International Journal of Unani and Integrative Medicine 2019; 3(1): 56-61

E-ISSN: 2616-4558 P-ISSN: 2616-454X IJUIM 2019; 3(1): 56-61 Medicinal importance of Received: 04-11-2018 Accepted: 05-12-2018 turpethum (Linn.): A Review

Dr. Md. Obydul Hoq Lecturer, Department of Dr. Md. Obydul Hoq and Tahmina Tamanna Unani Medicine, Faculty of Unani and Ayurvedic Medicine, Hamdard University Abstract Bangladesh, Gazaria, Traditional medicine is a major part of the cultural heritage of a society and it has developed in Munshiganj, Bangladesh accordance with the lifestyle and cultural practices of the society. Natural products are part and parcel of human society to combat a wide range of disorders from the dawn of civilization. Operculina Tahmina Tamanna turpethum (L.) Silva Manso () is a well-known medicinal herb traditionally used in Department of Unani Unani and Ayurvedic systems of medicine to treat various diseases. (L.) Medicine, Faculty of Unani contains various secondary metabolites including saponins, flavonoids, glycosides like turpethien and and Ayurvedic Medicine, phenolics and it also contains some amount of essential oil, glucose and fructose. Various studies on Hamdard University Operculina turpethum Linn. Validated its different pharmacological action like laxative action, Bangladesh, Gazaria, hypoglycemic action, anti-dyslipidemic effect, ani-inflammatory effect, ulcer protective effect, anti- Munshiganj, Bangladesh microbial effect, etc. The present review comprehensively incorporates the phytochemical, pharmacological and therapeutic importance of Operculina turpethum (L.).

Keywords: Medicinal , Operculina turpethum, turpethien, laxative

Introduction Synonyms Basionym

Convolvulus turpethum (L.)

Homotypic Ipomoea turpethum (L.) turpethum (L.) [1] Spiranthera turpethum (L.)

Heterotypic Argyreiaalu lata (L.) Convolvulus anceps (L.)

Convolvulus triqueter (L.) Ipomoea anceps (L.) Ipomoea diplocalyx (L.) Ipomoea Silvana (L.) Ipomoea turpethum Var. Anceps. (L.)

Operculina triquetra (L.) [2-4] Operculina turpethum var. Heterophylla Hallier F (L.)

Taxonomical Classification Kingdom : Plantae

Subkingdom : Tracheobionata, vascular Superdivision : Spermatophyta, seed plants Division : Angiosperma Class : Dicotyledons Correspondence Order : Dr. Md. Obydul Hoq Lecturer, Department of Family : Convolvulaceae Unani Medicine, Faculty of Genus : Operculina Unani and Ayurvedic Species : Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso Medicine, Hamdard University Binomial name : Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso [5] Bangladesh, Gazaria, Munshiganj, Bangladesh

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Vernacular names 1. Scientific name: Operculina turpethum (Linn.) Silva Manso 2. Sanskrit: Ardhachandra, Aruna, Kalameshi, Kalaparni, Kali, Kalingika, Kumbhadhatri, Laghurochani, Malavika, Masuravidala, Masuri, Nandi, Paripakini, Rechani, Rochani, Saha, Sara, Sarana, Sarasa, Sarata, Sarvanubhuti, Shyama, Susheni, Suvaha, Tribhandi, Triputa, Trivela, Trivrit, Trivrittika, Vidala 3. Hindi: Nishothra, Nisotar, Nisoth, Nukpatar, Pitohri, Trivrut, Tarbal, Tarbud, Trabal 4. Bengali: Teudi, Tvuri, Dhdha kalami 5. Gujarati: Kala Nasottara 6. Kannada: ViliTigade 7. Malayalam: Trikolpo kanna 8. Marathi: Nisottar 9. Oriya: Dudholomo

