The Chicago Manual of Style Online: Hyphenation Table
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Compounds and Hyphenation 7.85 according to parts of speech. The third section lists examples for words commonly used as elements in compounds. The fourth section lists com- mon prefi xes, most of which join to another word to form one unhyphen- ated word; note especially the hyphenated exceptions, not all of which agree with Webster’s . (Compounds formed with suffi xes—e.g., nation- hood , penniless —are almost always closed.) Category/specifi c term Examples Summary of rule 1. compounds according to category age terms a three- year- old Hyphenated in both noun and a fi ve- year- old child adjective forms (except as in a fi fty-fi ve- year- old woman the last two examples); note the a group of eight- to ten- year- olds space after the fi rst hyphen in but the fourth example (see 7.84 ). seven years old The examples apply equally to eighteen years of age ages expressed as numerals. chemical terms sodium chloride Open in both noun and adjective sodium chloride solution forms. colors emerald- green tie Hyphenated before but not after reddish- brown fl agstone a noun. This departure from blue- green algae Chicago’s former usage serves snow- white dress both simplicity and logic. black- and- white print but his tie is emerald green the stone is reddish brown the water is blue green the clouds are snow white the truth isn’t black and white compass points and northeast Closed in noun, adjective, and directions southwest adverb forms unless three direc- east- northeast tions are combined, in which a north–south street case a hyphen is used after the street runs north–south the fi rst. When from . to is implied, an en dash is used (see 6.78 ). ethnic terms. See proper nouns and adjectives relating to geography or nation- ality in section 2. foreign phrases an a priori argument Open unless hyphens appear in a Sturm und Drang drama the original language. in vitro fertilization a tête- à- tête approach 375 proofs for review only 07_cmos16_ch7.indd 375 5/14/10 1:57 PM 7.85 spelling, distinctive treatment of words, and compounds Category/specifi c term Examples Summary of rule 1. compounds according to category (continued) fractions, compounds a half hour Noun form open; adjective form formed with a half- hour session hyphenated. See also numbers a quarter mile in this section and half in sec- a quarter- mile run tion 3. an eighth note fractions, simple one- half Hyphenated in noun, adjec- two- thirds tive, and adverb forms, except three- quarters when second element is already one twenty- fi fth hyphenated. See also number + one and three- quarters noun and 9.14 . a two- thirds majority three- quarters done a one twenty- fi fth share number + the 33 m distance Always open. See also number abbreviation a 2 kg weight + noun. a 3 ft. high wall number + noun a hundred- meter race Hyphenated before a noun, a 250- page book otherwise open. Note the space a fi fty-year project after the fi rst number in the last a three- inch- high statuette example. See also number + it’s three inches high abbreviation. See also 9.13 . a one- and- a- half- inch hem one and a half inches a fi ve- foot- ten quarterback fi ve feet ten [inches tall] fi ve- to ten- minute intervals number + percentage 50 percent Both noun and adjective forms a 10 percent raise always open. number, ordinal, + on the third fl oor Adjective form hyphenated be- noun third- fl oor apartment fore a noun, otherwise open. See 103rd- fl oor view also century in section 3. fi fth-place contestant twenty- fi rst-row seats number, ordinal, + a second- best decision Hyphenated before a noun, super lative third- largest town otherwise open. fourth- to- last contestant he arrived fourth to last numbers, spelled out twenty- eight Twenty- one through ninety- nine three hundred hyphenated; others open. See nineteen forty- fi ve also fractions, simple. fi ve hundred fi fty relationships. See foster, grand, in- law, and step in section 3. 376 proofs for review only 07_cmos16_ch7.indd 376 5/14/10 1:57 PM Compounds and Hyphenation 7.85 Category/specifi c term Examples Summary of rule 1. compounds according to category (continued) time at three thirty Usually open; forms such as the three- thirty train “three thirty,” “four twenty,” a four o’clock train etc., are hyphenated before the the 5:00 p.m. news noun. 2. compounds according to parts of speech adjective + noun small- state senators Hyphenated before but not after a high- quality alkylate a noun. a middle- class neighborhood the neighborhood is middle class adjective + participle tight- lipped person Hyphenated before but not after high- jumping grasshoppers a noun. open- ended question the question was open ended adverb ending in ly + a highly