Course Curriculum of Post Graduate Diploma in Population, Public Health and Disaster Management (PPDM)
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Post Graduate Diploma in Population, Public Health and Disaster Management (PPDM) Department of Social Relations East West University Dhaka, Bangladesh Course curriculum of Post Graduate Diploma in Population, Public Health and Disaster Management (PPDM) East West University Department of Social Relations 8th Floor, Black-C Plot No. A/2, Jahurul Islam City, Aftabnagor, Dhaka-1219, Bangladesh. Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.ewubd.edu 1. Introduction: East West University (EWU), a top rated Private University in Bangladesh, is established in 1996 with the motto of ‘ Excellence in Education’ . EWU is an institution that promotes eastern culture and values, and meaningfully blends eastern and western thought and innovation. The primary mission of EWU is to provide, at a reasonable cost, tertiary education characterized by academic excellence in a range of subjects that are particularly relevant to current and emerging societal needs. EWU is striving not only to maintain high quality in both instruction and research, it is also rendering community service through dissemination of information, organization of training programs and other activities. 2. Post Graduate Diploma in Population, Public Health and Disaster Management (PPDM): 2.1 Justification: Bangladesh has made significant strides on many socio-economic indicators including demographic and health indices. With regards to demographic transition, Bangladesh experienced a dramatic decline in fertility and mortality. The total fertility rate (number of children per woman) declined from 6.3 in 1975 to 2.3 in 2011 (BDHS, 2014). During the same period, contraceptive prevalence rate increased from 7.7 percent to 61.2 per cent. Also, unmet need for family planning (e.g., those who want to limit and/or space their births but are not currently practicing contraception) among currently married women declined from 21.6 per cent in 1993-94 (DHS 1993-1994) to 12 per cent in 2014 (BDHS,2014). Between 1970 and 2010, mortality rate declined significantly, with the infant mortality falling by at least 74 per cent to 38 per 1000 live births and under-5 mortality rate decreasing from 78.7 per cent to 47 per 1000 live births. During the same period, life expectancy at birth increased by 51 per cent to 70.2 years in 2010. This dramatic transition in fertility and mortality profiles resulted in a significant shift in the age structure of the population. This is characterized by a decline in the share of the young age-group (0-14 years), from 46 percent in 1961 to 30.0 percent in 2011, and an increase in the working –age population, from 48.8 per cent to 66.1 per cent during the same period. This age-structural transition, with more people in the working age population than in the dependent ages, creates a window of opportunity for economic growth. However to reap economic benefits from this window of opportunity, Bangladesh must turn these increased number of people in the working-ages into productive forces by investing in human capital base, as well as improving infrastructure and overall investment climate. The window of opportunity will be available for the next three decades (2015-2050), when the working age population will continue to outstrip the young and old population. The window of opportunity closes as the share of older persons in the total population rises. When the window of opportunity ceases, a period of economic stagnation may follow. The share older population (60 years & above) in the total population is expected to rise from 5.7 per cent in 1951 to 22.4 per cent in 2050. The growing older population may not only 1 likely to lead to economic stagnation but also pose a major challenge to policy planners to address costly disease burden of the elderly who usually suffer from chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetics, hypertension, cancer and mental disorder. Such diseases require hospital based treatment, which often requires higher health expenditures. Besides chronic diseases, there are costs associated with living arrangements for the elderly, particularly as traditional family support systems weaken. This calls for better policy and planning to address the needs of the growing older population. Despite significant progress in demographic and health fields, much more remains to be accomplished. For examples, although overall fertility rate has declined over the years, adolescent (15-19 years) fertility, although declining, still remains relatively high at 113 births per 1000 women, which is the highest among south Asian countries. Girls’ age at marriage still remained almost unchanged at 19 years of age, which is one of the lowest in the South Asian region. By the age of 19, 57.4 per cent of married girls have also given birth to a child (BDHS, 2014). Early childhood is one of the significant contributory factors to maternal deaths. Adolescent girls and their new born children are exposed to highest risk of death. Despite increase in contraception