10. Punjabi: Nisoth Fig 2: Root of Operculina turpethum 11. Tamil: Karum Sivadai, Adimbu, Kumbam, Kumbanjan, Kunagandi, Paganrai, Samaran, Saralam, Sivadai During the flowering season, plants are uprooted and 12. Telugu: Tella, Tegada detached roots from the plants are shed dried to be used as a 13. Urdu: Turbud, Nishoth drug. It is called Turbud Safaid in Urdu, Nisoth in Hindi, 14. English: Indian Jalap, Turpeth, Terpeth Root, False Dudh Kalmi in Bangali, Tellate gada in Telugu, Shivadai in Jalap Tamil, Billiti gate in Kannada and Chivaka in Malyalam. The plant contains resin, jalapine and convolvulin which are Introduction insoluble in ether, benzene and carbon sulphide. It is used as Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso of family purgative and mild cathartic. Turbud in combination of Convolvulaceae, is a potent medicinal plant, used in both ginger and bitartrate of potash is very effective for the Unani and Ayurvedic systems of medicine. The plant is removal of dropsical effusion [7]. native to Asia; India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, China, Taiwan and Myanmar. Generally, it is Botanical Description reported throughout the warmer parts of India; whereas, in Macroscopic description Karnataka and Tamil Nadu the plant is recorded from the It is a perennial aromatic creeper with a simple stem, dry zones. The plant is a large climber and perennial triangular or rectangular stems. Leaves are many and are twinner. The leaves are simple, pubescent on both sides and oval in shape, 2 to 5 inch in length. It consists of cylindrical variable in shape. The leaf base is either cordate or truncate pieces of root and stem, 1.5-15 cm. long x 1-5 cm. diameter, at base, nearly 5-12.5 cm long and 1.3-7 cm wide. The often with central woody portion removed by splitting the flowers are white, campanulate, sepals long, borne in cymes bark on one side, external surface longitudinally furrowed of few flowers, giving way to globose capsules enclosed giving the drug a rope-like appearance, fracture short in within overlapping brittle sepals. The capsule is rounded, bark and fibrous in wood, odor distinct but unpleasant or being 1 to 1.5 centimeters and contains normally 4 black musty, taste somewhat like bland at first, then slightly acrid. smooth seeds (Fig.1B) The stems are very long twisting, The pieces of root are cylindrical, somewhat twisted and pubescent, angled and winged which become very tough externally of a dull gray color. The flower presentation is 1 and brown when become old. The roots are long, slender, to 4 inch long and has 3 to 4 branches that bear white fleshy and much branched. The thin root is about 4 mm in flowers. Fruit is round ½ or ¾ inch in diameter, it bears 4 diameter and is circular with irregular wavy outline [6]. shiny 2 inch long seeds. The plant bears fruits and flowers from March to December [8].

Microscopic description Mature root shows thin cork, consisting of 3-5 rows of brown cells, secondary cortex 4-6 layered, composed of tangential elongated, thin-walled cells, some of the cortical cells become thick-walled appearing as isolated, oval to sub- rectangular sclerenchymatous cells having wide lumen, secretory cavities surrounded by subsidiary cells and resin canals found scattered in secondary cortex, secondary phloem, a wide zone, consisting of sieve elements and phloem parenchyma, vascular bundles arranged in a continuous and a discontinuous ring, traversed by uni and biseriate medullary rays, numerous resin cells also seen in phloem in longitudinal rows. Xylem shows 3-5 radiating arms, small patches of intraxillary phloem often formed,

xylem vessels in singles or 2-3 in groups, having simple pits Fig 1: Flower of Operculina turpethum on their walls, calcium oxalate crystals as prisms and

