec-16. can be phosphorylated at tyrosine residues to activate MAP kinase Siglec-E16 enhanced proinflammatory cytokine expression and signaling cascades, leading to production of proinflammatory bacterial killing in macrophages and boosted protection against cytokines (Lanier, 2009; Hirayasu & Arase, 2015). intravenous bacterial challenge. These data elucidate uniquely Although many of the inhibitory receptors have been shown to human interactions of a pathogen with Siglecs and support the recognize host ligands, targets and functions of their activating long-standing hypothesis that activating counterparts of paired counterparts are less defined (Yamada & McVicar, 2008). Due to the immune receptors evolved as a response to pathogen molecular similarity in their extracellular segments, paired receptors can inter- mimicry of host ligands for inhibitory receptors. act with the same ligands. When this occurs, the inhibitory receptor typically binds more tightly (Lanier, 2001). This observation has Keywords Escherichia coli K1; molecular mimicry; paired receptors; polysialic suggested that the inhibitory receptors contribute to the mainte- acid; Siglec nance of immunological quiescence by the recognition of self-asso- Subject Categories Immunology; Microbiology, Virology & Host Pathogen ciated molecular patterns (SAMPs) (Varki, 2011). Interestingly, Interaction many pathogens have evolved successful molecular mimicry mecha- DOI 10.15252/embj.201695581 | Received 24 August 2016 | Revised 20 nisms to bind directly to inhibitory repressors in order to suppress November 2016 | Accepted 21 December 2016 the immune response of the host. It has been suggested that binding of pathogens to inhibitory receptors might have driven the evolu- tionary selection of activating counterparts (Barclay & Hatherley, 1 Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA 2 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA 3 Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA 4 Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA 5 Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA 6 Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA *Corresponding author. Tel: +1 858 534 7408; Fax: +1 858 246 1868; E-mail: [email protected] **Corresponding author. Tel: +1 858 534 2214; Fax: +1 858 534 5611; E-mail: [email protected] †Present address: Air Liquide, Delaware Research and Technology Center, Newark, DE, USA ‡Present address: Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca Morelos, México ª 2017 The Authors The EMBO Journal 1 The EMBO Journal Paired Siglecs balance responses to E. coli K1 Flavio Schwarz et al 2008). This is consistent with the fact that many of the paired recep- confer better protection to bacterial infection in vivo, we generated a tor families are evolving rapidly, indicative of pressure from patho- novel mouse model of human-type paired Siglec receptors by replac- gens (Vilches & Parham, 2002). However, the presumed ligands on ing Siglec-E with a chimeric receptor that includes the extracellular pathogens have been difficult to identify and are currently limited to part of Siglec-E and the transmembrane segment of human Siglec- a few viral glycoproteins (Kuroki et al, 2012). 16. In contrast to the native ITIM-bearing inhibitory Siglec-E, the Paired receptors have been identified among killer cell chimeric receptor Siglec-E16 was able to produce protective immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), leukocyte immunoglobulin- inflammatory responses to bacterial infection. like receptors (LILRs), paired immunoglobulin-like receptors (PIRs), Fc receptors, leukocyte-associated inhibitory receptors (LAIRs), NKp46, and Siglecs (Yamada & McVicar, 2008). Siglecs (sialic acid- Results binding immunoglobulin-like lectins) are a subset of I-type lectins (Varki & Crocker, 2009; Macauley et al, 2014). The extracellular Siglec-11 and Siglec-16 are paired receptors expressed on portion of each Siglec family member includes a distinct number of tissue macrophages Ig-like domains that allows these receptors to reach sialylated ligands extending from the same cell membrane, from other cells, or Siglec-11 and Siglec-16 share a high degree of amino acid sequence bind to soluble ligands (Crocker et al, 2007; Linnartz et al, 2010; identity in their extracellular region, with the two outermost Ig-like Fong et al, 2015). The cytosolic segment of some Siglecs contains domains being 99% identical (Fig 1A and B). The underlying two ITIMs, and interactions with SAMPs prevent unwanted inflamma- domains are separated from the first two domains by a short linker tory responses under homeostatic conditions. Conversely, their domain in Siglec-11. SIGLEC11 includes an additional exon encoding disengagement releases these brakes and results in cellular activa- a polypeptide that separates the four Ig domains from the cell tion (Chen et al, 2014). Other members of the Siglec family (Siglec- membrane. 14, Siglec-15, and Siglec-16) do not possess ITIMs and recruit To understand the contribution of Siglec-11 and Siglec-16 to the DAP12. Siglecs that recruit DAP12 are thus classified as “activat- modulation of immune responses, we studied expression of these ing”. Interestingly, the outermost extracellular segments of Siglec-5 two receptors in human tissues. First, we developed antibodies that and Siglec-14 are kept nearly identical through ongoing gene could specifically discriminate the two proteins (Appendix Fig S1). conversion events between the SIGLEC5 and SIGLEC14 loci, while In agreement with previous studies (Angata et al, 2002; Wang & the intracellular parts drive opposite responses (Angata et al, 2006). Neumann, 2010; Wang et al, 2012), Siglec-11 was detected in The two proteins can thus work as paired receptors in the modula- spleen, lung, liver, bladder, and brain (Appendix Fig S2). Siglec-16 tion of responses to group B Streptococci (GBS). Bacteria inhibit was expressed at generally lower levels, but detectable in spleen phagocytosis by targeting the inhibitory Siglec-5; conversely, recog- and the other organs, particularly in association with inflammatory nition of GBS by Siglec-14 leads to activation of MAP kinase path- states. Co-staining with CD68 indicated that these Siglecs were way and to more efficient clearance of the pathogen (Ali et al, present on macrophages (Fig 1C). In an independent study, Siglec- 2014). Similarly, the sialic acid-binding properties of human Siglec- 11 and Siglec-16 mRNA expression was reported on human micro- 11 and Siglec-16 are indistinguishable due to the nearly identical glia, resident macrophages in the brain (Appendix Fig S3) (Sierra extracellular domains that are the result of gene conversion events et al, 2013; Bennett et al, 2016). Notably, Siglec-11 and Siglec-16 (Cao et al, 2008; Wang et al, 2012). However, the two proteins could be detected on the same splenic cells (Fig 1D), indicating that possess intracellular domains capable of inducing opposing signals. inhibitory and activating receptors can be expressed in the same Moreover, while the SIGLEC11 gene is fixed in the human popula- cells at the same time. tion, the overall SIGLEC16 allele frequency is 0.22 and the majority of the population carry an inactive SIGLEC16P variant containing a Pathogenic E. coli
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