rate, unmet need for family planning, particularly among adolescent girls still remained high. Around 17.1 per cent of adolescent married girls do not practice contraception despite they maintain that they would like to limit or postpone their next births (BDHS, 2014). There is very slow rise in contraceptive prevalence rate and long acting permanent methods (LAPM) are still not popular among the married couples. LAPM would have significant impact on checking population growth. Nutritional status of children and adolescent women, although improving over the years, still remain poor. For examples, 36 per cent children under age 5 are stunted (height for age is below minus two standard deviations from median height for age of reference population), 14 per cent wasted (weight for height is lower than two standard deviations from median weight for height of reference population), and 33 percent are underweight. 31 per cent of ever married adolescent women are under nourished (BMI <18.5). (BDHS 2014). Keeping the significant proportion of young mothers and children in poor nutritional status, we cannot expect our young generation to be healthy and productive and reap the economic benefits of demographic bonus. Therefore, it is high time to focus on maternal, child and adolescents’ nutritional and health including reproductive health issues. Despite considerable decline in fertility, the population of Bangladesh will continue to increase for next 50 years or more. 43.7 million more people will be added by the year 2051, due to the momentum effec t resulting from past high fertility and a large proportion of women in the child bearing age, making a total population of 192.3 million in 2051. This will put additional pressure on the already overburdened economy to provide employment, food, clothing, shelter, education, health care, among other things, for the growing number of population. 2 Bangladesh will not only have to face the challenge in meeting various needs of a large population size, however, also will meet the challenge of rising unplanned urbanization and migration. Urban population in Bangladesh now stands at 55 million (34 per cent of total population) and is likely to jump to 83.2 million (45 per cent of total population) in 2030 and 112.4 million (56 per cent of total population) in 2050 (United Nations. Asia-Pacific Human Development Report (APHDR 2016)). Failure to absorb the burgeoning urban population properly will add further strains upon already poor standards in terms of basic urban services such as transportation, water supply, drainage, and sanitation. Lack of housing will lead to rise in urban slum dwellers. The slum population increased from 20 million in 1990 to 29 million in 2014. All the health indicators are poor among urban slum population as they live in poor housing and environmental conditions, lack access to safe drinking water, sanitation, and health facilities. Communicable diseases, sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS and fertility are higher among this group. According to the World Health Organization, Dhaka was one of the 20 most polluted cities in the world in 2014. This calls for better city/urban planning. A complex relationship exists between population growth and environment. On the one hand, natural disasters threaten Bangladesh’s achievement in reducing population growth and creating a window of economic growth. Bangladesh is one of the most natural hazard prone countries in the world due to the shape of the coastline and low, flat terrain combined with high population density and poorly built infrastructure (World Bank, 2000). Between 1980 and 2008, Bangladesh experienced 219 natural disasters, causing over US $ 16 billion in total damage (UNDP 2009). Natural disasters are projected to increase due to climate change. Sea level rise is projected to displace from 14 million to 30 million people given a one-metre rise in sea level by 2100 (Nishat et al. 2013). Displacement may mean that urban population may grow beyond the projected 112.4 million by 2050 as people in rural areas lose their agricultural land and source of livelihoods due to flooding and salinity from sea level rise. Additionally, high frequency of cyclones are causing heavy toll on human life as cyclones destroy property, ravage agricultural lands leading to food insecurity, and displacement of thousands of people. On the other hand, considering that Bangladesh will see an additional 43.7 million people by 2015, many of whom will be vulnerable to climate change impacts, making people climate resilient becomes an even bigger challenge than before. Although the Government of Bangladesh (2009) has been trying to make the country more climate resilience by investing $10 billion over three decades, their efforts need to be further supported by building more comprehensive disaster risk management and climate change adaptation policies and strategies considering the rise in population. Disaster and adaptation policies and strategies will need to ensure that additional population can continue to improve their well-being and that the window of economic opportunity is not lost.