~ 57 ~ International Journal of Unani and Integrative Medicine rosettes found scattered in cortex, phloem parenchyma, Itrifal Muqil; xylem parenchyma and medullary ray cells starch grains, Itrifal Mulaiyyin; both simple and compound, simple ones elliptical to Jawarish Kamooni; spherical with central cleft hilum, compound grains Sharbat Mus’hil; consisting of 2-4 components, size vary from 5-44 μ in Habb-e-Mafasil; diameter, found scattered in cortex, phloem parenchyma, Habb-e-Ayarij; xylem parenchyma and medullary ray cells [9]. Habb-e-Suranjan; Majoon-e-Suranjan; Powder Majoon-e-Najah [15]. The root powder is greyish to light brown in colour consisting of parenchymatous cells. The cellulosic fibers Chemical Constituents have pointed tips. The vessels consist of simple pits. The Upon literature survey, it was found that the active principle starch grains are simple and compound, elliptical to of the plant is glycosidic resin. The scopoletin, a coumarin spherical with central cleft, measuring 5-44 μ in diameter derivative, turpethinic acid and its derivatives were isolated having 2-4 component, rosette and prismatic crystals of from the plant. Boutron-Chalard found in turpeth root a calcium oxalate [10]. volatile oil, albumen, starch, a yellow coloring matter, lignin, salts, and ferric oxide. The root contains 10 percent Distributional Range of resin. According to Spirgatis this resin is a glycoside, Native turpethin like that of other Convolvulaceae, insoluble in Africa: East Tropical Africa: Kenya; Tanzania ether, but soluble in alcohol. Alcoholic extract of O. South Tropical Africa: Mozambique; Zimbabwe Western turpethum showed the presence of glycosides, saponins Indian Ocean: Madagascar; Mauritius; Reunion flavonoids, steroids and carbohydrates. Turpethin is mainly Asia-Temperate: China: China - Guangdong, Guangxi [w.], responsible for purgative action of O. turpethum. The plant Yunnan [s.] Eastern Asia: Taiwan contains b-sitosterol, α- and β-turpethin, lupeol and botulin. Asia-Tropical: Indian Subcontinent: India; Nepal; Pakistan [16, 17] [possibly]; Sri Lanka Indo-China: Indochina; Myanmar; Thailand Malaysia: Indonesia; Malaysia; Papua New Parts use Guinea; Philippines Apart from the whole plant, seeds, root bark, root, stem, and Australasia: Australia: Australia - Northern Territory, leaves are also used. Queensland Pacific: Northwestern Pacific: Micronesia Toxicity studies Naturalized: Southern America Kumar et al. in 2006 carried out an experiment for toxicity Caribbean: West Indies [11-13] studies of ethanolic extract of OT. When the extract was given in different groups of rat animals in a dose-dependent Operculina turpethum in Unani System of Medicine manner, after a particular time, the animals were observed Unani name of Operculina turpethum is Turbud. According for mortality, and it was found that there were no alterations to Unani system, it is of Hot3̊ and Dry2 ̊ temperament and is in liver function markers such as serum glutamic slightly bitter in taste. There are two types of Turbud i.e. oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic white and black; white Turbud is used for medicinal transaminase, serum bilirubin, and serum alkaline purposes; while black one, is not considered therapeutically phosphatase [18]. safe due to its emetic effect. It exerts Mus’hil (Purgative), Another acute toxicity study was also done by Bhande et al. Mulaiyyin (Laxative) and Da’fa-e-Amraz-e-Balgham-wa- in 2006 in healthy albino mice for toxicity studies. In this Sauda (removes morbific matters of phlegmatic and biliary study, healthy male/female albino rats were divided into diseases) actions; it is also used in neurological disorders. eight different groups containing six mice in each group. It has Mus’hil-e-Balgham, Qata-e-Balgham-e-Ghaleez Acacia suspension was administered orally at a dose of 0.5 (Expectorant), Munaqqi-e-Dimag (Brain evacuant), ml in one group while root suspension of OT was Muqawwi-e-Dimagh (Brain tonic), Munaqqi-e-Meda administered at the dose of 10, 30, 100, 200, 400, 600, and (Gastric depurative), Mujaffi-e-Badan (desicative), 800 mg/kg, respectively. After then, the animals were Istifiragh-e-Rutubat (Excretory), Mus’hil (Laxative) observed at different time intervals for 1 week. Findings activities. The major indications of Turbud are Waja-ul- showed that root suspension of OT did not cause any toxic Mafasil (Arthritis), Istisqa (Ascites), Niqris (Gout), Irq-un- action in each group [19]. Nasa (Sciatica), Falij (Hemiplegia), Laqwa (Facial palsy), An experiment on toxicity study was carried out by Sharma Sua’l (Cough), Zeeq-un-Nafas (Bronchial Asthma), Junoon and Singh in 2012a to evaluate the acute oral toxicity using [14] (Insanity), and Sara (Epilepsy) . the methanolic extract of OT in mice and its LD50 value was found to 1917.66 mg/kg [20]. Recommended Dosage The recommended therapeutic dosage of Turbud is 3-5 gm Pharmacological Profile in form of Safuf (powder), and 5-7 gm in form of Joshanda Antimicrobial activity (antibacterial activity) (decoction). The antimicrobial agents derived from plant extracts cause leakage from the interior of cells by tampering with the Important Unani Formulations function of the membranes or hindering with intermediary It has some important Unani formulations such as – metabolisms or DNA/RNA synthesis/function and thus Itrifal Ustu-khud’dus; prevent the bacterial cell wall or protein synthesis. Itrifal Zamani; Alam et al. in 2010 determined the antimicrobial efficacy of