paid ragpicker Open whether before or after a participle or adjective a fully open society noun. he was mildly amusing adverb not ending a much- needed addition Hyphenated before but not after in ly + participle or it was much needed a noun; compounds with more, adjective a very well- read child most, less, least, and very usually little- understood rules open unless ambiguity threat- a too- easy answer ens. When the adverb rather the best- known author than the compound as a whole is the highest- ranking offi cer modifi ed by another adverb, the the worst- paid job entire expression is open. a lesser- paid colleague the most effi cient method a less prolifi c artist a more thorough exam the most skilled workers (most in number) but the most- skilled workers (most in skill) a very much needed addition combining forms electrocardiogram Usually closed if permanent, socioeconomic hyphenated if temporary. See politico- scientifi c studies 7.78 . the practico- inert gerund + noun running shoes Noun form open; adjective form cooking class hyphenated. See also noun + running- shoe store gerund. noun + adjective computer- literate accountants Hyphenated before a noun; usu- HIV- positive men ally open after a noun. the stadium is fan friendly she is HIV positive 377 proofs for review only 07_cmos16_ch7.indd 377 5/14/10 1:57 PM 7.85 spelling, distinctive treatment of words, and compounds Category/specifi c term Examples Summary of rule 2. compounds according to parts of speech (continued) noun + gerund decision making Noun form usually open; adjec- a decision- making body tive form hyphenated before a mountain climbing noun. Some permanent com- time- clock- punching employees pounds closed (see 7.78 ). a Nobel Prize–winning chemist (see 6.80 ) bookkeeping caregiving copyediting noun + noun, single student nurse Noun form open; adjective form function (fi rst noun restaurant owner hyphenated before a noun. Some modifi es second directory path permanent compounds closed noun) tenure track (see 7.78 ). tenure- track position home- rule governance shipbuilder gunrunner copyeditor noun + noun, two nurse- practitioner Both noun and adjective forms functions (both nouns philosopher- king always hyphenated. equal) city- state city- state governance noun + numeral or type A Both noun and adjective forms enumerator a type A executive always open. type 2 diabetes size 12 slacks a page 1 headline noun + participle a Wagner- burdened repertoire Hyphenated before a noun, fl ower-fi lled garden otherwise open. a clothes- buying grandmother a day of clothes buying participle + noun chopped- liver pâté Adjective form hyphenated cutting- edge methods before but not after a noun. their approach was cutting edge participle + up, out, dressed- up children Adjective form hyphenated and similar adverbs burned- out buildings before but not after a noun. Verb ironed- on decal form always open. we were dressed up that decal is ironed on phrases, adjectival an over- the- counter drug Hyphenated before a noun; usu- a matter- of- fact reply ally open after a noun. an up- to- date solution sold over the counter her tone was matter of fact his equipment was up to date 378 proofs for review only 07_cmos16_ch7.indd 378 5/14/10 1:57 PM Compounds and Hyphenation 7.85 Category/specifi c term Examples Summary of rule 2. compounds according to parts of speech (continued) phrases, noun stick- in- the- mud Hyphenated or open as listed in jack- of- all- trades Webster’s. If not in the diction- a fl ash in the pan ary, open. proper nouns and African Americans Open in both noun and adjective adjectives relating to African American president forms, unless the fi rst term is geography or nation- a Chinese American a prefi x or unless between is ality French Canadians implied. See also 8.38 . South Asian Americans the Scotch Irish the North Central region Middle Eastern countries but Sino- Tibetan languages the Franco- Prussian War the US- Canada border Anglo- American cooperation Anglo- Americans 3. compounds formed with specific terms ache toothache Always closed. stomachache all all out Adverbial phrases open; adjecti- all along val phrases usually hyphenated all over both before and after a noun. an all- out eff ort an all- American player the book is all- encompassing but we were all in [tired] book reference book Closed or open as listed in coupon book Webster’s. If not in the diction- checkbook ary, open. cookbook borne waterborne Closed if listed as such in food- borne Webster’s. If not in Webster’s, e- mail- borne hyphenated; compounds retain mosquito- borne the hyphen both before and after a noun. century the twenty- fi rst century Noun forms always open; ad- fourteenth- century monastery jectival compounds hyphenated twenty- fi rst-century history before but not after a noun.