~ 58 ~ International Journal of Unani and Integrative Medicine the petroleum ether and ethanolic extracts of leaves of OT and also the isolated compound was administered to mice at for their antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity 400 and 50 mg/kg doses, respectively, it revealed a was evaluated by standard disc diffusion method against significant reduction of nephrotoxicity and hepatopathy [25]. Gram-positive bacteria such as Streptococcus haemolytica and Bacillus subtilis and Gram-negative Antiulcer activity bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigellasonnei, In an experimental study, the antiulcer activity of and Shigella dysenteriae. The ethanolic extract revealed a methanolic extracts of the stem of OT (MEOTS) and significant zone of inhibition in various human pathogenic hydroalcoholic extracts of the stem of OT was assessed in organisms, and thus, the minimum inhibitory concentration aspirin and pyloric ligation-induced ulcer in male albino (MIC) was found which ranged from 0.13–0.75 mg/mL rats. It was studied by Ignatius et al. The MEOTS and while petroleum ether extract did not reveal any significant hydroalcoholic stem extracts of OT administered at a dose zone of inhibition [21]. of 100 mg/kg of body weight which showed a significant In another study, Srivastava in 1984 and Bauer et al. in 1951 antiulcer activity. Ranitidine was used as a standard drug. observed the antibacterial potential in I. turpethum using the Finally, it was observed that the hydroalcoholic stem standard disc diffusion method. The crude extracts of this extracts revealed better results than the methanolic extracts plant prepared in petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethyl [26]. acetate, and three compounds H-1, H-2, and CH-2, viz., β- sitosterol-β-D-glucoside; 22,23-dihydro-α-spinosterol-β-D- Analgesic activity glucoside, and salicylic acid (2-hydroxy benzoic acid), The analgesic agents block prostaglandin biosynthesis by respectively, isolated from chloroform stem extract of this inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzyme. Inhibition of this plant were employed against 13 human pathogenic bacteria, enzyme centrally produces the analgesic antipyretic effect, out of which six bacteria were Gram negative and seven while inhibition of this enzyme peripherally produces its Gram positive. These were assembled from the Institute of anti-inflammatory effect. Nutrition and Food, University of Dhaka, and International Prabhavathi et al. in 2012 carried out an experiment using Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh. All tail flick method and acetic acid induced the writhing extracts and isolated compounds were solubilized in response. Diclofenac sodium was employed as a standard methanol at a concentration of 200 and 100 μg/10 μL, analgesic drug. When extract was administered orally in a respectively. Nutrient broth and nutrient agar were dose-dependent manner, it was observed that the chloroform employed as bacteriological media. Kanamycin was used as extract of OT exhibited better dose-dependent response than standard drug. The bacterio toxic action of these samples the petroleum ether extract [27]. was examined against all the pathogenic bacteria, and by comparing with the approved kanamycin disc (K-30 Anti-arthritic activity μg/disc), it was recommended that the bioactive compounds Sharma and Singh in 2013d carried out a study through of this plant could be employed as antibacterial agents [22]. the in vitro models of inhibition of protein denaturation to find the anti-arthritic activity of the ethanolic root extracts Antihepatotoxic activity of OT. The ethanolic root extracts in various concentrations Most of the hepatotoxic chemicals damage liver cells with bovine serum albumin were measured for the potency. mainly by inducing lipid peroxidation and other oxidative Acetylsalicylic acid was used as a standard, and finally, a damages in the liver or by forming the reactive free oxygen significant inhibition, i.e. 70%, was observed in the case of radicals which directly causes hepatotoxicity or increasing acetylsalicylic acid while 67.22% with the ethanolic extract the apoptosis or reducing glutathione stores an oxidant of [28]. the human body. Kumar et al. in 2006 estimated the hepatoprotective activity Anti-venom of OT in paracetamol-induced hepatopathy (liver toxicity) in The root purgative and prescribed in scorpion sting and rats that causing acute centrilobular necrosis. The ethanolic snake bite. Other Diseases healed by turbud. Turbud is also extract of OT administered intraperitoneally at the dose of efficacious for other diseases like melancholia, leprosy, 100–2000 mg/kg body weight which revealed significant enlargement of spleen and paralysis. Its effectiveness hepatoprotective activity in a dose-dependent manner. Here, magnifies threefold when mixed with chebulic myroblan [29]. silymarin was employed as a standard drug and thus showed a significant increment in hepatoprotective efficacy [23]. Laxative effect Vaidya et al. in 2010 carried out three experimental analysis Samuel et al investigated the laxative effect of Operculina and assessed the hepatoprotective action of oral turpethum Linn. Leaf extract in mice weighing 28-34 gm. administration of the herbomineral formulation of OT root The dried leaves of turbud were successively extracted with powder in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in hexane, chloroform and 70% methanol using cold rats [24]. maceration. 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of each extract were administered and castor oil was used as positive control. Antinephrotoxic activity The treatment of the mice with the extracts and castor oil Sharma and Singh in 2012a assessed the therapeutic produced various degrees of wet feces. The chloroform and Antinephrotoxic potential of a steroidal glycoside, stigma-5, methanol extract produced a significant (P<0.05) dose and 22dien-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside in N- time dependent increase in the percentage of wet feces in nitrosodimethylamine-induced renal carcinogenesis in male the treated groups when compared to the negative control mice and hepatotoxicity in the liver of mice. The steroidal group. It is also observed that there is significant (P<0.05) glycoside was isolated from the ethanolic fraction of root dose dependent increase in the intestinal motility in the bark extracts of OT. When the ethanolic extract of the roots treated mice when compared to the negative control. The

~ 59 ~ International Journal of Unani and Integrative Medicine treatment of the mice with the extracts did not produce any National Germplasm Resource Laboratory, Beltsville, significant (P>0.05) change in the intestinal content volume Maryland, updated, 2002. Cited on 2010 May. when compared to the negative control. Therefore, validate Available from: http://www.ars- the potent laxative activity of turbud [30]. grin.gov/cgibin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?25779 6. Anonymous. Standardization of single drugs of Unani Safety Profile in Pregnancy medicine. Part I, Central Council for Research in Unani Unsafe, it is should not be used in pregnancy. It is hot in Medicine, New Delhi, 1987, 267-271. potency, laxative and purgative. It can cause Abortion due 7. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants, Edn 2, to abortifacient activity [31]. Lalit Mohan Basu Co. Allahabad. 1996; 1:703-704. 8. Austin DF. Operculina turpethum as a Medicinal Plant Precautions in asia Eco. Bot. 1982; 260:265. Its use in children or in physically or mentally weaker 9. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Vol III, persons or overdose of Operculina turpethum may lead to 1st edn, Government of India, Ministry of health and complications like excessive purgative activity, bleeding per family welfare, Department of ISM & H, New Delhi rectum, vomiting, abdominal pain, chest pain, dehydration, India. 2001; 404:213-214. hypotension, vertigo, confusion, shock, &unconsciousness 10. Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. [32]. It should not be used in pregnancy, in children below 12 Delhi, Department of Ayush, 2008; 1(3):214. years of age, in elderly, in physically or mentally weaker 11. Turrill WB et al. eds. Flora of tropical East Africa. FTE persons, and in persons suffering from diarrheoa, bleeding Afr, 1952. per rectum, rectal prolapse, or fecal incontinence [33]. 12. Hnatiuk RJ. Census of Australian vascular plants. Turbud may act as an abortifacient when used in pregnant Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. L Aust, 1990. ladies. 13. Matthew KM. The flora of the Tamil Nadu Carnatic. F Tamil C, = Merremia turpethum], 1983. Future prospects 14. Ahmad Tasleem et al. A Review on Operculina These studies may help in standardization, identification, turpethum: A Potent Herb of Unani System of and providing out further research in OT plant-based Medicine. Journal of Pharmacognosy and medicines which are applied in unani and modern Phytochemistry. 2017; 6(1):23-26. pharmacopeia. More research is needed to isolate the 15. Bangladesh National Unani Formulary, 2010. various phyto-constituents present to get a clear idea of the 16. Jong A, Plat J, Mensink RP. Metabolic effects of plant mechanism of action of the plant. The presence of sterols and stanols. J Nutr Biochem. 2003; 14(7):362- carbohydrates and reducing sugars in the plant shows the 369. high energy content that could be utilized as a source of 17. Von HRL, Fink CS, Awad AB. β-Sitosterol activates crude materials for pharmaceutical trades. Literature review the sphingomyelin cycle and induces apoptosis in observed that there is no clinical trials have been performed LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. Nutr Cancer. so far. Although few clinical trials have been reported safety 1998; 32:8-12. and potency of turbud in some patients with rheumatoid 18. Kumar SV, Sujatha C, Syamala J, Nagasudha B, Mishra arthritis and ascariasis, yet there is a lack of randomized, SH. Protective effect of root extract of Operculina controlled clinical trial to confirm its effectiveness and turpethum Linn. Against paracetamol-induced safety. Such data are required to present scientific hepatotoxicity in rats. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2006; 68:32- confidence to the customs use of traditional unani drugs 5. such as turbud and even be helpful for the improvement of 19. Bhande RM, Laakshmayya Kumar P, Mahurkar NK, future drugs or therapy for diseases-related rheumatoid Ramachandra Setty S. Pharmacological screening of arthritis and cancer. root of Operculina turpethum and its formulations. Acta Pharm Sci. 2006; 48:11-7. Conflicts of Interest 20. Sharma V, Singh M. Alterations induced by N- The author declares no conflict of interests. Nitrosodimethylamine and ethanolic root extract of Operculina turpethum in serum lipid profile of male Conclusion albino mice. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2012a; 5:69-73. The extensive literature survey clearly infers that 21. Alam JM, Alam I, Sharmin AS, Rahman MM, Operculina turpethum is a very potent Unani medicinal Anisuzzaman M, Alam FM. Micropropagation and plant which has diverse pharmacological actions and antimicrobial activity of Operculina turpethum therapeutic indications. Preclinical and clinical studies with (syn. Ipomoea turpethum), an endangered medicinal ample size may be done for further evaluation and plant. Plant Omics. 2010; 3:40-6. validation of turbud with the help of modern scientific 22. Srivastava OP, Dewn BN, Srinath R. editors. techniques. Techniques for evaluation of antimicrobial properties of natural product. The Use of Pharmacological References Techniques for Evaluation of Natural Product, 1984, 75. 1. The International Plant Names Index, 2009. 23. Kumar SV, Sujatha C, Syamala J, Nagasudha B, Mishra 2. Vahl JF. Macbr, Fieldiana, Bot. 1959, 480. SH. Protective effect of root extract of Operculina 3. Roem and Schult Systemic Bio. 1819; 4:23. turpethum Linn. Against paracetamol-induced 4. Bojer. Hortus Maurit. 1837, 226. hepatotoxicity in rats. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2006; 68:32- 5. www.ars-grin.gov, USDA, ARS, National Genetic 5. Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information 24. Prakash VB, Mukherjee A. Hepato-protective effect of Network - GRIN for Plants Online Database. an ayurvedic formulation prak-20 in ccl4 induced

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toxicity in rats: Results of three studies. Int J Pharm Clin Res. 2010; 2:23-7. 25. Sharma V, Singh M. Alterations induced by N- Nitrosodimethylamine and ethanolic root extract of Operculina turpethum in serum lipid profile of male albino mice. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2012a; 5:69-73. 26. Ignatius V, Narayanan M, Subramanian V, Periyasamy BM. Antiulcer activity of indigenous plant Operculina turpethum Linn. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013; 2013:272134. [PMC free article][PubMed] 27. Prabhavathi NB, Kowsalya B, Kumar SR, Sravani BJ, Sri GD, Sakila A et al. Analgesic activity of different solvent extract of Operculina turpethum by using swiss albino mice. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2012; 5:215-8. 28. Sharma V, Singh M. In vitro antiarthritic and hemolysis preventive: Membrane stabilizing efficacy of ethanolic root extract of Operculina turpethum. World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2013d; 2:302-12. 29. Brahmanand Tripathi. Ed. Charakasamhita of Agnivesha elaborated by Charaka & Drudhabala, Chaukhamba Surbharti Varanasi India. 2008; 1:60. 30. Samuel Onoja O, Gideon Madubuike K, Maxwell Ezeja I, Chidiebere Chukwu. Investigation of the Laxative Activity of Operculin aturpethum Extract in Mice. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2015; 7(4):275-279. 31. https://www.bimbima.com/ayurveda/nishoth- information-medicinal-uses-and-side-effects/35/ 32. Brahmanand Tripathi. Ed. Charakasamhita of Agnivesha elaborated by Charaka & Drudhabala, Vol II, Chaukhamba Surbharti Varanasi, India. 2008; 1176:1181. 33. Brahmanand Tripathi. Ed. Charakasamhita of Agnivesha elaborated by Charaka & Drudhabala, Chaukhamba Surbharti Varanasi India. 2008; II:1161:1162.

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